正史 》 History of the Ming   》 卷一·本纪第一      Zhang Tingyu 明史 卷一·本纪第一 Central Plains after the Qing Dynasty, turn on the Junji two years (1645) Guihai April (the 11th), petitioned the censor Zhao Jiding Compilation "Ming Shi" (Note: Zhao Jiding petitioned Compilation "Ming Dynasty" record, found "clear ancestor Record" Volume 15, He Guanbiao "Junji towards <Ming" A History compiled test, "the first article exposing this issue. But when the Qing court Compiling resolution, there is no precise historical data confirm this. Qing Dynasty Official Compilation of the book does not appear on "History of Ming Dynasty," the edict, "Manchu rulers came to Record" see only a few years in May, President Junji 癸未 at the memorial, in which words, "Chendeng Chin Feng Sheng Yu, president of" History of Ming Dynasty, "", and made Vice President and Compiling a list of persons. This "Qin Feng Sheng Yu", it may be only verbal instructions when it Zaozhao. In the past two years in May of Junji known for "imperial maintenance" Ming Dynasty "," do something improper expression, accurate words To: Junji two years in May, the Qing government formed a "clear history" Compilation of staff.), has been recognized by the Qing court. Subsequently, scholar Feng Quan, Li Jiantai, Pham Van process, just Lin, Qi charge lattice as President, make arrangements for the matter. May that year, nominated by the president, vice president and Compiling officials, and officials _set_ up seven palm collection, full of word transcription ten, Chinese transcription thirty-six, opened the official Compilation of Qing Dynasty "Ming Dynasty" for China. Kangxi four years (AD 1665), re-open the Academia Historica, for Compiling "clear ancestor Record" and stop. Kangxi eighteen years (AD 1679) to Xu Yuanwen as Supervisor, began compiling of the Ming Dynasty. The Qianlong four years (AD 1739) finalized, was inscribed into. "Ming Dynasty" is the revision of history books in the history of Shang Compiling the longest one. If two years from the Shunzhi (1645) _set_ out from Academia to the Qianlong four years (1739) formally presented by the historian of the emperor, and it took ninety years. If the eighteen years from the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1679) until the preparation of the formal organization was issued only bodies, but also a full six years is too long. Why is this historical time and so long before it? Was the main cause of political instability. "Ming Dynasty" Compilation of the official opening of two years began in May Shunzhi two days (May 26, 1645). According to Junji Record of the Qing Dynasty records, the same day to repair "the Ming Dynasty," the official president of the scholar Fung Wah Chuen, Hong Chengchou, Lijian Tai, Pham Van process, just Lin, Qi charge grid so petitioned, the official _set_, vice president of government, to BA, Shi Du Eleven school Shizhan act as tyrants, etc., and _select_ed Compiling, palm collection, transcription officer. At a time when Qingjunruguan beginning on weak footing would rush to repair Chao "Ming Dynasty" and its purpose is obvious. First, as the Ming Dynasty have been declared dead, and then working with Nanjing, the Qing imperial court across the river, Hung Kuang confrontation repair "Ming Shi" is no longer recognized the existence of Hung Kuang of the Southern Ming regime. Second, in order to win over the leftover Ming Dynasty, through the compiling of "clear history", so that those who surrendered to the Qing of the Ming Han officials have an emotional sustenance. At that time the situation from the point of view, the conditions for opening of history writing is simply not available. Although the May 15 (June 8) Qing scored Nanjing, the Southern Ming Hung Kuang court perish, May 28 (June 21) the Qing court announced the "pacification of Jiangnan Jie Yin", but actually clear Army soldiers and civilians in the south was a resolute resistance, especially in the Qing court announced, "Dressed Order", the more aroused the resistance of the people south. One famous battle with the leadership of Yan Yuan Jiangyin should defend the war, stick to the isolated city for two months. Southern Ming Hong Guangzheng right destruction, the Ming Chen Huang Tao Zhou, Zheng Zhilong and other instructions from tang Zhu Yu key in Fuzhou established a Long Wu regime; At the same time, Zhang Guowei, Zhang Huangyan other Feng Lu and Zhu in Shanghai at Shaoxing supervisor States; Li Zicheng peasant uprising army remnants also clear Governor He Tengjiao combined resist the Qing. To Junji three years (1646), Ming Zhu Chen Yu-tang Feng Su Guansheng and other key rights in Guangzhou established a Shaowu Zheng, Ding Kui Chu, Qu-type plow, etc. and Zhu Yong Li Gui Wang Yongli regime established by the palm. Junji six years (1649), Chang Hsien-chung remnants of peasant army in the Sun is expected, led by John Reading, combined with the Southern Ming regime Yongli, becoming one of the main resist the Qing. In the Qing north in the country, echoing the situation with the South resist the Qing, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu righteous army successively, the number of generals have surrendered to the Qing Ming raise his flag resist the Qing, in the country, several off resist the Qing climax. For example, nine Junji (1652) John Reading his troops recovered Baoqing, statewide, Guilin's campaign forced the Qing _set_ Nanwang Kong Youde suicide. Junji ten to fifteen year, Minglu Wang Zhang famous among his subordinates, such as rate of Zhang Huangyan s Strategy and scored the Yangtze River, reaching as far as the outskirts of Nanjing; Zheng navy also captured rate Zhoushan. That resist the Qing struggle until the early years of the Qing Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongli was Sangui Nanming killed, Zheng Chenggong, Mr John Reading has died, before an end. In this war-torn, uncertain political circumstances, a lot of manpower and resources to focus on repair history of the opening is simply not possible. Eight years of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1669), Quan Chen Aobai detention Emperor Kangxi began Chikamasa. However, Council at this time there are new changes. Kangxi years (1673), the level Nanwang Shang Kexi, Pingxi Wang Jing Nan Wang Geng Jingzhong Chefan Sangui and caused the "chaos of San Francisco," From then on, it began a long eight years of war . Until two decades of Kangxi (1681) October Sangui the Sun Wushi Fan suicide. "San Francisco Rebellion" during the Qing government to concentrate on counter-insurgency, still have time to take into account the "History of Ming Dynasty," the compilation, therefore, Junji year (1645) given by the compilation, "History of Ming Dynasty," the edict, the actual paper but it policy role far beyond its