正史 》 Three Kingdoms 》
吴书·孙破虏讨逆传
Chen Shou
"Three Kingdoms" is written in the Jin Shou country a major record biographical history of Wei, Shu and Wu Sanguo Kingdoms period, documented from the beginning of the first year of Huang Wendi (220) to the first year of Emperor Wu Tai (280) six decades. "Three Kingdoms" book sixty five volumes, "Wei" thirty volumes, "Shu Shu" fifteen volumes, "Wu Shu" twenty volumes, a total of sixty five volumes. Shou is the Jin dynasty courtier, Jin Cheng Wei derived from the world, so "Three Kingdoms" respect Wei orthodox. "Three Kingdoms" Cao Cao wrote the discipline, and "Shu Shu" and "Wu Shu" Liu Bei is recorded as "First Lord", remember Sun Quan said, "Master Wu Chuan" are only pass, no discipline.
"Three Kingdoms" Twenty-Four Histories ranked in ancient China, and the "Historical Records" (Sima Qian), "Han" (Ban), "Han" (Fan Ye, Phrase) before adding Sishi.
"Three Kingdoms" is not only a historical masterpiece, it is a literary masterpiece. Shou basis of respecting historical facts, concise, beautiful language for us to draw a diagram depicting three portraits. Very vivid characterization.
About the Author
Chen Shou (233-297), the word Chengzuo and Jin Ba Xian Han (now Sichuan Nanchong North) people. He less studious, historians interested in the cause of it, for the "Book" "Spring," "Historical Records" "Han" and conducted in-depth study of the history books. Qiao Zhou Tong Jun scholar teacher thing, when he was in view of Shu Han Court Lingshi. At that time, the eunuch Huang Hao autocratic, ministers are from the song meaning attached. Shou Huang Hao refusal to succumb, so repeated removal dismiss. After Shanxi Province, served Zhuzuo Lang, rule books and other staff to be the censor. 280 years, the West Jinmie Dong Wu, ending a split situation. Shou was 48, started writing "Three Kingdoms."
Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms" Previously, there have been some of the Wei, Wu made history, such as the king Shen (? -266) Of "Wei", fish rear of "Wei slightly," Wei Zhao, "Wu book" and so on. "Three Kingdoms" in the "Wei", "Wu Shu", mainly drawn from the history books. Sichuan historian regime is not _set_, no person responsible for collecting the material, write Shu history. "Shu Shu" materials are collected and compiled by the Shou times.
Shou writing a book near the Three Kingdoms era, Keziliyong's achievements are not many others, coupled with his private writings, there are no conditions to get a lot of documents and archives. Read the "Three Kingdoms", they will find that there are historical Shou difficulty of insufficient content was not very substantial. Shou did not write blogs, to understand the laws and institutions of the Three Kingdoms era, had the help of "Book of Jin." Shou is also author of "beneficial Department Qijiu Biography", "ancient records" and other books, finishing edited "wise _set_" Unfortunately, these books were later the Lost it.
"Three Kingdoms" and questioned Features
"Three Kingdoms" good narrative writing is concise, cut properly, then it be applauded. Jaap Cham Chen Shou simultaneously with writing "Wei", see the "Three Kingdoms", that there is no need to write a new history of the other, they destroyed their own writings. Posterity is more highly regarded that in the history of the Three Kingdoms historical records, the exclusive Chen Shu can with the "Historical Records", "Han" comparable. Thus, the history of each of the other three countries have been devoid of obscurity, only the "Three Kingdoms" has been passed down to the present. Southern Liu Xie in "Wenxindiaolong History Biography" chapter stresses: "Dai-three male, remember pass each other out," Yang autumn "," Wei slightly "genus," Jiang, "and" Miss Lu "category , or difficult to levy anti-shock, or widowed to sparse wide. Wei Chen Shou "Three Kingdoms", the text quality contact resolution, Xun (Xu), Zhang (China) than the (Sima) moved, (classes) of solid, non-jump reputation . too, "that is, those that are not historical argument similar extreme, based on inadequate; writing is sparse wide, to no avail. Shou reached only works with text content expressed unity.
After all, Chen Shou Jin Chen, Cheng Wei and Jin is there world. Therefore, the "Three Kingdoms" will respect Wei as orthodox. In "Wei" Cao Cao wrote in the discipline, and "Shu Shu" and "Wu Shu" only pass, no discipline. Kee Liu Bei was the "first primary Biography", remember Quan called "Master Wu Chuan." This is an example compiled the history books for politics, but also a feature of the "Three Kingdoms" is.
Wei Chen Shou Although nominally respect for the Orthodox, in fact it is the Wei, Shu and Wu Sanguo each book, faithfully recorded the situation of the Three Kingdoms, demonstrated their own way, and do not of command, the status is the same. On the notebook's way of saying, "First Lord" and "Master Wu Chuan," things are also years of latitude, is identical with the discipline, but do not call it discipline. Shou this treatment is Annexed the prevailing circumstances, which shows his sagacity and ingenuity. "Three Kingdoms" Collectively relatively brief notes, which may be related to how much historical data. Shou is the Three Kingdoms who perished when the 31-year-old Shu. Repair his "Three Kingdoms" in modern history was part of a lot of things that he experienced, heard see for oneself, more real, supposedly conditional collect historical data. But since the era of the past, yet there are many historical disclose it; same time, because the scores have not been eliminated, difficult to appraise the fair, but also to the choice of materials and the History brought some difficulties.
From the Wei, Shu and Wu book comparison, "Shu Shu" may only fifteen volumes, representing Wei, Wu two books and more simple. This is probably the Wei, Wu Shu between the two countries more than historical exigencies. Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms", the king of Shen Wei has "Wei", Wu Wei Zhao also "Wu book" for reference, which gives Shou collect historical data to provide a great convenience. And Shu neither historian nor can learn from the history books ready to collect historical data is very difficult. Shou took great efforts, even some zero residual paper also note chapter search, "Shu Shu" before the number was only 15 volumes. "Shu Shu" many important figures in deeds, records are very simple, visible Shu historical data is quite lacking. In addition, because of political reasons, Chen might give up some materials, such as Sima Yi involves some shameful thing, inconvenience wrote, had discarded.
"Three Kingdoms" drawn fine trial. Pei Song of the Three Kingdoms "," turn of the Han, Wei Kee table books Chao has played as many as 20, Chen Shou in "Three Kingdoms Wen Ji", the only book with a 173-word commands to put this event to write about. On Sun Ce's death, the legendary exaggeration abandon the book "Immortals" and so on, just remember to Xu Gong Sun Ce's assassins kill. These facts are reflected his careful textual research, carefully chosen attitude.
"Three Kingdoms" wording concise, clean. It is commonly used simple words, write vivid characters. "First Lord" Cao Cao and Liu Bei Hero remember, when Cao Cao say:. "Today heroic, only sympathizing with the beginning of the parade ear insufficient number of believers also" when "the first main party food, lost dagger chopsticks" records, so Liu Bei Tao dark mood, vivid and colorful.
"Zhou Yu Lu Su Meng" records of Cao Cao, Liu Bei occupied hear when Jingzhou, "party for the book, put pen to paper on the ground," the modality, a vivid contrast of Cao Cao, Liu Bei in the minds of the status and situation at the time. The book written celebrities elegance, counselor of the strategy, the mighty generals, mostly scanty, but lifelike.
Shou produced interest in the book title character's performance. He said Liu Bei is a hero, Cao Cao is odds, Sun Ce, Sun Quan is Aviva, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, Lu Su is a genius, Pang Tong is Gao, Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao is Sunkist, Dong and Liu Shi Ba is so, cordial, Chang Lin is beautiful with disabilities, Xumiao, quality is Yan Hu Shi, Wang Can, Qin Mi is the only person, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cheng Pu, Huang Gai is brave ministers, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, Xue consolidated is Yoshiomi , Zhang Liao, Yue Jin is a good will, which reflect the prevailing mood of the times.
