现实百态 》 复活 Resurrection 》
第一部 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
列夫·托尔斯泰 Leo Tolstoy
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
聂赫留道夫公爵是莫斯科地方法院的陪审员。一次他参加审理一个毒死人的命案。不料，从妓女玛丝洛娃具有特色的眼神中认出原来她是他青年时代热恋过的卡秋莎。于是十年前的往象一幕幕展现在聂赫留道夫眼前：当时他还是一个大学生，暑期住在姑妈的庄园里写论文。他善良，热情，充满理想，热衷于西方进步思想，并爱上了姑妈家的养女兼婢女卡秋莎。他们一起玩耍谈天，感情纯洁无暇。三年后，聂赫留道夫大学毕业，进了近卫军团，路过姑妈庄园，再次见到了卡秋莎。在复活节的庄严气氛中，他看着身穿雪白连衣裙的卡秋莎的苗条身材，她那泛起红晕的脸蛋和那双略带斜眼的乌黑发亮的眼睛，再次体验了纯洁的爱情之乐。但是，这以后，世俗观念和情欲占了上风，在临行前他占有了卡秋莎，并抛弃了她。后来听说她堕落了，也就彻底把她忘却。现在，他意识到自己的罪过，良心受到谴责，但又怕被玛丝洛娃认出当场出丑，内心非常紧张，思绪纷乱。其他法官、陪审员也都心不在焉，空发议论，结果错判玛丝洛娃流放西伯利亚服苦役四年。等聂赫留道夫搞清楚他们失职造成的后果，看到玛丝洛娃被宣判后失声痛哭、大呼冤枉的惨状，他决心找庭长、律师设法补救。律师告诉他应该上诉。
聂赫留道夫怀着复杂激动的心情按约去米西（被认为是他的未婚妻）家赴宴。本来这里的豪华气派和高雅氛围常常使他感到安逸舒适。但今天他仿佛看透了每个人的本质，觉得样样可厌：柯尔查庚将军粗鲁得意；米西急于嫁人；公爵夫人装腔作势。他借故提前辞别。
回到家中他开始反省，进行“灵魂净化”，发现他自己和周围的人都是“又可耻，又可憎”。母亲生前的行为；他和贵族长妻子的暖昧关系；他反对土地私有，却又继承母亲的田庄以供挥霍；这一切都是在对卡秋莎犯下罪行以后发生的。他决定改变全部生活，第二天就向管家宣布：收拾好东西，辞退仆役，搬出这座大房子。
聂赫留道夫到监狱探望玛丝洛娃，向她问起他们的孩子，她开始很惊奇，但又不愿触动创伤，只简单对答几句，把他当作可利用的男人，向他要十卢布烟酒钱以麻醉自己，第二次聂赫留道夫又去探监并表示要赎罪，甚至要和她结婚。这时卡秋莎发出了悲愤的指责：“你今世利用我作乐，来世还想利用我来拯救你自己！”后来聂赫留道夫帮助她的男友，改善她的处境，她也戒烟戒酒，努力学好。
聂赫留道夫分散土地，奔走于彼得堡上层，结果上诉仍被驳回，他只好向皇帝请愿，立即回莫斯科准备随卡秋莎去西伯利亚。途中卡秋莎深受政治犯高尚情操的感染，原谅了聂赫留道夫，为了他的幸福，同意与尊重她体贴她的西蒙松结合。聂赫留道夫也从《圣经》中得到“人类应该相亲相爱，不可仇视”的启示。
这两个主人公的经历，表现了他们在精神上和道德上的复活。小说揭露了那些贪赃枉法的官吏，触及了旧社会制度的本质。
〖小说背景〗
《复活》是托尔斯泰的晚期代表作。这时作家世界观已经发生激变，抛弃了上层地主贵族阶层的传统观点，用宗法农民的眼光重新审查了各种社会现象，通过男女主人公的遭遇淋漓尽致地描绘出一幅幅沙俄社会的真实图景：草菅人命的法庭和监禁无辜百姓的牢狱；金碧辉煌的教堂和褴褛憔悴的犯人；荒芫破产的农村和豪华奢侈的京都；茫茫的西伯利亚和手铐脚镣的政治犯。托尔斯泰以最清醒的现实主义态度对当时的全套国家机器进行了激烈的抨击。然而在《复活》中，托尔斯泰虽然对现实社会做了激烈的抨击，揭露了社会制度的本质，但是小说结尾，仍然把改革社会的寄希望于基督教，又把自己的宗教观强行植入小说当中，并且几乎否定了资本主义一切国家机器的一切作用，不得不说是小说思想境界上的一个遗憾。
小说原计划创作四部，但只创作了三部。
第一部
《马太福音》第十八章第二十一节至第二十二节：“那时彼得进前来，对耶稣说：主啊，我弟兄得罪我，我当饶恕他几次呢？到七次可以么？耶稣说：我对你说，不是到七次，乃是到七十个七次。”
《马太福音》第七章第三节：“为什么看见你弟兄眼中有刺，却不想自己眼中有梁木呢？”
《约翰福音》第八章第七节：“……你们中间谁是没有罪的，谁就可以先拿石头打她。”
《路加福音》第六章第四十节：“学生不能高过先生，凡学成了的不过和先生一样。”
Resurrection (Russian: Воскресение, Voskreseniye), first published in 1899, was the last novel written by Leo Tolstoy.