role in the history of repair. Kangxi repair "the Ming Dynasty," who can be described as talent. There was the famous writer Zhu Yizun, especially Dong and Mao qi ling et al. But the output is the most well-known historian Qing Wan Sitong. Here, it should be mention of a koan of History. The original, Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ming has some leftover and attach great importance to the anti-Patriots of the Ming Dynasty. Xi has compiled an outstanding thinker, "expressly sea" more than four volumes, and author of "History of the Ming case" two hundred and forty volumes; Gu also related to the Ming Dynasty Historical Compilation of a thousand volumes. Qing rulers entry, in order to win over the leftover Ming, celebrities, had intended to open the word erudite David Branch. Huang, Gu et al, although persistently refused to cooperate with the Qing court, but for the purpose of saving the Ming Dynasty Historical truth, still sent a right-hand man in the compilation of the Ming Dynasty. Xi's favorite disciples Wan Sitong, is to participate in the Ming Dynasty was then appointed one of the compilation. Xi son, Gu nephew, are also involved. Thus, accordingly to ensure the quality of the Ming Dynasty. Wan Sitong is an outstanding historian. Qing Qian Daxin famous scholar commented him: "specifically intended to ancient science, Broadcom all history", cooked in the Ming Dynasty stories, from the Hongwu to the revelation of the "Record", are "to the dark chanting," well known. He has two kinds of Ming History of the development and validation. Have more than four hundred and volumes. Therefore, we can say, "History of Ming Dynasty," the first draft, in the Wan Sitong era has largely completed. Wan Sitong death, REN Ming Shi Zongbian three times the Wanghong Xu, Ming's History of the million was adapted, in the early years of the Kangxi Emperor Yongzheng Dynasty and two were of the emperor. This is Wang's "History of Ming," the. Wang was then and this has given rise to literary criticism and condemnation, historians agree that Wanghong Xu pillaged actually decades in the main Wan Sitong other people's labor of dozens of scholars, is plagiarism. To the Yongzheng reign (1723) Eighteen years because of Kangxi (1679) and its compilation in the Division learned ru "Ming Dynasty" is just a political means of Emperor Kangxi, so its results are bound to the time when the weight light, the time delay day, before and after nearly five decades, until the death of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng reign (1723) still failed to complete the history of this former official repair. However, when the situation Junji two years (1645) issued an edict has been very different when the initial repair. In addition to political stability, the economy is gradually restored to the late Emperor Kangxi also appeared prosperous society, which are for "History of Ming Dynasty," the compilation provides a good working condition, in terms of human and material resources, or data collection area, is unprecedented. Therefore, this time for nearly five decades, though not complete "History of Ming Dynasty," the compilation, but it is the "History of Ming Dynasty," a book critical stage. We see today, "the Ming Dynasty," the embryo is formed at this time. To the Yongzheng reign (1723) to date, has completed the four "Ming Dynasty" in script. One is the validation of the three hundred and thirteen Wan Sitong volumes, the other is validation of the four hundred and sixteen volumes, both are known as Wan's manuscript "History of the Ming." In addition, there Wanghong Xu Fifty-three years of Kangxi (1714) was into the "History of the Ming (Biography section)" two hundred and five volumes, which is actually in the million's "History of Ming," made on the basis of omissions. To the Yongzheng reign (1723) in June, Wang Hongxu was once again into the "History of Ming", including Ji, Chi, tables, pass, a total of three hundred ten volumes, this is Wang's "History of Ming", later called Inscription "History of the Ming Wang Yun-Shan people." Qianlong four years (1739), the Qing government to modify a third time next History of organization staff, this final form of the "History of the Ming." President of the repair because the book is Zhang Tingyu, so now prevailing "Ming Dynasty" entitled Zhang Tingyu Dengzhuan. Wang Hongxu deep in history, two general compiling "Ming Dynasty", it into the "History of Ming", is the author of the majority Wan Sitong. Xiu Zhang Tingyu so later, "Ming Dynasty", the Take it as a master copy, to be additions and deletions. And through medicine, with a "Wang Hongxu surgery." Poems written by a "give Jinyuan Wen Collection" (60 volumes), "Wang Shi Gao Yun-Shan people," and so on. Wan Sitong (1638-1702) of Yu-quarter field, scholars call him Mr. Shi Yuan. Min Wan Sitong born different, reading never forget. Age of eight, in front of guests able to recite "Yangtze Saying", the final chapter without losing the word; to fourteen, five books read over the possession of the house, after specializing in the history of the twenty-first, and by the industry in eastern Zhejiang famous historian xi, Tianyi Pavilion Expo later books, knowledge Rui Jin. Xi Wan Sitong the same as his teacher, very national integrity. Seventeen years of Kangxi (1678), the Qing court Chao xi repair your "Ming Dynasty", was xi rejected. The ministers will be elected David Wan Sitong learned the word for the Division, Wan Sitong do not have strong speech. Later, as the scholar Xu Yuanwen repair "Ming Dynasty" president, but also recommended him into the history of Council. Xi think repair "Ming Dynasty" is related to the judge and the sub-Sun Houshi Faithfulness to the cause, there is Wan Sitong to participate, you can rest assured. Wan Sitong to Beijing will be mobilized, and the Valedictory poem to "go out four-worth of water, generation of rape Yin Taub clothes" phase Mian. At that time, those who enter the Department of History of the Imperial Academy Board Compilation titles, seven products granted salary. Xi Wan Sitong asked to comply, to Beijing in Xuyuan Wen home after the resident would prefer, not the Department of title, without pension, to a commoner into the history of Council, the revised "History of Ming Dynasty", after nineteen years. History of the Ming Shi Ming manuscript written in 500, these articles are all under the rule of former xi Yang sent the file through the tribunal after the write, the hard exception, a model for the Chinese historian, he said: "The long history of unspeakable now! likes and dislikes by heart, along with praise or blame. a matter of, three speakers, while the mass varies, not to mention hundreds of years where almost ?!.... Record details of those difficulties, I certificates in