断代 》 明朝灭亡的真相 The truth of the Ming demise 》
原编者按
林洛 Lin Luo
用如此短的文章讲述一个如此复杂的过程是非常困难,但是作者基本把明朝的军事失误都写清楚了.明朝的灭亡军事上的失误是直接原因.内政上的失误是间接原因.
中国是个大国,皇帝建立强大军队和找有军事才的指挥官不难,但在通讯交通不如今天发达的情况下,保证军队效忠自己,不打内仗很难。从春秋到唐代,军事将领都是内行,农耕社会从没有被野蛮社会完全征服,但内战不断,百姓受的痛苦恐怕也不少。军队是“尾巴”,皇帝要担心尾大不掉。后来,皇族总结教训,至少要保证不让皇亲外的将领掌握大权。如果有战事,只让边防线的军队有实力,地方军队不能有太大实力,否则,地方军队造反了,对皇权来说,不比外族征服的损失小。
这种方法对比北方游牧民族并不差,北方游牧民族军事将领固然能力强,但武器差,一般完全可以应付,但野蛮民族首领一旦短期不能对文明社会获胜,那自己很快就打内仗,被内部消灭掉。几千年年来,北方游牧民族内部残杀数都数不清,比起中原只有弱干年遭到野蛮民族大屠杀的痛苦大得多。否则,为什么北方游牧民族征服中原后,一律接受争着华夏文明?
当然,这种制约自己军队的方法,有个致命缺点,就是一切控制归皇权。皇帝把军事力量只保存在边防线,内部基本上非军事化,地方领导人一定要有文治才能,但有军事才能就危险。地方军队作用不能超过警察。这样,如果皇帝过得去,百姓可不受野蛮民族骚扰。一旦皇权腐败,边防线被突破,整个中国自然就全垮了。而让边防线跨掉的是皇权腐败没有人能制约,而不是什么中国文化、人民道德观念等八杆子打不着的原因。其实,明朝汉族百姓比女真百姓幸福得多。明和平年代长,人口增加也快。而女真人因为不愿被蒙古和自己内部相互屠杀,才自动归顺明朝引入现在看来不太发达的文明机制。
(赵丰年)
原编者按
收到林洛先生寄来的这篇文章,非常欣喜。林洛先生在文中从各个角度详细分析了明朝灭亡、清朝建立的原因,很值得一读。比如他在对皇太极和明朝皇帝用人方面进行比较时,写道:“皇太极对祖大寿这种强敌,有杀害无数清兵、背信弃义的事实,还能够容忍下来,接纳下来,并且让他一直平平安安活到老。这样的器量,也难怪满清能够使无数的人才死心塌地为之效忠。试问汉人皇帝之中,上千年来几个君王能有这样的器量呢?这样的君王能够做到人尽其才,善待人才,又怎能使人才不趋之若鹜。明朝的皇帝实在是差得太远了。”在分析李自成失败原因时,作者写道:“李自成并没有被胜利冲昏头脑,也不存在急剧腐化,政策并没有任何错误。经历山海关兵败后才出现军纪问题,但总的来说,李自成的失败并不是因为腐化问题。那么李自成失败在哪儿呢?……”对抗清英雄史可法作者的评价是:“史可法是典型的文人出身,缺乏军事才能……不顾实力,只顾报君父之仇。在当时情况下,自顾南保半壁尚不足,却还要欲图合师进讨,问罪秦中,先讨伐李自成军,使得北岸清兵赢得时间和精力。……固然八十万老百姓的死守先该归咎于杀人者。但是史可法的心中,可曾把这八十万个老百姓当成一回事,考虑过他们的生死呢?”最后,作者回顾中国历史写道:“没有谁是真正为了老百姓,强权都是打着为民的招牌谋自己利益,自我标榜是为了争取更多的支持。如斯而已。所以中国几千年来,换了这么多王朝,不过都是‘逐鹿中原’,那只‘鹿’就是老百姓,所谓‘兴,百姓苦,亡,百姓苦’”。希望此文对大家了解那段历史有所帮助,亦希望今人吸取教训,以免重蹈覆辙。
──《中国》主编时寒冰2002年2月1日
With such a short article about such a complicated process is very difficult, but essential to the Ming dynasty of military errors are written clearly. The demise of the Ming Dynasty military mistakes is the direct cause.'s Internal affairs is the indirect cause of the failure.
China is a big country to find the emperor to build a strong army and a military commander was not difficult, but not as good as today's advanced communication and transportation, to ensure an army loyal to himself, not to fight the battle difficult. Spring and Autumn to the Tang Dynasty, the military generals are the professionals, agricultural society was never completely conquered the barbaric society, but civil wars, the suffering of the people I am afraid that by the many. The military is "tail", the emperor to worry unwieldy. Later, the royal family, lessons learned, at least not to royalty to ensure that the generals in power outside. If there is war, the border line of the army only to have the strength, the local military can not have too much power, otherwise, the local military rebellion, and on the imperial power, the better than alien conquest loss.
The Northern Contrast this approach is not bad, of course, military commanders in northern nomadic ability, but poor weapons, the general can deal with, but once the term barbarian leader of a civilized society can not be won, it will soon hit their own internal battle , was destroyed inside. Thousands every year, the northern nomads are countless number of internal killing, only a weak dry years than the Central Plains the brutal pain of the Holocaust is much greater national. Otherwise, why the Central Plains after the conquest of northern nomadic people, all scrambling to accept the Chinese civilization?
(Zhao Fengnian)
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