Chen Shou book "Three Kingdoms", and three history, just as private repair history. After his death, on the table - KING lang Fan said:. ", Speech and more dissuasive, friends almost gains and losses, weathering useful, though not with such brilliant if the text, but the quality is too straight, willing down the Collection," "Shou as" Three Kingdoms Thus, the "Three Kingdoms" after the book is finished, by the time people praise. Chen Shou brief narrative, three books rarely repeated notes informative. On the choice of materials is also very Yan Shen, is valued by ancient historians. Historians of the "Historical Records" "Han" "Han" "Three Kingdoms" collectively before Sishi deemed biographical history classics.
Shou also be taboo in the narrative without losing memoir, promote good without hidden defects. Chen Shou of the times, a variety of complex political relations, history and reality intertwined, Chen Shou in the tortuous way reflect the historical truth with respect a great effort. "Three Kingdoms" of the Han, Wei somewhat taboo relationship, but not framed the wording slightly and elsewhere revealed some of the true situation. As first year of Jian (193) Han emperor moved the capital to Xuchang, Cao Cao attempt the Emperor to the princes of the move. Shou here without express written Cao Cao's political ambitions, which is taboo. But instead of writing known as the emperor moved the capital, said Dong Xu Chao, etc. are advised Dynasty, which is critical of it. In addition, his "Xun Yu Chuan", "Dong Zhao Chuan" and "Zhou Yu Lu Su Meng Chuan assessment" are revealed at the time of the real situation. Although Chen Shou Shu Wai homeland for love, not conceal Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang's fault, note to Siyuan Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang kill Changyu and other things wrong with Ma Su. It is also a good history of performance talents.
However, Tang Feng Zhao wrote FangXuanLing such as "Book of Jin Chen Shou Chuan" in recognizing Shou "good narrative, there are only good history," the same time, because of personal enmity think Shou be seen in the book. Said, "Ding Yi, Ding Wei-yi had known in Shou claims that Confucius said: Gok may find thousands of meters to see and, when respect for the public to make good pass D is not associated, not here as a parent biography Shou Ma Su army. , Su is wise that punish, life is bald father also sat, Zhuge Zhan Ting Ting is bright and light biography, that light will be slightly non-long, no enemy should only;. looking statement except work book, Mingguoqishi seconder less of this. "
"Book of Jin Chen Shou Chuan" on Shou Somy of this historical data, only a handful of historians such as Zhou Liu Qiu, Liu Zhi Tang few to believe that, while most historians think this substandard historical facts, is false. Pan Qing Mei in "Three Kingdoms research" pointed out: "Ding Yi, Ding-yi, the official auxiliary raped and stabbed but Huangmenshilang the right, without destroying the outer edge of the front access power, the effect is no shengtang Temple wins, the party in Wang Chen Si, Si Ji shake mound, instigated by flesh and blood, is neither a matter, the Death followed, Adams WeiChao real sinners shall carry out a biography. "Book of Jin" that Somy had to pass legislation, the most non- . know the words, "Zhao Yi in" 22 History Notes, "also pointed out:" Book of Jin "that" life father to join the army Ma Su, Zhuge Liang Su is the punish, life father was bald, so Shou "bright Biography", that will be slightly non-director This is also true no matter insight. lit and non-place, the original does not have to use military force known. outlook revision Shou "Zhuge _set_" strict science table made bright, reward and punishment will believe, no evil without punishment, no good is not significant, as officials can not be raped, who conceived and self-motivation. has beams benefit of the people, though, "Kom Tong Hall" Ode to call the public's Zheng who Utako production, no to over too. has "bright Biography" said the assessment : Bright is the rule also open sincerity, justice cloth, micro without reward good nor evil without lint finally banished the domain of the state, salty fear and love, although severe punishment without the evil government who complain to. flat and admonish their intentions clear also. their independence Chung Ming described as reflected in its big men. "Thus, the" Book of Jin "derogatory Shou said, in fact, untruths, can not believe everything.
"Sikuquanshuzongmu Feed · Three Kingdoms" made some fair words: "Daniel is concerned, Samuel (Chan) Shou's absolutely no words; in terms of potential, the chisel tooth they pass along the Han emperor, Emperor Han Shou want When the cover is difficult to reverse and chisel tooth Jin has been crossed, being to have Leihu Shu, to compete for the breeding ground orthodoxy, this contemporary of Corfu commentators also;. Shou Wu Jin then as minister, and 晋武承 Wei's system, pseudo- Jin Wei is a pseudo-contemporary holy men can do this it still brought in close to usurp State and Northern Wei Han, also near the Southern Tang Shu, the Northern Song Dynasty Zhu Ru Wei Jie shy away from pseudo;.! Emperor later, Sung Jiang Sakon at Shu, Wei and the Central Plains into the ground at full gold, it has been one after another from the Southern Song Dynasty and Emperor Zhu Ru Shu. euphemistically as on their world, not be a 格绳 also. "It seems that since the Eastern Jin Xi Zao Bi off Orthodox dispute, all with realistic goals and intentions of contemporary political power service, Reflection of Life, Tomoyo on history is crucial matters, there is no eternal being pseudo targets.
Another criticism of the shortcomings of Shou by posterity is the book when writing technique, more than back protection. Liu Zhiji the "General History Straight book chapter," said, "When appropriate, King open base beginning, Cao, Ma constitutive numerous occasion, Wei Qu camps or columns, see Qu Wuhou, or battle head hair, take hurt into the economy, Chen, Wang Yin Du its mouth and salty silent. "Shou and Wang implicit criticism in the repair history of the people in power, Cao Cao, Sima Yi scandal mollified silent, whom back protection. In "Three Kingdoms Wei" in Liu Zhi did not see the contents of several theory, which, Qing Zhao Yi in the "22 history notes," Juan Liu in "Three Kingdoms more back protection" wrote:
"Spring" book hunting in hayang King, the church does not speak marquises, and that the emperor Hunting, Now that open the cover of the law, then this thing is Conceal too. As the father of the child thing, the big book of positive, as promised ended, Dun and the like, all under the guise of the word refused, so the vertical honest, strict justice to it. Since Chen Shou as "Wei Ji" more than back protection, where the two Koreas leather is easy on the occasion, Feng Jin Jue, thanks to the sword and footwear, plus Jiuxi, as well as Christianity and Islam, there Youzhao policy, it became certain calligraphy. After the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Zhu Shu noted regarded as a type, straight solid method for history that should be the case. Ran Kotobuki back very protective over the place, those studies have not installed.
Zhao Yi in retrospect since the "Spring" since that is the existence of the phenomenon back to protect that Shou doing a good job in this regard. So Zhao Yi cite some examples, such as the Han emperor to abdicate after Wei closure as Sanyo public, when he died, only to chase the posthumous title of Emperor Xian, Chen faded king usurped the Han Cao Feng Sanyo public section, in "Wei Ji "Only Emperor Xian of Han said. Similarly Road Township public often abdicate, as Liu Wang, only to chase the posthumous title of Emperor died, Chen Shou whom also conceal hidden taboo. Sima Shi Qi Wang Caofang waste, "Wei slightly" is recorded: "(Sima) division sent Guo Yizhi palace, the queen side and the emperor chess, played Chi Day: 'big generals want to waste your majesty.' Emperor is starting to go, the Queen Mother . displeasure Chi said: 'great generals have purposed, but shun the queen purpose.' Queen Mother said: 'I Yuxian Great General. "Chi said:' Great General Ho visible evil 'Empress Xi are slow to pay." is the king of the waste, the division of the whole idea for Sima, completely unaware of the Queen Mother. Chen Shou "Wei" "anti contained Empress of life, the king made a very filial no way to reflected when the waste, which framed the king and the party Sima has too much off." And so on.