his book, his book abuse framed by, I cut the income of those in the Record, although not told that all credible, but in vain were fresh now! disease Fan Wu Xi Song, and I described the times of Yan. not know who Jane is expensive, but do not take choosing the non-being to the truth and the word is also not beneficial! " He is familiar with the following system of Chinese History and Historical Events of Ming Dynasty. At that time, participated in fifty or sixty Compiling officials who wrote the first draft of each post. Wan Sitong are sent to the Department for review. Wan Sitong read the first draft of each article. Compiling told editors, take a book to a page of a paper, there is something should be added to; to take a book to a page of a paper, something should be verified, no one fallacy. Xu Yuanwen after the scholar Zhang Yushu, Rhythm of the Fifth, as the Book of Wang Hongxu have Compiling "History of Ming Dynasty," the president is still sent for Wan Sitong to repair "the Ming Dynasty." Not Murong Li Wan Sitong life, attitude, humility, with people all claiming to be "Commoner Wan Si tong." But in Beijing, down to the students on to the kings, all call him "Mr. Wan." He lectures in Beijing several times, through ancient and modern historical facts, fair comment. Well-known scholar Li Guang Qing, the judge talent rather stringent world of Wan Sitong is extremely appreciated. He said his life seen, but the number of children, such as Gu Ning people (Yan Wu), quarter million wild, Yan century poem "True enough choice for consultants who prepared Shiqu also." Change the draft after three time-consuming for decades. "Ming Shi" does have a lot of strengths. First, it rigorous style, the narrative clear, concise text, layout properly. Zhao Yi Shi critics in the "History of Notes Nianer", it has the Song,, Jin, Yuan Zhu history and the "Ming Dynasty" made the comparison, that "not as" clear history "of the perfect person." Secondly, the "History of Ming Dynasty," the historical data is more abundant. At that time can be a lot of information first-hand testimony, in addition to a complete _set_ of the Emperor Ming "Record" inside out, there are Dibao, local history, anthology, and a large number of private Shicheng. When Zhu Yizun Writing History, "the president of the second book," said the country's only hidden in the National Library Chronicles, that is much in excess of three thousand volumes. In addition, Ming Wang Shizhen writings of the "silk clothing Chi", "the official test," and so on, and the eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty ruled the disadvantages of agents systematically introduced. These are the history of the Ming dynasties Xiuzhuan those who repair junkman of history than those who have highly favorable conditions. Third, the "Ming Dynasty" of the fair held in some places, but also Bing-zhi writing. If Yuanchonghuan was discord among the Qing Taizong killing of design, and Xiong Tingbi's work on the crime records, are a valuable reference. Fourth, the "Ming Dynasty" in the Style of a new creation, the special train in the biography of the "Yandang", "Liuzei" and "supervisor" three projects. Ming dynasty eunuch history of dictatorship is a major problem, "Yandang Biography" documented Wang, Liu Jin, Wei Zhongxian disastrous gang crimes and other eunuchs. "History of Ming Dynasty," the authors of Rereading, Chang Hsien-chung and other leaders of the peasant uprising hold the attitude of hostility and hatred, in their biography also falsely accused as "Liuzei." This is determined by the position of the class, the purpose is to sum up experience and the rulers: "The death of the Ming and destroy ask mistake, as Gordon Kam feet." However, objectively preserved for posterity some of the late Ming peasant war and reliable historical data. "Chieftain Biography" special situation of minorities in Southwest China to write, sub Hubei and Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi five toast pass. The biography, though insisted the position of national oppression, vilification of ethnic minorities have many words, but save a lot of this with a minority of the important information. Today, the history of national minorities, more than half can be traced back to the early Ming Dynasty. In addition, the "Ming Dynasty" other parts of the chapter, but also for future generations save a lot of valuable historical data, such as "Study of Law," in the plant Wei Ming narrative secret service, have helped future generations study the history of research on this . A total of twenty-four volumes of this century, to the number of volumes is concerned, "History of Ming Dynasty" book of the century less than one-tenth of the share, if word terms, the share of less than twenty fifth book. It can be seen in this discipline in the "History of Ming Dynasty," a very small proportion, which is "clear history" in the compilation of a characteristic style. The discipline in the biographical history books, is a chronological form of Syrian history section, "History of Ming Dynasty" is obviously to the discipline as a whole history of the key link to a concise manner, the first out in the book before, people in the read, this historical time First, understand the history of the Ming Dynasty, profile, rather than people reading the review of the record when it unavoidably overlooking the best of the knowledge. This should be regarded as "History of Ming Dynasty" Compiling the overall design is unique. "Ming Dynasty" Another feature of this discipline, respect for facts, not to be History of the Ming Dynasty as an example. Reign as Emperor Jianwen, after the Chengzu wins, get rid of, only four-year Record of dollars, two, three and thirty-five years of Hongwu, attached to the "Ming Tai Zu Record" after. "Ming Dynasty" in the post-up "Emperor Gong Min Ji," a roll, very decent. Another example is cut Yingzong No. Jingtai Timor, the situation is similar with the construction of Wen Shi, "Ming Dynasty" has also done properly. Qing Qian Daxin historian who argues: "The history of the patients had no prior record who. Such as" Hidemune Record "with Jingtai seven things, said Cheng brutal king, and cut the Temple name, this was Shichen writing technique. both before and after this point Hidemune the century, the century in the column emperor, the most appropriate to do good. "(Qian Daxin:" Ten new record raising drive fast, "Book Nine) Prince Edward Zhu Wen Ming-Hong Wu Zhongyi standard, because of early death no time to the throne, Jianwen first year (1399) Zhuizun as Takayasu Emperor Temple name Xingzong. Chengzu wins, after the number of waste Temple name of its emperor, Fu Yi-Wen said the Prince. God is overcoming this number, without Gaiyuan Teng pole, it would not join in this century, into the