别史 》 Mandarin 》
Mandarin
Zuoqiu Ming
国语
"Mandarin" is the earliest works on the history of a country. Lu Zhou royal family and the records, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu, Yue and other vassal state history. The years since King Mu of Zhou (formerly 990) expedition Quanrong (about 947 years ago), were destroyed down to the Zhi Bo (formerly 453).
【Title】
Evaluation】 【
Mandarin in a strong ethical content tend to carry forward the spirit of Germany, respected ritual norms, that "gift" is to govern. And very prominent loyalist thought.
Mandarin more progressive political outlook, oppose tyranny and corruption, public opinion and talent, with a heavy thought of the people.
Mandarin records the Spring and Autumn Period of the economic, financial, military, military science, diplomacy, education, law, marriage and other content, the study of the history of the Qin Dynasty is very important.
References】 【Research
• Xuean Qin, Lian-Sheng Wang, "Mandarin Annotation", Jilin Literature and History Press, 1991 ISBN 780626138
• Dong Li Zhang, "Analysis of Mandarin Annotation", Jinan University Press, 1993
2, the Chinese name of a voice system
Before the establishment of the PRC in 1949 introduced the Beijing dialect as the common language of the movement of Han nationality. It proposed "Genbunitchi" and the "national language unification," the two slogans. "Genbunitchi" is not written in ancient classical Chinese, use modern vernacular. "Mandarin reunification" is a modern vernacular to the Beijing dialect of Mandarin as the national general. The campaign for the modern Chinese nation to establish and implement a common language for writing style and spelling of the reform, there is some contribution.
After】 【generated
As a result of the impact of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, after decades in the late Qing Dynasty to the problem have been proposed unified national language. The earliest reference to "national language" of this name, was appointed as the Imperial instructors of the classical masters Tongcheng lun. In 1902 he went to Japan to study political science, see the implementation of Mandarin in Japan (Tokyo words) the results, deeply moved, after returning home wrote to the Minister Zhang Baixi management science, and holds teaching Mandarin king chorus according to the letter, the implementation of " If Beijing "(Beijing dialect) as the standard Mandarin. In 1909, the Qing government advisory council meeting, Mr Qian Jiang made the "official words" Name of "national language", a "Mandarin Code Review Committee", responsible for compiling the research matters. 1911 Division held a "meeting of the Central Education", through "the case of a unified national language approach", the resolution established national language survey in the capital Federation, the provinces _set_ up branches, the words, syntax, phonology investigation, validation "national language" standards, edit Mandarin textbooks Mandarin and other dialects table. After the founding of the Republic in 1912, held a "temporary educational conference", decided to start with the pronunciation of Chinese characters start with a unified, held a "unity of pronunciation will be." 1913, "the pronunciation of unity would" meet agreed national pronunciation of Chinese characters (ie the "National Music") and cut the country sounds of the letters spell "phonetic alphabet" (also known as the "National accented letters"). Agreed later, the Northern Government has been not published. Then in 1916, Beijing, the education sector organization "national language of the Republic of China will" (referred to as "Mandarin Research") _set_ off a press release phonetic alphabet and the Northern Government to change school "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section of movement.
Research tasks will require a 5: ① provincial dialect survey; ② standard language _select_ion; ③ Grammatical Dictionary of editorial standards; ④ national school with a standard language editing textbooks and reference books; ⑤ edit Mandarin publications. Made the school's "Chinese" textbook was renamed the "national language" textbook. Movement around the education sector received a response. Mandarin Research Council increased to 12,000 members in more than 4 years. Northern Government in 1918, the Ministry of Education held a "meeting of the National Teachers president," the decision attached at the National Higher Education Teachers "workshop Mandarin Branch", designed to teach phonetic alphabet and Mandarin, and in November announced the "phonetic alphabet." In the same year, the "New Youth" and other publications put forward the "Literary Revolution" slogan, starting with the vernacular writing. 1919 "May Fourth" movement broke out, under the impetus of this movement, the Northern Government's implementation of the Ministry of Education _set_ up a government agency "unified national language preparatory" and instructions to change the national schools across the country, "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section. At the same time, also issued an order to modify the original "National School Order", provides the first Professor of phonetic alphabet, reform the style of textbooks and teaching methods, so that National Language Movement in schools has been initially successful.
【"National language" of the implementation】
"May Fourth Movement" after the Language Movement into the implementation period. Main task is to amend the phonetic alphabet programs, development of French Mandarin Romanization, adjust the "national voice" standard, and expand the education and application of Mandarin, as well as publishing, publicity and so on.
Closely related to language and ethnic groups in Taiwan. The points system by popular people in Taiwan can be divided into 4 major groups, which account for about 74% of Taiwanese, Hakka, about 12%, and mainlanders, about 13%, indigenous 1% or so. Taiwanese people to the Minnan dialect is the mother tongue to Hakka-speaking Hakka, and mainlanders to the "national language" as the mother tongue. Divided into 11 indigenous ethnic groups were different aboriginal languages, and use them as a mother tongue.
Minnan dialect is authentic in the Central Plains as the old saying. From the late Han to Tang Military Rebellion, one after another along the Yellow River in the Central Plains of migration to the south, to the southeast coast of the Luo as the old saying; number of immigrants from the mainland through the Ming and Qing Dynasties Strait to Taiwan again this language, so Taiwanese then also known as "Hokkien." Later, Taiwan's Minnan dialect evolved, "Tainan cavity", "Taipei cavity" and "Ilan cavity", of which the "Tainan chamber" the most representative.
In addition to the above language, the language has a certain status in Taiwan. Who had secondary or higher education will speak some English. In the foreign academic, business and tourism areas, English is the lingua franca. Today the people of Taiwan over the age of 70 will generally say something in Japanese. A lot from the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam, use of foreign workers in their own language.
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【Source】百度国学 |
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