别史 》 guó yǔ Mandarin 》
guó yǔ Mandarin
zuǒ qiū míng Zuoqiu Ming
Mandarin
《 guó yǔ》 shì zhōng guó zuì zǎo de yī bù guó bié shǐ zhù zuò。 jì lù liǎo zhōu cháo wáng shì hé lǔ guó、 qí guó、 jìn guó、 zhèng guó、 chǔ guó、 wú guó、 yuè guó děng zhū hóu guó de lì shǐ。 shàng qǐ zhōu mù wáng shí 'èr nián（ qián 990） xī zhēng quǎn róng（ yuē qián 947 nián）， xià zhì zhì bó bèi miè（ qián 453 nián）。
【 tí jiě】
guān yú guó yǔ de zuò zhě shì shuí， zì gǔ zhì jīn xué jiè duō yòu zhēng lùn， xiàn zài hái méi yòu xíng chéng dìng lùn。 sī mǎ qiān zuì zǎo tí dào guó yǔ de zuò zhě shì zuǒ qiū míng（ zuǒ qiū shī míng， jué yòu《 guó yǔ》）， qí hòu bān gù、 liú zhī jǐ děngdōu rèn wéi shì zuǒ qiū míng suǒ zhù， hái bǎ guó yǔ chēng wéi《 chūn qiū wàizhuàn》 huò《 zuǒ shì wàizhuàn》。 dàn shì zài jìn cháo yǐ hòu， xǔ duō xué zhě dū huái yí guó yǔ bù shì zuǒ qiū míng suǒ zhù。 zhí dào xiàn zài， xué jiè réng rán zhēng lùn bù xiū， yī bān dū fǒu rèn zuǒ qiū míng shì guó yǔ de zuò zhě， dàn shì quē shǎo què záo de zhèng jù。 pǔ biàn kàn fǎ shì， guó yǔ shì zhàn guó chū qī yī xiē shú xī gè guó lì shǐ de rén， gēn jù dāng shí zhōu cháo wáng shì hé gè zhū hóu guó de shǐ liào， jīng guò zhěng lǐ jiā gōng huì biān 'ér chéng。 guó yǔ 'àn zhào yī dìng shùn xù fēn guó pái liè， zài nèi róng shàng piān zhòng yú jì shù lì shǐ rén wù de yán lùn。 zhè shì guó yǔ tǐ lì shàng zuì dà de tè diǎn。
【 píng jià】
guó yǔ zài nèi róng shàng yòu hěn qiáng de lún lǐ qīng xiàng， hóng yáng dé de jīng shén， zūn chóng lǐ de guī fàn， rèn wéi “ lǐ ” shì zhì guó zhī běn。 ér qiě fēi cháng tū chū zhōng jūn sī xiǎng。
guó yǔ de zhèng zhì guān bǐ jiào jìn bù， fǎn duì zhuān zhì hé fǔ bài， zhòng shì mín yì， zhòng shì rén cái， jù yòu nóng zhòng de mín běn sī xiǎng。
guó yǔ jì lù liǎo chūn qiū shí qī de jīng jì、 cái zhèng、 jūn shì、 bīng fǎ、 wài jiāo、 jiào yù、 fǎ lǜ、 hūn yīn děng gè zhǒng nèi róng， duì yán jiū xiān qín shí qī de lì shǐ fēi cháng zhòng yào。
【 yán jiū cān kǎo shū mù】
xuē 'ān qín、 wáng lián shēng《 guó yǔ yì zhù》， jí lín wén shǐ chū bǎn shè， 1991 nián ISBN780626138
dǒng lì zhāng《 guó yǔ yì zhù biàn xī》， jì nán dà xué chū bǎn shè， 1993 nián
2、 hàn yǔ de yī zhǒng yǔ yīn tǐ xì míng
1949 nián zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì qián tuī xíng de bǎ běi jīng huà zuò wéi hàn mín zú gòng tóng yǔ de yùn dòng。 tā tí chū“ yán wén yī zhì” hé“ guó yǔ tǒng yī” liǎng dà kǒu hào。“ yán wén yī zhì” shì shū miàn yǔ bù yòng gǔ dài wén yán， gǎi yòng xiàn dài bái huà。“ guó yǔ tǒng yī” shì xiàn dài bái huà yào yǐ běi jīng huà wéi quán guó tōng yòng de guó yǔ。 zhè gè yùn dòng duì yú xiàn dài hàn mín zú gòng tóng yǔ de jiàn lì hé tuī xíng， duì yú wén tǐ gǎi gé hé wén zì pīn yīn huà， dōuyòu yī dìng de gòng xiàn。
【 chǎn shēng de jīng guò】