The most serious writing technique is Gaoguixianggong be killing things, according to the "Han Jin Chunqiu", "Westergren Spring" and "World language", "end of Wei Chuan" contained a Gaoguixianggong Cao Mao see Sima Zhao bossy bossy, autocratic entire country, the heart can not be sweet, "hair hoplite in Lingyun units, pro discuss Sima Zhao Sima Zhao Jia Chong exclusion order, not daring to move when Fu Bing, and even if a Zu Jia Chong, Cheng Ji said: 'Public keeper Ru etc., are to this day. 'are pumping into the economy Ge guilty emperor, while chipping back out. "And Shou" Wei "But the book" Gaoguixianggong died, twenty, "never see the track was killing. Anti-contained life of the Queen Mother, the words Gaoguixianggong of when to punish, trying to commoners ritual burial. And contains Zhao played, saying "Gongcu soldiers to the minister, the minister Jichi soldiers can not hurt, riding a Franciscan brother Doc cross into Zu person pawn, hurt the public, Suizhi die, Chen Ji Fu Tingwei Noir received, being its junction sin, "...... so, Zhao Yi exclaimed:" The discipline of this, nor biographies scattered reflected things worse this writing technique, especially the men, then this body still said Shi Yu Jin, Jin dare not taboo also. Wei then across the North to the matter, why is also taboo. "Zhao Yi censure, incisive, illustration has more than killing innocent people, such as when Cao Cao Zheng Tao Qian, remember Shu Wei of war" designed to defeat boast taboo Sheng is decent, "and finally, Zhao Yi Shou considered involves not only the rulers in power back to protect the multi-discipline, but also biographies of more than taboo. Such protection Qubi back, do not actually let Zhao Yi puzzled: "How can the history of Shou for law must be so, yeah guard back as far as aboriginal nations Shou suppression of the book was not taboo, then still it? Old, but not re-revised yeah? "
Shou repair history of writing technique, back care does exist, he is clearly in the Wei and Jin regime change during a Bihuo way, as the history books of the feudal era, is bound to have back in power protection, respect for who are potential rules taboo unsurpassable. Zhao Yi Ping affirmed that the book Appreciative straight, Dong Hu also not withstand scrutiny. The so-called "Dun Regicide" ("Zuo Venerable years") is also wrong, confusing right and wrong conclusions. Dun argument is the reason they are "as Zheng Qing, death is not cross-border, back Excluding Thieves", failed in its obligations courtiers.
Zhao Yi Shou's writing technique also made historical textual research, said: "When the book cover Shou Jin Xiu, so in the Wei, Jin leather easy to place, had to return more than the care and Cheng Wei Han and Jin Cheng. Wei, one also. both Jin prefer to give back to nursing, care had to be back for the ANC ...... and, of course, there may be referenced Shou Wei, Jin is so original data records, Chen Shou have not been revised, but also not improper tampering. Chen for specific historical circumstances in which, in the change of sovereignty repair history scruples more practical context, it is understandable.
Needless to say, your repair history is true, not false beauty, hidden evil should not have to abide by the guidelines historian, writing technique is the lack of training. It should be noted, Chen Wei and Jin Yi addition to involving sensitive issues on behalf of the people in power, which narrates still informative and credible. There is no denying Chen Shou's writing technique, it can not therefore doubt the "Three Kingdoms" the messenger value. Qian Daxin said: "So then I re-Chengzuo and the person who cares about the credibility of the narrative _set_ pen cap Shi Chen, it is easy for a long time the public debate, the world will indeed nearly knowledge among the three referral Han and Jin, both phases. involved, vertical and centuries, two against the loss of history who often rely on book Masayuki ...... I likes history, Marban out, that pushed the book, that too Fan (Ye), Ouyang (repair). "(" Three Kingdoms suspect defense order ")
"Three Kingdoms" has its shortcomings, we should never overlook. In the narrative, in addition to contradictions in some people's discipline and pass, but its biggest drawback is that of Wei and Sima's more than a back care, praise, criticism by the ancient historians. In addition, the book only discipline and pass without signs and table, which is a big shortcomings. After the "Three Kingdoms" into a book, because the narrative is too brief, to the Southern Song Wendi, the famous historian Pei Song will make its note, and the addition of a large amount of material.
Pei Song Introduction
Pei Song (372-451), the word of the world, the Southern Song Dong wenxi (now Shanxi Wenxi) people. Pei Song Nobles bureaucratic family background, his grandfather Pei Mei Guan Ju guanglu doctor, father was a positive Yuanwai Kyu Bae. Pei Song childhood love reading, 8 years old are already familiar with "The Analects", "Book of Songs" Zhu Shu. After the Expo classics, knowledge Nisshin.晋孝武 Emperor UDL sixteen years (391), Ren Pei Song generals house, when he was 20 years old. Jin Andi Longan years (398), whose uncle Henan provincial governor Yu Kai Yan Qing two joint provincial governor Wang Gong and other attack our health. Defeat, Yu Kai defected summer Huanxuan mouth. Yu Kai Bae Song's recommendation as the new prefect of the wild. Consider the risk too Pei Song, has been reluctant to leave. Soon, warlords fights, Yu Kai died Huanxuan hands. Pei Song eliminates a fatal disaster.
Yoshihiro early, Pei Song served as assistant minister members outside Sanji, so Zhang Wuxing County magistrate and other staff, transferred back to the court after the rise, he was named Book of Cibu Lang.
Yoshihiro years (416), Qiu Liu Yu (ie Song Wudi) army expedition. When any of Pei Song State Secretary army northbound main book. Liu Yu Pei Song is very appreciated, like he had "Temple Gallery talented", he transferred governance engaged in history. After accounting for Luoyang Jin, Liu Yu Feng appointed as heir Seba. Liu Yu Pei Song became an important member of the group.
"Three Kingdoms" Pei Song Note the
When in the history of the Eastern Jin Li Shi Lingling, Ph.D. and other countries son. He served as assistant minister in the book into a song. Emperor Wen to Shou book "Three Kingdoms" notebook over Jane, whom he ordered to make sidebar. In his "On the Three Kingdoms table," said, "the former minister were recalled, so picking the three similarities and differences to note Shou" Three Kingdoms. "Shou book Civil Service impressive, something more trial Yuanyou positive. Cheng tours, Kerry the History of. However, that loss slightly, while some lacuna. minister seeking details for granted, it should be noted that in the week. old news search on the left near Picks Yat Press the three calendar years, although not far, but a matter of Han, Jin. both involved, out of one hundred carrier. divergent wrong note, every Unfortunate mutual. its life are not _set_, keep record matters who is useless without its graduates take to fill Que., or resign with the issue say there are good hybrid, or an accident of the differences, the suspect can not be judgment and are copied to prepare different smell inside if are bing Obviously, the words are not attached to science, then corrected to punish offenders with their jump. their affairs whether and when Ting small loss, rather to some debate Yu Yi. "So Pei Note not only explains the geographical names, etc., but the main thing is to supplement the original book records omission and correct the error. Several different account of the same thing, he included in, for future reference. For historical events and figures, Pei note some comments; improper arguments for Shou, Pei Note also criticized. Annotations search 罗广博 complete cit both, without tailoring fragmented. To comment, "Three Kingdoms", he collected the raw material of the Three Kingdoms period more than one hundred fifty kinds, Bo cited various original works, note the number of words about more than three times the original. According to Shen the statistics cited in the note book "22 by the Ministry of Home, Ministry of one hundred forty-two history, subsections Niansan home, _set_ department Niansan home, where two hundred and ten." Thus many of the "Three Kingdoms" in the loss of load The historical facts are preserved. Annotations are also in the use of traditional methods of annotation place, "Sikuquanshuzongmu Summary" said: "If its initial meaning like Yiyu Ying Shao's Note" Han ", elegant exegesis, citing it real ...... prefer to give the cover. . without actually, and unfortunately that has become, do not want to _delete_ abandoned, or detailed or slightly so, with or without, quite dramatically for example impure "Hou Kang said:" As Annotations name among objects, Explanation context, and Annotations And there is the unknown, cover non-deposit of its purposes. "Mr. Yang Yixiang in" these Pei Song, "a paper note summarized as part Pei pronunciation, context, collation, name objects, geography, allusions to certain classes. He said: "The main purpose is to make note of augmented reality, and this kind of endorsement, but is incidental work." He noted, "Three Kingdoms" is focused Buque and correcting erroneous. As in his "Notes on the Three Kingdoms table" and said: "life are not _set_, keep record matters who is useless without its graduates take to fill Que; or resign with the issue say there are good hybrid, or an accident of the differences, the suspect can not be sentenced, and are copied Carolina, to prepare different smell; if were bing Clearly, words do not attach rationale, then with the correction to punish their violation forget; their affairs whether and when Ting small loss, rather to Yu Yi has been debate. " Annotations biggest feature is widely adopted Bo cited, greatly enriched the content of the original book. In particular, he cited the raw material today has been largely Wang Yi, fortunately retained in PEI note, which is very precious historical value. Read "Three Kingdoms", we must take note Pei Song of the text as a text to be read. Annotations for the history books has opened up vast new comment roads.
