正史 》 三国志 Three Kingdoms   》 吴书·孙破虏讨逆传      陈寿 Chen Shou 《三国志》是晋代陈寿编写的一部主要记载魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立时期的纪传体国别史，详细记载了从魏文帝黄初元年（２２０）到晋武帝太康元年（２８０）六十年的历史。《三国志》全书六十五卷，《魏书》三十卷，《蜀书》十五卷，《吴书》二十卷，共六十五卷。陈寿是晋朝朝臣，晋承魏而得天下，所以《三国志》尊魏为正统。《三国志》为曹操写了本纪，而《蜀书》和《吴书》则记刘备为《先主传》，记孙权称《吴主传》，均只有传，没有纪。 《三国志》位列中国古代二十四史，与《史记》（司马迁）、《汉书》（班固）、《后汉书》（范晔、司马彪）并称前四史。 《三国志》不仅是一部史学巨著，更是一部文学巨著。陈寿在尊重史实的基础上，以简练、优美的语言为我们绘制了一幅幅三国人物肖像图。人物塑造得非常生动。 作者介绍 陈寿（２３３－２９７），字承祚，西晋巴西安汉（今四川南充北）人。他少好学，就有志于史学事业，对于《尚书》《春秋》《史记》《汉书》等史书进行过深入的研究。师事同郡学者谯周，在蜀汉时任观阁令史。当时，宦官黄皓专权，大臣都曲意附从。陈寿因为不肯屈从黄皓，所以屡遭遣黜。入晋以后，历任著作郎、治书待御史等职。２８０年，西晋灭东吴，结束了分裂局面。陈寿当时四十八岁，开始撰写《三国志》。 陈寿写《三国志》以前，已出现一些有关魏、吴的史作，如王沈（？－２６６）的《魏书》，鱼豢的《魏略》，韦昭的《吴书》等。《三国志》中的《魏书》、《吴书》，主要取材于这些史书。蜀政权没有设置史官，无专人负责搜集材料，编写蜀史。《蜀书》的材料是由陈寿采集和编次的。 陈寿写书的时代靠近三国，可资利用的他人成果并不多，加上他是私人著述，没有条件获得大量的文献档案。阅读《三国志》时，就会发现陈寿有史料不足的困难，内容显得不够充实。陈寿没有编写志，了解三国时代的典章制度，只好借助于《晋书》。陈寿还著有《益部耆旧传》、《古国志》等书，整理编辑过《诸葛亮集》，可惜这些书后来都亡佚了。 《三国志》特点与质疑 《三国志》善于叙事，文笔简洁，剪裁得当，当时就受到赞许。与陈寿同时的夏侯湛写作《魏书》，看到《三国志》，认为没有另写新史的必要，就毁弃了自己的著作。后人更是推崇备至，认为在记载三国历史的史书中，独有陈书可以同《史记》、《汉书》相媲美。因此，其他各家的三国史相继泯灭无闻，只有《三国志》一直流传到现在。南朝人刘勰在《文心雕龙·史传》篇中讲：“魏代三雄，记传互出，《阳秋》、《魏略》之属，《江表》、《吴录》之类，或激抗难征，或疏阔寡要。唯陈寿《三志》，文质辨洽，荀（勖）、张（华）比之(司马)迁、(班)固，非妄誉也。”这就是说，那些同类史书不是立论偏激，根据不足；就是文笔疏阔，不得要领。只有陈寿的作品达到了内容与文字表述的统一。 陈寿毕竟是晋臣，晋是承魏而有天下的。所以，《三国志》便尊曹魏为正统。在《魏书》中为曹操写了本纪，而《蜀书》和《吴书》则只有传，没有纪。记刘备则为《先主传》，记孙权则称《吴主传》。这是编史书为政治服务的一个例子，也是《三国志》的一个特点。 陈寿虽然名义上尊魏为正统，实际上却是以魏、蜀、吴三国各自成书，如实地记录了三国鼎立的局势，表明了它们各自为政，互不统属，地位是相同的。就记事的方法来说，《先主传》和《吴主传》，也都是年经事纬，与本纪完全相同，只是不称纪而已。陈寿这样处理，是附合当时实际情况的，这足见他的卓识和创见。《三国志》总起来说记事比较简略，这可能与史料的多少有关。陈寿是三国时人，蜀国灭亡时三十一岁。他所修的《三国志》在当时属于现代史，很多事是他亲身经历、耳闻目见的，比较真切，按说是有条件搜集史料的。但因为时代近，有许多史料还没有披露出来；同时，因为恩怨还没有消除，褒贬很难公允，也给材料的选用和修史带来了一定的困难。 从魏、蜀、吴三书比较来看，《蜀书》仅得十五卷，较魏、吴两书更简。这大概是魏、吴两国的史料多于蜀的原故。陈寿写《三国志》时，魏国已有王沈的《魏书》，吴国也有韦昭的《吴书》可作参考，这给陈寿搜集史料提供了极大方便。而蜀汉既没有史官，也没有现成的史书可借鉴，搜集史料就非常困难。陈寿费了很大气力，连一些零篇残文也注意搜寻，《蜀书》才仅得十五卷之数。《蜀书》中的许多重要人物的事迹，记载都十分简略，可见蜀汉的史料是相当缺乏的。另外，因为政治上的原因，陈寿也可能舍弃了一些材料，如牵涉到司马懿的一些不光彩的事，不便写，只好舍弃了。 《三国志》取材精审。裴松之《三国志注》记汉魏交替之际的表奏册诏有２０篇之多，陈寿在《三国志·文帝纪》中，只用一篇１７３字的册命就把这件大事写出来。对孙策之死，舍弃《搜神记》等书上的妄诞传说，只记孙策为许贡的刺客所击杀。这些都反映了他对史实认真考订，慎重选择的态度。 《三国志》行文简明、干净。它常用简洁的笔墨，写出传神的人物。《先主传》记曹操与刘备论英雄，当曹操说出：“今天下英雄，唯使君与操耳。本初之徒不足数也”之时，“先主方食，失匕箸”的记载，使刘备韬晦的心情，跃然纸上。 《周瑜鲁肃吕蒙传》记载的曹操听到刘备占据了荆州之时，“方作书，落笔于地”的情态，生动烘托出刘备在曹操心目中和当时局势中的地位。书中写名士的风雅、谋士的方略、武将的威猛，大多着墨不多，却栩栩如生。 陈寿在书中表现出品题人物的兴趣。他说刘备是英雄，曹操是人杰，孙策、孙权是英杰，诸葛亮、周瑜、鲁肃是奇才，庞统是高俊，程昱、郭嘉、董昭是奇士，董和、刘巴是令士，和洽、常林是美士，徐邈、胡质是彦士，王粲、秦宓是才士，关羽、张飞、程普，黄盖是虎臣，陈震、董允、薛综是良臣，张辽、乐进是良将，这都反映了当时的时代风气。 陈寿所著的《三国志》，与前三史一样，也是私人修史。他死后，尚书郎范頵上表说：“陈寿作《三国志》，辞多劝诫，朋乎得失，有益风化，虽文艳不若相如，而质直过之，愿垂采录。”由此可见，《三国志》书成之后，就受到了当时人们的好评。陈寿叙事简略，三书很少重复，记事翔实。在材料的取舍上也十分严慎，为历代史学家所重视。史学界把《史记》《汉书》《后汉书》《三国志》合称前四史，视为纪传体史学名著。 陈寿还能在叙事中做到隐讳而不失实录，扬善而不隐蔽缺点。陈寿所处时代，各种政治关系复杂，历史与现实问题纠缠在一起，陈寿在用曲折方式反映历史真实方面下了很大功夫。《三国志》对汉魏关系有所隐讳，但措词微而不诬，并于别处透露出来一些真实情况。如建安元年（１９３）汉献帝迁都许昌，本是曹操企图挟天子以令诸侯之举。陈寿在这里不用明文写曹操的政治企图，这是隐讳。但写迁都而不称天子，却说董昭等劝太祖都许，这就是微词了。另外，他在《荀彧传》、《董昭传》和《周瑜鲁肃吕蒙传·评》中都揭露了当时的真实情况。陈寿对蜀汉虽怀故国之情，却不隐讳刘备、诸葛亮的过失，记下了刘备以私怨杀张裕和诸葛亮错用马谡等事。这也是良史之才的一个表现。 但是，唐朝房玄龄等奉诏撰写的《晋书·陈寿传》，在承认陈寿“善叙事，有良史之才”的同时，又认为陈寿因为私仇而在书中有所表现。说“丁仪、丁廙有盛名于魏，寿谓其子曰：可觅千斛米见与，当为尊公作佳传。丁不与之，竟不为立传。寿父为马谡参军，谡为诸葛亮所诛，寿父亦坐被髡，诸葛瞻又轻寿。寿为亮立传，谓亮将略非长，无应敌之才；言瞻惟工书，名过其实。议者以此少之。” 《晋书·陈寿传》关于陈寿索米的这条史料，只有少数几位史学家如北周的柳虬、唐朝的刘知几等相信，而多数的史学家则认为这条史料不合事实，是假的。清朝的潘眉在《三国志考证》中指出：“丁仪、丁廙，官不过右刺奸掾及黄门侍郎，外无摧锋接刃之功，内无升堂庙胜之效，党于陈思王，冀摇冢嗣，启衅骨肉，事既不成，刑戮随之，斯实魏朝罪人，不得立传明矣。《晋书》谓索米不得不为立传，此最无识之言。”赵翼在《廿二史札记》中也指出：《晋书》谓“寿父为马谡参军，谡为诸葛亮所诛，寿父被髡，故寿为《亮传》，谓将略非所长。此真无识之论也。亮之不可及处，原不必以用兵见长。观寿校订《诸葛集》，表言亮科教严明，赏罚必信，无恶不惩，无善不显，至于吏不容奸，人怀自励。至今梁、益之民，虽《甘棠》之咏召公，郑人之歌子产，无以过也。又《亮传》后评曰：亮之为治也，开诚心，布公道，善无微而不赏，恶无纤而不贬。终于邦域之内，咸畏而爱之，刑政虽峻而无恶怨者，以其用心平而劝戒明也。其颂孔明可谓独见其大矣。”由此可见，《晋书》贬陈寿之说，实为不实之词，不可尽信。 《四库全书总目提要·三国志》说过一些公道话：“以理而论，（陈）寿之谬万万无词；以势而论，则凿齿帝汉顺而易，寿欲帝汉逆而难。盖凿齿时晋已南渡，其事有类乎蜀，为偏安者争正统，此孚于当代之论者也；寿则身为晋武之臣，而晋武承魏之统，伪魏是伪晋矣。其能行于当代哉！此犹宋太祖篡立近于魏而北汉、南唐亦近于蜀，故北宋诸儒皆有避而不伪魏;高宗以后，偏安江左近于蜀，而中原魏地全入于金，故南宋诸儒乃纷纷起而帝蜀。此皆当论其世，未可以一格绳也。”看来，从东晋习凿齿以来掀起的正统之争，无不具有现实的目的和为当代政权服务的用心，知人论世，知世论史是至关要紧的，没有永恒不变的正伪标的。 陈寿受后人批评的另一弊病是书中时有曲笔，多所回护。刘知几在《史通·直书篇》说“当宜、景开基之始，曹、马构纷之际，或列营渭曲，见屈武侯，或发仗云台，取伤成济，陈寿、王隐咸杜其口而无言。”批评陈寿和王隐在修史时对当权人物曹操、司马懿的丑事缄口无言，为之回护。在《三国志·魏书》中确实没有看到刘知几所论的内容，对此，清人赵翼在《廿二史札记》卷六中“三国志多回护”写到： 《春秋》书天王狩于河阳，不言晋侯所召，而以为天子巡狩，既已开掩护之法，然此物为尊者讳也。至于孩父之事，则大书以正之，如许止、赵盾之类，皆一字不肯假借，所以垂诚，义至严也。自陈寿作《魏本纪》多所回护，凡两朝革易之际，进爵封国，赐剑履，加九锡，以及禅位，有诏有策，竟成一定书法。以后宋、齐、梁、陈诸书悉奉为成式，直以为作史之法固应如是。然寿回护过甚之处，究有未安者。 赵翼在回顾自《春秋》以来即有回护现象的存在，认为陈寿在这方面做得不好。于是赵翼列举一些例证，如汉献帝逊位之后，魏封其为山阳公，到他死时，才追谥为献帝，陈寿隐去曹王篡汉封山阳公一节，在《魏纪》中只称汉献帝。同样常道乡公逊位，为陈留王，到死时才追谥为元帝，陈寿也为之讳隐掩饰。司马师废齐王曹芳，《魏略》是这样记载的：“（司马）师遣郭一芝入宫，太后方与帝对弈，芝奏日：‘大将军欲废陛下。’帝乃起去，太后不悦。芝曰：‘大将军意已定，太后但当顺旨。’太后曰：‘我欲见大将军。’芝曰：‘大将军何可见邪。’太后乃付以玺缓。”是齐王之废，全出于司马师之主意，太后全然不知。陈寿《魏书》“反载太后之命，极言齐王无道不孝，以见其当废，其诬齐王而党司马氏亦太甚关。”如此等等。 最为严重的曲笔是高贵乡公被弑之事，据《汉晋春秋》、《魏氏春秋》以及《世语》、《魏末传》所载是高贵乡公曹髦见司马昭跋扈专横，专权祸国，心不能甘，“发甲兵于凌云台，亲讨司马昭。司马昭令贾充拒之，时府兵尚不敢动，贾充即令成倅、成济曰：‘公蓄养汝等，正为今日。’成济乃抽戈犯帝，刃出于背而崩。”而陈寿《魏书》但书“高贵乡公卒，年二十”，绝不见被弑之迹。反载太后之命，言高贵乡公之当诛，欲以庶人礼葬之。并载昭奏，称“公卒兵向臣，臣即敕将士不得伤害，骑督成倅弟成济横人兵阵，伤公，遂至殒命，臣辄收济付廷尉，结正其罪。”……这样，赵翼感叹道：“本纪如此，又无列传散见其事，此尤曲笔之甚者矣，然此犹曰身仕于晋，不敢不为晋讳也。至曹魏则隔朝之事，何必亦为之讳。”赵翼的责难，尖锐深刻，例证还多，余如曹操征陶谦时滥杀无辜，记曹魏对蜀之战“专以讳败夸胜为得体”，最后，赵翼认为陈寿不仅牵涉到当权统治者的本纪多回护，而列传中也多所讳。这样的回护曲笔，不竟让赵翼困惑不解：“岂寿以作史之法必应如是，回护耶？抑寿所据各国之原史本已讳而不书，遂仍其旧，而不复订正耶？” 陈寿修史中的曲笔、回护的确存在，他显然是处在曹魏、西晋政权交替过程中的一种避祸方式，作为封建时代的史书，必然会对当权者有所回护，为尊者讳是无法超越的潜在规则。就是赵翼所肯定的秉笔直书的南史、董狐也是经不起推敲的。所谓“赵盾弑君”（《左传·宣公二年》）也是颠倒黑白，混淆是非的结论。他们立论的理由是赵盾“为正卿，亡不越境，返不计贼”，没有尽到臣子的责任。 赵翼也为陈寿的曲笔作了历史考辩，指出：“盖寿修书在晋时，故于魏、晋革易之处，不得不多所回护。而魏之承汉，与晋之承魏，一也。既欲为晋回护，不得不先为魏回护……，当然，也有可能是陈寿所参考的魏、晋资料原来就是这样记载，陈寿未作订正，也不敢妄加篡改的。为陈所处的特定历史环境，处于改朝换代之际修史者顾忌更多的实际背景，是可以理解的。 毋庸置疑，修史贵真实，不虚美，不隐恶应是史家必须恪守的准则，曲笔是不足为训的。应当看到，陈寿除了涉及魏晋易代的敏感问题与当权人物之外，其叙写仍属翔实可信的。不必讳言陈寿的曲笔，也不能因此而怀疑《三国志》的信史价值。钱大昕所说：“然吾所以重承祚者，又在乎叙事之可信。盖史臣载笔，事久则议论易公，世近见闻必确。三国介汉晋之间，首尾相涉，垂及百年，两史有违失者，往往赖此书正之……予性喜史学，马班而外，即推此书，以为过于范（晔）、欧阳（修）。”（《三国志辩疑序》） 《三国志》也有其不足之处，不可不注意。在叙事时，除了在某些人的纪和传中有矛盾之处外，其最大的缺点，就是对曹魏和司马氏多有回护、溢美之词，受到了历代史学家的批评。另外，全书只有纪和传，而无志和表，这是一大缺欠。《三国志》成书之后，由于叙事过于简要，到了南朝宋文帝时，著名史学家裴松之便为其作注，又增补了大量材料。 裴松之介绍 裴松之（３７２－４５１），字世期，南朝宋河东闻喜（今山西闻喜）人。裴松之士族官僚家庭出身，祖父裴昧官居光禄大夫，父裴圭曾任正员外郎。裴松之从小喜爱读书，８岁时已熟知《论语》《诗经》诸书。后博览典籍，学识日进。晋孝武帝太元十六年（３９１），裴松之任殿中将军，时年２０岁。晋安帝隆安二年（３９８），其舅父豫州刺史庾楷联合兖青二州刺史王恭等攻打建康。兵败，庾楷投奔夏口的桓玄。庾楷推荐裴松之担任新野太守。裴松之考虑风险过大，迟迟不肯动身。不久，军阀火并，庾楷死于桓玄之手。裴松之免去了一场杀身之祸。 义熙初，裴松之先后担任员外散骑侍郎，吴兴故鄣县县令等职，后升调回朝廷，改任尚书祠部郎。 义熙十二年（４１６），太尉刘裕（即宋武帝）率军北伐。裴松之时任司州主簿随军北行。刘裕十分赏识裴松之，赞他有“庙廊之才”，将他转任治中从事史。晋军占洛阳后，刘裕委任之为封国世子洗马。裴松之成为刘裕集团中的重要成员。 《三国志》裴松之注本 东晋时历仕零陵内史、国子博士等。入宋后任中书侍郎。宋文帝以陈寿所著《三国志》记事过简，命他为之作补注。他在《上三国志注表》中说，“臣前被诏，使采三国异同以注陈寿《三国志》。寿书铨叙可观，事多审正。诚游览之苑囿，近世之嘉史。然失在于略，时有所脱漏。臣奉旨寻详，务在周悉。上搜旧闻，傍摭遗逸。按三国虽历年不远，而事关汉、晋。首尾所涉，出入百载。注记纷错，每多舛互。其寿所不载，事宜存录者，则罔不毕取以补其阙。或同说一事而辞有乖杂，或出事本异，疑不能判，并皆抄内以备异闻。若乃纰缪显然，言不附理，则随违矫正以惩其妄。其时事当否及寿之小失，颇以愚意有所论辩。”所以裴注不仅解释地理名物等，更主要的在于补充原书记载的遗漏和纠正错误。同一事几家记述不同的，他都收录进来，以备参考。对于史事和人物，裴注有所评论；对于陈寿议论的不当，裴注也加以批评。裴注搜罗广博，引书首尾完整，不加剪裁割裂。为了注释《三国志》，他收集了三国时期的原始材料达一百五十多种，博引各家著作的原文，注文字数约超过原文的三倍。据沈家本统计，注中引书“经部廿二家，史部一百四十二家，子部廿三家，集部廿三家，凡二百十家。”由此许多《三国志》中失载的历史事实得以保存。裴注中也有运用传统注释方法的地方，《四库全书总目提要》说：“其初意似亦欲如应劭之注《汉书》，考究训诂，引证故实。……盖欲为之而未竟，又惜所已成，不欲删弃，故或详或略，或有或无，亦颇为例不纯。”侯康说：“至于笺注名物，训释文义，裴注间而有之而不详，盖非其宗旨所存。” 杨翼骧先生在《裴松之》一文中将这部分裴注归纳为字音、文义、校勘、名物、地理、典故若干类。他认为：“作注的目的主要是增广事实，而这一类的批注不过是附带的工作”。他注《三国志》的重点是补阙和纠谬。正如他在《上三国志注表》中所说：“寿所不载，事宜存录者，则罔不毕取以补其阙；或同说一事而辞有乖杂，或出事本异，疑不能判，并皆抄纳，以备异闻；若乃纰缪显然，言不附理，则随违矫正以惩其忘；其时事当否及寿之小失，颇以愚意有所论辩。”裴注的最大特点，就是广采博引，极大地丰富了原书的内容。特别是他所引用的原始材料今天大部分已经亡佚，幸而保留在裴注中，因而史料价值就非常珍贵。读《三国志》时，一定要把裴松之的注文当作正文来读。 裴注为史书注释开辟了新的广阔道路。 针对当时史书“疏略寡要”、“时有脱漏”的问题，裴氏将补阙列为第一项，主要补记重要事件与人物。如曹操推行屯田一事，陈寿仅在《武帝纪》和《任峻传》中用５０几个字略作记载，仅仅说明了“军国之饶，起于枣祗而成于峻”。而曹操在这一重大决策上有何认识与领导，推行中有何艰辛，推行后有何成效，陈寿则未作评叙。裴注以１８０字的篇幅阐明了以上问题，将屯田一事作为曹魏定国的重大国策看待，在掌握史事要领这一层面上，裴氏显然高一筹。又如诸葛亮七擒孟获一事，反映了蜀汉以“攻心为上”的和戎政策，又是进行北伐前安定后方的重要措施，陈寿一笔带过，而斐氏补充２００多字，其识见亦在陈寿之上。王弼开魏晋玄学之先声，陈寿仅以２３字记之。裴氏引何邵《王弼传》补其生平与学说，引孙盛《魏氏春秋》反映时人的评断，引《博物志》介绍家世，为我国思想史的研究，提供了重要史料依据。马钧其人其事，在《方技传》中了无涉及。裴氏以１２００多字补充其生平与重大发明创造，有关指南车、翻车、连弩、发石车以及织绫机的记载，反映了当时的科技生产水平，填补了科技史研究的空白。与重大事件与人物有关的重要文献亦是补阙的内容，如曹操的《明志令》、《举贤无拘品行令》、曹丕的《与吴质书》，李密的《陈情表》等，亦由裴注得以传世。 所谓备异与惩妄，是针对同说一事，而各书记载却“辞有乖杂，或出事本异，疑不能判”之情况而言的。“并皆抄内、以备异闻”为备异，依本志或引证它书做“随违矫正”工作，为惩妄。二者往往难以截然分开。如刘备三顾茅一事，《诸葛亮传》所记情节已人所共知，但魏人鱼豢《魏略》和西晋司马彪《九州春秋》所记则不同，认为是诸葛亮先拜访刘备。裴氏将两书记载均抄录于注中，可为备异；又对其说加以辨析，引《出师表》所说“先帝不以臣卑鄙，猬自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事”一段，说明“非亮先诣备”这一结论，可谓惩妄。这种备异，惩妄，往往以寿书作为对比对象，再扩及到对其他史书的品评和总结。如在《魏书·文昭甄皇后传注》中，录有王沉《魏书》褒美甄后的记载，与寿书截然不同。裴氏依据《春秋》之义，认定《魏书》“崇饰虚文”，并说“推此而言，其称卞、甄诸后言行之善，皆难以实论”，从而断定“陈氏删落，良有以也”。 对陈寿失误而他书正确处，亦作明确判断。如《吴书·楼玄传注》引虞博《江表传》所载楼玄自杀事，裴氏径直判断为“《江表传》所言，于理为长”。《吴书·诸葛恪传注》引胡冲《吴历》所载，裴氏判断为“《吴历》为长”。这种评断，在论辨一条中有更多体现。论辨包括评史事与评史书两个方面，评史事者随处可见，是史家主体认识的直接表达，因与本论题关系不大，故略而不论，评论史书，则有总结同期史著优劣的史学批评的意义，是本文讨论的内容之一。裴氏对《三国志》一书的评论，既有在上表中的全面评价，又有散见于各注中的肯定或批评，是较为全面的；对同期其他史书，则多取零金碎玉式的评点，概括来看，这些评论大致可分为体例安排、叙事描写两个方面。 中国史书体例自《春秋》《史记》后，编年体、纪传体两体渐趋成熟，尽管仍存在二体优劣的争论，但其体式已较固定。裴氏较关注的是对现有体例，尤其是做为正史的纪传体的规范化问题。纪传体以人物传记为主，专传、合传较好掌握，而类传如何划分，则颇不一致。裴氏主张取“事类相从”的原则，他说：“臣松之以为列传之体，以事类相从。张子房青云之士，诚非陈平之伦。然汉之谋臣，良、平而已。若不共列，则余无所附，故前史合之，盖其宜也。”肯定了司马迁首创“事类相从”的合理性，然后批评陈寿将非为一类的人放在一传中，有失体例。如贾诩之俦，实属“算无遗略、经权达变”的奇士，应放在善作筹划的程昱、郭嘉等人的类传中，但却放在了德智两全有王佐之风的二荀（荀彧、荀攸）之列，裴氏以之“失其类”，“其犹夜光之与蒸烛乎？其照虽均，质则异焉”，本质的异同，应是区分类传的第一要义。其次，行事相类亦为重要原则。如鱼豢《魏略·勇侠传》不计人物生年而按人物行事将汉末孙宾硕四人编入魏，是依据“其人接魏，事义相类”的原则处理的。对此，如果说鱼豢还仅处于一种自发状态的话，那么，裴氏提出“事义相类”的原则，便已成为一种自觉的认识了。由实践升华为理论，再指实践，正是裴注史学意义在编纂学上的体现。 在叙事描写上，强调通顺合理，反对“语之不通”。注意容貌状写，如对荀彧之外貌，以陈寿不称述为遗憾，特引《典略》、《平原祢稀传》补充之，既反映了魏晋著文讲究人物容止风藻的时代特色，又符合了中国史学讲究形象描写的特色，还体现了裴氏对历史文学的审美要求，即生动形象的描写可使史著更具魅力。 晁公武首先涉及裴注的字数：“（裴注）博采群说，分入书中，其多过本书数倍。”（《郡斋读书志》卷二）在清代武英殿刻本《三国志》中，李龙官等在校刊识语中更为具体地指出“裴松之注更三倍于正文”。２０世纪７０年代初，黄大受据台北艺文印书馆影印的殿本统计，陈寿本书为３５０８３３字，裴注为３２２６４３字（《三国志及裴注字数统计表》，载《三国志选注》，台北中正书局，１９７２年版卷首。转引自吴金华《三国志丛考》，上海古籍出版社，２０００年，第１９５页）。王廷洽根据中华书局陈乃乾校点本统计出《三国志》为３６６６５７字，裴注为３２０７９９字（《略谈〈三国志〉与裴注的数量问题》，《古籍整理研究学刊》１９８５年第３期）。吴金华据百衲本统计，陈寿本书为３６８０３９字，裴注为３２２１７１字（《三国志校诂附编》，江苏古籍出版社，１９９０年）。崔曙庭根据金陵活字本统计，《三国志》为３６７３２７宇，裴注为３２０８０５字（《〈三国志〉本文确实多于裴注》，《华中师范大学学报》１９９０年第２期）。如果以上述统计最少的《三国志》与统计最多的裴注字数比较，《三国志》也比裴注多３８０１４字，即便裴注中尚有佚文或混入正文，也不可能达到数倍于本书的文字。张子侠则认为：“《三国志》的版本和流传的经过极为复杂，既有文字脱漏问题，也有注文混入正文的现象，因而正文与注文孰多孰少不能轻下结论。”（《〈三国志〉裴注研究三题》，《史学史研究》２０００年第２期）。 明以前人若王通、刘知几都讥其繁芜，叶适至认为“注之所载，皆寿书之弃余”（文献通考一九一）。清代学者虽然推崇裴注，但也有人指责他有的应注而不注，有的不应注而注，引书有改字等等（见赵翼陔余业考六、四库提要四五及卢文弨的批注）。其实这些都是小缺点，并不能因此掩没它的长处。裴注引用的魏、晋人著作多至二百十种，著录在隋书经籍志中的已经不到四分之三，唐、宋以后就十不存一了。而且裴注所引的材料，都首尾完整，尽管说它“繁芜”，说它“寿之弃余”，单就保存古代资料这一点说，也是值得重视的。 由于裴注引书具有较高的文献学价值，因此裴注引书数量和书目的考证成了裴注研究中的一个重要问题，也是分歧最大的问题。钱大昕统计裴注引书“凡百四十余种，其与史学无涉者不在数内”，所列书名１４４种（《廿二史考异》卷十五）。赵翼统计裴注引书“凡（百）五十余种”，所列书名１５１种，亦为史部类数目（《廿二史札记》卷六）。赵绍祖统计裴注引书“凡一百八十余种”，另外，引诸经及诸子字书“又四十余种”（《读书偶记》卷六）。钱大昭以时代，地理，人物，官制，类书，文章，别集，家传，别传为类，统计裴注引书１６０余种（《三国志辨疑》）。沈家本将裴注引书“依《隋书　经籍志》之例分为四部：计经部廿家，史部一百四十二家，子部廿三家，集部廿三家，凡二百十家”（《三国志注引书目》）。王钟翰统计“裴氏注记所引诸书名，凡二百四五十种”，并按钱大昭的分类列书名２５６种（《三国志裴注考证》，载《中国文化研究汇刊》第五卷，１９４５年）。王祖彝除“诸家评论与裴氏自注，傅子，袁子，孙盛，习凿齿等论注以及引古书为诠释者不计”外，统计“裴注征引之书凡百五十六种”（《三国志人名录裴注引用书目》，商务印书馆，１９５６年）。马念祖统计裴注引书“二百零三种”（《水经注等八种古籍引用书目汇编》，中华书局，１９５９年）。杨翼骧统计“以裴氏所引书目全部而言，为二百一十余种；若除去关于诠释文字及评论方面的，则为一百五十余种”（《裴松之与〈三国志注〉》，《历史教学》１９６３年第２期）。高秀英，杨济安统计裴注引书２０３种（《三国志人名索引·裴注引书索引》，中华书局，１９８０年）。陈垣统计裴注“所引书在二百三十种以上”（《三国志注引书目》，载《中国古代史论丛》第七辑，福建人民出版社，１９８３年１０月，第３３１页）。王树民对赵翼的“裴松之三国志注”条裴注引书进行了部分考证（《廿二史札记校证》，中华书局，２００２年修订版）。周国林统计裴注引用书目为２２４种，其中“用于笺释名物训诂音义的先秦至东汉中期著作及其为之作注的和文字训诂方面的著作共四十余种，用于补阙备异惩妄论辩方面的汉末迄晋著作共一百八十余种”（《裴松之〈三国志注〉引书考》，载《中国历史文献研究（一）》，华中师范大学出版社，１９８６年）。高振铎统计“裴松之注《三国志》共引书二百三十六种”（《裴注〈三国志〉引书考订－－兼评〈廿二史札记校证〉》，《汉中师范学院学报》１９９３年第３期）。虞万里统计裴注引书“二百三十五种”（《〈三国志〉裴注引书新考》，《温州师院学报》１９９４年第４期）。伍野春统计裴注引书凡２２９种，“另有十则未注明出处”（《裴松之评传》，第２５０页）。张子侠统计“裴氏共引书二百二十七种”。高敏曾与人合作《〈三国志〉裴注引书考》一文，统计引书达二百四五十种（《〈三国志〉说略》，载《经史说略二十五史说略》，北京燕山出版社，２００２年，第８７页）。 《三国志》裴注引用书目 二画 　《九州岛春秋》（司马彪撰） 　《九州岛记》（荀绰撰。注：此书总名《九州岛记》，则分为《冀州记》、《兖州记》等各篇） 三画 　《三辅决录》（赵岐撰）《三朝录》 　《三国评》（徐众撰）《山阳公载记》（乐资撰） 　《山涛启事》 四画 　《太康三年地记》 　《文士传》 　（注：《曹休传》注中说是张隐所撰，《荀彧传》注中说是张衡所撰，《王粲传》注中说是张骘所撰，待考） 　《文章志》（挚虞撰） 《文章叙录》（荀勖撰） 　《孔氏谱》 《孔融集》 　《王氏谱》 《王朗家传》 　《王朗集》 《王弼传》（何劭撰） 五画 　《世语》＝《魏晋世语》（郭颁撰） 　《四体书势》（卫恒撰） 六画 　《江表传》（虞溥撰） 《交广记》（王隐撰） 　《交广二州春秋》（王范撰）《先贤行状》 　《汝南先贤传》 《任嘏别传》 　《列书》《列异传》 　《决疑要注》（挚虞撰）《百官志》 　《百官名》 七画 　《吴书》（韦曜撰。