正史 》 明史 History of the Ming   》 捲一·本紀第一      張廷玉 Zhang Tingyu 明史 卷一·本纪第一 《明史》是二十四史最後一部，共三百三十二捲，包括本紀二十四捲，志七十五捲，列傳二百二十捲，表十三捲。它是一部紀傳體明代史，記載了自朱元璋洪武元年（公元1368年）至朱由檢崇禎十七年（公元1644年）二百多年的歷史。其捲數在二十四史中僅次於《宋史》，但其修纂時間之久，用力之勤卻大大超過了以前諸史。修成之後，得到後代史傢的好評，認為它超越了宋、遼、金、元諸史。清史學家趙翼在《廿二史札記》31中說：“近代諸史自歐陽公《五代史》外，《遼史》簡略，《宋史》繁蕪，《元史》草率，惟《金史》行文雅潔，敘事簡括，稍為可觀，然未有如《明史》之完善者。” 清朝入主中原之後，轉年即順治二年（1645年）四月癸亥（十一日），御史趙繼鼎奏請纂修《明史》（註：趙繼鼎奏請纂修《明史》的記載，見於《清世祖實錄》15，何冠彪《順治朝〈明史〉編纂考》一文首揭此事。但清廷何時决議纂修，尚無確切史料證實。清代官書中亦不見有關纂修《明史》的詔令，《清世祖實錄》中僅見幾位總裁於順治二年五月癸未的上奏，其中言，“臣等欽奉聖諭，總裁《明史》”，並提出副總裁及纂修人員名單。這種“欽奉聖諭”，很可能僅是早朝時的口頭指示而已。以往論著稱順治二年五月“詔修《明史》”，表述確實有所不當，準確言之為：順治二年五月，清廷組成《明史》的纂修人員。），得到了清廷認可。其後，大學士馮銓、李建泰、範文程、剛林、祁充格為總裁，操辦此事。是年五月，由總裁提名副總裁和纂修官，並設收掌官七員，滿字謄錄十員，漢字謄錄三十六員，揭開了清朝官方纂修《明史》的序幕。康熙四年（公元1665年），重開明史館，因纂修《清世祖實錄》而停止。康熙十八年（公元1679年），以徐元文為監修，開始纂修明史。於乾隆四年（公元1739年）最後定稿，進呈刊刻。《明史》是我國歷史上官修史書中纂修時間最長的一部。如果從清順治二年（1645年）開設明史館起，到乾隆四年（1739年）正式由史官嚮皇帝進呈，前後歷時九十四年。假如從康熙十八年（1679年）正式組織班子編寫起至呈稿止，為時也有整整六十年之久。 為什麽這部史書前後費時這樣久呢？主要是當時政治上不穩定的原因。《明史》的正式開館修纂始於清順治二年五月初二（1645年5月26日）。據清朝順治實錄記載，當日以修《明史》總裁官內三院大學士馮銓、洪承疇、李建泰、範文程、剛林、祁充格等奏請，正式設置副總裁官，以學士、侍讀學士詹霸等十一人充任，並且選定纂修、收掌、謄錄官。 此時正值清軍入關之初，立足未穩便急於詔修《明史》，其目的是顯而易見的。一是以此宣告明朝已亡，而當時南京的弘光朝廷正與清朝隔江對抗，修《明史》便是不再承認弘光的南明政權存在。二是以此籠絡明朝遺臣，通過纂修《明史》，使那些降清的明朝漢族官員有一種情感上的寄托。 從當時的形勢來看，開館修史的條件是根本不具備的。雖然到五月十五日（6月8日）清軍攻入南京，南明弘光朝廷滅亡，五月二十八日（6月21日）清廷宣佈“平定江南捷音”，但是實際上清軍在江南遭到了軍民的堅决抵抗，尤其是清廷公佈“剃發令”後，更激起江南百姓的抵製。其中著名的戰鬥有閻應元領導的江陰保衛戰，固守孤城達兩月之久。 南明弘光政權覆滅後，明臣黃道周、鄭芝竜等奉唐王朱聿鍵於福州建立了隆武政權；與此同時，張國維、張煌言等奉魯王朱以海於紹興監國；李自成農民起義軍餘部也與明總督何騰蛟結合抗清。到順治三年（1646年），明臣蘇觀生等奉唐王朱聿鍵在廣州建立了紹武政權，丁魁楚、瞿式耜等又擁立桂王朱由榔建立了永歷政權。順治六年（1649年），張獻忠農民軍餘部在孫可望、李定國率領下，與南明永歷政權結合，成為抗清主力之一。 在清軍占據的北方各地，與南方抗清形勢呼應，山東、山西、陝西、甘肅義師紛起，一些降清明朝將領也先後舉旗抗清，在全國範圍內，幾次掀起抗清高潮。例如順治九年（1652年）李定國率軍收復寶慶、全州、桂林的戰役，迫使清定南王孔有德自殺。順治十年至十一年，明魯王部下張名振、張煌言等率舟師攻入長江，直抵南京近郊；鄭成功亦率水軍攻剋舟山。這樣的抗清鬥爭，直到清康熙初年，南明永歷帝被吳三桂所殺，鄭成功、李定國先後去世，始告一段落。 