room biography, but the number had emperor, is also historical facts, but also with all the different transmission, especially in the Empress Biography, biographies of the kings before transmission. Those associated with the column, but also the father of Emperor Jia Jing, Xing Xian Yu Yuan Wang Zhu. Jiajing ZTE Ritual, special respect for his father as Emperor Rui Zong Xing Xian is also a just God number only. "Ming Dynasty" This discipline is not listed Xing Zong, Rui Zong, is their discipline as described in the history of the Ming Dynasty on the outline. Mitsumune that forty-eight years in Wanli (1620) who started in August, died in September who started in place only in January and less reign title, then _set_ Yishi Taichang after the first year in August. "Mitsumune of the Millennium" so attached to the "Shen-Ji" after, not stand-alone volume, had referred only a few hundred words, after the outline of the make. "Ming Shi Tianwen Chi sequence," said: "Since Sima Qian" Tian official ", and for the history of ancient astronomy blog by key. However," Liao Dynasty, "Independent No, that Sky Zhao down through the ages as one, a solar eclipse, the day changed not only the The discipline, the "astronomical records," near Yan. they said that rather when. .. However, astronomy is not so Sui Fei Chi, is not well. planetarium ancient and modern, although no differences, and talk of home, measuring device days, often after the victory in the former. not to mark it, to obliterate the meaning of making a generation without transmission Yan is also the gaps in the history of law also. .. Ming Shenzong when Matteo Ricci and other Westerners into China, specializes in astronomy and calendar of the school, The Micro illustrates Austria, operations controller, this was never before also.'re drop-it should be, with the articles of. " Remove the "astronomical annals", the Tang Bin has also authored the "Five Elements Chi" and "Li Chi" compilation. "Five Elements Chi Ming Dynasty," the success of the compilation is not enough, one simple and too many gaps, such as earthquakes and drought and other disasters; second, more inaccurate account of the Department have even credited rumor in order to increase its mysterious, so many historians believe that its "no big users." ① "Li Chi" of nine volumes. Ming calendar, when the switch to Western Chongzhen new law and innovation. The "Calendar History" volume, Zhu Zaiyu "Shengshou calendar," "Law Calendar Accommodation" more detailed description, such as the Governor Xu repair after the calendar, attention to the Western calendar, but also many words. It is of "History of Ming Li Zhi" is a major feature. "Li Chi" the second feature is in addition to the table while outside the map, with all the history of different. There were five plans, annexed to the "big system calendar" at home. A "vector map arc cutting", "its side of the map", "flat as the map", "length difference on Road Map", "two to figure out bad." Gazetteer in large calendar-based system, namely, two, three, four, five, six a total of five volumes, supplemented by Hui calendar, namely, seven, eight, nine total of three volumes. "Li Chi" Although the details of the above matter, because the knowledge involved in the calendar, there are other ancient and modern, and used in the Ming Dynasty, "Great Commission Calendar" and "Hui Li" of difference, which is quite difficult to read. ① Chai De Geng: "Examples of historical records." "Li Chi" after the "Geography" "Geography" a total of seven volumes. Seven volumes among the southern and northern Beijing roll, Shandong, Shanxi roll, Henan, Shaanxi, roll, Sichuan, Jiangxi volume, Hubei and Hunan, Zhejiang and roll, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi roll, Yunnan, Guizhou roll . Southern and Northern thirteen administrative commissioner's office in Beijing and have a summary, remember their history, are "Yu Gong" states were based. Overview, the then government, state, county are described. Attached are the Secretary for Health, the evolution of the _set_, the content is quite comprehensive desirable, nevertheless wrong place between the tainted, and their descendants who have made Textual Corrections. "Li Chi" fourth volume, written by Wu Yuan. Ceremony, music for the dynasty rulers seriously, decency and propriety of the rule of the people. Rituals reflect a time of political and social living conditions. Also be used as a feudal etiquette supplement the Criminal Code. The late Ming Dynasty is the dynasty of Chinese feudal society, with social, political economic and cultural changes have taken place in ritual the more obvious changes, especially Zhengde, Jiajing after recovery of "Ceremony Disintegration" trend, the so-called " Ceremony Disintegration "is precisely the time of social change. "Ming Shi Li Zhi" will inevitably reflect this content. "Li Chi" above, the first gift for the guitar, that is worship of the Code, including the worship of various world forums, various temples, a total of six volumes. Times for the Skyline to the main palace of the ceremony, with local "this ritual", a total of more than three volumes. After the ceremony for the guests, Skyline, in addition to guests of the ceremony, the officials and people meet is also the list of the ceremony. Bin Li with Skyline, the article is only half of the volume. Salute after a roll. After three volumes was Xiong Li again, state cemetery funeral system. Five is the ancient ritual of the system operator. "Li Chi" is described in more detail the advantages and disadvantages of Government and the people of the ceremony is over, Jane, and described in etiquette, difficult to read out, to be with the "Ming Hui Dian" Zhu Shu coherent and read. "History of the Ming Music" three volumes, the main account of the Ming Dynasty, the system of musical instruments and music, courtesy oriented music with the gift line. Ming music music system not mentioned, but it is still etiquette. Ming Zhu Zaiyu home has temperament for the celebrity founder of modern music, but unfortunately they create, not "Music" above. "Yi Wei Zhi" roll, "Yu Fu Zhi" four volumes, contents and etiquette related to a more detailed account. "Ming Shi" imitation "Song" style, "Li Chi", "Music", "Yi Wei Chi", "Yu Fu Chi" were established and are described, various Shisuo Li is more than the previous all good. "Electoral" three volumes, as described in quite characteristic. The preamble says: "Election of the law, large slightly IV: said the school, said subjects, said, recommend, said Civil election. Schools to education, subject to board into it, recommend to the next move, choose the fabric out in the Civil, talent to do so carry the world. " Therefore, "Ming History records," the first volume for the school, second volume for the