三十六计

《三十六計》作者：楊南柯，秦朝鹹陽人。是根據我國古代卓越的軍事思想和豐富的鬥爭經驗總結而成的兵書，是中華民族悠久文化遺産之一。“三十六計”一語，先於著書之年，語源可考自南朝宋將檀道濟（？—公元436年），據《南齊書.王敬則傳》：“檀公三十六策，走為上計，汝父子唯應走耳。”意為敗局已定，無可輓回，唯有退卻，方是上策。此語後人賡相沿用，宋代惠洪《冷齋夜話》：“三十六計，走為上計。”。及明末清初，引用此語的人更多。於是有心人採集群書，編撰成《三十六計》。但此書為何時何人所撰已難確考。原書按計名排列，共分六套，即勝戰計、敵戰計、攻戰計、混戰計、並戰計、敗戰計。前三套是處於優勢所用之計，後三套是處於劣勢所用之計。每套各包含六計，總共三十六計。其中每計名稱後的解說，均係依據《易經》中的陰陽變化之理及古代兵傢剛柔、奇正、攻防、彼己、虛實、主客等對立關係相互轉化的思想推演而成，含有樸素的軍事辯證法的因素。解說後的按語，多引證宋代以前的戰例和孫武、吳起、尉繚子等兵傢的精闢語句。全書還有總說和跋。三十六計是我國古代兵傢計謀的總結和軍事謀略學的寶貴遺産，為便於人們熟記這三十六條妙計，有位學者在三十六計中每取一字，依序組成一首詩：金玉檀公策，藉以擒劫賊，魚蛇海間笑，羊虎桃桑隔，樹暗走癡故，釜空苦遠客，屋梁有美屍，擊魏連伐虢。全詩除了檀公策外，每字包含了三十六計中的一計，依序為：金蟬脫殼、拋磚引玉、藉刀殺人、以逸待勞、擒賊擒王、趁火打劫、關門捉賊、渾水摸魚、打草驚蛇、瞞天過海、反間計、笑裏藏刀、順手牽羊、調虎離山、李代桃僵、指桑駡槐、隔岸觀火、樹上開花、暗渡陳倉、走為上、假癡不癲、欲擒故縱、釜底抽薪、空城計、苦肉計、遠交近攻、反客為主、上屋抽梯、偷梁換柱、無中生有、美人計、藉屍還魂、聲東擊西、圍魏救趙、連環計、假道伐虢。現傳《三十六計》較早版本係1941年由成都興華印刷廠所用土紙翻印的，封面書《三十六計》，旁註“秘本兵法”，並說明原書是手抄本，1941年在分州（今陝西省分縣）某書攤發現，抄本前部“都係養生之談，而未尾數十篇，附抄三十六計，解釋皆用兵法，然後知其果為兵法也。”1961年，收藏者叔和在《光明日報》撰文加以介紹後，又將這土紙本贈給了中國人民解放軍政治學院。此後便出現了各種翻印和傳抄的版本。