yóu yú shòu dào rì běn míng zhì wéi xīn de yǐng xiǎng， zài qīng mò de hòu shí nián , jiù yǐ jīng tí chū tǒng yī guó yǔ de wèn tí。 zuì zǎo tí dào“ guó yǔ” zhè gè míng chēng de， shì dāng shí bèi wěi rèn wéi jīng shī dà xué táng zǒng jiào xí de tóng chéng pài gǔ wén míng jiā wú rǔ guān。 1902 nián tā qù rì běn kǎo chá xué zhèng， kàn dào rì běn tuī xíng guó yǔ（ dōng jīng huà） de chéng jì， shēn shòu gǎn dòng， huí guó hòu xiě xìn gěi guǎn xué dà chén zhāng bǎi xī， zhù zhāng zài xué xiào jiào xué wáng zhào de guān huà hé shēng zì mǔ , tuī xíng yǐ“ jīng huà”（ běi jīng huà） wéi biāo zhǔn de guó yǔ。 1909 nián， qīng zhèng fǔ zī zhèng yuàn kāi huì， yì yuán jiāng qiān tí chū bǎ“ guān huà” zhèng míng wéi“ guó yǔ”， shè lì“ guó yǔ biān chá wěi yuán huì”， fù zé biān dìng yán jiū shì yí。 1911 nián xué bù zhào kāi“ zhōng yāng jiào yù huì yì”， tōng guò《 tǒng yī guó yǔ bàn fǎ 'àn》， jué yì zài jīng chéng chéng lì guó yǔ diào chá zǒng huì， gè shěng shè fēn huì， jìn xíng yǔ cí、 yǔ fǎ、 yīn yùn de diào chá， shěn dìng“ guó yǔ” biāo zhǔn， biān ji guó yǔ kè běn、 guó yǔ cí diǎn hé fāng yán duì zhào biǎo děng。 1912 nián mín guó chéng lì hòu， zhào kāi“ lín shí jiào yù huì yì”， jué dìng xiān cóng tǒng yī hàn zì de dú yīn zuò qǐ， zhào kāi“ dú yīn tǒng yī huì”。 1913 nián“ dú yīn tǒng yī huì” kāi huì， yì dìng liǎo hàn zì de guó dìng dú yīn（ jí“ guó yīn”） hé pīn qiē guó yīn de zì mǔ“ zhù yīn zì mǔ” ( yě jiào“ guó yīn zì mǔ” )。 yì dìng yǐ hòu， běi yáng zhèng fǔ chí chí bù yú gōng bù。 yú shì zài 1916 nián， běi jīng jiào yù jiè rén shì zǔ zhì“ zhōng huá mín guó guó yǔ yán jiū huì”（ jiǎn chēng“ guó yǔ yán jiū huì”） xiān qǐ liǎo yī gè cuī cù běi yáng zhèng fǔ gōng bù zhù yīn zì mǔ hé gǎi xué xiào“ guó wén” kē wéi“ guó yǔ” kē de yùn dòng。
yán jiū huì guī dìng liǎo 5 xiàng rèn wù： ① diào chá gè shěng fāng yán； ② xuǎn dìng biāo zhǔn yǔ； ③ biān ji biāo zhǔn yǔ de yǔ fǎ cí diǎn； ④ yòng biāo zhǔn yǔ biān ji guó mín xué xiào jiào kē shū jí cān kǎo shū； ⑤ biān ji guó yǔ kān wù。 tí chū xué xiào de“ guó wén” jiào kē shū gǎi chēng“ guó yǔ” jiào kē shū。 yùn dòng dé dào gè dì jiào yù jiè rén shì de xiǎng yìng。 guó yǔ yán jiū huì de huì yuán 4 nián zhōng zēng jiā dào 12000 duō rén。 1918 nián běi yáng zhèng fǔ jiào yù bù zhào kāi“ quán guó gāo děng shī fàn xiào cháng huì yì”， jué dìng zài quán guó gāo děng shī fàn fù shè“ guó yǔ jiǎng xí kē” , zhuān jiào zhù yīn zì mǔ jí guó yǔ , bìng yú 11 yuè gōng bù liǎo“ zhù yīn zì mǔ”。 tóng nián，《 xīn qīng nián》 děng kān wù tí chū“ wén xué gé mìng” de kǒu hào， kāi shǐ yòng bái huà wén xiě zuò。 1919 nián“ wǔ sì” yùn dòng bào fā， zài zhè gè yùn dòng de tuī dòng xià， běi yáng zhèng fǔ jiào yù bù chéng lì zhèng fǔ de tuī xíng jī gòu“ guó yǔ tǒng yī chóu bèi huì”， bìng xùn lìng quán guó gè guó mín xué jiàogǎi“ guó wén” kē wéi“ guó yǔ” kē。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， yòu tōng lìng xiū gǎi yuán lái de《 guó mín xué xiào lìng》， guī dìng shǒu xiān jiào shòu zhù yīn zì mǔ， gǎi gé jiào kē shū de wén tǐ hé jiào xué fāng fǎ děng， zhè yàng， guó yǔ yùn dòng zài xué xiào fāng miàn dé dào liǎo chū bù de chéng gōng。