在這樣戰火紛飛、政局未定的情況之下，要集中大量人力物力開館修史，是根本不可能的。 清康熙八年（1669年），康熙皇帝拘禁權臣鰲拜，開始親政。然而此時政局又有新的變化。康熙十二年（1673年），由於平南王尚可喜、平西王吳三桂和靖南王耿精忠撤藩而引發了“三藩之亂”，從此，又開始了長達八年之久的戰亂。直到康熙二十年（1681年）十月，吳三桂之孫吳世璠自殺。“三藩之亂”期間，清廷集中全力平叛，仍然無暇顧及《明史》的修纂，因此，順治二年（1645年）所下修纂《明史》的詔令，實際衹是一紙空文，它的政策作用遠遠超出了它修史的作用。 《明史》修纂第一階段無績可言的另一方面原因，是史料的缺乏和人力的不足。當時不僅沒有力量整理明朝的邸抄和檔案，而且在徵求圖書時，獻書者也極少，就連最基本的史料明代歷朝實錄也不完整，天啓朝實錄缺少七年以後部分，崇禎朝因亡國而無實錄。如此種種，也限製了《明史》修纂工作的進展。所以，直到“三藩之亂”基本平定之後，清廷纔有力量集中人力物力正式動手修纂《明史》，其間已歷時三十五年之久。真正動手修史，是康熙十八年以後的事。康熙十七年（1678年）詔徵博學鴻儒，次年三月，試博學鴻儒一百四十三人於體仁閣，取一等二十人，二等三十二人，命纂修《明史》，從這時候起，正式動手修纂《明史》的第二階段即告開始。 康熙年間修《明史》者，可謂人才濟濟。有當時的著名文學家朱彝尊、尤侗和毛奇齡等人。但出力最多的是清初著名史傢萬斯同。這裏，應當提一提我國史學史的一段公案。原來，明清之際，有一些明朝遺臣和反清志士十分重視明史的研究。傑出思想傢黃宗羲曾編《明文海》四百多捲，並著有《明史案》二百四十捲；顧炎武也輯存有關明朝史料一兩千捲。清朝統治者入關後，為籠絡明朝遺臣、社會名流，曾有意開博學鴻詞科。黃、顧等人雖堅持不肯與清廷合作，但為着保存明朝真實史跡的目的，仍派出了得力助手參與明史的編纂。黃宗羲的得意弟子萬斯同，便是當時被委派參加明史的編撰人之一。黃宗羲的兒子、顧炎武的外甥，也都參與其事。這樣，就相應地保證了明史的質量。萬斯同是一位出色的史學家。清初著名學者錢大昕曾評論他：“專意古學，博通諸史”，熟於明朝掌故，對自洪武至天啓的“實錄”，皆“能暗誦”，了如指掌。他先後編寫和審定兩種明史稿。各有三百和四百多捲。因此，可以說，《明史》的初稿，在萬斯同時代已基本上完成了。萬斯同死後，先後三次任明史總編的王鴻緒，把萬氏的明史稿進行了改編，於康熙末年和雍正初年兩次嚮皇帝進呈。這便是王氏《明史稿》本。王氏此舉曾引起當時和後來文壇的非議和責難，史學家們一致認為王鴻緒實際上是掠奪了數十年來以萬斯同等人為主力的幾十個學者的勞動成果，屬於剽竊行為。 到雍正元年（1723年）正因為康熙十八年（1679年）博學鴻儒科及其修纂《明史》衹是康熙皇帝的一種政治手段，所以其結果也必然會時重時輕，遷延時日，前後用了將近五十年時間，直到康熙皇帝病逝，雍正元年（1723年）仍然未能完成這部官修的前朝史。但是，這時的情況與順治二年（1645年）下詔初修時已經大不相同。除了政局穩定，經濟也逐漸恢復，到康熙後期更出現了繁榮盛世，這些都為《明史》的修纂工作提供了良好條件，無論從人力物力還是資料的徵集方面，都是前所未有的。因此，這近五十年時間，雖然未能完成《明史》的修纂，但卻是《明史》成書的關鍵階段。我們今天所見《明史》之雛形便是在此時形成的。到雍正元年（1723年）為止，先後完成了四部《明史》的稿本。一種是萬斯同審定的三百十三捲本，另一種是他審定的四百十六捲本，這兩種稿本都被稱作萬氏《明史稿》。此外還有王鴻緒於康熙五十三年（1714年）進呈的《明史（列傳部分）》二百零五捲本，這實際上是在萬氏《明史稿》基礎上刪削而成的。到雍正元年（1723年）六月，王鴻緒又一次進呈《明史稿》，包括紀、志、表、傳，共計三百十捲，這便是王氏《明史稿》，即後來刊刻的所謂《橫雲山人明史稿》。至乾隆四年（1739年），清政府又第三次組織人手修改明史稿，這纔形成定稿的《明史》。因為這次修書總裁為張廷玉，因此現在通行的《明史》題為張廷玉等撰。 王鴻緒（1645～1723年），初名度心，字季友，號儼齋，又號橫雲山人。清鬆江府婁縣人，傢住西門外竹竿匯。