现实百态 》 牛虻 The Gadfly 》
主要人物表 AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
伏尼契 Ethel Lilian Voynich
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
上帝和兒子
——《牛虻》讀後感
不管我活着
還是我死去
我都是一隻牛虻
快樂地飛來飛去
這首小詩，是牛虻最後的字跡，寫完它，他就上了行刑場，然後他死了。
他死得很艱難，因為給他行刑的士兵，都是那麽愛戴他，他們拿槍的手在顫抖，他們的淚在臉上淌，可他們還是必須殺死他，那是工作。在無數發子彈聲後，牛虻還是死了，全身都中了彈，可是死得那麽堅強，那麽燦爛。
蒙泰尼裏看着自己的兒子死去，是他親手殺死了他，是他，在上帝和兒子之間，毅然選擇了虛假的慈悲的上帝，而放棄了自己那麽可憐又那麽需要愛的兒子。他註定為自己的選擇而後悔，他註定被自己逼瘋，最後，偉大的紅衣主教還是瘋了，還是死了，上帝不是慈悲的，上帝沒有因為他的忠誠而對他忠誠。
亞瑟是可憐的，瓊瑪的一個巴掌把他從意大利打到了南美，多少年的苦難，他全忍了下來，終於，他又回到了意大利，他又見到了瓊瑪，他們相愛，卻得不到永遠。他死了，她哭了，他痛苦的所有時間，她也痛苦着。而正當她知道他還活着，她可以釋然，她可以漸漸忘記自己曾經的錯誤時，他又一次活生生地死在了她的面前。
亞瑟在17歲時，明白了上帝衹不過是一尊用榔頭就可以敲爛的泥塑，他最親愛的Padre騙了他，上帝不是慈悲的，人能依靠的，衹有自己。亞瑟在苦難中成了一個徹底的無神論者，他憎恨那些虛偽的禱告，憎恨所有的神父，可是他知道，無論如何，他還是愛Padre，他不恨他，衹要Padre能夠在餘生好好愛他，他就會滿足，他就會得到幸福。可是蒙泰尼裏沒有這樣做，他哭了，哭得很傷心，可是他的選擇依然是上帝，衹有上帝……
作為偉大的紅衣主教，選擇上帝是理所當然的，基督被釘在十字架上，他註定是慈悲的，他註定可以接受所有人的懺悔，而他能做的，也僅僅是接受懺悔而已。他並不能為人們做什麽，他不能，他救不了蒙泰尼裏，更救不了亞瑟。可是蒙泰尼裏不懂，一直都不懂，他這樣對待自己的兒子，是多麽得不公平，可是他卻不瞭解，他被上帝所迷惑，他的心裏衹有那個空洞的上帝。
而當蒙泰尼裏終於醒悟，而真的必須面對天堂抑或地獄裏的那個上帝時，他又會說什麽，他還愛上帝嗎？還堅持自己的信仰嗎？他會後悔，一定會。他會明白，並把上帝砸成碎片，他會把上帝從心裏扔掉，他真心愛的，是自己的兒子。可是這一切已經晚了，天堂是無限高的，地獄是無底深的，他永遠也找不到自己心愛的兒子了……
再次懺悔嗎？
於是無補……
主要人物表
牛虻——少年時代的名字叫亞瑟．伯頓。在二、三捲中，化名費利斯．裏瓦雷茲，牛虻是他的綽號
瓊瑪．華倫——華倫醫生的女兒，亞瑟少年時代的朋友，後與喬萬尼．波拉結婚
勞倫佐．蒙泰尼裏——教士，亞瑟真正的生父，後升為紅衣主教
格拉迪斯——亞瑟的母親，老伯頓的後妻，蒙泰尼裏的情人，天主教徒
傑姆斯．伯頓——亞瑟名義上的異母長兄，伯頓父子輪船公司的主人
朱麗亞——傑姆斯．伯頓的妻子
托馬斯．伯頓——亞瑟名義上的異母次兄
吉姆斯——伯頓傢的管傢
吉安．巴蒂斯塔——伯頓傢的馬車夫
恩裏科——萊亨監獄看守長
凱 蒂——瓊瑪的女僕?