【“ guó yǔ” de tuī xíng】
“ wǔ sì” yǐ hòu， guó yǔ yùn dòng jìn rù tuī xíng qī。 zhù yào gōng zuò shì xiū dìng zhù yīn zì mǔ fāng 'àn， zhì dìng guó yǔ luó mǎ zì pīn yīn fǎ shì， tiáozhěng“ guó yīn” biāo zhǔn， kuò dà guó yǔ de jiào yù hèyìng yòng， yǐ jí chū bǎn、 xuān chuán děng。
tái wān yǔ yán yǔ zú qún mìqiè xiāng guān。 àn tōng sú de fēn fǎ， tái wān rén kě fēn wéi 4 dà zú qún， qí zhōng mǐn nán rén yuē zhàn 74%， kè jiā rén yuē 12%， wài shěng rén yuē 13%， yuán zhù mín wéi 1% zuǒ yòu。 mǐn nán rén yǐ mǐn nán huà wéi mǔ yǔ， kè jiā rén yǐ kè jiā huà wéi mǔ yǔ， wài shěng rén yǐ“ guó yǔ” wéi mǔ yǔ。 yuán zhù mín fēn wéi 11 gè mín zú， fēn bié shǐ yòng bù tóng de yuán zhù mín yǔ， bìng bǎ tā men dàngzuò mǔ yǔ。
mǐn nán huà qí shí shì zhèng zōng de zhōng yuán gǔ yǔ。 cóng hàn mò dào táng mò fān zhèn zhī luàn， huáng hé yán 'àn de zhōng yuán rén lù xù xiàng nán fāng qiān yí， bǎ hé luò gǔ yǔ dài dào dōng nán yán hǎi； míng qīng shí qī yī xiē dà lù yí mín dù guò hǎi xiá， yòu bǎ zhè yī yǔ yán dài dào tái wān， yīn cǐ mǐn nán huà yòu bèi chēng wéi“ hé luò yǔ”。 hòu lái， tái wān mǐn nán huà yǎn biàn chū“ tái nán qiāng”、“ tái běi qiāng” hé“ yí lán qiāng” děng， qí zhōng yǐ“ tái nán qiāng” zuì jù dài biǎo xìng。
táng dài yǐ lái， zhōng guó běi fāng chí xù dòng dàng， wài zú qīn rǎo bù duàn， zhōng yuán gè mín zú de yǔ yán xiāng hù róng hé， xiāng hù xī shōu， zhú jiàn xíng chéng yuán dài bái huà、 míng qīng guān huà， zuì hòu yǎn biàn wéi běi píng huà， zhōng yuán gǔ yǔ zài běi fāng wán quán xiāo shī。 mín guó chū qī， běi píng huà gǎi míng“ guó yǔ”， chéng wéi zhōng huá mín zú de tōng yòng yǔ。 guó mín dǎng tuì jù tái wān hòu， shè lì“ guó yǔ tuī xíng wěi yuán huì”， yán jiū bìng tuī guǎng“ guó yǔ”。 yóu yú wài shěng rén zhōng sū、 zhè、 mǐn、 yuè rén jiào duō， shì lì jiào dà， suǒ yǐ tái wān“ guó yǔ” shòu dào jiāng zhè fāng yán jí mǐn nán fāng yán de yǐng xiǎng， dài yòu míng xiǎn de wú yuè qiāng diào。 xīn zhōng guó chéng lì hòu， dà lù yǐ běi jīng yǔ yīn wéi biāo zhǔn yīn、 yǐ běi fāng fāng yán wéi jī chǔ fāng yán， duì yì dú zì、 qīng shēng hé 'ér huà děng yǔ yán xiàn xiàng jìn xíng liǎo jìn yī bù guī fàn， liǎng 'àn“ guó yǔ” chā bié yóu cǐ lā dà。
chú liǎo shàng shù yǔ yán wài， wài yǔ zài tái wān yě yòu yī dìng dì wèi。 shòu guò zhōng xué yǐ shàng jiào yù de réndōu huì shuō yī xiē yīng yǔ。 zài shè wài xué shù、 shāng mào hé lǚ yóu lǐng yù， yīng yǔ shì tōng yòng yǔ。 xiàn jīn 70 suì yǐ shàng de tái wān rén yī bān hái huì shuō yī xiē rì yǔ。 dà liàng lái zì fěi lǜ bīn、 yìn ní hé yuè nán de wài lái láo gōng zé shǐ yòng qí běn guó yǔ yán。