康熙十二年（1673年），中一甲二名進士（榜眼），授翰林院編修，纍升侍讀學士。曾上疏劾朱方旦所刻《中質秘書》三大罪，得旨逮治伏法。康熙二十一年，充《明史》總裁。後升為左都御史，被劾罷官。康熙三十三年，又奉召赴京修《明史》，聘史學家萬斯同等編寫史稿。康熙三十八年改任工部尚書，督修高傢堰堤工。因與河道總督張鵬翮不合，被召還，調任戶部尚書。康熙四十八年，因議立皇儲事與帝意不合，被勒令休緻。回傢時，把《明史》全稿帶回，加以刪改，費時五年，編成310捲，於康熙五十三年進呈清廷。次年，又被召入京修書，充《詩經傳說匯纂》和《省方盛典》總裁官。卒於官。 王鴻緒深於史學，兩次總纂《明史》，其所進《明史稿》，乃萬斯同執筆居多。以後張廷玉等修《明史》時，就拿它作為底本，加以增刪。又通醫術，著有《王鴻緒外科》。所著詩文有《賜金園文集》（60捲）、《橫雲山人詩稿》等。 萬斯同（1638－1702年）宇季野，學者稱他石園先生。 萬斯同生而異敏，讀書過目不忘。八歲時，在客人面前能背誦《揚子法言》，終篇不失一字；到十四、五歲讀遍了傢藏書籍，以後專攻二十一史，並受業於浙東著名史學家黃宗羲，後又博覽天一閣藏書，學識銳進。 萬斯同像他的老師黃宗羲一樣，很有民族氣節。康熙十七年（1678年），清廷因詔請黃宗羲修《明史》，被黃宗羲拒絶。朝中大臣便推舉萬斯同為博學鴻詞科，萬斯同也堅辭不就。以後，大學士徐元文出任修《明史》總裁，又薦他入史局。黃宗羲覺得修《明史》，事關忠姦評判和子孫後世的大業，有萬斯同參加，可以放心。便動員萬斯同赴京，並在贈別詩中以“四方身價歸明水，一代姦賢托布衣”相勉。當時，凡入史局者署翰林院纂修銜，授七品俸祿。萬斯同遵黃宗羲囑咐，上京後寧願寓居於徐元文傢，不署銜，不受俸，以布衣入史局，修《明史》，前後十九年。寫成明史原稿明史稿500捲，這些稿件無一不由原黃宗羲治下陽明派的文件經過審裁後寫出，其艱辛異常，為中國史官的楷模，他自己說：“史之難言久矣！好惡因心，毀譽隨之。一傢之事，言者三人，而其傳各異，何況數百年乎？！....凡實錄難詳者，吾以他書證之，他書濫誣者，吾以所得於實錄者裁之，雖不敢據聞全可信，而枉者鮮矣！昔宋史病之繁蕪，而吾所述將倍焉.非不知簡者為貴，而所不取者必非其事與言之真不可益也！” 他熟悉漢以下制度沿革和明代史事。當時，參加纂修的官員有五六十人，他們把每篇初稿寫成後．都送到萬斯同處復審。萬斯同看完每一篇初稿．就告訴纂編者，取某書某捲某頁，有某事應當補入；取某書某捲某頁，某事應當核實，無一謬誤。徐元文以後，大學士張玉書、陳廷敬、尚書王鴻緒相繼擔任纂修《明史》的總裁，仍延請萬斯同繼續修《明史》。 萬斯同以修《明史》自任。年青時喜歡古文及詩歌，與當時一些名士角逐於文壇，以後，他認為史學是國傢需用之學，便由經入史，專攻史學，有志於作一代史籍手。他常常感嘆唐代以後，修志時設局分修，造成史書錯謬百出，說：“以前司馬遷、班固修史，纔既傑出，又承父學，事實可靠，纔記入史書。以後，專傢修史書，纔雖不如司馬遷和班固，但都不至於官修那樣雜亂。修史書，就像入人之室，總是先知其廳堂，而後知其傢境如何，禮俗如何；而後知其一傢老幼、剛柔遇賢。待到都瞭解清楚後，才能掌握這傢情況。修史書也同樣道理。官修之史，倉卒而成；衆人不暇擇其材宜與不宜，事實或不實，就像招過路人討論室中之事。我所以要作總裁，是惟恐衆人分操割裂，使一代治亂賢姦之跡，暗昧不明。”他這番話，對後世修史者頗有影響。 萬斯同修史態度非常嚴謹。他認為撰寫史書必須“事信而言文”。他說過，修史難。修史者以自己的好惡隨心毀譽。一室之事，三人傳說，往往各異，何況數百年以前的事，是非麯直難以裁別，故受其枉者舉不勝舉。他說：“我少年時，在城東某氏傢中一面當館師，一面藉閱該氏所藏的明代列朝實錄。我默識暗誦，未敢有一言一事之遺。待長大後，遊學四方，嚮故傢長老求遺書，考問往事，旁及郡志。凡雜傢志傳，無不搜羅，並以實錄作為指針。實錄直載其事，不尚增飾。他書中有錯謬者，以實錄為證裁。這樣，雖不能說完全可信，但謬誤就少多了。”他就是以這種嚴肅認真的態度修史。今“天一閣”珍藏有他編纂的《明史稿》列傳部分十餘册，在史學上有相當地位。 萬斯同一生不慕榮利，態度謙恭，與人交往都自稱“布衣萬斯同”。