注：韦曜本名昭，晋朝史官避司马昭讳改） 　《吴历》（胡冲撰） 《吴录》（张勃撰） 　《吴纪》（环某撰） 《吴质别传》 　《序传》（司马彪撰）《阮氏谱》 　《志林》（虞喜撰）《杜氏新书》 八画 　《辛宪英传》（夏侯湛撰） 《典略》（鱼豢撰） 　《邴原别传》 《明堂论》（蔡邕撰） 　《抱朴子》（葛洪撰） 《东阿王辩道论》 九画 　《后汉书》（谢承撰） 《英雄记》 　《兖州记》（注：即《九州岛记》其中一篇） 　《风俗通》（应劭撰） 《胡氏谱》 　《姚信集》 十画 　《晋纪》（干宝撰） 《晋书》（王隐撰） 　《晋书》（干宝撰） 《晋书》（虞预撰） 　《晋诸公赞》（傅畅撰） 《晋阳秋》（孙盛撰） 　《晋泰始起居注》 《晋惠帝起居注》（陆机撰） 　《益州耆旧传》 《益部耆旧传》（陈寿撰） 　《益部耆旧杂记》（陈寿撰。注：此书应为《耆旧传》之附录） 　《高贵乡公集》 《高士传》（皇甫谧撰） 　《烈女传》（皇甫谧撰） 《荀氏家传》 　《荀彧别传》 《袁氏世纪》 　《孙氏谱》 《孙资别传》 　《孙惠别传》 《马先生序》（傅玄撰） 　《书林》（应璩撰）《神仙传》（葛洪撰） 十一画 　《陈留耆旧传》《陈氏谱》 　《曹瞒传》（吴人所撰） 《曹公集》 　《曹志别传》 《庾氏谱》 　《郭氏谱》 《崔氏谱》 　《陆氏世颂》 《陆氏祠堂像赞》 　《陆逊铭》（陆机撰） 《启蒙注》（顾恺之撰） 　《通语》（殷基撰） 《异同杂语》（孙盛撰） 　《异同评》（孙盛撰） 《异物志》 　《异林》（陆某撰） 十二画 　《华阳国志》（常璩撰）《华佗别传》 　《博物志》（张华撰） 《博物记》 　《嵇氏谱》《嵇康传》 　《嵇康集》《程晓别传》 　《费祎别传》《傅子》（傅玄撰） 　《傅咸集》《张超集》 　《逸士传》（皇甫谧撰）《搜神记》（干宝撰） 十三画 　《蜀记》（王隐撰） 《蜀本纪》 　《蜀世谱》（孙盛撰） 《楚国先贤传》 　《零陵先贤传》《会稽典录》 　《会稽邵氏家传》《虞翻别传》 　《杨都赋注》（庾阐撰）《万机论》（蒋济撰） 十四画 　《汉纪》（张璠撰）《汉纪》（袁宏撰） 　《汉书》（华峤撰）《汉魏春秋》（孔衍撰） 　《汉晋春秋》（习凿齿撰） 《汉末名士传》 　《管辂别传》《赵云别传》 　《裴氏家纪》（傅畅撰） 十五画 　《郑玄别传》《潘尼别传》 　《潘岳别传》《潘岳集》 　《刘氏谱》《刘廙别传》 十六画 　《冀州记》（注：即《九州岛记》其中一篇） 　《战略》（司马彪撰） 《卢谌别传》 　《诸葛氏谱》 《诸葛亮集》（陈寿次定） 　《诸葛恪别传》 《机云别传》 　《默记》（张俨撰） 《褒赏令》 十七画 　《襄阳记》（习凿齿撰）《锺会母传》 十八画 　《魏书》（王沈撰） 《魏略》（鱼豢撰） 　《魏纪》（殷澹撰） 《魏氏春秋》（孙盛撰） 　《魏末传》 《魏武故事》 　《魏名臣奏》 《魏世籍》（孙盛撰） 　《魏世谱》 《魏都赋》 　《杂记》（孙盛撰）《礼论》 十九画 　《庐江何氏家传》 二十画 　《献帝传》 《献帝记》 　《献帝春秋》（袁暐撰） 《献帝起居注》 　《谱叙》（华峤撰） 二十一画 　《续汉书》（司马彪撰） 《顾谭传》 二十四画 　《灵帝纪》（刘艾撰） 　上所引书一百五十六种，不包括引用古书以为注释者。 　附录 　１撰人着一书以上者 荀绰：《九州岛记》（《兖州记》《冀州记》等） 鱼豢：《典略》《魏略》 习凿齿：《汉晋春秋》《襄阳记》 傅畅：《晋诸公赞》《裴氏家纪》 傅玄：《马先生序》《傅子》 华峤：《汉书》《谱叙》 挚虞：《文章志》《决疑要注》 葛弘：《抱朴子》《神仙传》 何劭：《王弼传》《荀粲传》 陆机：《晋惠帝起居注》《陆逊铭》 王隐：《交广记》《晋书》《蜀记》 皇甫谧：《高士传》《烈女传》《逸士传》 干宝：《晋纪》《晋书》《搜神记》 陈寿：《益部耆旧传》《益部耆旧杂记》《诸葛亮集》 司马彪：《九州岛春秋》《序传》《战略》《续汉书》 孙盛：《晋阳秋》《异同杂语》《异同评》《蜀世谱》《魏氏春秋》《魏世籍》《杂记》 　２同名著述 张璠《汉纪》、袁宏《汉纪》 干宝《晋书》、王隐《晋书》、虞预《晋书》 分析与评价 作《后汉书》的范晔和裴松之同时，以年龄论，裴比范长二十岁，范死在宋文帝元嘉二二年（４４５），裴死更比范后六年。两人虽然生在同一时期，同样搜集史料，但他们运用史料的方法不同，范晔组织所得的史料编或后汉书，裴松之则用来注陈寿的三国志。试取陈寿、范晔两书中篇目相同的十六篇列传比较，范书比陈书篇幅增多约一倍，那些多出来的材料，大多是和裴注相同的。 裴注出现后，引来了许多评议，其中有褒有贬。刘知几说：“少期集注《三国志》，以广承祚所遗，而喜聚异同，不加刊定，恣其击难，坐长繁芜。观其书成表献，自比蜜蜂兼采，但甘苦不分，难以味同萍实者矣”。与刘知几不同，赞誉裴松之者多从保存史料方面对裴注给予肯定。侯康说：“陈承祚《三国志》世称良史，裴注尤博赡可观。” 纪昀在《四库全书总目提要》中对裴松之注《三国志》的评价:“宋元嘉中，裴松之受诏为注，所注杂引诸书，亦时下己意。综其大致约有六端：一曰引诸家之论，以辨是非；一曰参诸书之说，以核讹异；一曰传所有之事，详其委曲；一曰传所无之事，补其阙佚；一曰传所有之人，详其生平；一曰传所无之人，附以同类。其中往往嗜奇爱博，颇伤芜杂。然网罗繁富，凡六朝旧籍今所不传者，尚一一见其厓略。又多首尾完具，不似郦道元《水经注》、李善《文选注》皆翦裁割裂之文。故考证之家，取材不竭，转相引据者，反多於陈寿本书焉。”这个归纳是准确的。但又说：“其初意似亦欲如应劭之注汉书，考究训诂，引证故实。……欲为之而未竟，又惜所已成，不欲删弃，故或详或略，或有或无。”这话毫无证据，只能认为撰提要者的臆测之辞罢了。关于以往史家对裴注的评价，杨翼骧先生在前引《裴松之》一文中有详细介绍，可以参看。 以上对于裴注的评价反映了传统史学批评的特点。评论者大多不能摆脱是与非、优与劣的思维框架。从史学史的角度来看待裴注，更应关注的是，历来对史书的注释都是从名物训诂的角度着眼的，为什么裴松之却要发明出一种新的注释方式？刘知几说裴松之“才短力微，不能自达”， 章学诚也说：“裴松之依光于陈寿，非缘附骥，其力不足自存也。”刘知几、章学诚虽然都是传统史学批评的大家，但这些分析却有失水准，带有很强的好恶色彩。所谓“不能自达”、“不足自存”，都是要从注释家才智缺乏一端求得解释。 不带偏见阐释裴注出现原因的当首推陈寅恪先生。陈氏认为，裴注是受到佛教典籍“合本子注”的影响所致。他在《支愍度学说考》一文中说：“中土佛典译出既多，往往同本而异译，于是有编纂‘合本’以资对比者焉。”《比丘大戒二百六十事》（原注：“三部合异二卷。”）云：说戒者乃曰：僧和集会，未受大戒者出！僧何等作为？众僧和聚会，悉受无戒！于僧有何事？答：说戒。僧答言：布萨。不来者嘱授清净说！诸人者，当说当来之净！答言：说净。陈氏解释说：“据此，可知本子即母子。上列《比丘大戒二百六十事》中，其大字正文，母也。其夹注小字，子也。盖取别本之义同文异者，列入小注中。与大字正文互相配拟。即所谓‘以子从母’，‘事类相对’者也。” 在《读〈洛阳伽蓝记〉书后》一文中，他又进一步发挥说：“裴松之《三国志注》人所习读，但皆不知其为合本子注之体。” 周一良先生对陈说持怀疑态度。他在《魏晋南北朝史学著作的几个问题》一文中说：“裴松之、刘孝标、郦道元的注，多为补遗订误，而非字句出入，往往连篇累牍，达千百言。这与同本异译简单明了的情况有很大不同”，“恐怕未必与佛家合本子注传统有何渊源吧？”。陈寅恪先生的解释是从史书编撰的的技术性角度入手的，既怎样编撰更便于读者阅读。对此，周一良先生的质疑是有力的。“补遗订误”才是裴注的本质所在，这与合本子注似乎没有什么关系。 对陈氏观点也不乏赞成者。逯耀东先生就接受了合本子注的意见，并在此基础上，又试图通过经学与史学的区别来解释裴注的产生。他的基本思想是，传统注释方法与裴注的不同在于一是经注、一是史注。这主要是受到了钱大昭的启发。钱大昭说：“注史与注经不同，注经以明理为宗。理寓于训诂，训诂明而理自见。注史以达事为主，事不明，训诂虽精无益也。” 逯耀东就此说道：“因此，明理与达事是经注与史注的基本区分。‘达事’是更进一步叙述历史的真相。” 他又说：“由经注的义理阐释，转向历史事实的探讨，是经史分途过程中重要转变的关键。”众所周知，魏晋以后，史学逐渐脱离经学而独立。以此为背景来解释经注演变为史注是不错的，本文也持有同样的观点。但是，仅至于此的泛泛之论还是不够的，因为裴注以后占据主流地位的史注还是经学式的。我们当然不能因此说史学与经学又合流了。 围绕《三国志》及其裴注，实际上可以提出两个问题，第一，为什么《三国志》写得如此简略？第二，为什么裴松之要不避繁琐征引那样多的史籍？ 有一种意见认为，陈寿所见到的材料有限，所以《三国志》写得简略。这种意见有一定道理，因为裴注中所征引的许多书在陈寿写《三国志》时确实还没有问世。但这样解释也有问题，因为毕竟还有些书是陈寿有可能见到的。陈寿撰写《三国志》在西晋太康元年（公元280年）平吴之后。据杨翼骧先生《中国史学史资料编年》所列，在此之前，专记三国历史的史书如王沈《魏书》、韦昭《吴书》，鱼豢《魏略》、《典略》已经问世。此外，如赵岐的《三辅决录》、谢承的《后汉书》、王粲的《汉末英雄记》、司马彪的《九州春秋》等也早已完成。《三国志》的成书年代，史无明文，杨翼骧先生书编于太康六年（285年）下。案语说明道：“考《三国志》卷４８《孙皓传》云‘皓举家西迁，以太康元年三月集于京邑。五年，皓死于洛阳。’此为《三国志》中记事最晚之一条，则陈寿着成全书必在太康五年孙皓死后，故编于本年。”据同书，着有《帝王世纪》、《高士传》的皇甫谧卒于太康三年（２８２）。陈寿写《三国志》时见到皇甫谧书的可能性也是存在的。以上这些书裴注中都征引了。据《三国志人名索引》附录《三国志裴注引书索引》，裴注引用《魏书》一百九十条、《魏略》一百七十九条、《典略》四十九条、《吴书》一百一十九条、《三辅决录》九条、《后汉书》十二条、《英雄记》六十九条、 《九州春秋》二十六条、《帝王世纪》一条、《高士传》六条。这些材料陈寿应能见到，但他并没有以此来充实《三国志》，倒是南朝的裴松之完成了这个工作。《三国志》卷21《王粲传附吴质传》载文帝与吴质书，近二百字，而裴注详引《魏略》所载此书，竟多达八百余字。裴松之就此解释说：“臣松之以本传虽略载太子此书，美辞多被删落，今故悉取《魏略》所述以备其文。”关于曹魏屯田，据杨翼骧先生统计，《武帝纪》中仅用了“是岁用枣祗、韩浩等议，始兴屯田”十三个字来叙述。在《任峻传》中又用了“是时岁饥旱，军食不足，羽林监颍川枣祗建置屯田，太祖以峻为典农中郎将。数年中，所在积粟，仓廪皆满”四十一字。而裴松之在《武帝纪》中引用王沈《魏书》的记载，补充了一百四十七字。由此看来，对《三国志》的简略不能只从陈寿所见材料的多寡这个角度来加以解释，还必须另想办法。 裴松之嫌《三国志》写得简略，而这样的意见在他以前是未曾见过的。《三国志》刚问世时，获得了一片赞誉声。《晋书》卷８２《陈寿传》称：“时人称其善叙事，有良史之才。夏侯湛时着《魏书》，见寿所作，便坏己书而罢。张华深善之，谓寿曰：‘当以《晋书》相付耳。’其为时所重如此。”本传又称：“元康七年，病卒，时年六十五。梁州大中正、尚书郎范頵等上表曰：‘……故治书侍御史陈寿作《三国志》，辞多劝戒，明乎得失，有益风化，虽文艳不若相如，而质直过之。愿垂采录。”东晋时，习凿齿从正统论的角度对陈寿书以魏为正统的写法提出异议，在其所着《汉晋春秋》中坚持以以蜀汉为正统。正统问题是政治问题，从学术的角度仍然不见对《三国志》的批评。看来，简略在晋人眼里是不成问题的，只是到南朝裴松之才将其视之为缺点。这就提示我们应当从时代学术风气变化的角度来思考这个问题。 后人补充与考证 在北宋以前，魏、蜀、吴三书是各自成书的。《旧唐书·经籍志》以《魏书》为正史，归《蜀书》、《吴书》入编年，分类极不科学，然其可证三书，当是时仍是互相独立的三部。北宋雕板刻书，始合三书为一种。现存最早的刻本是北宋咸平六年（1003）的国子监刻本。 《三国志》没有表和志，清代以来不少学者补撰，虽然材料基本上不出原书和裴注，但经过分类排比，眉目清醒，有关地理、职官的表志，尤为有用。这类补表补志绝大多数收在《二十五史补编》和《后汉书三国志补表三十种》。今胪列有关《三国志》的补表补志于下： 万斯同：《三国大事年表》。 周嘉猷：《三国纪年表》。 谢钟英：《三国大事表》。 张守常：《三国大事表补正》。 万斯同：《三国汉季方镇年表》。 万斯同：《三国诸王世表》。 万斯同：《魏国将相大臣年表》。 万斯同：《魏将相大臣年表》。 万斯同：《魏方镇年表》。 万斯同：《汉将相大臣年表》。 万斯同：《吴将柏大臣年表》。 黄大华：《三国志三公宰辅年表》。 周明泰：《三国志世系表》。据南宋本《世说新语》所附人名谱，补录不见于陈寿书中者多人。 陶元珍：《三国志世系表补遗附订》。 洪饴孙：《三国职官表》。曹魏官制大异于汉，而两晋南北朝的职官多渊源于此，所以表中凡初建置者皆特著出。此表合职官志与表为一，每官下列前后居此官者姓名，可以考见官职高下和迁转。 吴增仅、杨守敬：《三国郡县表附考证》。吴氏订正洪亮吉《补三国疆域志》，三国分列，按诸帝次序，依州郡县列为表。杨氏补正。 谢钟英：《三国疆域表》。列三国最后疆域所包括郡县名，并注清末今地。 洪亮吉、谢钟英：《补三国疆域志补注》。洪氏撰，谢氏补注，以三国最后疆域为断。县下注城镇山川等及有关当地故实。 谢钟英：《三国疆域志疑》。 金兆丰：《校补三国疆域志》。 侯康：《补三国艺文志》。 姚振宗：《三国艺文志》。 陶元珍：《三国食货志）。 清代杨晨编《三国会要》二十二卷，分十六门。引用正史为正文，裴注等书低格写。此书与以后朱铭盘所编南朝宋、齐、梁等会要一样，都不能提供新史料，但可作分类的索引利用。 关于《三国志》的工具书，有哈佛燕京学社所出引得编纂处的《三国志及裴注综合引得》，中华书局所出高秀芳、杨济安编的《三国志人名索引》。前者是全面的索引，用处较广。但编者在选定条目编入引得时，着眼不宽，只注意习见的人名、地名、官名等，对于某些词语，尤其是具有时代特征而较少见的词语，反未收录。如“三史”、“人伦”、“人流”、“羌胡谷”、“虏谷、“楼梦”、“保官”等，因而不能利用引得排列此类词语进行研究。又如“中国”、“中州”、“部曲”等条目下所列出处，亦有脱漏。引得约纂处所出其他引得，与本段历史有关的如《世说新语引得》，亦存在类似问题。 现代最通行的三国志刻本有四种：一、百衲本，据宋绍兴、绍熙两种刻本配合影印；二、清武英殿刻本，据明北监本校刻（铅印石印各本都据武英殿本翻印）；三、金陵活字本，据明南监冯梦祯本校印；四、江南书局刻本，据毛氏汲古阁本校刻。这四种刻本，除百衲本影印外，其余三种虽然在重刻时还不免增加了一些错字，但都经过认真校勘，并改正了原本的不少错误。我们的校点工作，就用这四种通行本互相勘对，择善而从。 历代研究《三国志》及裴注者很多，其中尤以清代人用力最多。自顾炎武、何焯以下约二十余家，都能根据本书前后文互证，并参考它书，对于宋、元以来各种版本相沿未改的错误，分别提出意见，或批注书眉，或成为专门著作刊布。民国时，卢弼汇集历代学者对《三国志》正文和裴注所作的注释、版本校勘和考证，并将本人的注释和按语统一编纂为《三国志集解》，可供读《三国志》时参考。 除各种选注选译本外，完整翻译陈寿《三国志》的工作，已经进行了将近四十年的时间。搜罗到了各种《三国志》的今注今译本共有十二种。有中、韩、日三个语种。中文最早的是中国台湾学者王静芝等人的《白话三国志》（台北河洛出版社，１９８０年，仅翻译了“陈志”，有注释），进入20世纪九十年代后，中国大陆学者陆续推出了下面九种译本： １、苏渊雷主编《三国志今注今译》（湖南师范大学出版社，１９９１年，仅翻译了“陈志”，有注释） ２、田余庆、吴树平主编《三国志今译》（中州古籍出版社，１９９１年，仅翻译了“陈志”，没有注释） ３、刘国辉等译《三国志现代文版》（红旗出版社，１９９２年，仅翻译了“陈志”，没有注释） ４、曹文柱等主编《白话三国志》（中央民族学院出版社，１９９４年，翻译了“陈志”和少量“裴注”，没有注释） ５、戴逸主编《三国志全译》（贵州人民出版社，１９９４年，仅翻译了“陈志”，没有注释） ６、杜经国译《文白对照三国志》（中州古籍出版社，１９９４年，仅翻译了“陈志”，没有注释） ７、方北辰注译《三国志注译》（陕西人民出版社，１９９５年，仅翻译了“陈志”，有注释） ８、上海古籍出版社译《白话三国志》（上海古籍出版社，１９９６年，仅翻译了“陈志”， 没有注释） ９、许嘉璐主编《二十四史全译》（《三国志》分册）（汉语大词典出版社，２００４年，仅翻译了“陈志”， 没有注释）。 吴书·孙破虏讨逆传 吴书 孙坚字文台，吴郡富春人，盖孙武之后也。 少为县吏。年十七，与父共载船至钱唐，会海贼胡玉等从匏里上掠取贾人财物，方于岸上分之，行旅皆住，船不敢进。坚谓父曰："此贼可击，请讨之。"父日："非尔所图也。"坚行操刀上岸，以手东西指麾，若分部人兵以罗遮贼状。贼望见，以为官兵捕之，即委财物散走。坚追，斩得一级以还。父大惊。由是显闻，府召署假尉。会稽妖贼许昌起于句章，自称阳明皇帝，与其子韶扇动诸县，众以万数。坚以郡司马募召精勇，得千余人，与州郡合讨破之。是岁，嘉平元年也。刺史臧旻列上功状，诏书除坚监渎丞，数岁徙盱眙丞，又徙下邳丞。 中平元年，黄巾贼师张角起于魏郡。托有神灵，遣八使以善道教化天下，而潜相连结，自称黄天泰平。三月甲子，三十六（万）一旦俱发，天下响应，燔烧郡县，杀害长吏。汉遣车骑将军皇甫嵩、中郎将朱俊将兵讨击之。俊表请坚为佐军司马，乡里少年随在下邳者皆愿从。坚又募诸商旅及淮、泗精兵，合千许人，与俊并力奋击，所向无前。汝、颍贼困迫，走保宛城。坚身当一面，登城先入，众乃蚁附，遂大破之。俊具以状闻上，拜坚别部司马。 边章、韩遂作乱凉州，中郎将董卓拒讨无功。中平三年，遣司空张温行车骑将军，西讨章等。温表请坚与参军事，屯长安。温以诏书召卓，卓良久乃诣温。温责让卓，卓应对不顺。坚时在坐，前耳语谓温曰："卓不怖罪而鸱张大语，宜以召不时至，陈军法斩之。"温曰："卓素著威名于陇蜀之间，今日杀之，西行无依。"坚曰："明公亲率王兵，威震天下，何赖于卓？观卓所言，不假明公，轻上无礼，一罪也。章、遂跋扈经年，当以时进讨，而卓云未可，沮军疑众，二罪也。卓受任无功，应召稽留，而轩昂自高，三罪也。古之名将，仗钺临众，未有不断斩以示威者也。是以穰苴斩庄贾，魏绛戮杨干。今明公垂意于卓，不即加诛，亏损威刑。于是在矣。"温不忍发举，乃曰："君且还，卓将疑人。"坚因起出。章、遂闻大兵向至，党众离散，皆乞降。军还，议者以军未临敌，不断功赏。然闻坚数卓三罪，劝温斩之，无不叹息。拜坚议郎。时长沙贼区星自称将军，众万余人攻围城邑，乃以坚为长沙太守。到郡亲率将士，施设方略，旬月之间，克破星等。周朝、郭石亦帅徒众起于零、桂，与星相应。遂越境寻讨，三郡肃然。汉朝录前后功，封坚为乌程侯。 灵帝崩，卓擅朝政，横恣京城。诸州郡并兴义兵，欲以讨卓。坚亦举兵。荆州刺史王睿素遇坚无礼，坚过杀之。比至南阳，众数万人。南阳太守张咨闻军至，晏然自若。坚以牛酒礼咨，咨明日亦答诣坚。酒酣，长沙主簿入白坚："前移南阳，而道路不治，军资不具，请收主簿推问意故。"咨大惧欲去，兵陈四周不得出。有顷，主簿复入白坚："南阳太守稽停义兵，使贼不时讨，请收出案军法从事。"便牵咨于军门斩之。郡中震慄，无求不获。 前到鲁阳，与袁术相见。术表坚行破虏将军，领豫州刺史。遂治兵于鲁阳城。当进军讨卓，遣长史公仇称将兵从事还州督促军粮。施帐幔于城东门外，祖道送称，官属并会。卓遣步骑数万人逆坚，轻骑数十先到。坚方行酒谈笑，敕部曲整顿行陈，无得妄动。后骑渐益，坚徐罢坐，导引入城。乃谓左右曰："向坚所以不即起者，恐兵相蹈藉，诸君不得入耳。"卓兵见坚士众甚整，不敢攻城，乃引还。坚移屯梁东，大为卓军所攻，坚与数十骑溃围而出。坚常著赤罽帻，乃脱帻令亲近将祖茂著之。卓骑争逐茂，故坚从间道得免。茂困迫，下马，以帻冠冢闲烧柱，因伏草中。卓骑望见，围绕数重，定近觉是柱，乃去。坚复相收兵，合战于阳人，大破卓军，枭其都督华雄等。是时，或间坚于术，术怀疑，不运军粮。阳人去鲁阳百余里，坚夜驰见术，画地计校，曰："所以出身不顾，上为国家讨贼，下慰将军家门之私仇。坚与卓非有骨肉之怨也，而将军受谮润之言，还相嫌疑！"术踧踖，即调发军粮。坚还屯。卓惮坚猛壮，乃遣将军李傕等来求和亲。令坚列疏子弟任刺史、郡守者，许表用之。坚曰："卓逆天无道，荡覆王室。今不夷汝三族，悬示四海，则吾死不瞑目。岂将与乃和亲邪？"复进军大谷。拒雒九十里。卓寻徙都西入关，焚烧雒邑。坚乃前入至雒，修诸陵，平塞卓所发掘。讫，引军还，住鲁阳。 初平三年，术使坚征荆州，击刘表。表遣黄祖逆于樊、邓之间。坚击破之，追渡汉水，遂围襄阳，单马行岘山，为祖军士所射杀。兄子贲，帅将士众就术。术复表贲为豫州刺史。 坚四子：策、权、翊、匡。权既称尊号，谥坚曰武烈皇帝。 策字伯符。坚初兴义兵，策将母徙居舒。与周瑜相友，收合士大夫，江、淮间人咸向之。坚薨，还葬曲阿。已乃渡江居江都。 徐州牧陶谦深忌策。策舅吴景，时为丹杨太守，策乃载母徙曲阿，与吕范，孙河俱就景。因缘召募得数百人。兴平元年，从袁术。术甚奇之，以坚部曲还策。太傅马日磾杖节安集关东，在寿春以礼辟策，表拜怀义校尉，术大将乔蕤、张勋皆倾心敬焉。术常叹曰："使术有子如孙郎，死复何恨！"策骑士有罪，逃入术营，隐于内厩。策指使人就斩之，讫，诣术谢。术曰："兵人好叛，当共疾之，何为谢也？"由是军中益畏惮之。术初许策为九江太守，已而更用丹杨陈纪。后术欲攻徐州，从庐江太守陆康求米三万斛。康不与，术大怒。策昔曾诣康，康不见，使主簿接之。策常衔恨。术遣策攻康，谓曰："前错用陈纪，每恨本意不遂。今若得康，庐江真卿有也。"策攻康，拔之。术复用其故吏刘勋为太守，策益失望。先是，刘繇为扬州刺史，州旧治寿春。 寿春，术已据之，繇乃渡江治曲阿。时吴景尚在丹杨，策从兄贲又为丹扬都尉，繇至，皆迫逐之。景、贲退舍历阳。繇遣樊能、于麋东屯横江津，张英屯当利口，以距术。术自用故吏琅邪惠衢为扬州刺史，更以景为督军中郎将，与贲共将兵击英等，连年不克。策乃说术，乞助景等平定江东。术表策为折冲校尉，行殄寇将军，兵财千余，骑数十匹，宾客愿从者数百人。比至历阳，众五六千。策母先自曲阿徙于历阳，策又徙母阜陵，渡江转斗，所向皆破。莫敢当其锋，而军令整肃，百姓怀之。 策为人，美姿颜，好笑语，性阔达听受，善于用人。是以士民见者，莫不尽心，乐为致死。刘繇弃军遁逃，诸郡守皆捐城郭奔走。吴人严白虎等众各万余人，处处屯聚。吴景等欲先击破虎等，乃至会稽。策曰："虎等群盗，非有大志，此成禽耳。"遂引兵渡浙江，据会稽，屠东冶，乃攻破虎等。尽更置长吏，策自领会稽太守，复以吴景为丹杨太守，以孙贲为豫章太守，分豫章为庐陵郡，以贲弟辅为庐陵太守，丹扬朱治为吴郡太守。彭城张昭、广陵张纮、秦松、陈端等，为谋主。 时袁术僭号，策以书责而绝之。曹公表策为讨逆将军，封为吴侯。后术死，长史杨弘、大将张勋等将其众欲就策，庐江太守刘勋要击，悉虏之，收其珍宝以归。策闻之，伪与勋好盟。勋新得术众，时豫章上缭宗民万余家在江东。策劝勋攻取之。勋既行，策轻军晨夜袭拔庐江，勋众尽降，勋独与麾下数百人自归曹公。是时袁绍方强，而策并江东，曹公力未能逞，且欲抚之。乃以弟女配策小弟匡，又为子章取贲女，皆礼辟策弟权、翊，又命扬州刺史严象举权茂才。 建安五年，曹公与袁绍相拒于安渡，策阴欲袭许。迎汉帝，密治兵，部署诸将。未发，会为故吴郡太守许贡客所杀。先是，策杀贡，贡小子与客亡匿江边。策单骑出，卒与客遇，客击伤策。创甚，请张昭等谓曰："中国方乱，夫以吴、越之众，三江之固，足以观成败。公等善相吾弟！"呼权佩以印绶，谓曰："举江东之众，决机于两陈之间，与天下争衡，卿不如我。举贤任能，各尽其心，以保江东，我不如卿。"至夜卒，时年二十六。 权称尊号，追谥策曰长沙桓王，封子绍为吴侯，后改封上虞侯。绍卒，子奉嗣。孙皓时，讹言谓奉当立，诛死。 评曰：孙坚勇挚刚毅，孤微发迹，导温戮卓，山陵杜塞，有忠壮之烈。策英气杰济，猛锐冠世，览奇取异，志陵中夏。然皆轻佻果躁，陨身致败。且割据江东，策之基兆也。而权尊祟未至，子止侯爵，于义俭矣。 "Three Kingdoms" is written in the Jin Shou country a major record biographical history of Wei, Shu and Wu Sanguo Kingdoms period, documented from the beginning of the first year of Huang Wendi (220) to the first year of Emperor Wu Tai (280) six decades. "Three Kingdoms" book sixty five volumes, "Wei" thirty volumes, "Shu Shu" fifteen volumes, "Wu Shu" twenty volumes, a total of sixty five volumes. Shou is the Jin dynasty courtier, Jin Cheng Wei derived from the world, so "Three Kingdoms" respect Wei orthodox. "Three Kingdoms" Cao Cao wrote the discipline, and "Shu Shu" and "Wu Shu" Liu Bei is recorded as "First Lord", remember Sun Quan said, "Master Wu Chuan" are only pass, no discipline. "Three Kingdoms" Twenty-Four Histories ranked in ancient China, and the "Historical Records" (Sima Qian), "Han" (Ban), "Han" (Fan Ye, Phrase) before adding Sishi. "Three Kingdoms" is not only a historical masterpiece, it is a literary masterpiece. Shou basis of respecting historical facts, concise, beautiful language for us to draw a diagram depicting three portraits. Very vivid characterization. About the Author Chen Shou (233-297), the word Chengzuo and Jin Ba Xian Han (now Sichuan Nanchong North) people. He less studious, historians interested in the cause of it, for the "Book" "Spring," "Historical Records" "Han" and conducted in-depth study of the history books. Qiao Zhou Tong Jun scholar teacher thing, when he was in view of Shu Han Court Lingshi. At that time, the eunuch Huang Hao autocratic, ministers are from the song meaning attached. Shou Huang Hao refusal to succumb, so repeated removal dismiss. After Shanxi Province, served Zhuzuo Lang, rule books and other staff to be the censor. 