For historical question was "neglect of widowed should", "There is lacuna when" the Pei will Buque as the first item, make note of important events and major figures. As Cao Cao implementation Mita issue, Chen Shou only in the "Wu Ji" and "Ren Jun Biography" using 50 words slightly records, only shows the "RAO Jun country, starting in the date made only in steep." And what Cao understanding on this important decision-making and leadership, the implementation of what hardships, what results after the implementation, Chen will not make comment Syria. Annotations to 180 words in length to clarify the above problems, the issue will Mita Cao Wei Dingguo as a major national policy to look at the history of things to grasp the essentials of this level, Pei apparently more astute. Another example is the issue of Zhuge Liang seven escapement, Shu reflects the "hearts and minds" and Rong policy, but also an important measure to stabilize the rear of the former Northern Expedition was conducted Shou a passing, while Fiji's complement of more than 200 words, which is also in insight Chen Shou above. School of Metaphysics harbinger Wangbi open, Shou record of only 23 words. He cited Pei Shao, "Wang Bi Biography" fill his life with the doctrine, cited Sun Sheng "Westergren Spring" is reflected in human judgment, cited "Natural History" describes family background for the study of the history of ideas, provides an important historical basis. Ma Jun and his deeds in the "technical side Biography" in the non-involved. Pei supplemented with more than 1,200 words of his life with great inventions, the relevant guidelines car overturned, Liannu, hair weave intricate stone cars and documented machine, reflected the technological level of production, to fill the gaps in the history of science research. Important documents and important events related to the character is also a content Buque, such as Cao Cao's "Ming-order", "the virtuous no arrests conduct order" Pi "and Wu", Li Mi's "Statement", etc., are also Annotations can be handed down by the.
The so-called differences with the Correctional prepared to jump, saying the issue is for the same, and each was recorded in the book "speech has behaved hybrid, or an accident of the differences, the suspect can not be sentenced to" the circumstances of. "And are copied inside to prepare different smell" as available vary, blog or cited under this book to do it "with illegal correction" work for the Correctional jump. Often difficult to completely separate the two. If Liu Bei three Gu Mao issue, "Kingdoms" written plot has known, but Wei Huan Mermaid "Wei slightly" and the Western Jin Phrase "Kyushu Spring" is written is different, that is the first visit of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang. The two books were documented Pei reproduced in the Note, for the preparation vary; has its say to discrimination, citing "Inst" said "late emperor not to Chen dirty, hedgehog bent from the vain, among the three Gu Chen Yu Caolu , when the world's consultative Chen Yi matter "paragraph, that" non-Leong Yi prepared "this conclusion, indeed Correctional jump. This equipment differences, Correctional jump, often Shou book as a comparison object, and then extended to other historical tasting and summary. As in "Wei Zhen Fumiaki Queen mass injection", the record documented praise beauty after Wang Shen Zhen, "Wei", and Sau book different. Pei based on "Spring" of justice, finds "Wei" "Chong decorated dummy text" and that "push this purpose, it said Bian, the good deeds of the Zhen Zhu, are difficult to implement theory", which concluded that "Chen _delete_ down, good to have. "
Shou mistake on his book right place, but also for a clear judgment. Such as "Xuan Chuan Wu Shu F. Note" cited Yu Bo "Jiang table Biography" contained floor mysterious suicide thing, Pei straight judged "" Jiang table Biography "said, to reason as long." "Wu Shu Zhuge Ke Chuan Note" cited Hu Chong "Wu Li" contained Pei judged "" Wu Li "is long." This judgment, there is more reflected in one of the Debate. Debate including the assessment and evaluation of historical events both historical commentary by historical events everywhere, is a direct expression of the main historians know, because little to do with the topic, whether it is a little while, reviews the history books, you have summed up the same period in the history book the significance of the merits of historical criticism, is one of the elements discussed in this article. Pei reviews for "Three Kingdoms," a book, both on a comprehensive evaluation of the table, but also scattered in the affirmative each note or criticism, is more comprehensive; against other historical year, then take on more zero gold Suiyu style commentary, summarized, these comments can be divided into style arrangement, narrative description of two ways.
Chinese historical style since the "Spring", "Historical Records", chronological, biographical two-body matures, although there is still debate the merits of the second body, but its style is relatively fixed. Pei is more concerned about the existing style, especially as the official history of the biographical standardization problems. Biographical biography mainly to specifically pass, pass better grasp together, and how to divide the class pass, then quite inconsistent. Pei advocated taking "what kind phase from the" principle, he said:. "Chen Song of that body biographies of to what kind phase from Zhang ovary Albatron disabilities, sincere non Chen Ping Lun contingent Han policy makers, good, flat only . unless of columns, I no attaching, so the former history together, it should also cover. "affirmed the Sima Qian's first" class with something from "rationality, then criticize Chen Shou will not for a class of people put In a biography, beneath style. If Jia Xu's companion, it is "considered exhaustive slightly, by right of change" Sunkist, should be placed on good planning Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, who pass the class, but on the morality and intelligence co-existence has Second Xun (Xun Yu, Xun) of the wind out of Zuo, Pei to the "missing class", "it still luminous with steam candle of peace? its shine though both qualitative Yan is different," the essence of the similarities and differences, should be the first prerequisite zone classification pass. Secondly, the act is also an important principle similar. Such as fish rear, "Wei Yong Xia Chuan slightly," without taking into account the character and date of birth will act according to figures of four late Han Shuo Sun Bin incorporated into the ANC, is based on "the man pick Wei, meaning something similar," the principle of treatment. In this regard, if the fish still only in the rear of a spontaneous state, then, put forward the principle of Pei "meaning something similar", and has become part of a conscious awareness. From the practice of the theory of sublimation, and then refers to the practice, historians note the significance Pei is reflected in the compilation of school.
In the narrative description, emphasizing the smooth and reasonable opposition to "the language barrier." Note that looks like writing, such as the appearance of Xunyu to Shou not name called regret, special cited "slightly Code", "plain Mi dilute Biography" supplement, not only reflects the character Rong Zhi Wei and Jin-Wen attention to the era of wind sp characteristics, but also with the Chinese historians pay attention to the description of the characteristics of the image, but also reflects the history of literature Pei aesthetic requirement that vividly depict the history book can be more attractive.
Chao Gongwu first involves Annotations words: "(Pei Note) CASINO group that points into the book, which several times more than the book." ("Jun Zhai Zhi reading" Volume II) in the Qing Wu Ying edition " Three Kingdoms ", the Li Longguan and other knowledge in the magazine more specifically the phrase that" s Annotations more times in the text. " The early 1970s, Huang greatly according to the Taipei Arts Printing House photocopying Dian edition statistics, Chen book is 350,833 words, PEI injection of 322,643 words ("Three Kingdoms and Pei Note tables words", in "Three Kingdoms _Select_ion Notes" Taipei CKS Bookstore, 1972 edition frontispiece. cited Wu Jinhua "Textual Three Kingdoms", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000, pp. 195). Julien contact our statistics based on Zhonghua Nai cadre point "Three Kingdoms" is 366,657 words, PEI injection of 320,799 words ("a little talk about the number of questions <Three Kingdoms> with Annotations", "Textual Research Journal" 1985 Section 3) . According to statistics Baina Ben Wu Jinhua, Chen Shou book is 368,039 words, PEI injection of 322,171 words ("Three Kingdoms school attached compiled Gu", Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990). Cuishu Ting Jinling type according to the statistics, "Three Kingdoms" is a 367,327-yu, PEI injection of 320,805 words ("<Three Kingdoms> This article does more than Pei note", "Central China Normal University" 1990 Section 2). If the above statistics minimal "Three Kingdoms" compared with the statistics most Annotations words, "Three Kingdoms" Annotations and more than 38,014 words, even if there Pei Lost or mixed note in the text, it is impossible to reach several times in the book text.张子侠 believes: "" Three Kingdoms "editions and spread through extremely complex, both text lacuna problem, there are note paper mixed with the body and, therefore, the text and note paper what more than what little can not light a conclusion" ("<Three Kingdoms> Pei. Three Issues Research Note "," historical research History "2000 2).