但京中上至王公下至學子，無不尊稱他“萬先生”。他在京多次講學，貫穿古今史實，評論中肯。清初著名學者李光地，品評人才相當苛嚴，對萬斯同卻極為贊賞。他說，平生所見，不過數子，如顧寧人（炎武）、萬季野、閻百詩“真足以備石渠顧問之選者也”。 經過三次改稿，費時幾十年。《明史》的確有不少長處。首先，它體例嚴謹，敘事清晰，文字簡明，編排得當。史評傢趙翼在《廿二史札記》中，曾將遼宋、金、元諸史和《明史》作了比較，認為“未有如《明史》之完善者”。其次，《明史》的史料較為豐富。當時可資的第一手史料很多，除一套完整的明朝各帝“實錄”而外，尚有邸報、方志、文集和大量私傢史乘。朱彝尊修史時《上總裁第二書》中說，僅各地的方志藏於國傢圖書館者，即達三千餘册之多。此外，如明人王世貞著述的《錦衣志》、《中官考》等，都對明朝特務統治和宦官之弊有係統地作了介紹。這些，都使明史的修撰者們較之各朝修官史者，有得天獨厚的有利條件。第三，《明史》有些地方持論公允，也能秉直書寫。如對袁崇煥被清太宗設反間計殺害一事，以及熊廷弼的功罪問題的記載，都很有參考價值。第四，《明史》在體例上有新的創造，在列傳中專列了“閹黨”、“流賊”和“上司”三目。宦官專政為明朝一代歷史的重大問題，《閹黨傳》記載了王振、劉瑾、魏忠賢等宦官黨羽禍國殃民的罪行。《明史》的作者們對李自成、張獻忠等農民起義領袖抱敵對和仇視的態度，在為他們立傳的同時又誣之為“流賊”。這是作者的階級立場所决定的，目的是為統治者總結經驗：“至於亡明，剿撫之失，足為炯鑒。”但客觀上為後人保存了明末農民戰爭的某些可靠史料。《土司傳》專寫西南少數民族的情況，分湖廣、四川、雲南、貴州、廣西五個土司傳。這些傳，雖堅持民族壓迫的立場，對少數民族有許多污衊之詞，但其中保存了大量這一帶少數民族的重要資料。今日國內少數民族的歷史，大半可以追溯到明朝初年。此外，《明史》其它部分篇章，也為後人保存了不少可貴的史料，如《刑法志》中對明代特務機構廠衛的敘述等，都有助於後人對這段歷史的考察研究。 本紀共二十四捲，就捲數而論，《明史》本紀所占不足全書十分之一，若以字數而論，則所占不及全書二十五分之一。由此可知本紀在《明史》中所占比例甚小，這是《明史》編纂體例中的一個特點。本紀在紀傳體史書中，是以編年形式敘史的部分，《明史》顯然是將本紀作為全史之綱，以簡明扼要的方式，首列於全書之前，使人在讀閱這部史書之時，首先瞭解到有明一代歷史之概況，而不是使人在讀閱本紀時便事無巨細盡覽盡知。這應該算是《明史》修纂整體設計上的獨到之處。 《明史》本紀的另一個特點，是尊重史實，不以明代官定史論為據。如建文帝年號於成祖奪位後革除，其四年實錄僅以元、二、三及洪武三十五年，附於《明太祖實錄》之後。《明史》中則專立《恭閔帝紀》一捲，甚為得體。再如英宗削景泰帝號，情形與建文事相似，《明史》中亦處理得當。清代史傢錢大昕曾論稱：“其例有創前史所未有者。如《英宗實錄》附景泰七年事，稱郕戾王，而削其廟號，此當時史臣麯筆。今分英宗為前後兩紀，而列景帝紀於中，斟酌最為盡善。”（錢大昕：《十駕齋養新錄》捲九）明洪武中懿文太子朱標，因早逝而未及繼位，建文元年（1399）追尊為孝康皇帝，廟號興宗。成祖奪位後，廢其帝號廟號，復稱懿文太子。是雖曾有帝號，而未改元登極，故不入本紀，而入列傳，但其曾有帝號，亦為史實，又與諸傳不同，特於後妃傳後，諸王傳前立傳。與之同列者，又有嘉靖皇帝之父，興獻王朱佑杬。嘉靖中興大禮議，特尊其父為睿宗興獻皇帝，也屬僅有帝號而已。《明史》本紀不列興宗、睿宗，正與其以本紀為敘述有明一代歷史之大綱有關。光宗即位於萬歷四十八年（1620）八月初一，死於同年九月初一，在位僅一月，未及改元，遂定以是年八月後為泰昌元年。《光宗本紀》於是附於《神宗本紀》之後，未單立一捲，僅以數百字述過，不失為大綱之作。 《明史》本紀雖以時間長短為本，分捲記史，然而又不盡拘泥於此。太祖在位三十一年，本紀則占三捲，因其為開國之君。成祖在位二十二年，本紀則占三捲，雖可稱因其奪位登極，事屬特殊，則已有輕重之分。英宗二捲，尚可因前後各有年號為由，憲宗二十二年，亦占二捲，世宗四十五年，神宗四十八年，同樣各占二捲，莊烈帝十七年，亦占二捲。可見諸人修史，頗以史事輕重敘述，此又符合其立綱之體。