比安卡——牛虻在佛羅倫薩的女僕
綺達．萊尼——吉卜賽女郎
馬爾蒂尼——青年意大利黨佛羅倫薩支部的黨員，波拉和瓊瑪的朋友，文學委員會成員
法布裏奇——大學教授，文學委員會成員
格拉西尼——富裕的大律師，文學委員會的成員
萊 加——文學委員會成員
加 利——青年意大利黨佛羅倫薩支部的黨員，文學委員會的成員
裏卡爾多——醫生，青年意大利黨佛羅倫薩支部的黨員，文學委員會的成員
薩科尼——文學委員會成員
米歇爾——紅帶會會員，亞平寧山區的私販子
多米尼季諾——紅帶會負責人之一，亞平寧山區的私販子
馬爾科尼——紅帶會會員，亞平寧山區的私販子
蟋 蟀——布列西蓋拉城堡中的衛兵
卡爾迪——比薩神學院新院長，密探
費拉裏——布列西蓋拉的統領，上校
The Gadfly is a novel by Ethel Lilian Voynich, published in 1897 (United States, June; Great Britain, September of the same year), set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisings. The story centers on the life of the protagonist, Arthur Burton, as a member of the Youth movement, and his antagonist, Padre Montanelli. A thread of a tragic relationship between Arthur and his love Gemma simultaneously runs through the story. It is a story of faith, disillusionment, revolution, romance, and heroism.
Themes
The book is primarily concerned with the culture of revolution and revolutionaries. Arthur, the Gadfly, is an embodiment of the tragic Romantic hero, who comes of age and returns from abandonment to discover his true state in the world and fight against the injustices of the current one. Gemma, his lover, and Padre Montanelli, his Priest, show various forms of love via their tragic relations with the focal character of Arthur: religious, romantic, and family. These emotions are compared with those which Arthur finds and shows as a revolutionary. The relationship between religious and revolutionary feelings is particularly drawn on. This is made particularly explicit at the climax of the book where sacred descriptions intertwine with reflections on the Gadfly's fate. It is debatable to what extent an allegorical comparison can be drawn between the Gadfly and Jesus.
The landscape of Italy, in particular the Alps, is a pervading focus of the book, with its often lush descriptions of scenery conveying the thoughts and moods of characters.
Background
According to historian Robin Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly — a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by the British Secret Intelligence Service — met Ethel Voynich in London in 1895. Ethel Voynich was a significant figure not only on the late Victorian literary scene but also in Russian émigré circles. Lockhart claims that Reilly and Voynich had a sexual liaison and voyaged to Italy together. During this scenic tarriance, Reilly apparently "bared his soul to his mistress," and revealed to her the story of his strange youth in Russia. After their brief affair had concluded, Voynich published in 1897 her critically acclaimed novel, The Gadfly, the central character of which, Arthur Burton, was allegedly based on Sidney Reilly's own early life. However, Andrew Cook, a noted biographer of Reilly, disputes Lockhart's romanticized version of such events to be doubtful and counters instead that Reilly was perhaps informing on Voynich's radical, pro-émigré activities to William Melville of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch.
Popularity
With the central theme of the book being the nature of a true revolutionary, the reflections on religion and rebellion proved to be ideologically suitable and successful. The Gadfly was exceptionally popular in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China exerting a large cultural influence. In the Soviet Union The Gadfly was compulsory reading and the top best seller, indeed by the time of Voynich's death The Gadfly is estimated to have sold 2,500,000 copies in the Soviet Union alone.
The Russian composer Mikhail Zhukov turned the book into an opera "The Gadfly" ("Овод" 1928). In 1955, the Soviet director Aleksandr Fajntsimmer adapted the novel into a film of the same title (Russian: Ovod). Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote the score (see The Gadfly Suite). The Romance, a segment from this composition, along with some other excerpts, has since become very popular. Shostakovich's Gadfly theme was also used in the eighties, in the BBC TV series Reilly, Ace of Spies.
Film adaptations
* 1928. Soviet Georgian film (Krazana) directed by Kote Mardjanishvili.
* 1955. The Soviet director Aleksandr Fajntsimmer adapted the book into a film of the same name (Russian: Овод, Ovod). Dmitri Shostakovich composed the score, known as The Gadfly Suite. The Romance section of this score has since become popular, and was used as the theme music for the series Reilly, Ace of Spies about master spy Sidney Reilly.
* 1980. Film of Nikolai Mashchenko with Andrei Kharitonov, Sergei Bondarchuk and Anastasiya Vertinskaya.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
"What have we to do with Thee, Thou Jesus of Nazareth?"
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
MY most cordial thanks are due to the many persons who helped me to collect, in Italy, the materials for this story. I am especially indebted to the officials of the Marucelliana Library of Florence, and of the State Archives and Civic Museum of Bologna, for their courtesy and kindness.
请欣赏:
请给我换一个看看！ 拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！
|
|
|