If a man before Wang Tong Ming, Liu Zhiji have ridiculed their Fan Wu, Ye Shi to think "contained in the note, are the book's abandoned Shou Yu" (Book of General one hundred ninety-one). Although respected Pei Qing scholars note, but it was not accusing him of some note should note, some should note and note, cited book has changed the word, and so (see Zhao Yi Gai I consider six industries, Siku feeds four five and Wenchao annotations). In fact, these are small shortcomings, and can not thus masking its strengths. Annotations quoted Wei, Jin works up to two hundred and ten kinds of people, a record in Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi has been less than three-fourths of the Tang and Song later on one of the ten does not exist. And the material cited Annotations are both complete, although it was "Fan Wu", saying "life's abandoned I" alone save ancient sources say it is worthy of attention.
Since PEI has a high note cited philology book value, and therefore the number of books and Pei note cited bibliography of research into the study Annotations is an important issue, but also the most divisive issue. Qian Daxin statistics Pei note cited book "Fanbai four dozen, not involved with the historian who does not count the" title listed 144 kinds ("22 Sculley differences" Volume 15). Zhao Yi Pei note cited statistics book "Where the (one hundred) more than fifty species", the title listed 151 kinds, also the history of the number of category ("22 history notes," Juan Liu). Zhaoshao Zu Pei note cited statistics book "where more than 180 species," In addition, all cited by and philosophers Book "and four dozen" ("reading even mind" Juan Liu). Qian Zhao to age, geography, people, Bureaucracy, class books, articles, do not _set_, the well-known, do not pass the class, statistical Pei note cited more than 160 kinds of books ("The Three Kingdoms identified the suspect"). Shen Pei note cited in this book will be "in accordance with" Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi "were divided into four: twenty dollars by the Ministry of Home, Ministry of one hundred forty-two history, subsections Niansan home, _set_ department Niansan home, where two hundred and ten "(" Three Kingdoms note cited bibliography "). Wangzhong Han statistics "cited Zhu Pei note the title, where two hundred forty to fifty kinds," according to Qian Zhao's classified title 256 kinds ("Three Kingdoms Pei research note" containing "China Culture Research]" section five volumes, 1945). Wang Zuyi addition to "review and Pei Zhu Jia self injection, Fuzi, Yuan son, Sun Sheng, Xi Zao Bi and other classics on the note, and cited as an interpreter does not count", the statistics "Pei Note Book Fanbai fifty-six kinds of citations "(" Three Kingdoms people directory Pei note cited bibliography ", The Commercial Press, 1956). Manian Zu Pei note cited statistics book "two hundred and three kinds" ("Ancient Waterways other eight bibliographic references compilation", Zhonghua Book Company, 1959). Yang Xiang statistical wing "Pei cited in bibliographies of all concerned, to two hundred dozen; If you remove the text and comment on aspects of interpretation, compared with more than 150 species" ("Song Pei with <Three Kingdoms>" "History Teaching" 1963 Section 2). High Xiuying, Yang Jian Pei note cited statistics book 203 kinds ("Three Kingdoms name index Pei Note cit index", Zhonghua Book Company, 1980). Chen Yuan Pei statistical note "book cited above in two hundred and thirty kinds" ("Three Kingdoms note cited bibliography", in "Chinese Ancient Essays' seventh series, Fujian People's Publishing House, October 1983, pp. 331 ). Zhao Yi Wang Shumin for "Pei Song of the Three Kingdoms" of Pei note cited book was partially verified ("Notes on the History of 22 school certificate", Zhonghua Book Company, 2002 Revision). Zhou Guolin statistics bibliographic references Annotations 224 species, of which the "first 秦至东 Hanzhong memo Shiming of works for sound and meaning matter exegetical and make note of whom regard the writings and textual analysis of more than forty kinds of different equipment for Buque Correctional jump until the end of Han Jin debate aspects of more than 180 kinds of books "(" Song of Pei <Three Kingdoms> cit test ", in" Chinese study of historical documents (a), "Central China Normal University Press, 1986) . Gao Zhen Duo Statistics' s Annotations "Three Kingdoms" of cit two hundred thirty-six kinds "(" Pei Note <Three Kingdoms> cit Textual - Comment <22 Literary History of School Certificate> "," Hanzhong Teachers College "1993 Section 3). Pei Yu Wanli statistical note cited book "two hundred thirty-five kinds" ("<Three Kingdoms> Pei note cited lists of new test", "Wenzhou Teachers College" 1994 4). Ye Chun Wu Pei note cited statistics where 229 kinds of books, "Another 10 will not quote the source" ("A Critical Biography of Pei Song", page 250). Zhang Zaixia statistics "Pei of cit two hundred twenty-seven kinds." Gao Min worked with people "<Three Kingdoms> Pei note cited book test," a text, up to two hundred forty statistics cited dozens of books ("<Three Kingdoms> say a little", in "History says slightly Twenty-five said after a little," Beijing Yanshan Press, 2002, page 87).
"Three Kingdoms" Pei Note bibliographic references
Two paintings
"Kyushu Spring" (Phrase essays)
"Kyushu mind" (Xun Chuo essays Note: The total book name "Kyushu mind", is divided into "Jizhou mind," "Yanzhou mind" and other papers)
Three paintings
"Sansuke never recorded" (Zhao Qi essays) "three dynasties record"
"Three assessment" (Hsu Chung essays) "Sanyo Public Records" (music owned essays)
"Shan Tao notices"
Four paintings
"Tai years to remember."
"Scribes Biography"
(Note: "Xiu" Note said Zhang hidden relegated, "Xun Yu Chuan" said the note was written by Zhang Heng, "Wang Can," Note said Zhang stallion relegated, wait for verification)
"The article Chi" (Zhi Yu essays) "article Syria recorded" (Xun Xu essays)
"Conn spectrum", "Jung _set_"
"Wang spectrum" "wanglang well-known."