總的來看，《明史》本紀，分帝而述，編年記事，又不失為一個整體，筆墨雖少，卻完整明了，輕重適宜。《明史》本紀中一大令人遺憾之處是未能給南明諸帝立紀，這是清初政治形勢所决定的。清朝官修史書，不僅不可能給南明諸帝立紀，甚至於列傳中亦不立傳。清初私傢修史，妄談及此，則也難免於“文字獄”之禍。 《明史》志之修纂，依照天、地、禮、樂之順序排述，《天文志》出自湯斌之手。湯斌為清初廉正之臣，於修《明史》頗有所建言。順治初修《明史》時，他曾應詔陳言，請廣搜野乘遺書以修《明史》，且言：“《宋史》修於元至正，特傳文天祥之忠；《元史》修於明洪武，亦著巴顔布哈之義。我朝順治元、二年間，前明諸臣亦有抗節不屈，臨危致命者，與叛逆不同。宜令纂修諸臣勿事瞻顧，昭示綱常於萬世。”此下於所司，招致馮銓等人攻擊，說他“誇奬抗逆之人”，幸虧順治皇帝贊許湯斌之言，纔未因此獲罪。至康熙再修《明史》時，湯斌於康熙二十一年（1682）充任《明史》總裁，因此《明史》中本紀、志、列傳不少篇出其筆下。但湯斌頗重經學，於天文則非其所長，其所撰《天文志》較為難讀。 《明史·天文志序》稱：“自司馬遷述《天官》，而歷代作史者皆志天文。惟《遼史》獨否，謂天象昭垂，千古如一，日食、天變既著本紀，則《天文志》近於衍。其說頗當。..然因此遂廢天文不志，亦非也。天象雖無古今之異，而談天之傢，測天之器，往往後勝於前。無以志之，使一代製作之義泯焉無傳，是亦史法之缺漏也。..明神宗時，西洋人利瑪竇等入中國，精於天文、歷算之學，發微闡奧，運算製器，前此未嘗有也。茲掇其要，論著於篇。” 由此可知，修纂《明史·天文志》的宗旨，雖然仍抱對天文之輕視，但也看到了明代天文學的發展，尤其是西方傳教士帶來的西洋天文學知識，於中國傳統天文學頗有裨補。《天文志》除第一捲敘述傳統天文學與“西洋之說，既不背於古，而有驗於天”者外，還比較係統地介紹了從明太祖至崇禎皇帝其間儀象（即天文儀器）的發展變化。第二捲與第三捲則記有明一代天文現象的變化，除去日食已全部記入本紀之中外，其餘如“月掩犯五緯”，“五緯掩犯”，“五緯合聚”，“五緯掩犯恆星”，以至“星晝見”、“暈適”、“星變”、“流隕”等，多有記錄，雖然難懂而泛淺，仍有一定參考價值。 除去《天文志》之外，湯斌還執筆了《五行志》和《歷志》的編纂。 《五行志》即金、木、水、火、土，其體仿《漢書》及前代諸史，記自洪武至崇禎間所謂“祥異”之事。其三捲中，首捲為水，如恆寒、恆陰、雪霜、冰雹、雷震、魚孽、蝗蝻、豕禍、竜蛇之孽、馬異、人痾、疾疫、鼓妖、隕石、水潦、水變、黑眚黑祥，皆屬之水。第二捲為火、木，仿前史，以恆燠、草異、羽蟲之孽、羊禍、火災、火異、赤眚赤祥屬之火；仿前史以恆雨、狂人、服妖、雞禍、鼠孽、木冰、木妖、青眚青祥屬之木。第三捲為金、土，仿前史以恆暘、詩妖、毛蟲之孽、犬禍、金石之妖、白眚白祥屬之金；以恆風、風霾晦冥、花孽、蟲孽、牛禍、地震、山頽、雨毛、地生毛、年饑、黃眚黃祥屬之土。 《明史·五行志》的編纂是不夠成功的，一是簡單而缺漏太多，如地震水旱等災情；二是多有記述不確之處，甚至記入傳聞，以增其神秘色彩，所以史傢多認為其“無大用”。①《歷志》共九捲。明代歷法，由於崇禎時改用西洋新法而有所創新。其《歷法沿革》一捲，對朱載堉《聖壽萬年歷》、《律歷融通》介紹較詳，後徐光啓等督修歷法，重視西洋歷法，也多用文字。這當是《明史·歷志》的一大特點。 《歷志》的第二大特點是除表之外而有圖，與諸史不同。計有圖五，均附於《大統歷法》之中。有“割圓弧矢圖”、“側立之圖”、“平視之圖”、“月道距差圖”、“二至出入差圖”。 全志以大統歷為主，計有二、三、四、五、六共五捲，回回歷法為輔，計有七、八、九共三捲。《歷志》述事雖詳，因涉於歷法知識，又有古今之別，及明朝所用《大統歷》與《回回歷》之別，頗為難讀。 ①柴德賡：《史籍舉要》。 《歷志》之後為《地理志》，《地理志》共七捲。 明朝為我國歷史上統一的朝代之一，如《明史·地理志序》所稱：“禹跡所奄，盡入版圖，近古以來，所未有也。”自明太祖統一全國後，京師之外，置十三布政使司，及都指揮使司、行都指揮使司分領天下。成祖即位，又增設交阯、貴州二布政使司，而改北平為北京。仁、宣以後，棄交阯，而漸定為南北二京，十三布政使司，全國一統遂定。