蒙学 》 Three Character Classic   》 三字经      Wang Yinglin

三字经
"Three Character Classic" Since the Southern Song Dynasty, there have been seven hundred years of history, is a rare study of traditional Chinese culture primer for children, a total of more than a thousand words, is famous, popular. Easily into words a verse recited, including the traditional Chinese education, history, astronomy, geography, ethics and morality as well as some folk legends, lively and concise wide. UNESCO is now being included in the "Children of the World Series of moral education." "Three Character Classic" of the "Three Character Classic," the author claims there are basically four: First, Zuo Ming Huang, "Stories of Guangzhou" X. Qu Ming Zhu students are "Guangdong language" XI Qing Yun Jing "big room Yunshan Ji "Second, all thought of the area should be the appropriate sub-Song; Second, Qing Shao Jinhan poem:" read the words Li Zhen and training ", since the note:" "Three Character Classic", Nanhai Li Ching essays. "accordingly that the "Three Character Classic" to Ming Li Zhen essays; three, or relegated to another area suitable for children, by extension, said Li Zhen; four essays Shichuan Wang Lin, Wang Ying-lin (1223-1296), Southern Song Dynasty scholar, Zibo thick, dark No. Ning Jushi. Han Qing Xia "<Primary purple beads> order": "Till the dawn of seventeen, short and art is the" Three Character Classic "to authors, Mr. (Wang Ying-lin), due to take the text cooked Nevermore, Ertan to which it has. "Qing He Xingsi" <Three Character Classic> Notes prepared to Syria ":" Song Mr. Wang Bohou "Three Character Classic" one, the fameng children at home and abroad who, salty Christine If the ball knife. "explicitly that the" Three Character Classic "is written by Wang Ying-lin. Generally speaking, the "Three Character Classic" of the king should be lin. "Three Character Classic," with literacy, to broaden their horizons and instill the concept of feudal ethics, that is to impart knowledge and the dual function of the feudal political and ideological education. The book writing is natural and smooth, plain, layman's language, by heart. Paragraph in this book will be just more than three words summed up the changes China five thousand years of history, has always been highly acclaimed. "Three Character Classic", "Family Names", "Thousand Character Classic", commonly known as the "three Baiqian" and "Three Character Classic" catch up. Here's "Home on the" Almost from the numerical order, not the book is based on the content and the role of the three intentional order. But in fact, the reader comprehensive coverage of the breadth of its education role in the spread time of deep and long view, the "Three Character Classic" in Chinese Ancient Books textbooks say that it is the most influential and most representative book . Wei Zai, "Three Character Classic" is called "Mongolian Studies of the crown."