The book is the last of his major long fiction works published in his lifetime (it was first serialized in the popular weekly Niva). Tolstoy intended the novel as an exposition of injustice of man-made laws and the hypocrisy of institutionalized church. It was first published serially in the magazine Niva as an effort to raise funds for the resettlement of the Dukhobors.
Plot outline
The story is about a nobleman named Dmitri Ivanovich Nekhlyudov, who seeks redemption for a sin committed years earlier. His brief affair with a maid resulted in her being fired and ending up in prostitution. The book treats his attempts to help her out of her current misery, but also focuses on his personal mental and moral struggle.
Framed for murder, the maid, Maslova, is convicted by mistake, sent to Siberia. Nekhlyudov goes to visit her in prison, meets other prisoners, hears their stories, and slowly comes to realize that all around his charmed and golden aristocratic world, yet invisible to it, is a much larger world of oppression, misery and barbarism. Story after story he hears and even sees of people chained without cause, beaten without cause, immured in dungeons for life without cause—and all punctuated like lightning flashes by startling vignettes—a twelve year old boy sleeping in a lake of human dung from an overflowing latrine because there is no other place on the prison floor, but clinging in a vain search for love to the leg of the man next to him—until the book achieves the bizarre intensity of a horrific fever dream.
Popular and critical reception
The book was eagerly awaited. "How all of us rejoiced," one critic wrote on learning that Tolstoy had decided to make his first fiction in 25 years, not a short novella but a full-length novel. "May God grant that there will be more and more!" It outsold Anna Karenina and War and Peace. Despite its early success, today Resurrection is not as famous as the works that preceded it.
Some writers have said that Resurrection has characters that are one-dimensional and that as a whole the book lacks Tolstoy's earlier attention to detail. By this point, Tolstoy was writing in a style that favored meaning over aesthetic quality.
The book faced much censorship upon publication. The complete and accurate text was not published until 1936. Many publishers printed their own editions because they assumed that Tolstoy had given up all copyrights as he had done with previous books. Instead, Tolstoy kept the copyright and donated all royalties to Doukhobor,who were Russian pacifists hoping to emigrate to Canada.
Adaptations
Operatic adaptations of the novel include the Risurrezione by Italian composer Franco Alfano, Vzkriesenie by Slovak composer Ján Cikker, and Resurrection by American composer Tod Machover. Additionally, various film adaptations have been produced. The well known version is a Russian film Resurrection directed by Mikhail Shveitser with Evgeniy Matveyev, Tamara Semina and Pavel Massalsky.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
Opinions about Tolstoy and his work differ, but on one point there surely might be unanimity. A writer of world-wide reputation should be at least allowed to know how to spell his own name. Why should any one insist on spelling it "Tolstoi" (with one, two or three dots over the "i"), when he himself writes it "Tolstoy"? The only reason I have ever heard suggested is, that in England and America such outlandish views are attributed to him, that an outlandish spelling is desirable to match those views.
This novel, written in the rough by Tolstoy some years ago and founded upon an actual occurrence, was completely rewritten by him during the last year and a half, and all the proceeds have been devoted by him to aiding the Doukhobors, a sect who were persecuted in the Caucasus (especially from 1895 to 1898) for refusing to learn war. About seven thousand three hundred of them are settled in Canada, and about a hundred of the leaders are exiled to the remote parts of Siberia.
Anything I may receive for my work in translating the book will go to the same cause. "Prevention is better than cure," and I would rather help people to abstain from killing and wounding each other than devote the money to patch up their wounds after the battle.
LOUISE MAUDE
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请给我换一个看看！ 拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！
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