三十六計 六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其中。機不可設，設則不中。第01計瞞天過海：備周則意怠，常見則不疑。陰在陽之內，不在陽之對。太陽，太陰。第02計圍魏救趙：共敵不如分敵，敵陽不如敵陰。第03計藉刀殺人：敵已明，友未定，引友殺敵。不自出力，以《損》推演。第04計以逸待勞：睏敵之勢，不以戰。損剛益柔。第05計趁火打劫：敵之害大，就勢取利，剛决柔也。第06計聲東擊西：敵志亂萃，不虞。坤下兌上之象，利其不自主而取之。第07計無中生有：誑也，非誑也，實其所誑也。少陰、太陰、太陽。第08計暗渡陳倉：示之以動，利其靜而有主，“益動而巽”。第09計隔岸觀火：陽乖序亂，陰以待逆。暴戾恣睢，其勢自斃。順以動豫，豫順以動。第10計笑裏藏刀：信而安之，陰以圖之。備而後動，勿使有變。剛中柔外也。第11計李代桃僵：勢必有損，損陰以益陽。第12計順手牽羊：微隙在所必乘，微利在所必得。少陰，少陽。第13計打草驚蛇：疑以叩實，察而後動。復者，陰之媒也。第14計藉屍還魂：有用者，不可藉；不能用者，求藉。藉不能用者而用之。匪我求童蒙，童蒙求我。第15計調虎離山：待天以睏之，用人以誘之，往蹇來返。第16計欲擒姑縱：逼則反兵，走則減勢。緊隨勿迫，纍其氣力，消其鬥志，散而後擒，兵不血刃。需，有孚，光。第17計拋磚引玉：類以誘之，擊蒙也。第18計擒賊擒王：摧其堅，奪其魁，以解其體。竜戰於野，其道窮也。第19計釜底抽薪：不敵其力，而消其勢，兌下乾上之象。第20計混水摸魚：乘其陰亂，利其弱而無主。隨，以嚮晦入宴息。第21計金蟬脫殼：存其形，完其勢；友不疑，敵不動。巽而止蠱。第22計關門捉賊：小敵睏之。剝，不利有攸往。第23計遠交近攻：形禁勢格，利從近取，害以遠隔。上火下澤。第24計假道伐虢：兩大之間，敵脅以從，我假以勢。睏，有言不信。第25計偷梁換柱：頻更其陣，抽其勁旅，待其自敗，而後乘之。曳其輪也。第26計指桑駡槐：大凌小者，警以誘之。剛中而應，行險而順。第27計假癡不癲：寧偽作不知不為，不偽作假知妄為。靜不露機，雲雷屯也。第28計上屋抽梯：假之以便，唆之使前，斷其援應，陷之死地。遇毒，位不當也。第29計樹上開花：藉局布勢，力小勢大。鴻漸於陸，其羽可以為儀也。第30計反客為主：乘隙插足，扼其主機，漸之進也。第31計美人計：兵強者，攻其將；將智者，伐其情。將弱兵頽，其勢自萎。利用禦寇，順相保也。第32計空城計：虛者虛之，疑中生疑。剛柔之際，奇而復奇。第33計反間計：疑中之疑。比之自內，不自失也。第34計苦肉計：人不自害，受害必真。假真真假，間以得行。童蒙之吉，順以巽也。第35計連環計：將多兵衆，不可以敵，使其自纍，以殺其勢。在師中吉，承天寵也。第36計走為上：全師避敵。左次無咎，未失常也。

Terms were arranged according to the original book, divided into six _set_s, that victory total war, total war the enemy, all words count, melee meter, and total war, total war defeat. Advantage of the former three are used in the measure, after the three is at a disadvantage by the use of dollars. Each _set_ contains six dollars each, a total of Thirty-Six. One explanation of each account name, they were all based on "Book of Changes" in the changes of yin and yang, rigid management and ancient military strategists, is odd, offensive and defensive, he has been, the actual situation, the relationship between subject and object and other opposition into thinking deduction is made, containing simple military dialectics factors. After the note explained, many cited the wars before the Song Dynasty and Sun Wu, Wu Qi, Wei Liao Zi's brilliant military strategists such statements. The book also always said, and Postscript. Thirty-Six is the plot summary of China's ancient military strategists and military strategy to learn a valuable heritage, to facilitate people to memorize this thirty-six coup, there are scholars take each word in the Thirty-Six, composed a poem in sequence : Jin Tan public policy, in order to capture Jiezei, fish between the sea snake laugh, every sheep tiger peach mulberry trees go crazy so dark, empty kettle suffering far off, the beams with the United States dead, attacking even the cutting Wei Guo. Tan public policy in addition to the poem, each word contains Sanshiliuji a meter, were: withdraw its role, initiate, Collateral, to wait at Plaza, ringleader, looting, close thieves, fish in troubled waters, to arouse his suspicions, deception, discord among, nasty-nice, pilfering, Tiaohulishan, Lidaitaojiang, oblique accusations, standing on the sidelines, the trees blossom, to steal, go for the false crazy not insane, playing hard, backing off, empty city, desperate measure, far past attack, become masters, the House Ladder, perpetrating a fraud, out of nothing, honey trap, reincarnated, diversion, Weiweijiuzhao, chain count, false passage cutting Guo. Now pass "Thirty-Six" series in 1941, an earlier version of printing used by the Chengdu Xinghua Tuzhi reprint, the cover of the book "Thirty-Six," marginalia "secret of the art of war" and describe the original book is a manuscript, 1941 sub-state (now Shaanxi provinces County) found a bookstall, manuscripts front "they are all good health talk, without tail dozens, with a copy Thirty-Six, are used to explain the art of war, and then know if the Art of War also. "In 1961, Uncle and collectors," Guangming Daily "to the author's introduction, which in turn donated to the People's Liberation Army political Tuzhi the College. Since then there has been reprinted and private copies of various versions.

【注釋】
　　这三十六计，到今天还极具活力，广为流传，特别是在行军用兵、商海谈判，甚至日常生活中都经常用到。例如在毛泽东领导的反围剿时和红军长征时多次运用到诸如“声东击西”、“以逸待劳”等方法克敌制胜。

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三十六計	第一套勝戰計	第二套敵戰計	第三套攻戰計	第四套混戰計	第五套並戰計	第六套敗戰計

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