【Notes】
　　《三字经》的内容分为六个部份，每一部份有一个中心。
　　从“人之初，性本善”到“人不学，不知义”，讲述的是教育和学习对儿童成长的重要性，后天教育及时，方法正确，可以使儿童成为有用之材；
　　从“为人学，方少时”至“首孝悌，次见闻”强调儿童要懂礼仪要孝敬父母、尊敬兄长，并举了黄香和孔融的例子；
　　从“知某数，识某文”到“此十义，人所同”介绍的是生活中的一些名物常识，有数字、三才、三光、三纲、四时、四方、五行、五常、六谷、六畜、七情、八音、九族、十义，方方面面，一应俱全，而且简单明了；
　　从“凡训蒙，须讲究”到“文中子，及老庄”介绍中国古代的重要典籍和儿童读书的程序，这部份列举的书籍有四书、六经、三易、四诗、三传、五子，基本包括了儒家的典籍和部份先秦诸子的著作；
　　从“经子通，读诸史”到“通古今，若亲目”讲述的是从三皇至清代的朝代变革，一部中国史的基本面貌尽在其中；
　　从“口而诵，心而维”至“戒之哉，宜勉力”强调学习要勤奋刻苦、孜孜不倦，只有从小打下良好的学习基础，长大才能有所作为，“上致君，下泽民”。
　　《三字经》内容的排列顺序极有章法，体现了作者的教育思想。作者认为教育儿童要重在礼仪孝悌，端正孩子们的思想，知识的传授则在其次，即“首孝悌，次见闻”。训导儿童要先从小学入手，即先识字，然后读经、子两类的典籍。经部子部书读过后，再学习史书，书中说：“经子通，读诸史”。
　　《三字经》最后强调学习的态度和目的。可以说，《三字经》既是一部儿童识字课本，同时也是作者论述启蒙教育的著作，这在阅读时需加注意。
　　《三字经》用典多，知识性强，是一部在儒家思想指导下编成的读物，充满了积极向上的精神。
　　《三字经》的版本很多，清朝道光年间刊行的版本是最通行的一种。我们采用的则是民国年间的增补本。
　　《三字经》中的故事
　　　孟母三迁
　　昔孟子少时，父早丧，母仉[zhang]氏守节。居住之所近于墓，孟子学为丧葬，[足辟] [bi,两字合一]踊痛哭之事。母曰：“此非所以居子也。”乃去，舍市，近于屠，孟子学为买卖屠杀之事。母又曰：“亦非所以居子也。”继而迁于学宫之旁。每月朔[shuo，夏历每月初一日]望，官员入文庙，行礼跪拜，揖[yi,拱手礼]让进退，孟子见了，一一习记。孟母曰：“此真可以居子也。”遂居于此。
　　
　　孟母断机
　　孟母姓仉(zhang)氏，孟子之母。夫死，狭子以居，三迁为教。及孟子稍长，就学而归，母方织，问曰：“学何所至矣？”对曰：“自若也。”母愤因以刀断机，曰：“子之废学，犹吾之断斯机也。”孟子惧，旦夕勤学，遂成亚圣。
　　
　　五子登科
　　《宋史·窦仪传》记载：宋代窦禹钧的五个儿子仪、俨、侃、偁、僖相继及第，故称“五子登科”。
　　五代后周时期，燕山府（今北京一带）有个叫窦禹钧的人，记取祖训，教导儿子们仰慕圣贤，刻苦学习，为人处世，不愧不怍。结果，他的五个儿子都品学兼优，先后登科及第：
　　窦禹钧本人也享受八十二岁高寿，无疾而终。当朝太师冯道还特地写了首诗：“燕山窦十郎，教子有义方；灵椿一株老，丹桂五技芳。”
　　《三字经》也以“窦燕山，有义方，教五子，名俱扬”的句子，歌颂此事；又逐渐演化为“五子登科”的吉祥图案，寄托了一般人家期望子弟都能像窦家五子那样连袂获取功名。
　　
　　黄香温席
　　昔汉时黄香,江夏人也.年方九岁,知事亲之理.每当夏日炎热之时,则扇父母帷帐,令枕清凉,蚊蚋远避, 以待亲之安寝;至于冬日严寒,则以身暖其亲之衾,以待亲之暖卧.于是名播京师,号曰"天下无双,江夏黄香"
　　
　　孔融让梨
　　孔融的父亲拿一些梨给孩子们吃,让孔融先挑,孔融却挑了一个最小的。父亲问他为什么拿最小的,孔融回答,自己最小,所以应该吃小的,大的给哥哥吃。这故事被用作儿童教育的好教材,成为千古美谈,它美就美在孔融小小年纪便有如此谦让风格。
　　孔融(153～208)，东汉文学家。字文举。鲁国（今山东曲阜）人。灵帝时，辟司徒杨赐府。中平初(185),举高第，为侍御史。后辟司空府为僚属，拜中军候，迁虎贲中郎将。后因忤董卓，转为议郎,出至黄巾军最盛的青州北海郡为相。兴平二年(195)领青州刺史。曹操迁献帝都许昌，征孔融为将作大匠，迁少府。因不满曹操雄诈，被奏免官。后复拜太中大夫，退居闲职，好士待客，座上客满，奖掖推荐，声望甚高。终为曹操所忌，下狱弃市。
　　孔融著有，《隋书·经籍志》载《孔融集》9卷,已散佚。通行本有《汉魏六朝百三家集·孔少府集》1卷。孔融文又见严可均《全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文·全后汉文》，其诗又见丁福保《全汉三国晋南北朝诗·全汉诗》。
　　苏洵二十七方才学习
　　苏洵（1009~1066），字明允，自号老泉，北宋眉山人，北宋著名散文家。在妻子程氏的劝告下，27岁才开始发奋读书，经过十多年的闭门苦读，学业大进。嘉祐元年，携子苏轼、苏辙到汴京，以22篇文章谒见欧阳修，受其赏识，由此名声大振。后人因其二子苏轼、苏辙均以文学闻名，故称他为“老苏”，将他们父子三人合称为“三苏”，均列入唐宋八大家。苏洵为文见解精辟，语言锋利，纵横扌卑阖，很有战国纵横家的风度。著有《嘉祐集》十五卷。



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三字经

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