"Wanglang _set_", "Wang Bi Biography" (Ho Shao essays)
Five paintings
"World language" = "Wei Jinshi language" (Guo awarded essays)
"Four Books potential" (Wei Heng essays)
Six paintings
"Jiang table Biography" (Yu Pu essays) "cross wide mind" (Wang Yin essays)
"Cross wide two states Spring" (Wang Fanzhuan) "sages lines like"
"Ru'nan sages Biography" "Ren Gu Biography"
"Column book" "column exclusive Biography"
"Casuistry to note" (Zhi Yu essays) "Hundred Shangguan"
"Baiguan name"
Seven paintings
"Wu Shu" (Wei Yao essays Note: Yao whose real name is Zhao Wei, Jin Dynasty historian Sima Zhao taboo avoid change)
"Wu Li" (Hu Chong essays), "Wu Lu" (Zhang Bozhuan)
"Wu Ji" (ring a essays) "to Wu Biography"
"Preface Biography" (Phrase essays), "Nguyen Thi spectrum"
"Chi Lin" (Yu Xizhuan) "Duchenne book"
Eight paintings
"Xinxian Ying Chuan" (Jaap Cham essays) "Code slightly" (fish rear essays)
"Bing original Biography", "hall of" (Yong essays)
"Bao Pu" (Ge Hongzhuan) "King of the East A debate on the Road"
Nine paintings
"Han" (Xie Chengzhuan) "heroic mind"
"Yanzhou mind" (note: that is, "the island of Kyushu in mind," which one)
"Custom Link" (Ying Shao essays), "Hu spectrum"
"Yao letter _set_"
Ten paintings
"Jin Ji" (Gan Bao essays), "Book of Jin" (Wang Yin essays)
"Book of Jin" (Gan Bao essays), "Book of Jin" (Yu pre essays)
"Jin gentlemen praise" (Fu Cheong essays) "Jinyang Autumn" (Sun Shengzhuan)
"Jin Tai was Confidential Memorandum" "King Hui Confidential Memorandum" (Lu essays)
"Yizhou Qijiu Biography" "Yi Department Qijiu Biography" (Chen Shouzhuan)
"Yi Department Qijiu Diary" (. Chen Shouzhuan Note: This book should be in Appendix "Qijiu Biography" of)
"Gaoguixianggong _set_", "Goldsmith Biography" (Mi essays)
"Paragons Biography" (Mi essays) "Xun's well-known"
"Xun Biography" "Yuan Century"
"Sun spectrum", "Sun owned Biography"
"Hui-Biography" "Ma Xu" (Fu Xuanzhuan)
"Book forest" (should Qu essays) "fairy Biography" (Ge Hongzhuan)
Eleven paintings
"Liu Qijiu Biography" "Chen spectrum"
"Cao hiding Biography" (Wu who relegated) "Tso _set_"
"Cao Zhi Biography" "Yu's spectrum"
"Kuok spectrum", "Cui spectrum"
"Lu Shi Song," "Luks ancestral portraits."
"Lu Xun Ming" (Lu essays) "Enlightenment Note" (Gu Kai essays)
"Pass phrase" (Yin-based essays) "similarities and differences miscellaneous language" (Sun Shengzhuan)
"Similarities and Differences assessment" (Sun Shengzhuan) "foreign body"
"Different forest" (Lu Mouzhuan)
Twelve paintings
"Huayang" (Chang Qu essays), "Hua Biography"
"Natural History" (Zhang Huazhuan) "natural mind"
"Ji's spectrum", "Ji Kang Biography"
"Ji Kang _set_", "Xiao-Biography"
"Fei Yi Biography" "Fuzi" (Fu Xuanzhuan)
"Fu Xian _set_", "Chao _set_"
"Recluse Biography" (Mi essays) "Immortals" (Gan Bao essays)
Thirteen paintings
"Shu Ji" (Wang Yin essays), "Shu Ji"
"Shu Shi spectrum" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Chu sages Biography"
"Lingling sages Biography" "Hueiji Code of record"
"Hueiji Shaw well-known," "Yu Fan Biography"
"Yangdu Fu Note" (Yu illustrates essays) "000-theory" (Jiang Jizhuan)
Fourteen paintings
"Han Dynasty" (Zhang Fan essays), "Han Ji" (Yuan Hongzhuan)
"Han" (Hua Qiao essays), "Han Wei Chunqiu" (Kong Yanzhuan)
"Han Jin Chunqiu" (Xi Zao Bi essays) "Scholarly Biography"
"Tube chariot Biography" "Zhao Biography"
"Pei home discipline" (Fu Cheong essays)
Fifteen paintings
"Xuan Biography" "Penny Biography"
"Pan Biography" "Pan _Set_"
"Liu spectrum", "Liu yi Biography"
Sixteen paintings
"Jizhou mind" (note: that is, "the island of Kyushu in mind," which one)
"Strategy" (Phrase essays), "Lu Chen Biography"
"Zhuge spectrum" "wise _set_" (Shou times given)
"Zhuge Biography" "Machine cloud Biography"
"Memorization" (Zhang Yan essays) "praise reward order"
Seventeen paintings
"Xiangyang mind" (Xi Zao Bi essays), "Chung will maternal"
Eighteen paintings
"Wei" (Wang Shen essays) "Wei slightly" (fish rear essays)
"Wei Ji" (Yin Dan essays), "Westergren Spring" (Sun Shengzhuan)
"Wei Chuan end" "Wei Wu Story"
"Wei Ming Chen played" "Wei Shi Ji" (Sun Shengzhuan)
"Wei Shi spectrum", "Wei Dufu"
"Diary" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Rites"
Nineteen paintings
"Lu Jiang Heshi well-known."
Twenty paintings
"Emperor Xian Biography" "Emperor Xian Ji"
"Emperor Xian Spring" (Yuan Wei essays) "Emperor Xian Confidential Memorandum"
"Spectrum Syria" (China Qiao essays)
Twenty-one painting
"Han continued," (Phrase essays), "Gu Tan Chuan"
Twenty-four painting
"Emperor Ling Ji" (Liu Aizhuan)
On the cit one hundred fifty-six kinds, that does not include a reference to ancient commentators.
Appendix
A man with a book essays or more
Xun Chuo: "Kyushu mind" ("Yanzhou mind" "Jizhou mind", etc.)
Fish Huan: "Code of Strategy," "Wei slightly"
Xi Zao Bi: "Han Jin Chunqiu" "Xiangyang mind"
Fu Chang: "Jin gentlemen like" "Ji Pei home"
Fu Xuan: "Ma order" "Fuzi"
Hua Qiao: "Han" "spectrum Syria."
Zhi Yu: "The article Chi" "casuistry to note"
Ge Hong: "Bao Pu" "Supernatural Biography"
He Shao: "Wang Bi Biography" "Can Xun Biography"
Lu: "King Hui Confidential Memorandum" "Lu Xun Ming"
Wang Yin: "pay widely credited" "Book of Jin" "Shu Ji"
Mi: "Goldsmith Biography" "paragons Biography" "Recluse Biography"
Gan Bao: "Jin Ji", "Book of Jin" "Immortals"
Shou: "Yi Department Qijiu Biography" "Yi Department Qijiu Diary", "Zhuge Liang _set_"
Phrase: "Kyushu Spring", "sequence Biography", "strategy", "continued Han"
Sun Sheng: "Jinyang Autumn", "Similarities and Differences hybrid language", "Similarities and Differences Comment on" "Shu Shi spectrum", "Westergren Spring" "Wei Shi Ji" "Diary"
2 namesake writings
Zhang Fan, "Han Ji", Yuan Hong, "Han Ji"
Gan Bao "Book of Jin", Wang Yin, "Book of Jin", Yu pre-"Book of Jin"
Analysis and Evaluation
As "Han" while Fan Ye and Pei Song, by age theory, Pei Fan longer than two years old, died in Van Song Wen Yuan Jia 2022 (445), PEI dead more than six years after Van. Although the two men born in the same period, also collecting historical data, but they use different methods of historical data, the historical data series or tissue obtained Fan Ye Han, Pei Song Shou is used to inject the Three Kingdoms. Try to take Shou, Fan Ye two books contents relatively the same sixteen Biography, Fan Chen book ratio increased about twice the length of the book, those extra material, mostly the same and Annotations.
After Pei note appeared, attracted a lot of comments, which have both favorable and unfavorable. Liu Zhiji said: "less of Annotations" Three Kingdoms ", to wide Chengzuo left behind, and hi poly similarities and differences, without publication be, pleases its strike hard, take the long view of its books into the table Fan Wu Xian, since the ratio of bees. adopting both, but stand regardless of difficult real taste with Ping who carry. " Liu Zhi with several different Pei Song of praise from those who save the historical aspects of the multi-Pei note affirmed. Hou Kang said: "Chen Chengzuo" Three Kingdoms, "the Bank said Liang Shi Pei Note Youbo age support substantial." Ji Yun in "Sikuquanshuzongmu feed" in the Pei Song of the note "Three Kingdoms" evaluation: "Song Yuanjia, the Pei Song Shouzhao to Note, the note cited the books, miscellaneous, nowadays has also consolidated its roughly about six Italian side: one said the lead on various home to tell right from wrong; one reads the books of the said reference to nuclear blackmail different; One said pass. All things, details of its perverting; pass that no one reads things, make it Que Yi; One said pass all of the people, details of his life; Chuan said that no one person, which is often accompanied by similar addicted 奇爱博. , hurt quite unorganized. then snare Shigetomi, where today the membership Six old who does not pass, still eleven reflected cliff slightly. complete with the addition of both, unlike Li Tao Yuan "Waterways", Shan 's Notes "fragmentation of the text are cut scissors. therefore research house, drawing inexhaustible, phase citing those, more than anti-Yan Chen Shou book." This induction is accurate. But he said: "The meaning seems Yiyu early as Han Ying Shao's note, elegant exegesis, citing it's real ...... without actually prefer to give, and unfortunately that has become, do not want to _delete_ abandoned, or detailed or slightly so. with or without. "There is no evidence that these words, only those who believe that speech essays feeds speculation of Bale. On the evaluation of the past, historians Annotations, Mr. Yang Yixiang first cited "Pei Song" is detailed in an article, you can see.