280 years, the West Jinmie Dong Wu, ending a split situation. Shou was 48, started writing "Three Kingdoms." Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms" Previously, there have been some of the Wei, Wu made history, such as the king Shen (? -266) Of "Wei", fish rear of "Wei slightly," Wei Zhao, "Wu book" and so on. "Three Kingdoms" in the "Wei", "Wu Shu", mainly drawn from the history books. Sichuan historian regime is not _set_, no person responsible for collecting the material, write Shu history. "Shu Shu" materials are collected and compiled by the Shou times. Shou writing a book near the Three Kingdoms era, Keziliyong's achievements are not many others, coupled with his private writings, there are no conditions to get a lot of documents and archives. Read the "Three Kingdoms", they will find that there are historical Shou difficulty of insufficient content was not very substantial. Shou did not write blogs, to understand the laws and institutions of the Three Kingdoms era, had the help of "Book of Jin." Shou is also author of "beneficial Department Qijiu Biography", "ancient records" and other books, finishing edited "wise _set_" Unfortunately, these books were later the Lost it. "Three Kingdoms" and questioned Features "Three Kingdoms" good narrative writing is concise, cut properly, then it be applauded. Jaap Cham Chen Shou simultaneously with writing "Wei", see the "Three Kingdoms", that there is no need to write a new history of the other, they destroyed their own writings. Posterity is more highly regarded that in the history of the Three Kingdoms historical records, the exclusive Chen Shu can with the "Historical Records", "Han" comparable. Thus, the history of each of the other three countries have been devoid of obscurity, only the "Three Kingdoms" has been passed down to the present. Southern Liu Xie in "Wenxindiaolong History Biography" chapter stresses: "Dai-three male, remember pass each other out," Yang autumn "," Wei slightly "genus," Jiang, "and" Miss Lu "category , or difficult to levy anti-shock, or widowed to sparse wide. Wei Chen Shou "Three Kingdoms", the text quality contact resolution, Xun (Xu), Zhang (China) than the (Sima) moved, (classes) of solid, non-jump reputation . too, "that is, those that are not historical argument similar extreme, based on inadequate; writing is sparse wide, to no avail. Shou reached only works with text content expressed unity. After all, Chen Shou Jin Chen, Cheng Wei and Jin is there world. Therefore, the "Three Kingdoms" will respect Wei as orthodox. In "Wei" Cao Cao wrote in the discipline, and "Shu Shu" and "Wu Shu" only pass, no discipline. Kee Liu Bei was the "first primary Biography", remember Quan called "Master Wu Chuan." This is an example compiled the history books for politics, but also a feature of the "Three Kingdoms" is. Wei Chen Shou Although nominally respect for the Orthodox, in fact it is the Wei, Shu and Wu Sanguo each book, faithfully recorded the situation of the Three Kingdoms, demonstrated their own way, and do not of command, the status is the same. On the notebook's way of saying, "First Lord" and "Master Wu Chuan," things are also years of latitude, is identical with the discipline, but do not call it discipline. Shou this treatment is Annexed the prevailing circumstances, which shows his sagacity and ingenuity. "Three Kingdoms" Collectively relatively brief notes, which may be related to how much historical data. Shou is the Three Kingdoms who perished when the 31-year-old Shu. Repair his "Three Kingdoms" in modern history was part of a lot of things that he experienced, heard see for oneself, more real, supposedly conditional collect historical data. But since the era of the past, yet there are many historical disclose it; same time, because the scores have not been eliminated, difficult to appraise the fair, but also to the choice of materials and the History brought some difficulties. From the Wei, Shu and Wu book comparison, "Shu Shu" may only fifteen volumes, representing Wei, Wu two books and more simple. This is probably the Wei, Wu Shu between the two countries more than historical exigencies. Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms", the king of Shen Wei has "Wei", Wu Wei Zhao also "Wu book" for reference, which gives Shou collect historical data to provide a great convenience. And Shu neither historian nor can learn from the history books ready to collect historical data is very difficult. Shou took great efforts, even some zero residual paper also note chapter search, "Shu Shu" before the number was only 15 volumes. "Shu Shu" many important figures in deeds, records are very simple, visible Shu historical data is quite lacking. In addition, because of political reasons, Chen might give up some materials, such as Sima Yi involves some shameful thing, inconvenience wrote, had discarded. "Three Kingdoms" drawn fine trial. Pei Song of the Three Kingdoms "," turn of the Han, Wei Kee table books Chao has played as many as 20, Chen Shou in "Three Kingdoms Wen Ji", the only book with a 173-word commands to put this event to write about. On Sun Ce's death, the legendary exaggeration abandon the book "Immortals" and so on, just remember to Xu Gong Sun Ce's assassins kill. These facts are reflected his careful textual research, carefully chosen attitude. "Three Kingdoms" wording concise, clean. It is commonly used simple words, write vivid characters. "First Lord" Cao Cao and Liu Bei Hero remember, when Cao Cao say:. "Today heroic, only sympathizing with the beginning of the parade ear insufficient number of believers also" when "the first main party food, lost dagger chopsticks" records, so Liu Bei Tao dark mood, vivid and colorful. "Zhou Yu Lu Su Meng" records of Cao Cao, Liu Bei occupied hear when Jingzhou, "party for the book, put pen to paper on the ground," the modality, a vivid contrast of Cao Cao, Liu Bei in the minds of the status and situation at the time. The book written celebrities elegance, counselor of the strategy, the mighty generals, mostly scanty, but lifelike. Shou produced interest in the book title character's performance. He said Liu Bei is a hero, Cao Cao is odds, Sun Ce, Sun Quan is Aviva, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, Lu Su is a genius, Pang Tong is Gao, Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao is Sunkist, Dong and Liu Shi Ba is so, cordial, Chang Lin is beautiful with disabilities, Xumiao, quality is Yan Hu Shi, Wang Can, Qin Mi is the only person, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cheng Pu, Huang Gai is brave ministers, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, Xue consolidated is Yoshiomi , Zhang Liao, Yue Jin is a good will, which reflect the prevailing mood of the times. Chen Shou book "Three Kingdoms", and three history, just as private repair history. After his death, on the table - KING lang Fan said:. ", Speech and more dissuasive, friends almost gains and losses, weathering useful, though not with such brilliant if the text, but the quality is too straight, willing down the Collection," "Shou as" Three Kingdoms Thus, the "Three Kingdoms" after the book is finished, by the time people praise. Chen Shou brief narrative, three books rarely repeated notes informative. On the choice of materials is also very Yan Shen, is valued by ancient historians. Historians of the "Historical Records" "Han" "Han" "Three Kingdoms" collectively before Sishi deemed biographical history classics. Shou also be taboo in the narrative without losing memoir, promote good without hidden defects. Chen Shou of the times, a variety of complex political relations, history and reality intertwined, Chen Shou in the tortuous way reflect the historical truth with respect a great effort. "Three Kingdoms" of the Han, Wei somewhat taboo relationship, but not framed the wording slightly and elsewhere revealed some of the true situation. As first year of Jian (193) Han emperor moved the capital to Xuchang, Cao Cao attempt the Emperor to the princes of the move. Shou here without express written Cao Cao's political ambitions, which is taboo. But instead of writing known as the emperor moved the capital, said Dong Xu Chao, etc. are advised Dynasty, which is critical of it. In addition, his "Xun Yu Chuan", "Dong Zhao Chuan" and "Zhou Yu Lu Su Meng Chuan assessment" are revealed at the time of the real situation. Although Chen Shou Shu Wai homeland for love, not conceal Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang's fault, note to Siyuan Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang kill Changyu and other things wrong with Ma Su. It is also a good history of performance talents. However, Tang Feng Zhao wrote FangXuanLing such as "Book of Jin Chen Shou Chuan" in recognizing Shou "good narrative, there are only good history," the same time, because of personal enmity think Shou be seen in the book. Said, "Ding Yi, Ding Wei-yi had known in Shou claims that Confucius said: Gok may find thousands of meters to see and, when respect for the public to make good pass D is not associated, not here as a parent biography Shou Ma Su army. , Su is wise that punish, life is bald father also sat, Zhuge Zhan Ting Ting is bright and light biography, that light will be slightly non-long, no enemy should only;. looking statement except work book, Mingguoqishi seconder less of this. " "Book of Jin Chen Shou Chuan" on Shou Somy of this historical data, only a handful of historians such as Zhou Liu Qiu, Liu Zhi Tang few to believe that, while most historians think this substandard historical facts, is false. Pan Qing Mei in "Three Kingdoms research" pointed out: "Ding Yi, Ding-yi, the official auxiliary raped and stabbed but Huangmenshilang the right, without destroying the outer edge of the front access power, the effect is no shengtang Temple wins, the party in Wang Chen Si, Si Ji shake mound, instigated by flesh and blood, is neither a matter, the Death followed, Adams WeiChao real sinners shall carry out a biography. "Book of Jin" that Somy had to pass legislation, the most non- . know the words, "Zhao Yi in" 22 History Notes, "also pointed out:" Book of Jin "that" life father to join the army Ma Su, Zhuge Liang Su is the punish, life father was bald, so Shou "bright Biography", that will be slightly non-director This is also true no matter insight. lit and non-place, the original does not have to use military force known. outlook revision Shou "Zhuge _set_" strict science table made bright, reward and punishment will believe, no evil without punishment, no good is not significant, as officials can not be raped, who conceived and self-motivation. has beams benefit of the people, though, "Kom Tong Hall" Ode