subjects, three volumes will recommend, any elected official Civil Investigation. Re-recommend the early Ming, Yongle later; subjects burgeoning, recommend day light, such changes are clearly described in Yu Zhi, the style of a narrative for the system with the case, people read to understand at a glance. "Electoral" from the hands of Rou Lu, Lu Chin Rou origin, was chosen learned ru, key in the election, since when have experience, so the above history is quite decent. "Occupational Shangguan," five volumes, as the "Ming Dynasty" Zhu Zhi in the focus. The early Ming Dynasty emperor stop the prime minister or the rank of six, _set_ before the Cabinet Chengzu Zhu Di, the Chinese Civil Service System in the history of this point for a period of great change, but also the design and bureaucratic eunuch different dynasties, and its characteristics are obvious. "History of the Ming grade Shangguan," taken from the court to place the text and by the military, and the edges from the inside account of methods. North and south of Beijing government offices, mainly in Beijing, Nanjing officials designed stand, the state recorded quite simple. The volume referred to is: who were the government, Excellencies three isolated, three little Prince three divisions, the Cabinet, officials, families, courtesy, military, criminal, workers six. Two volumes: Censorate, through the Chief Secretary, supreme court, Zhanshi House, the Imperial Academy, Imperial College, Yansheng Gong. Three volumes: Chang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Tai Pusi Administrations for Frontier Minorities Temple, still treasure Division, six subjects, the book Scheeren, pedestrian Division, Astronomical, too hospital, Shanglin Parkland prison, five cities Maybe Mars , Shuntian, martial arts, monk recorded the Secretary, Education Secretary Square, eunuchs, female officer. Four volumes: the Nanjing government, should Tianfu, royal Eliot Secretary, Chief Secretary, Justice, the Road, traveling Taipu Si, Yuan Ma Temple, all transport of salt to the Secretary, the Secretary for the Salt lifting, lifting of Merchant Shipping Division , Tea-Horse Division, the government, state, county, Confucianism, Inspection Division, Station, Tax Section Secretary, warehouses, weaving, dyeing Bureau, Riverbed, approved laboratories, the delivery operation, the iron smelting, medicine, yin and yang school, Monk Gang Division, said Ji Division. XXV: Public Hou Bo, consort Commandery, five Army Military Government, Beijing camp, Jing Wei, Jin Yiwei, Nanjing garrison, five Army Military Government in Nanjing, Nanjing Wei, royal guard, Chief General Officer Secretary stay, all Division The Guardian, all that, Xuanwei Si, Xuan Fusi, An Fusi, Zhao Tao Division, long case, military and civilian government. "Occupational Guan Zhi" in the description in the cabinet is unknown, and to six as the most important, is the result of Ming Dynasty Bureaucracy six main, but the role of the Ming Dynasty the large cabinet, _set_ the prominent, should be more solid state. Department of the change of the original Imperial Censorate _set_ for the beginning of the Ming Dynasty _set_. Censor level wind Ji Gang are off the Constitution, is particularly important. Have the post of governor, as are any external censor, and economic strategy for the Prime Minister, like management, inspection, ask governance names; monitoring Censor there Xunan the system. Therefore Censorate placed first in the second volume, while the share of the longest, which is also the history of pens carefully. And the eunuch, the additional comments text, seventeen years from the first Ming Hongwu (1384) Cast card "shall not interfere in internal affairs minister, made by cutting off" to Paradise in the official after four, Wang, Wang Zhi, Liu Jin, Wei Zhongxian the exclusive right until the Ming Dynasty, quite summary. Qing this as a warning, then no interference in domestic affairs eunuch of the machine, this is really learning from history. Tusi System of Ming Dynasty, is also a feature at that time, it is the end of special legislation Officials of local officials, the text, while small, is to give people a sense of sound. "History of the Ming Food and Money" a total of six volumes, from the hand of Pan Lei. In fact, by Pan Lei, Wang evidence "Ming Food and Money" from. However, according to Pan Lei recorded on the compilation of "Food and Money," the ground force, "to a million from the Hongwu Reign Record of the relevant food and goods were a total of more than sixty of the notes, dense line of fine words, each more than four dozen of the paper, paper is also less than twenty, and he is not in the Compilation is "①. Lei Pan had many enemies that there is food and goods for the draft, or for a long series. Compiling after Wang into the Academia Historica, "Food and Money" is seen in "Learning Um draft class" in the "Ming Food and Money", as if they had used on ancient Lei Pan, not Ke Deer cicada. Wang "Ming Food and Money" twelve volumes: Volume I: Chi sequence, Nongsang. Volume II: Accounts. Volume III: field system (with Tuen Administration). Volume IV: Taxes and (with Famine.) Kango: water transport (with shipping). Juan Liu: Warehouse (with stables, warehouses field). VII: Salt. Juan Ba: banknote. Book Nine: Tea alum. Volume Ten: taxation. Juan Shiyi: altar made mining. Volume Twelve: Accounting (with pension rates.) Wang Hongxu are on the "History of Ming," notes this in addition to the "accounting" into the "reference by mining-made" and save eleven volumes, the content and Wang "Ming Food and Money" are almost identical. "History of the Ming Food and Money" a total of six volumes. "Canals records," six volumes, the history of the case is still divided the river above. Yellow River at the upper and lower, a total of two volumes, also points up and down the canal, but not enough to Volumes I and II, with half of the volume shipping. "Ming Food and Money" is attached to water transport in the ocean after the original. Huai, Jia, Wei Zhang, Qin, Hutuo, Sang dry rivers Jiaolai total volume, the other for the Provincial Water Conservancy roll straight. Obviously, "canals Zhi" is not the purpose of channel and water, focusing on river and water transport. Its content and food goods to complement each other. "Soldier," four volumes, note the details of the Ming Dynasty military. First volume in mind: Beijing camp, the military guards on the straight (with Imperial guards, Beijing policeman), four satellite camps. II in mind: Guards and military classes. The third volume in mind: frontier defense, sea (with Jiang Fang), Zhuang people, soldiers (with rural soldiers). Volume IV in mind: cleaning up a soldier, training, reward power, firearms, travel, Ma government. Prominent features of the Ming military