Annotations for the evaluation of the above reflects the characteristics of the traditional historical criticism. Most commentators can not get rid of is the frame of mind and non, superior and inferior. From the perspective of history to look at the history of PEI injection, should be more concerned that the history books always comment on the matter exegetical names are from the perspective of focus, why Pei Song has to invent a new way of comment? Liu Zhiji said Pei Song "was short-force micro, not self up," Zhang Xuecheng said:. "Pei Song By light on Chen Shou, non-edge attached Ji, its power shortage since kept it," Liu Zhiji, Zhang Xuecheng though they are traditional historical criticism of you, but these analyzes was unstructured, with strong likes and dislikes colors. The so-called "not self up," "lack of self-existence" are from the end of commentators seek to explain the lack of intelligence.
Annotations explained without bias occurs because when the devaluation Chen Yinque. Chen believes Annotations are subject to the Buddhist scriptures, "co-book note" effect due. In his "Zhimin Du theory test," the article said: "Turkey scriptures translated both more often varies with the translation, so there codification 'fit the' purpose of comparison by Yan." "Big ring two hundred sixty monks Ten things "(the original note:" Three different co vols. ") says: said ring upon is saying: Monk and rallies, unaffected by the big ring! What a monk? Monks and Party, noted by no quit! Monks have anything in? A: To quit. Monk Dayan: Busa. Who has asked not to grant clean say! Morohito who, when to say when the net! Dayan: that the net. Chan explained: "Accordingly, we can see that the mother of the above book." Quit two hundred sixty monks big thing "in the body of its characters, its parent folder Note also the fine print, do not take the child also cover the meaning of the same text. different persons, the inclusion of small notes. and large print text each other with proposed. called the 'child from the mother,' what kind relative 'also. "in the" Reading "in Luoyang> book after" a text, he further play, said: "Pei Song of the Three Kingdoms", "people are learning to read, but neither know the book was co-injection of the body." Mr. Zhou Yiliang Chen said skeptical. In his "History of the Wei and Jin works a few questions," the article said: "Pei Song, Liu Hsiao-standard, Li Tao Yuan Note, mostly addendum Corrections, rather than the words out, often at great length, which is made up of thousands of same. The different translations straightforward situation is very different, "" I'm afraid the book may not be combined with Buddhist tradition note what the origin of it?. " Chen Yinque explanation is compiled from a technical point of view the history books to start, how to compile both easier to readers. In this regard, Mr. Zhou Yiliang question is powerful. "Addendum Corrections" is the essence of Annotations, which seems to have no relationship with the co-book note.
Chen is also no shortage of opinion on the proponents. Mr. Lu Yaodong to accept the advice note book together, and on this basis, then tried to explain the difference between Annotations generated by the study of history. His basic idea is that the traditional methods and annotations Annotations difference is that one is by injection, one history note. This is mainly due to the big money Zhao inspiration. Qian Zhao said: "Note History and Notes by different injection through to sensible for the case manager resides exegetical, exegetical Ming and Li from See note history to achieve the things the main things unknown, exegetical, although fine useless too ..." Lu Yaodong thereon said: "Therefore, it is reasonable and up note by note with the basic distinction between history 'of things' is a further description of the historical truth.." He added: "The moral principles explained by a note, up to investigate historical facts, After the process is the key to the history of fragmentary important transition. "is well known, Wei later, historians gradually from classics and independent. As a background to explain the evolution of history by injection is a good note, this article also hold the same view. However, only the generalities of theory as for this is not enough, because after Annotations occupy the mainstream of history or classics-style injection. We certainly can not say the confluence of history and classics and a.
Around the "Three Kingdoms" and Pei note, actually two questions, first, why the "Three Kingdoms" written so simple? Second, why else Pei Song as many citations to avoid the tedious history books?
A view, Chen saw the material is limited, so the "Three Kingdoms" written brief. This view has some truth, because many of the books in the Annotations write citations in Shou did not come out "Three Kingdoms" is. But this interpretation is also problematic, because after all, some books are Shou likely to see. Chen Shouzhuan write "Three Kingdoms" in the Western Jin Tai Dynasty (280 AD) after Wu Ping. It stated Mr. Yang Yixiang "Chinese Historiography data compiled in" Before this, specifically in mind the history of the Three Kingdoms history books as the king of Shen "Wei" Wei Zhao, "Wu Shu" fish rear, "Wei slightly," "Code slightly" has come out. In addition, Zhao Qi's "Sansuke never recorded," Hsieh Cheng's "Han", Wang Can, "the late Han Dynasty hero in mind," Phrase of "Kyushu Spring" and have long been completed. "Three Kingdoms" in the book's history without express, Mr. Yang Yixiang book compiled in Taikang six years (285 years) the next. Text language description: "The test," Three Kingdoms "Volume 48" Sun Hao Chuan "cloud" Hao families moved westward to Tai first year _set_ in March Jingyi five years, Hao died in Luoyang. 'This is the "Three Kingdoms" in the memo The latest one, then Shou forward to the book will be in five years, Sun Hao Tai's death, the series this year. "According to the same book, author of" imperial century "," Goldsmith Biography "Mi died too Kang three years (282). Possibility to see Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms" is Mi book also exist. These books are cited by the Annotations. According to the "Three Kingdoms name index" Appendix "Three Kingdoms Pei Note cit index," Pei note cited "Wei" one hundred and ninety, "Wei slightly" one hundred seventy-nine, "Dian slightly" forty-nine " Wu Shu "one hundred and nineteen," Sansuke never recorded "nine," Han "twelve," Hero mind "sixty-nine," Kyushu Spring "twenty-six," imperial century "one, "Goldsmith Biography" six. These materials should be able to see Chen Shou, but he did not in order to enrich the "Three Kingdoms", but added the Southern Song Pei completion of this work. "Three Kingdoms" Volume 21 "attached to Wu Wang Can Chuan Chuan" Letter to Wu Wen contained nearly two hundred words, and Pei Note details cited "Wei slightly" contained in the book, actually up to eight hundred words. Pei Song has explained, said:. "Said to prepare for his text" "Robinson pine to the pass was slightly _set_ Prince book, the United States resigned multi be _delete_d off, now it is learned to take" Wei slightly on Cao 魏屯田, according to Mr. Yang Yixiang Statistics "Wu Ji" and only "yes-year-old with a date only, Han Hao and other meetings, shixing Mita" ten words to describe. "Any Jun Biography" and used the word "hunger is a year-old drought, lack of military food, Habayashi prison YingChuan date only build Mita, Dynasty to steep for the typical agricultural Zhonglang. Few years, where the plot millet , granary are full of "forty word. The reference to the king of Shen Pei Song "Wei" records in the "Wu Ji", the complement of the one hundred and forty seven words. Seen in this light, for "Three Kingdoms" is not only seen in a brief amount of material from this angle Shou to be explained, you must also think of other ways.