英宗天順五年（1461），李賢等奉敕修成《大明一統志》九十捲，為明朝全國政區之志書。而該書記述失誤頗多。《明史·地理志》則“考其升降之差，沿革之故，具著於篇”而成。 七捲之中，南、北兩京一捲，山東、山西一捲，河南、陝西一捲，四川、江西一捲，湖廣、浙江一捲、福建、廣東、廣西一捲，雲南、貴州一捲。南、北兩京及十三布政使司各有總述，記其沿革，均以《禹貢》諸州為本。總述之後，再以府、州、縣分述。後附都司、衛、所之設置沿革，內容頗為詳盡可取，然亦間有漏誤之處，後人有作考辨糾誤者。 《禮志》十四捲，吳苑所撰。禮、樂為歷朝統治者所重視，禮教為治民之本。禮儀反映了一個時代的政治及社會生活狀況。禮儀同時也被用作封建刑法的補充。明朝是中國封建社會後期的朝代，隨着社會政治經濟和文化的變化，禮製也發生了較明顯的變化，尤其是正德、嘉靖以後，復有“禮崩樂壞”之勢，而所謂“禮崩樂壞”則正是社會變革之時。《明史·禮志》也就必然要反映出這方面內容。 《禮志》所述，首為吉禮，即祭祀之典，包括祀天地諸壇、諸廟等，共六捲。次為嘉禮，以宮中之禮為主，附有地方“鄉飲酒禮”，共三捲有餘。嘉禮之後為賓禮，除來賓之禮外，官民相見之禮亦屬之列。賓禮附嘉禮後，篇僅半捲。後有軍禮一捲。再後則為兇禮三捲，述陵寢喪製。正符古五禮之製。《禮志》的優點是敘述較詳，缺點是官民之禮過簡，且所述禮儀，難於讀明，需與《明會典》諸書相參而讀。 《明史·樂志》三捲，主要記述有明一代樂器及樂章之製，以禮為本，樂隨禮行。樂製所述並非明代音樂，而仍為禮製而已。明代有音律傢朱載堉，為近代音樂創始之名人，惜其所創，非《樂志》所述。 《儀衛志》一捲，《輿服志》四捲，內容亦與禮製相關，記述較詳盡。 《明史》仿《宋史》體例，《禮志》、《樂志》、《儀衛志》、《輿服志》均立而分述，較前諸史所立更為全善。 《選舉志》三捲，所述頗有特點。其序言稱：“選舉之法，大略有四：曰學校，曰科目，曰薦舉，曰銓選。學校以教育之，科目以登進之，薦舉以旁招之，銓選以布列之，天下人才盡於是矣。” 因此《明史·選舉志》首捲為學校，次捲為科目，三捲則薦舉、任官銓選考察。明初重薦舉，永樂以後；科目漸盛，薦舉日輕，此種變化於志中敘述十分清楚，其體例為制度與事例夾敘，使人易讀易懂，一目瞭然。《選舉志》出自陸葇之手，陸葇進士出身，又選博學鴻儒，於選舉關鍵，自當有所體會，故述史頗為得體。 《職官志》五捲，為《明史》諸志中之重點。明初太祖朱元璋罷丞相，升六部之秩，成祖朱棣始設內閣，中國歷史上文官制度至此為一大變化時期，又有宦官衙門之設與歷朝不同，其特點顯而易見。 《明史·職官志》采取由朝廷至地方，由文及武，由內及邊的記述方法。南北兩京官署，以北京為主，南京官專立於後，述記頗簡。 其一捲所述為：宗人府、三公三孤、太子三師三少、內閣、吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工六部。 二捲：都察院、通政司、大理寺、詹事府、翰林院、國子監、衍聖公。 三捲：太常寺、光祿寺、太僕寺、鴻臚寺、尚寶司、六科、中書捨人、行人司、欽天監、太醫院、上林苑監、五城兵馬司、順天府、武學、僧道錄司、教坊司、宦官、女官。 四捲：南京官、應天府、王府長史司、布政司、按察司、各道、行太僕寺、苑馬寺、都轉運????使司、????課提舉司、市舶提舉司、茶馬司、府、州、縣、儒學、巡檢司、驛、稅課司、倉庫、織染局、河泊所、批驗所、遞運所、鐵冶所、醫學、陰陽學、僧綱司、道紀司。 五捲：公侯伯、駙馬都尉、五軍都督府、京營、京衛、錦衣衛、南京守備、南京五軍都督府、南京衛、王府護衛、總兵官、留守司、都司、各衛、各所、宣慰司、宣撫司、安撫司、招討司、長官司、軍民府。 《職官志》中於內閣敘述不詳，而以六部為重，是因六部為明代官製主體，但明代內閣作用之大，設置之突出，實應多述。都察院係改原御史臺而置，為明代始置。都御史職關紀綱風憲，尤其重要。又有巡撫之職，為都御史外任，並有經略、總理、贊理、巡視、撫治等名目；監察御史又有巡按之製。故此都察院置於第二捲之首，而所占篇幅最長，此亦史筆之用心。 宦官專立一篇，列於第三捲之末，即在京諸衙之後。