system, centralization of the first Ming mainly heart. The so-called "martial arts _set_ out to the world, leather per the old system, since the capital of the counties, are established garrison. Are outside the system of the Division, within the military system in the five governorates, while the second guard to the emperor who is not pro-military and Yan "②. This was the Tang Mansion Army System Department of the left Italy and more Xiangmi. ① Yang Chun: "Checklist on the Reflection for Hall, president book." ① "Ming Dynasty" Volume seventy-seven "Food and Money Order." ② "Ming Dynasty" Volume eighty-nine "Soldier order." Ming Dynasty, trapped in the southern Japanese North "prisoner", the military is important, but the situation has forced the military system which repeatedly changed even more. During this period of evolution, "Soldier" in the account is quite clear, only the first volume of the camp on account of Beijing and "post Shangguan" cross each other, using methods with which complement each other only briefly. Since the "Han Dynasty History," "Sui Zhi" repair, collecting ancient books, test their survival, as consolidation of the great deeds of bibliography. "History of the Ming Dynasty History" Compilation of use of such methods do not specifically take the book of the Ming Dynasty, it seems simple but real long, who really is quite hard. However, percentage wise to consider, one can not help but lose, as its recording in the World Tang name "Ancient and Modern Books differentiation name" forty volumes, is the Song of making, in terms of its style, the book will be recorded in error. "Ming Dynasty" Biography of the basic history along the old style, but they have their innovations. "Si Ku Quan Shu" volume IV VI "Ming Dynasty" in the said Article Summary: "Thirteen Tales from the old cases who, innovation, those three cases, said," Yan Dang ", said" Liuzei ", said" toast. "Cap ferret pendant of the disaster, although the Han, Tang and the following and recent trends of the literati with the smell of mutton, but clearly people are the most gang. its pernicious influence the world, also Cool. not as a biography, so the death was the source of chaos, not only to punish but also shows the ax . Chuang, offering two bandits, as die tomorrow, destroy ask mistake, enough for the Gordon Kam, not his clown ratio, the ratio is not separatist warlords, so do not stand it. As for the toast, the ancient states that Jimi. not in nothing more, easy to sprout blood in sacrifice gap. probably more built in the Yuan, and Zi Wan in the next. controlled Yu Tao, and pastoralists special, and resist the enemy countries are special, so from a class of Yan. "It should be said, the creation of" Yan Dang "" Liuzei "," Chieftain "three pass, meets the actual situation in the Ming Dynasty, which created the table with all the" seven QING table "would be similar. Ming Dynasty eunuch of interference in domestic affairs, was not as Han and Tang all move toward a dethronement, but the doctor outside the Ting Shi Yan in castrated eunuch base knees, from a moment of arrogance, was not eternal. "Yandang Biography" Forty-six people listed, who is a party of seven Liu Jin, Yu Wei Zhongxian all of the party. Read "Biography Yandang Order" shows Morohito Historica warning to Shen Tong in the Ming Dynasty and generously. However, with the "Liuzei Biography" compared to the feeling there is different, relegated to "Liuzei mass order" since the Tang Dynasty 赛 children since the uprising on until the Li Zi Cheng, Chang Hsien-chung of the death of Ming, Wen said: "Since the Tang 赛 children below the cart before the horse is easy actually, what with suppressing thief Zhu Chen Chuan. independent blog the death of the world who stand "Li Zi Cheng, Chang Hsien-chung Chuan". "which" Rereading Biography "more than made up for the" Ming Dynasty "in the various mass the longest. Although from the perspective of a history of major repair as a warning to future generations, but more so to retain records related to the rich, but not to spread "Suppression Thieves" Zhu Chen Chuan. "Ming Dynasty" in the various biographies, but also to do with transfer of the more common style. Volume eighty-nine such as "Xia Liangsheng Biography", accompanied by the Zhao Yu those million Chao, Chen Jiuchuan, Zhang Yanrui, Jiang Long, Xu Ao, Yao following the rock mass, are made into the remonstrance petition only Wu Zongnan patrol person. Volume II ○ six "horse catalog Biography" with Yan Ting Yi, Nie Yin, Mu Tang, Liu Qi, Lu Qiong Shen Han, Wang Ke, are Jiajing in the "Li Fuda of hell," led by the people. Censor Unified Taxation as sparse in Long Khanh said: "According to Lee with the prison, the crime synergetic Fuda, and pernicious Gentry was more than four people, dressed the disaster, can be described as tragic." The attached comments Biography historian quoted in Members of the mass that is also attached. Pass such laws, in the "History of Ming Dynasty" in the list goes on. "Ming Dynasty" biography, the "foreign Biography" and the "Western Regions", reflected the tribal areas and other foreign countries and the link, save a lot of other places in Southeast Asia and Central Asia, historical data, is to study their history and foreign relations history a better reference. In Twenty-Four Histories, the "Ming Dynasty" to compile decent, well-informed, narrative sound, concise language of historians called for the Road, is a high level of history books. This reflects the editor's textual research on historical data, the use of historical materials on the history of things through, ability to control the language has reached a higher level. Although it is second only to the length of the Twenty-Four Histories "History of the Song," but it does not feel long and boring. "Ming Dynasty" Despite the high historical value, also known as the "most perfect" work. However, as an Official in the official history, its shortcomings are obvious. Zhao Yi for "Nianer Literary History", has been on the "History of Ming Dynasty" in the absence of some comments, just because the amendment of the official history of scruples, but dare not denounce the speech added. Modern historians, Professor Chai De Geng pointed out: "such as 'Zhou Yanru the pass into the traitor', a premise, should be an 'inappropriate' word, only with the content is in line, but omitted '. Liu Ji Liao Yongzhong other mass' Article missed under the 'sparse mistaken' word, 'Qiao Yunsheng Liu Feng-_set_ter', missed the next 'repeat' word, this is not denigrating those who have called it. "① Zhao Yi original though tactful," Zhou Yanru the transmission into a traitor "in Yiyun:" Yong Zhou Yanru than one phase ear and take it into the "traitor Biography", too little too. .. This is not a very Yanru to evil, by their