dà bù fēn tái wān rén néng gòu shǐ yòng mǔ yǔ jí“ guó yǔ”。“ guó yǔ” shì dǎo nèi gè zú qún de tōng yòng yǔ， shì xué xiào jiào yù shǐ yòng de zhèng shì yǔ yán， shì xīn wén、 chū bǎn hé gōng wén zhōng shǐ yòng de guān fāng yǔ yán。 yòu yán jiū shuō， zài tái wān gè dì huǒ chē zhàn， lǚ kè shǐ yòng pín shuài zuì gāo de yǔ yán shì“ guó yǔ”， píng jūn yuē 49%； mǐn nán huà cì zhī， yuē 47%；“ guó yǔ” ∕ mǐn nán huà hùn yòng yuē 1.7%； kè jiā huà yuē 1.7%； yuán zhù mín yǔ yuē 0.3%； qí tā yǔ yán yuē 0.3%。 yī bān lái shuō， yuè shì dū shì dì qū， yuè shì jīng jì fā dá dì qū， shǐ yòng“ guó yǔ” pín shuài yuè gāo， yuè shì nóng cūn dì qū， yuè shì jīng jì luò hòu dì qū， mǐn nán huà shǐ yòng pín shuài yuè gāo。 nián líng yuè xiǎo， shǐ yòng“ guó yǔ” pín shuài yuè gāo， nián líng yuè dà， shǐ yòng mǐn nán huà pín shuài yuè gāo。 nǚ xìng bǐ nán xìng gèng qīng xiàng shǐ yòng“ guó yǔ”。
"Mandarin" is the earliest works on the history of a country. Lu Zhou royal family and the records, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu, Yue and other vassal state history. The years since King Mu of Zhou (formerly 990) expedition Quanrong (about 947 years ago), were destroyed down to the Zhi Bo (formerly 453).
【Title】
Evaluation】 【
Mandarin in a strong ethical content tend to carry forward the spirit of Germany, respected ritual norms, that "gift" is to govern. And very prominent loyalist thought.
Mandarin more progressive political outlook, oppose tyranny and corruption, public opinion and talent, with a heavy thought of the people.
Mandarin records the Spring and Autumn Period of the economic, financial, military, military science, diplomacy, education, law, marriage and other content, the study of the history of the Qin Dynasty is very important.
References】 【Research
• Xuean Qin, Lian-Sheng Wang, "Mandarin Annotation", Jilin Literature and History Press, 1991 ISBN 780626138
• Dong Li Zhang, "Analysis of Mandarin Annotation", Jinan University Press, 1993
2, the Chinese name of a voice system
Before the establishment of the PRC in 1949 introduced the Beijing dialect as the common language of the movement of Han nationality. It proposed "Genbunitchi" and the "national language unification," the two slogans. "Genbunitchi" is not written in ancient classical Chinese, use modern vernacular. "Mandarin reunification" is a modern vernacular to the Beijing dialect of Mandarin as the national general. The campaign for the modern Chinese nation to establish and implement a common language for writing style and spelling of the reform, there is some contribution.