首述十二監、四司、八局，即宦官二十四衙門，及諸庫、房、廠、提督、守備、鎮守諸職，記述頗為清楚。如記提督東廠，下記：“掌印太監一員，掌班、領班、司房無定員。貼刑二員，掌刺緝刑獄之事。舊選各監中一人提督，後專用司禮、秉筆第二人或第三人為之。其貼刑官，則用錦衣衛千百戶為之。凡內官司禮監掌印，權如外廷元輔，掌東廠，權如總憲。秉筆、隨堂視衆輔。各私設臣掌傢、掌班、司房等員。”明代宦官之權勢，躍然於紙上。 且宦官之後，另有評述文字，由明太祖洪武十七年（1384）鑄鐵牌“內臣不得幹預政事，犯者斬”至永樂後中官四出，王振、汪直、劉瑾、魏忠賢之專權，直至明亡，頗有總結。清朝以此為戒，宦官遂無幹政之機，這實在是以史為鑒。 明代土司制度，亦為當時一大特點，故職官之尾專立土官，文字雖然不多，卻給人以完善之感。 《明史·食貨志》共六捲，出自潘耒之手。其實潘耒所作，實據王原《明食貨志》而成。但據記潘耒對編纂《食貨志》用力最勤，“自洪武至萬歷朝實錄之有關食貨者，共鈔六十餘本，密行細字，每本多至四十餘紙，少亦二十餘紙，他纂尚不在是”①。故人多認為潘耒曾作有食貨之稿，或為長編。後王原入史館纂《食貨志》即所見《學庵類稿》中的《明食貨志》，至於其是否曾用潘耒所纂，就不可得而知了。 王原《明食貨志》共十二捲：捲一：志序、農桑。捲二：戶口。捲三：田製（附屯政）。捲四：賦役（附荒政）。捲五：漕運（附海運）。捲六：倉庫（附馬房、倉場）。捲七：????法。捲八：錢鈔。捲九：茶礬。捲十：課稅。捲十一：上供采造。捲十二：會計（附俸餉）。 王鴻緒所上《明史稿》鈔本中，除將“會計”並入“上供采造”而存十一捲外，內容與王原《明食貨志》幾乎完全相同。 《明史·食貨志》共六捲。 捲一：戶口、田製（附屯田、莊田）。捲二：賦役。捲三：漕運、倉庫。捲四：????法、茶法。捲五：錢鈔、坑冶（附鐵冶銅場）、商稅、市舶、馬市。捲六：上供采造、采造、柴炭、采木、珠池、織造、燒造、俸餉、會計。除去內容有所增減外，基本略同。因此說《明史·食貨志》係據王原《明食貨志》而成。《食貨志》將“明一代理財之道，始所以得，終所以失，條其本末，著於篇”①。自清朝以來，論者甚為推崇，但其實志中錯誤之處甚多，且有文字過簡不明之處，待後尚有介紹，故於此不贅。 《河渠志》六捲，依舊史之例，分河而述。黃河分上、下，共二捲，運河亦分上下，而未足二捲，附有海運半捲。《明食貨志》中海運原附於漕運之後。淮、泇、衛、漳、沁、滹沱、桑乾、膠萊諸河共為一捲，直省水利另為一捲。顯而易見，《河渠志》之目的不在於河渠而在於水利，着重於河工和漕運。其內容與食貨可互為補充。 《兵志》四捲，記有明一代軍政之詳。首捲記：京營、侍衛上直軍（附皇城守衛、京城巡捕）、四衛營。第二捲記：衛所、班軍。第三捲記：邊防、海防（附江防）、民壯、士兵（附鄉兵）。第四捲記：清理軍伍、訓練、賞功、火器、車船、馬政。 明代兵製特點突出，主要體現明太祖集權之用心。所謂“明以武功定天下，革元舊製，自京師達於郡縣，皆立衛所。外統之都司，內統於五軍都督府，而上十二衛為天子親軍者不與焉”②。此係得唐朝府兵製之遺意而更為詳密。 ①楊椿：《上明鑒綱目館總裁書》。 ①《明史》捲七七《食貨志序》。 ②《明史》捲八九《兵志序》。 有明一代，睏於南倭北“虜”，軍事至為重要，而形勢所變又迫使軍製屢更。其間沿革變化，《兵志》中記述頗為清楚，衹第一捲內關於京營之記述與《職官志》互為交叉，采用簡述方法與之互為補充而已。 《明史·刑法志》僅三捲。明初太祖極重刑律，後因循日久，雖視為具文，而明代刑律仍有其特點。《刑法志》三捲，每捲無題類之別，但首捲即述有明一代之律文。第二捲再述法司及刑法執行情況。此捲內容本易與《職官志》諸法司重複，而史官薑宸英撰寫得體。《刑法志》第三捲最有特點，開首便稱：“刑法有創之自明，不衷古製者，廷杖、東西廠、錦衣衛、鎮撫司獄是已。是數者，殺人至慘，而不麗於法。踵而行之，至末造而極。舉朝野命，一聽之武夫、宦竪之手，良可嘆也。”此捲記廠衛之事較詳，史論甚佳。廠衛為明代刑法中之大事，洪武中行錦衣衛鎮撫司獄，末年廢罷，至永樂中復置，且立東廠。立東廠事實錄中避而不述，是有所隱晦遮掩，《刑法志》頗予詳述，此舉甚當，亦補《職官志》之所難述。 《藝文志》四捲，出目錄學名傢黃虞稷之筆。