identity has changed Yanru. "" Liu Ji Liao Yongzhong so Biography "one, the history of the state of uncertainty. Zheng Chen Youliang battle to the emperor, "Ji Dynasty" in mind: "Reform Movement, Amor celebration. Renyin, sub Hukou, defeated Youliang in Jiujiang, grams of the city, Wuchang Youliang Ben." "Chen Youliang Biography" of the mind come first . "Liaoyong Zhong Chuan" add to the Anqing, breaking the kiosk, then Amor celebration. Amor short celebration before them registering, after the grams of Jiujiang. The "Liu Ji Biography" has in mind, the division attack Anqing, since Dan and evening high, please diameter trend Jiangzhou Liu Ji, pound their nests. Click here to say that the _set_tlement before the Jiangzhou, Anqing, not grams. Written substandard. With this class, "Chang Yu-Chuan" Remember the Battle of Fairmont, Chengzu be Shengyong army surrounded the battle out. Chang Yu-I do not know, highlight the array Yujiu Chengzu, the battle to death. And "Zhu to pass," but said Chengzu siege, Chang Yu-force battle death, Zhu battle to force perimeter ratio, save Chengzu out. Chang Yu died Chengzu whether before or break after break, the second sub-transmission is written. Although things are not important, but do not rigorous for the state's loss history of leakage. "Ming Shi Zhuojing Biography" in mind Jingzhi Zhuo was killed, said Chengzu want to live it, but respect a hero and Zhuo Yao Guangxiao gap, kill the sidelines into the statement advised. This is unofficial, according to Ming Biography, consider the facts, not from the Chengzu wide implementation of Xiao Chai De Geng ①: "Examples of historical records." Division into Nanjing, no respect from slander to kill Cho. "Ming Shi" recorded leftover things Jianwen, in recognition of loyalty, more collecting, unofficial rumors were also used, inevitably wrong. Sichuan Liao Mazi, Cao Fu uprising, was killed by Cao just recorded some of the discord between. "Bells Biography" recorded it as Liao Mazi killed, "Lin Jiun-Chuan" is recorded by Cao Yin Lee sack for the command. "History of the Ming Dynasty History," History is quite respected, then the Department which has a lot of mistakes, the former record held by Deng Ming-shi "Ancient and Modern Books differentiation name" forty volumes, is the Song of making, strayed into the blog. Another example of the recording in Chen Renxi "Zhou sentence solution," six volumes, according to test plagiarism rustic style text and more complex, the Department of Fair Jiatuo name, rather than the Chen Renxi hands. Local Records who does not appear to see the original book and records. From Yuan Gu, "said Strategy," also applies to this, "Treatise" for sixty volumes, and Gu Yuan from the preface in mind, the book only thirty volumes recorded sixty wrong blog. Another example is "Treatise" was recorded in Shen "ink tank Suo Lu" Volume 1, "calligraphy" Volume 1, "Duanbei Collection" Volume 4, while the omission of "paintings", Volume 1, estimated that when no time is a chapter carefully revised the rules. Different between the history of the state, there are tables, pass the sub. Such as Wu Mourning the death of Wang Yun Tong, Volume ○ Three "Kings World Table" for thirteen years Yongle died. Volume eighteen "Wuwangyuntong Biography" is for "Yongle death fifteen years." "Saisuke Chronology," Wang Guang Yang, Hongwu years Zuocheng. The "Wang Guang Yang Chuan" is mistakenly recorded as Youcheng. Lee Hyun-first year of the Board of Civil Shilang Erik, when according to the "Lee Hyun-Biography" assistant minister for the left. Also interested, mass irregularities, such as in "Xu Biography" into the mind of the "follow precedent calendar day refers to" roll, "Treatise" for the four volumes; "pass rate table" volume, "Treatise" as vols. Are substandard. Such small flaws, too numerous to mention. To "clear history" as many as three hundred, despite falling compilation, it is inevitable that mistakes of the Department, all in a book, or have not taken into account, is inevitable. The "History of Ming Dynasty" in the place a real loss not only in the drain, but concealed facts in its intention. Early repair "Ming Dynasty", so there shall be hidden the fact that in itself is the relationship between the Qing and Ming. It was hidden by two: First, before the founding of hidden Qing Chen Yu Ming; second, hidden entry Hounan Ming Zhu Qing court the existence of the facts. Fat Qing Dynasty, about the same time with the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Qing Zhao Zu as Zhuizun into the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the beginning. Zhaozu Jitongmengge Timur. Yuan million first hit the post, go after the Ming dynasty, granted statehood Left command, rose ① Zhao Yi: "Nianer Literary History." Captaincy. Qing said the military governor Meng Temu, Zhuizunzhaozu. According to "Ming Taizong Record" written, between the Yongle that the record on fierce brother Timur. Modern Qing experts Monson (heart history) had cleared the descent as Mr. has Textual: "clear the beginning of the Department of statehood for the next Left. The beginning of the fierce level of grant Left brother Timur, but also in its Guzi Mei there into the Ming Palace Weifei example, who, as the pet of it, to rise captaincy title, clear record that the military governor Meng Temu. "① entry into statehood in the Ming Dynasty Jurchen Jin Jian, tribute, hit for, change, and grant many relationship with the surrounding activities, but this after all the Qing Ming Fat evidence of the minister, the Qing government taboo, so the "Ming Dynasty", not only allowed to see the statehood Jurchen, and any "Jurchen" are in the limb, "So the service and ask Jurchen word, rebellion and conquered, Lei Zhao of Mathias, Zhu Chen of the merits and demerits, the Jurchen were tied, trimmed of all." ① Since ancient times, who easily replaced in the occasion of the previous generation after generation of repair history, relationship to a new place toward the DPRK and the old, it is inevitable there is no writing technique. But generally speaking, most of the phase involved more than the age, place of its cover, read a history which can also sense reasons, never like the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, this has always been, "a hidden history of the Sui and the generation of all" persons. Where Zhu Chen Ming Chiang, who has governors and other officials who patrol the town, cut all the stories in Liao. Such as Wang Ao, LI Bing, Zhao Fu, Peng Yi, Cheng and others believe, "Ming Shi" in both their own biography, but ask in a rule or statehood campaign against the results at the "Ming Dynasty" were omitted in the above , between twelve languages involved, why the tribe is not specified to what causes Qi Xin, the historical truth, no watch. Another