to call the public's Zheng who Utako production, no to over too. has "bright Biography" said the assessment : Bright is the rule also open sincerity, justice cloth, micro without reward good nor evil without lint finally banished the domain of the state, salty fear and love, although severe punishment without the evil government who complain to. flat and admonish their intentions clear also. their independence Chung Ming described as reflected in its big men. "Thus, the" Book of Jin "derogatory Shou said, in fact, untruths, can not believe everything. "Sikuquanshuzongmu Feed · Three Kingdoms" made some fair words: "Daniel is concerned, Samuel (Chan) Shou's absolutely no words; in terms of potential, the chisel tooth they pass along the Han emperor, Emperor Han Shou want When the cover is difficult to reverse and chisel tooth Jin has been crossed, being to have Leihu Shu, to compete for the breeding ground orthodoxy, this contemporary of Corfu commentators also;. Shou Wu Jin then as minister, and 晋武承 Wei's system, pseudo- Jin Wei is a pseudo-contemporary holy men can do this it still brought in close to usurp State and Northern Wei Han, also near the Southern Tang Shu, the Northern Song Dynasty Zhu Ru Wei Jie shy away from pseudo;.! Emperor later, Sung Jiang Sakon at Shu, Wei and the Central Plains into the ground at full gold, it has been one after another from the Southern Song Dynasty and Emperor Zhu Ru Shu. euphemistically as on their world, not be a 格绳 also. "It seems that since the Eastern Jin Xi Zao Bi off Orthodox dispute, all with realistic goals and intentions of contemporary political power service, Reflection of Life, Tomoyo on history is crucial matters, there is no eternal being pseudo targets. Another criticism of the shortcomings of Shou by posterity is the book when writing technique, more than back protection. Liu Zhiji the "General History Straight book chapter," said, "When appropriate, King open base beginning, Cao, Ma constitutive numerous occasion, Wei Qu camps or columns, see Qu Wuhou, or battle head hair, take hurt into the economy, Chen, Wang Yin Du its mouth and salty silent. "Shou and Wang implicit criticism in the repair history of the people in power, Cao Cao, Sima Yi scandal mollified silent, whom back protection. In "Three Kingdoms Wei" in Liu Zhi did not see the contents of several theory, which, Qing Zhao Yi in the "22 history notes," Juan Liu in "Three Kingdoms more back protection" wrote: "Spring" book hunting in hayang King, the church does not speak marquises, and that the emperor Hunting, Now that open the cover of the law, then this thing is Conceal too. As the father of the child thing, the big book of positive, as promised ended, Dun and the like, all under the guise of the word refused, so the vertical honest, strict justice to it. Since Chen Shou as "Wei Ji" more than back protection, where the two Koreas leather is easy on the occasion, Feng Jin Jue, thanks to the sword and footwear, plus Jiuxi, as well as Christianity and Islam, there Youzhao policy, it became certain calligraphy. After the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Zhu Shu noted regarded as a type, straight solid method for history that should be the case. Ran Kotobuki back very protective over the place, those studies have not installed. Zhao Yi in retrospect since the "Spring" since that is the existence of the phenomenon back to protect that Shou doing a good job in this regard. So Zhao Yi cite some examples, such as the Han emperor to abdicate after Wei closure as Sanyo public, when he died, only to chase the posthumous title of Emperor Xian, Chen faded king usurped the Han Cao Feng Sanyo public section, in "Wei Ji "Only Emperor Xian of Han said. Similarly Road Township public often abdicate, as Liu Wang, only to chase the posthumous title of Emperor died, Chen Shou whom also conceal hidden taboo. Sima Shi Qi Wang Caofang waste, "Wei slightly" is recorded: "(Sima) division sent Guo Yizhi palace, the queen side and the emperor chess, played Chi Day: 'big generals want to waste your majesty.' Emperor is starting to go, the Queen Mother . displeasure Chi said: 'great generals have purposed, but shun the queen purpose.' Queen Mother said: 'I Yuxian Great General. "Chi said:' Great General Ho visible evil 'Empress Xi are slow to pay." is the king of the waste, the division of the whole idea for Sima, completely unaware of the Queen Mother. Chen Shou "Wei" "anti contained Empress of life, the king made a very filial no way to reflected when the waste, which framed the king and the party Sima has too much off." And so on. The most serious writing technique is Gaoguixianggong be killing things, according to the "Han Jin Chunqiu", "Westergren Spring" and "World language", "end of Wei Chuan" contained a Gaoguixianggong Cao Mao see Sima Zhao bossy bossy, autocratic entire country, the heart can not be sweet, "hair hoplite in Lingyun units, pro discuss Sima Zhao Sima Zhao Jia Chong exclusion order, not daring to move when Fu Bing, and even if a Zu Jia Chong, Cheng Ji said: 'Public keeper Ru etc., are to this day. 'are pumping into the economy Ge guilty emperor, while chipping back out. "And Shou" Wei "But the book" Gaoguixianggong died, twenty, "never see the track was killing. Anti-contained life of the Queen Mother, the words Gaoguixianggong of when to punish, trying to commoners ritual burial. And contains Zhao played, saying "Gongcu soldiers to the minister, the minister Jichi soldiers can not hurt, riding a Franciscan brother Doc cross into Zu person pawn, hurt the public, Suizhi die, Chen Ji Fu Tingwei Noir received, being its junction sin, "...... so, Zhao Yi exclaimed:" The discipline of this, nor biographies scattered reflected things worse this writing technique, especially the men, then this body still said Shi Yu Jin, Jin dare not taboo also. Wei then across the North to the matter, why is also taboo. "Zhao Yi censure, incisive, illustration has more than killing innocent people, such as when Cao Cao Zheng Tao Qian, remember Shu Wei of war" designed to defeat boast taboo Sheng is decent, "and finally, Zhao Yi Shou considered involves not only the rulers in power back to protect the multi-discipline, but also biographies of more than taboo. Such protection Qubi back, do not actually let Zhao Yi puzzled: "How can the history of Shou for law must be so, yeah guard back as far as aboriginal nations Shou suppression of the book was not taboo, then still it? Old, but not re-revised yeah? " Shou repair history of writing technique, back care does exist, he is clearly in the Wei and Jin regime change during a Bihuo way, as the history books of the feudal era, is bound to have back in power protection, respect for who are potential rules taboo unsurpassable. Zhao Yi Ping affirmed that the book Appreciative straight, Dong Hu also not withstand scrutiny. The so-called "Dun Regicide" ("Zuo Venerable years") is also wrong, confusing right and wrong conclusions. Dun argument is the reason they are "as Zheng Qing, death is not cross-border, back Excluding Thieves", failed in its obligations courtiers. Zhao Yi Shou's writing technique also made historical textual research, said: "When the book cover Shou Jin Xiu, so in the Wei, Jin leather easy to place, had to return more than the care and Cheng Wei Han and Jin Cheng. Wei, one also. both Jin prefer to give back to nursing, care had to be back for the ANC ...... and, of course, there may be referenced Shou Wei, Jin is so original data records, Chen Shou have not been revised, but also not improper tampering. Chen for specific historical circumstances in which, in the change of sovereignty repair history scruples more practical context, it is understandable. Needless to say, your repair history is true, not false beauty, hidden evil should not have to abide by the guidelines historian, writing technique is the lack of training. It should be noted, Chen Wei and Jin Yi addition to involving sensitive issues on behalf of the people in power, which narrates still informative and credible. There is no denying Chen Shou's writing technique, it can not therefore doubt the "Three Kingdoms" the messenger value. Qian Daxin said: "So then I re-Chengzuo and the person who cares about the credibility of the narrative _set_ pen cap Shi Chen, it is easy for a long time the public debate, the world will indeed nearly knowledge among the three referral Han and Jin, both phases. involved, vertical and centuries, two against the loss of history who often rely on book Masayuki ...... I likes history, Marban out, that pushed the book, that too Fan (Ye), Ouyang (repair). "(" Three Kingdoms suspect defense order ") "Three Kingdoms" has its shortcomings, we should never overlook. In the narrative, in addition to contradictions in some people's discipline and pass, but its biggest drawback is that of Wei and Sima's more than a back care, praise, criticism by the ancient historians. In addition, the book only discipline and pass without signs and table, which is a big shortcomings. After the "Three Kingdoms" into a book, because the narrative is too brief, to the Southern Song Wendi, the famous historian Pei Song will make its note, and the addition of a large amount of material. Pei Song Introduction Pei Song (372-451), the word of the world, the Southern Song Dong wenxi (now Shanxi Wenxi) people. Pei Song Nobles bureaucratic family background, his grandfather Pei Mei Guan Ju guanglu doctor, father was a positive Yuanwai Kyu Bae. Pei Song childhood love reading, 8 years old are already familiar with "The Analects", "Book of Songs" Zhu Shu. After the Expo classics, knowledge Nisshin.