Pei Song suspicion "Three Kingdoms" written brief, and this opinion is never seen him before. "Three Kingdoms" just come out, get a piece of praise sound. "Book of Jin" Volume 82 "Shou Chuan" said: "The person its good narrative, there are only good history of Jaap de Cham time with." Wei ", see Shou made, they bad been written and strike Zhang deep goodness, that Shou said: 'When the "Book of Jin" relative pay ear.' its too heavy so that "the biography also known as:.". Yuan Kang years, disease and death, when he was sixty-five okrug big CKS, lang Fan - KING wait Table said: '...... so the rule book Shi Yu 史陈寿 for "Three Kingdoms", speech and more admonish, one understands the pros and cons, benefits weathered, although the text if it is not with such brilliant, but the quality is too straight down the Collection of the willing. ". Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xi Zao Bi orthodox theory from the perspective of the book with Wei Chen Shou orthodox written objection, in order to adhere to the orthodox in his book Shu as the "Han Jin Chunqiu" in the. Orthodox issue is a political issue, from an academic point of view is still seen on the "Three Kingdoms" criticism. It seems simple in the eyes of Jin is not a problem, but to Southern Pei Song was regarded as its shortcomings. This suggests that we should change from the perspective of academic atmosphere of the times to think about this issue.
Later supplemented with research
In the Northern Song Dynasty ago, Wei, Shu and Wu book is a book of their own. "Old Tang Jing Ji Zhi" to "Wei" as the official history, in the final, "Shu Shu", "Wu Shu" into the series, the classification of a very unscientific, then it can prove three books, when is still independent of each other three. Northern Song Diaoban engraved books, three books together as a beginning. The earliest extant edition is the Northern Song Xianping six years (1003) edition of the Imperial College.
"Three Kingdoms" no tables and chi, many scholars make up essays since the Qing Dynasty, although the material is basically not the original book and PEI injection, but after classification parallelism, looks sober, about geography, table Officials Chi, is particularly useful. Such tables fill up the vast majority of income in the annals "Twenty-five Supplement" and "Han Three Kingdoms compensation table thirty kinds." Today _set_ out the "Three Kingdoms" Chi complement complement table below:
Wan Sitong: "Three Chronology."
Zhoujia You: "Three Annals table."
Xie Zhongying: "Three big table."
Shouchang: "Three big table correction."
Wan Sitong: "Three quarters of Kampo town chronology."
Wan Sitong: "Three kings of the world table."
Wan Sitong: "The phase Minister Wei chronology."
Wan Sitong: "Wei will phase Minister chronology."
Wan Sitong: "Wei Fang town chronology."
Wan Sitong: "Chinese Minister of the relative chronology."
Wan Sitong: "Wu will Boda Chen chronology."
He DH: "Three Kingdoms Excellencies Saisuke chronology."
Zhou Mingtai: "Three Kingdoms pedigree." According to the Southern Song Dynasty "Shi" attaching names spectrum, makeup does not appear in the book by Chen Shou people.
Taoyuan Zhen: "Three Kingdoms pedigree addendum attached Order."
Sun Hung Yee: "Three Officials table." Cao Weiguan system differs greatly from the Han, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties Official multiple origins here, so the table where the beginning of the building by key special book out. Official records in this table together with a table for each of the following before and after the official home of this officer's name, you can see the official examination compete and Migration.
Wu added only Yang Shoujing: "Three counties Schedule research." Wu revised Liangji "fill the Three Kingdoms territory," Three points out, according to the order of emperors, according to State and County as a table. Young correction.
Xie Zhongying: "Three Territory table." Column three counties were included in the final frontier, and note this in the late Qing Dynasty.
Liangji, Xie Zhongying: "fill the Three Kingdoms territory recharge." Hung essays, Xie's sidebar to the final frontier for the three broken. County bets on local towns and mountains and so it is real.
Xie Zhongying: "Three Kingdoms territory suspect."
Jin Zhaofeng: "school make up the Three Kingdoms territory."
Hou Kang: "fill three Treatise."
Yao Zhenzong: "Three Art and Literature."
Taoyuan Zhen: "Three SHIHUOZHI).
Qing Yang Chen series "Three will be" twenty-two, of sixteen. Culling is a reference to the body, low grid Annotations and other books written. Zhu Ming plate with future book compiled by the Southern Song, Qi, Liang and so will be the same, we can not provide a new historical materials, but can be used for classification of the index used.
About "Three Kingdoms" tool, the Harvard-Yenching Institute has attracted codified at the "Three Kingdoms and Pei Note comprehensive attracted" by a high Xiu-Fang Zhonghua, Yang Jian series "Three Kingdoms name index." The former is a comprehensive index, a broader usefulness. But editors at the _select_ed entry incorporated attracted, focusing not wide, only pay attention to learning to see the names, places, Guan Ming, etc., for some words, especially those with characteristics of the times and less common words, anti not included. Such as "three history", "human relationships", "flow", "Qianghu Valley", "Krupp Valley," Building Dreams, "" security officer "and thus can not use such words arranged attracted research. Again" China "" Plains "," steps "and other references listed in the following entries, some lacuna. attracted approximately compile premises attracted the other, and the history of this paragraph as" Shi attracted ", there is also a similar problem.
The most accessible modern edition of the Three Kingdoms, there are four: First, Baina Ben, according to Song Shaoxing, Shaoxi two kinds edition with a photocopy; Second, Qing Wu Ying edition, it was carved out north from the school (letterpress printing lithographs are, according to all of the Wu Ying The reprint); Third, this type of Nanking, according to Chen Feng Mengling school supervisor Mingnan India; Fourth, southern bookstore edition, according to Mao Ji Gu Ge school engraved. These four edition, in addition to Baina Ben photocopying, the other three in the heavy carved Shihai although inevitably adds some typos, but have been carefully collated and corrected many errors of the original. Our school point work, each with four Tongxing Ben exploration right, Zeshanercong.
Chronicles study "Three Kingdoms" and Pei note by many, especially people forced up to the Qing Dynasty. Since Gu, Ho Cheuk less than about twenty, can be based on mutual certificate before the text book and reference book which, for the Song, Yuan various versions bent along unchanged mistakes were made comments or annotations book eyebrow, or become specialized publications Kanbu. Republic of China, Lu Bute brings together scholars note Chronicles "Three Kingdoms" made by the body and Annotations, version collation and research, and my notes and note unified codification of the "Annals of the Three Kingdoms", a reference available to read "Three Kingdoms" is.
In addition to the various translations of _select_ed Note election, the complete translation Shou "Three Kingdoms" work has been carried out for nearly four decades. Collecting to a variety of "Three Kingdoms" in this note this translation Twelve species. There are Chinese, Korean, Japanese three languages. The first is China Taiwan Chinese scholar Rosaline WONG et al, "vernacular Three Kingdoms" (Taipei Luo Press, 1980, only translated the "Chen", notes), into the 1990s, the Chinese mainland scholars launched the following nine kinds of translations:
1, Su Yuan Lei editor of "Three Kingdoms note this modern translation" (Hunan Normal University Press, 1991, only translated the "Chen", annotated)
2, Tian Yuqing, Wu Shuping editor of "modern translation of the Three Kingdoms" (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1991, only translated the "Chen" no comment)
3, Danny Lau, M., "Modern Chinese version of the Three Kingdoms" (Red Flag Publishing House, 1992, only translated the "Chen" no comment)
4, columns and other Cao editor of "vernacular Three Kingdoms" (Central University for Nationalities Publishing House, 1994, translated "Chen" and a few "Annotations" no comment)
5, Dai Yi, editor of "full translation of the Three Kingdoms" (Guizhou People's Publishing House, 1994, only translated the "Chen" no comment)
6, Dujing Guo translated "text white control of the Three Kingdoms" (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1994, only translated the "Chen" no comment)
7, Beichen side note translation of "Three Kingdoms Translation" (Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1995, only translated the "Chen", annotated)
8, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Translation "vernacular Three Kingdoms" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1996, only translated the "Chen" no comment)
9, Xu Jialu editor of "full translation of Twenty-Four Histories" ("Three Kingdoms" Volume) (Chinese Dictionary Press, 2004, only translated the "Chen" no comment).
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【选集】二十四史 话说三国 |
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