example is Marvin rose to ask An Dong Yi, from the special secretary of the event, were "ask security Dongyi mind" in the book when the main account of the Jurchen and its fully integrated relationship with the Ming Dynasty, there are accounts of more than Jurchen You Duihai West . "Ming Dynasty" volume one hundred eighty-two "Marvin l Biography" also remember the "Where the three to Liao," the story, then read the Jurchen but does not know as a matter of statehood, the word obscure the text, only the outline of its active it had something Liao . Eunuch Wang Zhi, and Marvin rise or not, want to do meritorious deeds Liao, but the pass is not as clearly stated. According to various historians to research, "Ming Shi" recorded in the Jurchen taboo things, also of negligence, such as "Ji Xian Zong" and "Wang forward pass", there is a volt when the gal. V when the gamma of a leader for its name when the Jurchen statehood, historian I do not know why the Department of Emirates volts when the gamma collar, leaking the name of anti-Chang cover the writing technique in reality. Located in the Heilongjiang River in the early Ming slave children were Secretary of dry matter, "History of the Ming Geography" in the leak but not above, I saw in the "Soldier", said: "Hongwu, Yongle allegiance to those between the outside edge, the official length, for the captaincy all command, command, thousands of households, Zhenfu other official, thanks to Chi Shu mark, _set_ by the Secretary for Health have. "the following:" all Division I (Division slave children are dry) ", and then three hundred eighty-four Gleevec. The so-called "outer edge of allegiance to those" that Jurchen ① Monson: "History of the Ming notes" chapter. Ministries. As for Mongolia, Zephaniah, and both the book its name straight. Speaking of the history of the early Qing Xiu taboo, the way to outline the early Qing literary inquisition. Early well-known literary inquisition, a case for the village's history, seven more than ten people who suffer abuse, the dead body profile coffin nail file, the living extension of the neck to kill, Wife and Children very edge of exile as a slave. The concept of the original book, has not been too involved in Qing Shi Shanbang of the language, but in Qingbingruguan things, until the book as "barbarians atmosphere", "barbarian bandits", the "slave Emirates (efforts to children Huggins) "name, not containing added trace taboo. Defending the pass in and said beam are fed into the Nurhaci as: "Yi Er and his killing vector field and the teaching units in Afghanistan under the city. He is the Qing Dynasty are also sub-vector to child may die, lien given them." This is the most taboo things Qing Zhuang Ji Zhu's repair history of the person because it was disaster. This is related to the history of things clear before entering the literary inquisition. Involved in the Southern Ming emperors are wearing the famous name of the world literary inquisition "Nanshan _set_" prison. Dai Shi, word Tian, No. brown husband, do not worry about No. Um. Scholars between the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the official editing. Pay attention to the history of the Ming Dynasty thing, the quest for Sanyi, visited survivors of the Ming, Heritage of test requirements. The "Nanshan _set_", with the Southern Ming Yongli reign, in order to keep the Ming system threads, for the left are the censor impeach Joe Zhao Shen, On the cut. Where is "Nanshan _set_" as a preface, such as Fang Bao and others, were implicated, reaching as many as dozens of people. Early this was another major literary inquisition. It can be seen imperial reach these two is not a taboo. Historian will dare take the impending massacre and the fact the book? Even with the wind of Dong Hu, Qing Wen to the strict ban, how can a word in the officially left into the history books? Conceal the facts is, of course, "History of Ming Dynasty," a big loss, but also the inevitable result. How to give "clear history" a general verdict? Previous comments, basically in terms of its own content, but to give "clear history" a general assessment, will have to put it in history, the place to see the entire history of Chinese History. Lu Tian Qing Dynasty in its "cold House Miscellanies" in such comments: "Ming Dynasty" style of very fine, Yao Guangxiao into the biography, also promised not to monks. Qin Liangyu into the biography, not to women As the also. Yan Dang, sycophants, a traitor after the Liuzei out in the eunuch before has the envy of the deep, while the devaluation of the also Zhiyi. Turning to the Ming and Qing Zhang Binglin Zhedong History, said: "Since the Ming had eastern Zhejiang Theory. Vance big, Sri Lanka with the brothers, both Yin people, teachers included Yuyao xi, said that after ceremony, smells Han Song The history of Sri Lanka Act with the Domination. "Therefore," the Ming Dynasty, "although the last _set_ published in the Qianlong, but not completely caught in the wind into textual criticism. Professor Bai Shouyi said: "Wan Sitong, Quan on the" History of Ming Dynasty, "the work, its interest is the preservation of the Ming Dynasty literature, they are clear for beginners as well as the national ideology." Thus, "Ming Shi" It was a round History of the last one, but it still inherits the history of the previous generation of various styles, This is not merely in style, but also the history of performance in pursuit of the above. To complement the "Ming Dynasty" describes the lack of descendants for some supplement. If Liuting Xie's "Building on the occasion of the country Manson table." Huang Dahua's "Saisuke Ming Dynasty" and "Seven Qing Ming Dynasty," Wu Tingxie "Ming governors Chronology," Fu courtesy of the "residual Ming Saisuke chronology" and "residual Ming Li Datong," etc., are collected in "Twenty-five Histories Supplement". Qianlong four years, following the alterations to the Qing Dynasty "Ming Dynasty", after the century on, he was sensitive, the money Ruwei as the president of the history of test certificate, but did not print and publish. Guang Xu, the Hubushilang Wang Chung Wei into the value of the aircraft, test to see proof of the history of the manuscript, was the original and progress has been more incomplete. Chung Wei Wang to compile an inventory, as "research Mei Yat Ming Dynasty" Forty-two volumes, the Republic of China five years (1916) income "Ka Yip Hall Series." Now prevailing "Ming Dynasty" Wu Yingdian version of the original printed edition Qianlong four years, according to the 1974 Zhonghua Book Company and collation, punctuation, letterpress printing publication. 请欣赏:  请给我换一个看看！  拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！      Next Chapter >>    【选集】二十四史

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