晋孝武 Emperor UDL sixteen years (391), Ren Pei Song generals house, when he was 20 years old. Jin Andi Longan years (398), whose uncle Henan provincial governor Yu Kai Yan Qing two joint provincial governor Wang Gong and other attack our health. Defeat, Yu Kai defected summer Huanxuan mouth. Yu Kai Bae Song's recommendation as the new prefect of the wild. Consider the risk too Pei Song, has been reluctant to leave. Soon, warlords fights, Yu Kai died Huanxuan hands. Pei Song eliminates a fatal disaster. Yoshihiro early, Pei Song served as assistant minister members outside Sanji, so Zhang Wuxing County magistrate and other staff, transferred back to the court after the rise, he was named Book of Cibu Lang. Yoshihiro years (416), Qiu Liu Yu (ie Song Wudi) army expedition. When any of Pei Song State Secretary army northbound main book. Liu Yu Pei Song is very appreciated, like he had "Temple Gallery talented", he transferred governance engaged in history. After accounting for Luoyang Jin, Liu Yu Feng appointed as heir Seba. Liu Yu Pei Song became an important member of the group. "Three Kingdoms" Pei Song Note the When in the history of the Eastern Jin Li Shi Lingling, Ph.D. and other countries son. He served as assistant minister in the book into a song. Emperor Wen to Shou book "Three Kingdoms" notebook over Jane, whom he ordered to make sidebar. In his "On the Three Kingdoms table," said, "the former minister were recalled, so picking the three similarities and differences to note Shou" Three Kingdoms. "Shou book Civil Service impressive, something more trial Yuanyou positive. Cheng tours, Kerry the History of. However, that loss slightly, while some lacuna. minister seeking details for granted, it should be noted that in the week. old news search on the left near Picks Yat Press the three calendar years, although not far, but a matter of Han, Jin. both involved, out of one hundred carrier. divergent wrong note, every Unfortunate mutual. its life are not _set_, keep record matters who is useless without its graduates take to fill Que., or resign with the issue say there are good hybrid, or an accident of the differences, the suspect can not be judgment and are copied to prepare different smell inside if are bing Obviously, the words are not attached to science, then corrected to punish offenders with their jump. their affairs whether and when Ting small loss, rather to some debate Yu Yi. "So Pei Note not only explains the geographical names, etc., but the main thing is to supplement the original book records omission and correct the error. Several different account of the same thing, he included in, for future reference. For historical events and figures, Pei note some comments; improper arguments for Shou, Pei Note also criticized. Annotations search 罗广博 complete cit both, without tailoring fragmented. To comment, "Three Kingdoms", he collected the raw material of the Three Kingdoms period more than one hundred fifty kinds, Bo cited various original works, note the number of words about more than three times the original. According to Shen the statistics cited in the note book "22 by the Ministry of Home, Ministry of one hundred forty-two history, subsections Niansan home, _set_ department Niansan home, where two hundred and ten." Thus many of the "Three Kingdoms" in the loss of load The historical facts are preserved. Annotations are also in the use of traditional methods of annotation place, "Sikuquanshuzongmu Summary" said: "If its initial meaning like Yiyu Ying Shao's Note" Han ", elegant exegesis, citing it real ...... prefer to give the cover. . without actually, and unfortunately that has become, do not want to _delete_ abandoned, or detailed or slightly so, with or without, quite dramatically for example impure "Hou Kang said:" As Annotations name among objects, Explanation context, and Annotations And there is the unknown, cover non-deposit of its purposes. "Mr. Yang Yixiang in" these Pei Song, "a paper note summarized as part Pei pronunciation, context, collation, name objects, geography, allusions to certain classes. He said: "The main purpose is to make note of augmented reality, and this kind of endorsement, but is incidental work." He noted, "Three Kingdoms" is focused Buque and correcting erroneous. As in his "Notes on the Three Kingdoms table" and said: "life are not _set_, keep record matters who is useless without its graduates take to fill Que; or resign with the issue say there are good hybrid, or an accident of the differences, the suspect can not be sentenced, and are copied Carolina, to prepare different smell; if were bing Clearly, words do not attach rationale, then with the correction to punish their violation forget; their affairs whether and when Ting small loss, rather to Yu Yi has been debate. " Annotations biggest feature is widely adopted Bo cited, greatly enriched the content of the original book. In particular, he cited the raw material today has been largely Wang Yi, fortunately retained in PEI note, which is very precious historical value. Read "Three Kingdoms", we must take note Pei Song of the text as a text to be read. Annotations for the history books has opened up vast new comment roads. For historical question was "neglect of widowed should", "There is lacuna when" the Pei will Buque as the first item, make note of important events and major figures. As Cao Cao implementation Mita issue, Chen Shou only in the "Wu Ji" and "Ren Jun Biography" using 50 words slightly records, only shows the "RAO Jun country, starting in the date made only in steep." And what Cao understanding on this important decision-making and leadership, the implementation of what hardships, what results after the implementation, Chen will not make comment Syria. Annotations to 180 words in length to clarify the above problems, the issue will Mita Cao Wei Dingguo as a major national policy to look at the history of things to grasp the essentials of this level, Pei apparently more astute. Another example is the issue of Zhuge Liang seven escapement, Shu reflects the "hearts and minds" and Rong policy, but also an important measure to stabilize the rear of the former Northern Expedition was conducted Shou a passing, while Fiji's complement of more than 200 words, which is also in insight Chen Shou above. School of Metaphysics harbinger Wangbi open, Shou record of only 23 words. He cited Pei Shao, "Wang Bi Biography" fill his life with the doctrine, cited Sun Sheng "Westergren Spring" is reflected in human judgment, cited "Natural History" describes family background for the study of the history of ideas, provides an important historical basis. Ma Jun and his deeds in the "technical side Biography" in the non-involved. Pei supplemented with more than 1,200 words of his life with great inventions, the relevant guidelines car overturned, Liannu, hair weave intricate stone cars and documented machine, reflected the technological level of production, to fill the gaps in the history of science research. Important documents and important events related to the character is also a content Buque, such as Cao Cao's "Ming-order", "the virtuous no arrests conduct order" Pi "and Wu", Li Mi's "Statement", etc., are also Annotations can be handed down by the. The so-called differences with the Correctional prepared to jump, saying the issue is for the same, and each was recorded in the book "speech has behaved hybrid, or an accident of the differences, the suspect can not be sentenced to" the circumstances of. "And are copied inside to prepare different smell" as available vary, blog or cited under this book to do it "with illegal correction" work for the Correctional jump. Often difficult to completely separate the two. If Liu Bei three Gu Mao issue, "Kingdoms" written plot has known, but Wei Huan Mermaid "Wei slightly" and the Western Jin Phrase "Kyushu Spring" is written is different, that is the first visit of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang. The two books were documented Pei reproduced in the Note, for the preparation vary; has its say to discrimination, citing "Inst" said "late emperor not to Chen dirty, hedgehog bent from the vain, among the three Gu Chen Yu Caolu , when the world's consultative Chen Yi matter "paragraph, that" non-Leong Yi prepared "this conclusion, indeed Correctional jump. This equipment differences, Correctional jump, often Shou book as a comparison object, and then extended to other historical tasting and summary. As in "Wei Zhen Fumiaki Queen mass injection", the record documented praise beauty after Wang Shen Zhen, "Wei", and Sau book different. Pei based on "Spring" of justice, finds "Wei" "Chong decorated dummy text" and that "push this purpose, it said Bian, the good deeds of the Zhen Zhu, are difficult to implement theory", which concluded that "Chen _delete_ down, good to have. " Shou mistake on his book right place, but also for a clear judgment. Such as "Xuan Chuan Wu Shu F. Note" cited Yu Bo "Jiang table Biography" contained floor mysterious suicide thing, Pei straight judged "" Jiang table Biography "said, to reason as long." "Wu Shu Zhuge Ke Chuan Note" cited Hu Chong "Wu Li" contained Pei judged "" Wu Li "is long." This judgment, there is more reflected in one of the Debate. Debate including the assessment and evaluation of historical events both historical commentary by historical events everywhere, is a direct expression of the main historians know, because little to do with the topic, whether it is a little while, reviews the history books, you have summed up the same period in the history book the significance of the merits of historical criticism, is one of the elements discussed in this article. Pei reviews for "Three Kingdoms," a book, both on a comprehensive evaluation of the table, but also scattered in the affirmative each note or criticism, is more comprehensive; against other historical year, then take on more zero gold Suiyu style commentary, summarized, these comments can be divided into style arrangement, narrative description of two ways. Chinese historical style since the "Spring", "Historical Records", chronological, biographical two-body matures, although there is still debate the merits of the second body, but its style is relatively fixed. Pei is more concerned about the existing style, especially as the official history of the biographical standardization problems. Biographical biography mainly to specifically pass, pass better grasp together, and how to divide the class pass, then quite inconsistent. Pei advocated taking "what kind phase from the" principle, he said:. "Chen Song of that body biographies of to what kind phase from Zhang ovary Albatron disabilities, sincere non Chen Ping Lun contingent Han policy makers, good, flat only . unless of columns, I no attaching, so the former history together, it should also cover. "affirmed the Sima Qian's first" class with something from "rationality, then criticize Chen Shou will not for a class of people put In a biography, beneath style. If Jia Xu's companion, it is "considered exhaustive slightly, by right of change" Sunkist, should be placed on good planning Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, who pass the class, but on the morality and intelligence co-existence has Second Xun (Xun Yu, Xun) of the wind out of Zuo, Pei to the "missing class", "it still luminous with steam candle of peace? its shine though both qualitative Yan is different," the essence of the similarities and differences, should be the first prerequisite zone classification pass. Secondly, the act is also an important principle similar. Such as fish rear, "Wei Yong Xia Chuan slightly," without taking into account the character and date of birth will act according to figures of four late Han Shuo Sun Bin incorporated into the ANC, is based on "the man pick Wei, meaning something similar," the principle of treatment. In this regard, if the fish still only in the rear of a spontaneous state, then, put forward the principle of Pei "meaning something similar", and has become part of a conscious awareness. From the practice of the theory of sublimation, and then refers to the practice, historians note the significance Pei is reflected in the compilation of school. In the narrative description, emphasizing the smooth and reasonable opposition to "the language barrier." Note that looks like writing, such as the appearance of Xunyu to Shou not name called regret, special cited "slightly Code", "plain Mi dilute Biography" supplement, not only reflects the character Rong Zhi Wei and Jin-Wen attention to the era of wind sp characteristics, but also with the Chinese historians pay attention to the description of the characteristics of the image, but also reflects the history of literature Pei aesthetic requirement that vividly depict the history book can be more attractive. Chao Gongwu first involves Annotations words: "(Pei Note) CASINO group that points into the book, which several times more than the book." ("Jun Zhai Zhi reading" Volume II) in the Qing Wu Ying edition " Three Kingdoms ", the Li Longguan and other knowledge in the magazine more specifically the phrase that" s Annotations more times in the text. " The early 1970s, Huang greatly according to the Taipei Arts Printing House photocopying Dian edition statistics, Chen book is 350,833 words, PEI injection of 322,643 words ("Three Kingdoms and Pei Note tables words", in "Three Kingdoms _Select_ion Notes" Taipei CKS Bookstore, 1972 edition frontispiece. cited Wu Jinhua "Textual Three Kingdoms", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000, pp. 195). Julien contact our statistics based on Zhonghua Nai cadre point "Three Kingdoms" is 366,657 words, PEI injection of 320,799 words ("a little talk about the number of questions <Three Kingdoms> with Annotations", "Textual Research Journal" 1985 Section 3) . According to statistics Baina Ben Wu Jinhua, Chen Shou book is 368,039 words, PEI injection of 322,171 words ("Three Kingdoms school attached compiled Gu", Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990). Cuishu Ting Jinling type according to the statistics, "Three Kingdoms" is a 367,327-yu, PEI injection of 320,805 words ("<Three Kingdoms> This article does more than Pei note", "Central China Normal University" 1990 Section 2). If the above statistics minimal "Three Kingdoms" compared with the statistics most Annotations words, "Three Kingdoms" Annotations and more than 38,014 words, even if there Pei Lost or mixed note in the text, it is impossible to reach several times in the book text.