After】 【generated
As a result of the impact of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, after decades in the late Qing Dynasty to the problem have been proposed unified national language. The earliest reference to "national language" of this name, was appointed as the Imperial instructors of the classical masters Tongcheng lun. In 1902 he went to Japan to study political science, see the implementation of Mandarin in Japan (Tokyo words) the results, deeply moved, after returning home wrote to the Minister Zhang Baixi management science, and holds teaching Mandarin king chorus according to the letter, the implementation of " If Beijing "(Beijing dialect) as the standard Mandarin. In 1909, the Qing government advisory council meeting, Mr Qian Jiang made the "official words" Name of "national language", a "Mandarin Code Review Committee", responsible for compiling the research matters. 1911 Division held a "meeting of the Central Education", through "the case of a unified national language approach", the resolution established national language survey in the capital Federation, the provinces _set_ up branches, the words, syntax, phonology investigation, validation "national language" standards, edit Mandarin textbooks Mandarin and other dialects table. After the founding of the Republic in 1912, held a "temporary educational conference", decided to start with the pronunciation of Chinese characters start with a unified, held a "unity of pronunciation will be." 1913, "the pronunciation of unity would" meet agreed national pronunciation of Chinese characters (ie the "National Music") and cut the country sounds of the letters spell "phonetic alphabet" (also known as the "National accented letters"). Agreed later, the Northern Government has been not published. Then in 1916, Beijing, the education sector organization "national language of the Republic of China will" (referred to as "Mandarin Research") _set_ off a press release phonetic alphabet and the Northern Government to change school "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section of movement.
Research tasks will require a 5: ① provincial dialect survey; ② standard language _select_ion; ③ Grammatical Dictionary of editorial standards; ④ national school with a standard language editing textbooks and reference books; ⑤ edit Mandarin publications. Made the school's "Chinese" textbook was renamed the "national language" textbook. Movement around the education sector received a response. Mandarin Research Council increased to 12,000 members in more than 4 years. Northern Government in 1918, the Ministry of Education held a "meeting of the National Teachers president," the decision attached at the National Higher Education Teachers "workshop Mandarin Branch", designed to teach phonetic alphabet and Mandarin, and in November announced the "phonetic alphabet." In the same year, the "New Youth" and other publications put forward the "Literary Revolution" slogan, starting with the vernacular writing. 1919 "May Fourth" movement broke out, under the impetus of this movement, the Northern Government's implementation of the Ministry of Education _set_ up a government agency "unified national language preparatory" and instructions to change the national schools across the country, "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section. At the same time, also issued an order to modify the original "National School Order", provides the first Professor of phonetic alphabet, reform the style of textbooks and teaching methods, so that National Language Movement in schools has been initially successful.
【"National language" of the implementation】
"May Fourth Movement" after the Language Movement into the implementation period. Main task is to amend the phonetic alphabet programs, development of French Mandarin Romanization, adjust the "national voice" standard, and expand the education and application of Mandarin, as well as publishing, publicity and so on.
Closely related to language and ethnic groups in Taiwan. The points system by popular people in Taiwan can be divided into 4 major groups, which account for about 74% of Taiwanese, Hakka, about 12%, and mainlanders, about 13%, indigenous 1% or so. Taiwanese people to the Minnan dialect is the mother tongue to Hakka-speaking Hakka, and mainlanders to the "national language" as the mother tongue. Divided into 11 indigenous ethnic groups were different aboriginal languages, and use them as a mother tongue.
Minnan dialect is authentic in the Central Plains as the old saying. From the late Han to Tang Military Rebellion, one after another along the Yellow River in the Central Plains of migration to the south, to the southeast coast of the Luo as the old saying; number of immigrants from the mainland through the Ming and Qing Dynasties Strait to Taiwan again this language, so Taiwanese then also known as "Hokkien." Later, Taiwan's Minnan dialect evolved, "Tainan cavity", "Taipei cavity" and "Ilan cavity", of which the "Tainan chamber" the most representative.
In addition to the above language, the language has a certain status in Taiwan. Who had secondary or higher education will speak some English. In the foreign academic, business and tourism areas, English is the lingua franca. Today the people of Taiwan over the age of 70 will generally say something in Japanese. A lot from the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam, use of foreign workers in their own language.
请欣赏:
请给我换一个看看！ 拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！
【zīliàoláiyuán】bǎi dù guó xué |
|
|