张子侠 believes: "" Three Kingdoms "editions and spread through extremely complex, both text lacuna problem, there are note paper mixed with the body and, therefore, the text and note paper what more than what little can not light a conclusion" ("<Three Kingdoms> Pei. Three Issues Research Note "," historical research History "2000 2). If a man before Wang Tong Ming, Liu Zhiji have ridiculed their Fan Wu, Ye Shi to think "contained in the note, are the book's abandoned Shou Yu" (Book of General one hundred ninety-one). Although respected Pei Qing scholars note, but it was not accusing him of some note should note, some should note and note, cited book has changed the word, and so (see Zhao Yi Gai I consider six industries, Siku feeds four five and Wenchao annotations). In fact, these are small shortcomings, and can not thus masking its strengths. Annotations quoted Wei, Jin works up to two hundred and ten kinds of people, a record in Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi has been less than three-fourths of the Tang and Song later on one of the ten does not exist. And the material cited Annotations are both complete, although it was "Fan Wu", saying "life's abandoned I" alone save ancient sources say it is worthy of attention. Since PEI has a high note cited philology book value, and therefore the number of books and Pei note cited bibliography of research into the study Annotations is an important issue, but also the most divisive issue. Qian Daxin statistics Pei note cited book "Fanbai four dozen, not involved with the historian who does not count the" title listed 144 kinds ("22 Sculley differences" Volume 15). Zhao Yi Pei note cited statistics book "Where the (one hundred) more than fifty species", the title listed 151 kinds, also the history of the number of category ("22 history notes," Juan Liu). Zhaoshao Zu Pei note cited statistics book "where more than 180 species," In addition, all cited by and philosophers Book "and four dozen" ("reading even mind" Juan Liu). Qian Zhao to age, geography, people, Bureaucracy, class books, articles, do not _set_, the well-known, do not pass the class, statistical Pei note cited more than 160 kinds of books ("The Three Kingdoms identified the suspect"). Shen Pei note cited in this book will be "in accordance with" Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi "were divided into four: twenty dollars by the Ministry of Home, Ministry of one hundred forty-two history, subsections Niansan home, _set_ department Niansan home, where two hundred and ten "(" Three Kingdoms note cited bibliography "). Wangzhong Han statistics "cited Zhu Pei note the title, where two hundred forty to fifty kinds," according to Qian Zhao's classified title 256 kinds ("Three Kingdoms Pei research note" containing "China Culture Research]" section five volumes, 1945). Wang Zuyi addition to "review and Pei Zhu Jia self injection, Fuzi, Yuan son, Sun Sheng, Xi Zao Bi and other classics on the note, and cited as an interpreter does not count", the statistics "Pei Note Book Fanbai fifty-six kinds of citations "(" Three Kingdoms people directory Pei note cited bibliography ", The Commercial Press, 1956). Manian Zu Pei note cited statistics book "two hundred and three kinds" ("Ancient Waterways other eight bibliographic references compilation", Zhonghua Book Company, 1959). Yang Xiang statistical wing "Pei cited in bibliographies of all concerned, to two hundred dozen; If you remove the text and comment on aspects of interpretation, compared with more than 150 species" ("Song Pei with <Three Kingdoms>" "History Teaching" 1963 Section 2). High Xiuying, Yang Jian Pei note cited statistics book 203 kinds ("Three Kingdoms name index Pei Note cit index", Zhonghua Book Company, 1980). Chen Yuan Pei statistical note "book cited above in two hundred and thirty kinds" ("Three Kingdoms note cited bibliography", in "Chinese Ancient Essays' seventh series, Fujian People's Publishing House, October 1983, pp. 331 ). Zhao Yi Wang Shumin for "Pei Song of the Three Kingdoms" of Pei note cited book was partially verified ("Notes on the History of 22 school certificate", Zhonghua Book Company, 2002 Revision). Zhou Guolin statistics bibliographic references Annotations 224 species, of which the "first 秦至东 Hanzhong memo Shiming of works for sound and meaning matter exegetical and make note of whom regard the writings and textual analysis of more than forty kinds of different equipment for Buque Correctional jump until the end of Han Jin debate aspects of more than 180 kinds of books "(" Song of Pei <Three Kingdoms> cit test ", in" Chinese study of historical documents (a), "Central China Normal University Press, 1986) . Gao Zhen Duo Statistics' s Annotations "Three Kingdoms" of cit two hundred thirty-six kinds "(" Pei Note <Three Kingdoms> cit Textual - Comment <22 Literary History of School Certificate> "," Hanzhong Teachers College "1993 Section 3). Pei Yu Wanli statistical note cited book "two hundred thirty-five kinds" ("<Three Kingdoms> Pei note cited lists of new test", "Wenzhou Teachers College" 1994 4). Ye Chun Wu Pei note cited statistics where 229 kinds of books, "Another 10 will not quote the source" ("A Critical Biography of Pei Song", page 250). Zhang Zaixia statistics "Pei of cit two hundred twenty-seven kinds." Gao Min worked with people "<Three Kingdoms> Pei note cited book test," a text, up to two hundred forty statistics cited dozens of books ("<Three Kingdoms> say a little", in "History says slightly Twenty-five said after a little," Beijing Yanshan Press, 2002, page 87). "Three Kingdoms" Pei Note bibliographic references Two paintings "Kyushu Spring" (Phrase essays) "Kyushu mind" (Xun Chuo essays Note: The total book name "Kyushu mind", is divided into "Jizhou mind," "Yanzhou mind" and other papers) Three paintings "Sansuke never recorded" (Zhao Qi essays) "three dynasties record" "Three assessment" (Hsu Chung essays) "Sanyo Public Records" (music owned essays) "Shan Tao notices" Four paintings "Tai years to remember." "Scribes Biography" (Note: "Xiu" Note said Zhang hidden relegated, "Xun Yu Chuan" said the note was written by Zhang Heng, "Wang Can," Note said Zhang stallion relegated, wait for verification) "The article Chi" (Zhi Yu essays) "article Syria recorded" (Xun Xu essays) "Conn spectrum", "Jung _set_" "Wang spectrum" "wanglang well-known." "Wanglang _set_", "Wang Bi Biography" (Ho Shao essays) Five paintings "World language" = "Wei Jinshi language" (Guo awarded essays) "Four Books potential" (Wei Heng essays) Six paintings "Jiang table Biography" (Yu Pu essays) "cross wide mind" (Wang Yin essays) "Cross wide two states Spring" (Wang Fanzhuan) "sages lines like" "Ru'nan sages Biography" "Ren Gu Biography" "Column book" "column exclusive Biography" "Casuistry to note" (Zhi Yu essays) "Hundred Shangguan" "Baiguan name" Seven paintings "Wu Shu" (Wei Yao essays Note: Yao whose real name is Zhao Wei, Jin Dynasty historian Sima Zhao taboo avoid change) "Wu Li" (Hu Chong essays), "Wu Lu" (Zhang Bozhuan) "Wu Ji" (ring a essays) "to Wu Biography" "Preface Biography" (Phrase essays), "Nguyen Thi spectrum" "Chi Lin" (Yu Xizhuan) "Duchenne book" Eight paintings "Xinxian Ying Chuan" (Jaap Cham essays) "Code slightly" (fish rear essays) "Bing original Biography", "hall of" (Yong essays) "Bao Pu" (Ge Hongzhuan) "King of the East A debate on the Road" Nine paintings "Han" (Xie Chengzhuan) "heroic mind" "Yanzhou mind" (note: that is, "the island of Kyushu in mind," which one) "Custom Link" (Ying Shao essays), "Hu spectrum" "Yao letter _set_" Ten paintings "Jin Ji" (Gan Bao essays), "Book of Jin" (Wang Yin essays) "Book of Jin" (Gan Bao essays), "Book of Jin" (Yu pre essays) "Jin gentlemen praise" (Fu Cheong essays) "Jinyang Autumn" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Jin Tai was Confidential Memorandum" "King Hui Confidential Memorandum" (Lu essays) "Yizhou Qijiu Biography" "Yi Department Qijiu Biography" (Chen Shouzhuan) "Yi Department Qijiu Diary" (. Chen Shouzhuan Note: This book should be in Appendix "Qijiu Biography" of) "Gaoguixianggong _set_", "Goldsmith Biography" (Mi essays) "Paragons Biography" (Mi essays) "Xun's well-known" "Xun Biography" "Yuan Century" "Sun spectrum", "Sun owned Biography" "Hui-Biography" "Ma Xu" (Fu Xuanzhuan) "Book forest" (should Qu essays) "fairy Biography" (Ge Hongzhuan) Eleven paintings "Liu Qijiu Biography" "Chen spectrum" "Cao hiding Biography" (Wu who relegated) "Tso _set_" "Cao Zhi Biography" "Yu's spectrum" "Kuok spectrum", "Cui spectrum" "Lu Shi Song," "Luks ancestral portraits." "Lu Xun Ming" (Lu essays) "Enlightenment Note" (Gu Kai essays) "Pass phrase" (Yin-based essays) "similarities and differences miscellaneous language" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Similarities and Differences assessment" (Sun Shengzhuan) "foreign body" "Different forest" (Lu Mouzhuan) Twelve paintings "Huayang" (Chang Qu essays), "Hua Biography" "Natural History" (Zhang Huazhuan) "natural mind" "Ji's spectrum", "Ji Kang Biography" "Ji Kang _set_", "Xiao-Biography" "Fei Yi Biography" "Fuzi" (Fu Xuanzhuan) "Fu Xian _set_", "Chao _set_" "Recluse Biography" (Mi essays) "Immortals" (Gan Bao essays) Thirteen paintings "Shu Ji" (Wang Yin essays), "Shu Ji" "Shu Shi spectrum" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Chu sages Biography" "Lingling sages Biography" "Hueiji Code of record" "Hueiji Shaw well-known," "Yu Fan Biography" "Yangdu Fu Note" (Yu illustrates essays) "000-theory" (Jiang Jizhuan) Fourteen paintings "Han Dynasty" (Zhang Fan essays), "Han Ji" (Yuan Hongzhuan) "Han" (Hua Qiao essays), "Han Wei Chunqiu" (Kong Yanzhuan) "Han Jin Chunqiu" (Xi Zao Bi essays) "Scholarly Biography" "Tube chariot Biography" "Zhao Biography" "Pei home discipline" (Fu Cheong essays) Fifteen paintings "Xuan Biography" "Penny Biography" "Pan Biography" "Pan _Set_" "Liu spectrum", "Liu yi Biography" Sixteen paintings "Jizhou mind" (note: that is, "the island of Kyushu in mind," which one) "Strategy" (Phrase essays), "Lu Chen Biography" "Zhuge spectrum" "wise _set_" (Shou times given) "Zhuge Biography" "Machine cloud Biography" "Memorization" (Zhang Yan essays) "praise reward order" Seventeen paintings "Xiangyang mind" (Xi Zao Bi essays), "Chung will maternal" Eighteen paintings "Wei" (Wang Shen essays) "Wei slightly" (fish rear essays) "Wei Ji" (Yin Dan essays), "Westergren Spring" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Wei Chuan end" "Wei Wu Story" "Wei Ming Chen played" "Wei Shi Ji" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Wei Shi spectrum", "Wei Dufu" "Diary" (Sun Shengzhuan) "Rites" Nineteen paintings "Lu Jiang Heshi well-known." Twenty paintings "Emperor Xian Biography" "Emperor Xian Ji" "Emperor Xian Spring" (Yuan Wei essays) "Emperor Xian Confidential Memorandum" "Spectrum Syria" (China Qiao essays) Twenty-one painting "Han continued," (Phrase essays), "Gu Tan Chuan" Twenty-four painting "Emperor Ling Ji" (Liu Aizhuan) On the cit one hundred fifty-six kinds, that does not include a reference to ancient commentators. Appendix A man with a book essays or more Xun Chuo: "Kyushu mind" ("Yanzhou mind" "Jizhou mind", etc.) Fish Huan: "Code of Strategy," "Wei slightly" Xi Zao Bi: "Han Jin Chunqiu" "Xiangyang mind" Fu Chang: "Jin gentlemen like" "Ji Pei home" Fu Xuan: "Ma order" "Fuzi" Hua Qiao: "Han" "spectrum Syria." Zhi Yu: "The article Chi" "casuistry to note" Ge Hong: "Bao Pu" "Supernatural Biography" He Shao: "Wang Bi Biography" "Can Xun Biography" Lu: "King Hui Confidential Memorandum" "Lu Xun Ming" Wang Yin: "pay widely credited" "Book of Jin" "Shu Ji" Mi: "Goldsmith Biography" "paragons Biography" "Recluse Biography" Gan Bao: "Jin Ji", "Book of Jin" "Immortals" Shou: "Yi Department Qijiu Biography" "Yi Department Qijiu Diary", "Zhuge Liang _set_" Phrase: "Kyushu Spring", "sequence Biography", "strategy", "continued Han" Sun Sheng: "Jinyang Autumn", "Similarities and Differences hybrid language", "Similarities and Differences Comment on" "Shu Shi spectrum", "Westergren Spring" "Wei Shi Ji" "Diary" 2 namesake writings Zhang Fan, "Han Ji", Yuan Hong, "Han Ji" Gan Bao "Book of Jin", Wang Yin, "Book of Jin", Yu pre-"Book of Jin" Analysis and Evaluation As "Han" while Fan Ye and Pei Song, by age theory, Pei Fan longer than two years old, died in Van Song Wen Yuan Jia 2022 (445), PEI dead more than six years after Van. Although the two men born in the same period, also collecting historical data, but they use different methods of historical data, the historical data series or tissue obtained Fan Ye Han, Pei Song Shou is used to inject the Three Kingdoms. Try to take Shou, Fan Ye two books contents relatively the same sixteen Biography, Fan Chen book ratio increased about twice the length of the book, those extra material, mostly the same and Annotations. After Pei note appeared, attracted a lot of comments, which have both favorable and unfavorable. Liu Zhiji said: "less of Annotations" Three Kingdoms ", to wide Chengzuo left behind, and hi poly similarities and differences, without publication be, pleases its strike hard, take the long view of its books into the table Fan Wu Xian, since the ratio of bees. adopting both, but stand regardless of difficult real taste with Ping who carry. " Liu Zhi with several different Pei Song of praise from those who save the historical aspects of the multi-Pei note affirmed. Hou Kang said: "Chen Chengzuo" Three Kingdoms, "the Bank said Liang Shi Pei Note Youbo age support substantial." Ji Yun in "Sikuquanshuzongmu feed" in the Pei Song of the note "Three Kingdoms" evaluation: "Song Yuanjia, the Pei Song Shouzhao to Note, the note cited the books, miscellaneous, nowadays has also consolidated its roughly about six Italian side: one said the lead on various home to tell right from wrong; one reads the books of the said reference to nuclear blackmail different; One said pass. All things, details of its perverting; pass that no one reads things, make it Que Yi; One said pass all of the people, details of his life; Chuan said that no one person, which is often accompanied by similar addicted 奇爱博. , hurt quite unorganized. then snare Shigetomi, where today the membership Six old who does not pass, still eleven reflected cliff slightly. complete with the addition of both, unlike Li Tao Yuan "Waterways", Shan 's Notes "fragmentation of the text are cut scissors. therefore research house, drawing inexhaustible, phase citing those, more than anti-Yan Chen Shou book." This induction is accurate. But he said: "The meaning seems Yiyu early as Han Ying Shao's note, elegant exegesis, citing it's real ...... without actually prefer to give, and unfortunately that has become, do not want to _delete_ abandoned, or detailed or slightly so. with or without. "There is no evidence that these words, only those who believe that speech essays feeds speculation of Bale. On the evaluation of the past, historians Annotations, Mr. Yang Yixiang first cited "Pei Song" is detailed in an article, you can see. Annotations for the evaluation of the above reflects the characteristics of the traditional historical criticism. Most commentators can not get rid of is the frame of mind and non, superior and inferior. From the perspective of history to look at the history of PEI injection, should be more concerned that the history books always comment on the matter exegetical names are from the perspective of focus, why Pei Song has to invent a new way of comment? Liu Zhiji said Pei Song "was short-force micro, not self up," Zhang Xuecheng said:. "Pei Song By light on Chen Shou, non-edge attached Ji, its power shortage since kept it," Liu Zhiji, Zhang Xuecheng though they are traditional historical criticism of you, but these analyzes was unstructured, with strong likes and dislikes colors. The so-called "not self up," "lack of self-existence" are from the end of commentators seek to explain the lack of intelligence. Annotations explained without bias occurs because when the devaluation Chen Yinque. Chen believes Annotations are subject to the Buddhist scriptures, "co-book note" effect due. In his "Zhimin Du theory test," the article said: "Turkey scriptures translated both more often varies with the translation, so there codification 'fit the' purpose of comparison by Yan." "Big ring two hundred sixty monks Ten things "(the original note:" Three different co vols. ") says: said ring upon is saying: Monk and rallies, unaffected by the big ring! What a monk? Monks and Party, noted by no quit! Monks have anything in? A: To quit. Monk Dayan: Busa. Who has asked not to grant clean say! Morohito who, when to say when the net! Dayan: that the net. Chan explained: "Accordingly, we can see that the mother of the above book." Quit two hundred sixty monks big thing "in the body of its characters, its parent folder Note also the fine print, do not take the child also cover the meaning of the same text. different persons, the inclusion of small notes. and large print text each other with proposed. called the 'child from the mother,' what kind relative 'also. "in the" Reading "in Luoyang> book after" a text, he further play, said: "Pei Song of the Three Kingdoms", "people are learning to read, but neither know the book was co-injection of the body." Mr. Zhou Yiliang Chen said skeptical. In his "History of the Wei and Jin works a few questions," the article said: "Pei Song, Liu Hsiao-standard, Li Tao Yuan Note, mostly addendum Corrections, rather than the words out, often at great length, which is made up of thousands of same. The different translations straightforward situation is very different, "" I'm afraid the book may not be combined with Buddhist tradition note what the origin of it?. " Chen Yinque explanation is compiled from a technical point of view the history books to start, how to compile both easier to readers. In this regard, Mr. Zhou Yiliang question is powerful. "Addendum Corrections" is the essence of Annotations, which seems to have no relationship with the co-book note. Chen is also no shortage of opinion on the proponents. Mr. Lu Yaodong to accept the advice note book together, and on this basis, then tried to explain the difference between Annotations generated by the study of history. His basic idea is that the traditional methods and annotations Annotations difference is that one is by injection, one history note. This is mainly due to the big money Zhao inspiration. Qian Zhao said: "Note History and Notes by different injection through to sensible for the case manager resides exegetical, exegetical Ming and Li from See note history to achieve the things the main things unknown, exegetical, although fine useless too ..." Lu Yaodong thereon said: "Therefore, it is reasonable and up note by note with the basic distinction between history 'of things' is a further description of the historical truth.." He added: "The moral principles explained by a note, up to investigate historical facts, After the process is the key to the history of fragmentary important transition. "is well known, Wei later, historians gradually from classics and independent. As a background to explain the evolution of history by injection is a good note, this article also hold the same view. However, only the generalities of theory as for this is not enough, because after Annotations occupy the mainstream of history or classics-style injection. We certainly can not say the confluence of history and classics and a. Around the "Three Kingdoms" and Pei note, actually two questions, first, why the "Three Kingdoms" written so simple? Second, why else Pei Song as many citations to avoid the tedious history books? A view, Chen saw the material is limited, so the "Three Kingdoms" written brief. This view has some truth, because many of the books in the Annotations write citations in Shou did not come out "Three Kingdoms" is. But this interpretation is also problematic, because after all, some books are Shou likely to see. Chen Shouzhuan write "Three Kingdoms" in the Western Jin Tai Dynasty (280 AD) after Wu Ping. It stated Mr. Yang Yixiang "Chinese Historiography data compiled in" Before this, specifically in mind the history of the Three Kingdoms history books as the king of Shen "Wei" Wei Zhao, "Wu Shu" fish rear, "Wei slightly," "Code slightly" has come out. In addition, Zhao Qi's "Sansuke never recorded," Hsieh Cheng's "Han", Wang Can, "the late Han Dynasty hero in mind," Phrase of "Kyushu Spring" and have long been completed. "Three Kingdoms" in the book's history without express, Mr. Yang Yixiang book compiled in Taikang six years (285 years) the next. Text language description: "The test," Three Kingdoms "Volume 48" Sun Hao Chuan "cloud" Hao families moved westward to Tai first year _set_ in March Jingyi five years, Hao died in Luoyang. 'This is the "Three Kingdoms" in the memo The latest one, then Shou forward to the book will be in five years, Sun Hao Tai's death, the series this year. "According to the same book, author of" imperial century "," Goldsmith Biography "Mi died too Kang three years (282). Possibility to see Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms" is Mi book also exist. These books are cited by the Annotations. According to the "Three Kingdoms name index" Appendix "Three Kingdoms Pei Note cit index," Pei note cited "Wei" one hundred and ninety, "Wei slightly" one hundred seventy-nine, "Dian slightly" forty-nine " Wu Shu "one hundred and nineteen," Sansuke never recorded "nine," Han "twelve," Hero mind "sixty-nine," Kyushu Spring "twenty-six," imperial century "one, "Goldsmith Biography" six. These materials should be able to see Chen Shou, but he did not in order to enrich the "Three Kingdoms", but added the Southern Song Pei completion of this work. "Three Kingdoms" Volume 21 "attached to Wu Wang Can Chuan Chuan" Letter to Wu Wen contained nearly two hundred words, and Pei Note details cited "Wei slightly" contained in the book, actually up to eight hundred words. Pei Song has explained, said:. "Said to prepare for his text" "Robinson pine to the pass was slightly _set_ Prince book, the United States resigned multi be _delete_d off, now it is learned to take" Wei slightly on Cao 魏屯田, according to Mr. Yang Yixiang Statistics "Wu Ji" and only "yes-year-old with a date only, Han Hao and other meetings, shixing Mita" ten words to describe. "Any Jun Biography" and used the word "hunger is a year-old drought, lack of military food, Habayashi prison YingChuan date only build Mita, Dynasty to steep for the typical agricultural Zhonglang. Few years, where the plot millet , granary are full of "forty word. The reference to the king of Shen Pei Song "Wei" records in the "Wu Ji", the complement of the one hundred and forty seven words. Seen in this light, for "Three Kingdoms" is not only seen in a brief amount of material from this angle Shou to be explained, you must also think of other ways. Pei Song suspicion "Three Kingdoms" written brief, and this opinion is never seen him before. "Three Kingdoms" just come out, get a piece of praise sound. "Book of Jin" Volume 82 "Shou Chuan" said: "The person its good narrative, there are only good history of Jaap de Cham time with." Wei ", see Shou made, they bad been written and strike Zhang deep goodness, that Shou said: 'When the "Book of Jin" relative pay ear.' its too heavy so that "the biography also known as:.". Yuan Kang years, disease and death, when he was sixty-five okrug big CKS, lang Fan - KING wait Table said: '...... so the rule book Shi Yu 史陈寿 for "Three Kingdoms", speech and more admonish, one understands the pros and cons, benefits weathered, although the text if it is not with such brilliant, but the quality is too straight down the Collection of the willing. ". Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xi Zao Bi orthodox theory from the perspective of the book with Wei Chen Shou orthodox written objection, in order to adhere to the orthodox in his book Shu as the "Han Jin Chunqiu" in the. Orthodox issue is a political issue, from an academic point of view is still seen on the "Three Kingdoms" criticism. It seems simple in the eyes of Jin is not a problem, but to Southern Pei Song was regarded as its shortcomings. This suggests that we should change from the perspective of academic atmosphere of the times to think about this issue. Later supplemented with research In the Northern Song Dynasty ago, Wei, Shu and Wu book is a book of their own. "Old Tang Jing Ji Zhi" to "Wei" as the official history, in the final, "Shu Shu", "Wu Shu" into the series, the classification of a very unscientific, then it can prove three books, when is still independent of each other three. Northern Song Diaoban engraved books, three books together as a beginning. The earliest extant edition is the Northern Song Xianping six years (1003) edition of the Imperial College. "Three Kingdoms" no tables and chi, many scholars make up essays since the Qing Dynasty, although the material is basically not the original book and PEI injection, but after classification parallelism, looks sober, about geography, table Officials Chi, is particularly useful. Such tables fill up the vast majority of income in the annals "Twenty-five Supplement" and "Han Three Kingdoms compensation table thirty kinds." Today _set_ out the "Three Kingdoms" Chi complement complement table below: Wan Sitong: "Three Chronology." Zhoujia You: "Three Annals table." Xie Zhongying: "Three big table." Shouchang: "Three big table correction." Wan Sitong: "Three quarters of Kampo town chronology." Wan Sitong: "Three kings of the world table." Wan Sitong: "The phase Minister Wei chronology." Wan Sitong: "Wei will phase Minister chronology." Wan Sitong: "Wei Fang town chronology." Wan Sitong: "Chinese Minister of the relative chronology." Wan Sitong: "Wu will Boda Chen chronology." He DH: "Three Kingdoms Excellencies Saisuke chronology." Zhou Mingtai: "Three Kingdoms pedigree." According to the Southern Song Dynasty "Shi" attaching names spectrum, makeup does not appear in the book by Chen Shou people. Taoyuan Zhen: "Three Kingdoms pedigree addendum attached Order." Sun Hung Yee: "Three Officials table." Cao Weiguan system differs greatly from the Han, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties Official multiple origins here, so the table where the beginning of the building by key special book out. Official records in this table together with a table for each of the following before and after the official home of this officer's name, you can see the official examination compete and Migration. Wu added only Yang Shoujing: "Three counties Schedule research." Wu revised Liangji "fill the Three Kingdoms territory," Three points out, according to the order of emperors, according to State and County as a table. Young correction. Xie Zhongying: "Three Territory table." Column three counties were included in the final frontier, and note this in the late Qing Dynasty. Liangji, Xie Zhongying: "fill the Three Kingdoms territory recharge." Hung essays, Xie's sidebar to the final frontier for the three broken. County bets on local towns and mountains and so it is real. Xie Zhongying: "Three Kingdoms territory suspect." Jin Zhaofeng: "school make up the Three Kingdoms territory." Hou Kang: "fill three Treatise." Yao Zhenzong: "Three Art and Literature." Taoyuan Zhen: "Three SHIHUOZHI). Qing Yang Chen series "Three will be" twenty-two, of sixteen. Culling is a reference to the body, low grid Annotations and other books written. Zhu Ming plate with future book compiled by the Southern Song, Qi, Liang and so will be the same, we can not provide a new historical materials, but can be used for classification of the index used. About "Three Kingdoms" tool, the Harvard-Yenching Institute has attracted codified at the "Three Kingdoms and Pei Note comprehensive attracted" by a high Xiu-Fang Zhonghua, Yang Jian series "Three Kingdoms name index." The former is a comprehensive index, a broader usefulness. But editors at the _select_ed entry incorporated attracted, focusing not wide, only pay attention to learning to see the names, places, Guan Ming, etc., for some words, especially those with characteristics of the times and less common words, anti not included. Such as "three history", "human relationships", "flow", "Qianghu Valley", "Krupp Valley," Building Dreams, "" security officer "and thus can not use such words arranged attracted research. Again" China "" Plains "," steps "and other references listed in the following entries, some lacuna. attracted approximately compile premises attracted the other, and the history of this paragraph as" Shi attracted ", there is also a similar problem. The most accessible modern edition of the Three Kingdoms, there are four: First, Baina Ben, according to Song Shaoxing, Shaoxi two kinds edition with a photocopy; Second, Qing Wu Ying edition, it was carved out north from the school (letterpress printing lithographs are, according to all of the Wu Ying The reprint); Third, this type of Nanking, according to Chen Feng Mengling school supervisor Mingnan India; Fourth, southern bookstore edition, according to Mao Ji Gu Ge school engraved. These four edition, in addition to Baina Ben photocopying, the other three in the heavy carved Shihai although inevitably adds some typos, but have been carefully collated and corrected many errors of the original. Our school point work, each with four Tongxing Ben exploration right, Zeshanercong. Chronicles study "Three Kingdoms" and Pei note by many, especially people forced up to the Qing Dynasty. Since Gu, Ho Cheuk less than about twenty, can be based on mutual certificate before the text book and reference book which, for the Song, Yuan various versions bent along unchanged mistakes were made comments or annotations book eyebrow, or become specialized publications Kanbu. Republic of China, Lu Bute brings together scholars note Chronicles "Three Kingdoms" made by the body and Annotations, version collation and research, and my notes and note unified codification of the "Annals of the Three Kingdoms", a reference available to read "Three Kingdoms" is. In addition to the various translations of _select_ed Note election, the complete translation Shou "Three Kingdoms" work has been carried out for nearly four decades. Collecting to a variety of "Three Kingdoms" in this note this translation Twelve species. There are Chinese, Korean, Japanese three languages. The first is China Taiwan Chinese scholar Rosaline WONG et al, "vernacular Three Kingdoms" (Taipei Luo Press, 1980, only translated the "Chen", notes), into the 1990s, the Chinese mainland scholars launched the following nine kinds of translations: 1, Su Yuan Lei editor of "Three Kingdoms note this modern translation" (Hunan Normal University Press, 1991, only translated the "Chen", annotated) 2, Tian Yuqing, Wu Shuping editor of "modern translation of the Three Kingdoms" (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1991, only translated the "Chen" no comment) 3, Danny Lau, M., "Modern Chinese version of the Three Kingdoms" (Red Flag Publishing House, 1992, only translated the "Chen" no comment) 4, columns and other Cao editor of "vernacular Three Kingdoms" (Central University for Nationalities Publishing House, 1994, translated "Chen" and a few "Annotations" no comment) 5, Dai Yi, editor of "full translation of the Three Kingdoms" (Guizhou People's Publishing House, 1994, only translated the "Chen" no comment) 6, Dujing Guo translated "text white control of the Three Kingdoms" (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1994, only translated the "Chen" no comment) 7, Beichen side note translation of "Three Kingdoms Translation" (Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1995, only translated the "Chen", annotated) 8, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Translation "vernacular Three Kingdoms" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1996, only translated the "Chen" no comment) 9, Xu Jialu editor of "full translation of Twenty-Four Histories" ("Three Kingdoms" Volume) (Chinese Dictionary Press, 2004, only translated the "Chen" no comment). 请欣赏:  请给我换一个看看！  拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！      后一章回 >>    【选集】二十四史 话说三国

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