黃虞稷撰有《千頃堂書目》，於目錄之學甚為博知。《藝文志序》另出倪燦之手，文中申明本志體例，僅錄有明一代名傢著述，此與前史不同。“前史兼錄古今載籍，以為皆其時柱下之所有也。明萬歷中，修撰焦竑修國史，輯《經籍志》，號稱詳博。然延閣廣內之藏，竑亦無從遍覽，則前代陳編，何憑記錄，區區掇拾遺聞，冀以上承《隋志》，而贋書錯列，徒滋訛舛。故今第就二百七十年各傢著述，稍為釐次，勒成一志。凡捲數莫考、疑信未定者，寧闕而不詳雲。” 自《漢書·藝文志》、《隋書·經籍志》之修，搜羅歷代圖書，考其存亡，為目錄學整理之大功業。《明史·藝文志》不采用此種修纂方法，專取有明一代之書，似簡而實詳，確是頗有用心者。然智者百慮，不免一失，如其著錄鄧名世《古今姓氏書辨證》四十捲，乃宋人之作，以其體例而論，必為誤錄之書。 《藝文志》四捲，依經、史、子、集排述。一曰經，共十類：《易》、《書》、《詩》、《禮》、《樂》、《春秋》、《孝經》、《諸經》、《四書》、《小學》。二曰史，共十類：正史、雜史、史鈔、故事、職官、儀註、刑法、傳記、地理、譜牒。三曰子，共十二類：儒傢、雜傢、農傢、小說傢、兵書、天文、歷數、五行、藝術、類書、道傢、釋傢。四曰集，共三類：別集、總集、文史。其經部收書目九百零五部，史部一千三百十六部，子部九百七十部，集部一千三百九十八部，共計收書四千五百八十九部。雖然並未能將有明一代圖書盡收其中，仍不失為一大功績，而為瞭解明代目錄書籍之不可少者。 《明史》列傳基本沿舊史之體例，但亦有其創新之處。《四庫全書總目》捲四六《明史》條提要中稱：“列傳從舊例者十三，創新例者三，曰《閹黨》、曰《流賊》、曰《土司》。蓋貂璫之禍，雖漢、唐以下皆有，而士大夫趨勢附膻，則惟明人為最夥。其流毒天下，亦至酷。別為一傳，所以著亂亡之源，不但示斧鉞之誅也。闖、獻二寇，至於亡明，剿撫之失，足為炯鑒，非他小醜之比，亦非割據群雄之比，故別立之。至於土司，古謂羈縻州也。不內不外，釁隙易萌。大抵多建置於元，而滋蔓於明。控馭之道，與牧民殊，與禦敵國又殊，故自為一類焉。”應該說，創設《閹黨》、《流賊》、《土司》三類傳，確實符合於明史之實際情況，這與諸表中創設《七卿表》有異麯同工之處。明代宦官之幹政，雖不及漢、唐諸朝有廢立之舉，但外廷士大夫屈膝卑顔於閹宦，而成一時之氣焰，則為亙古未有。《閹黨傳》所列四十六人，屬劉瑾黨者七人，餘皆魏忠賢之黨。讀《閹黨傳序》可知史館諸人於明亡之鑒深痛而慨然。然而與《流賊傳》相比，其感情又有所不同，所撰《流賊傳序》自唐賽兒起義論起，直至李自成、張獻忠之亡明，文稱：“自唐賽兒以下，本末易竟，事具剿賊諸臣傳中。獨志其亡天下者，立《李自成、張獻忠傳》。”其中《李自成傳》長達萬餘言，為《明史》諸傳中之最長者。從修史者角度雖主要為後人之鑒，卻因此而保留較為豐富的有關記載，而未采取分散於“剿賊”諸臣傳中。 《明史》列傳之體例采用類傳形式，除以類分傳外，於諸臣傳中亦因類分捲，而未盡以父子及孫等為傳。其方法即因事而分。如捲一二二有《郭子興傳》、《韓林兒傳》、《劉福通傳》，雖亦為明建國前群雄之列，而與群雄同明太祖朱元璋之關係不同，歸為一捲。陳友諒、張士誠、方國珍、明玉珍合為一捲，擴廓、陳友定、把匝剌瓦爾密合為一捲。諸臣中，如徐達、常遇春單為一捲，是功臣亦有別而分立。史臣為建文帝遺臣列傳頗詳，甚至有傳聞之人，能列立傳者盡量立傳，也是史臣寄托遺民之情的一種方式。 《明史》諸列傳中，亦多見以事附傳之體例。如捲一八九《夏良勝傳》，附同下詔獄者萬潮、陳九川、張衍瑞、薑竜、徐鏊、姚繼岩傳，均連署進言諫止武宗南巡之人。捲二○六《馬錄傳》附顔頤壽、聶賢、湯沐、劉琦、盧瓊、瀋漢、王科，均嘉靖中“李福達之獄”受牽之人。如隆慶中御史龐尚鵬疏中稱：“據李同之獄，福達罪益彰，而當時流毒縉紳至四十餘人，衣冠之禍，可謂慘烈。”此附傳後史官評論中所引述，以為同事附傳之由也。此類附傳，於《明史》中不勝枚舉。 《明史》列傳中，《外國傳》及《西域傳》，反映了當時與境外國傢及部落地區等的聯繫，保存了大量東南亞及中亞等地歷史資料，是研究這些國傢歷史及中外關係史的較好參考資料。 在二十四史中，《明史》以編纂得體、材料翔實、敘事穩妥、行文簡潔為史傢所稱道，是一部水平較高的史書。這反映出編者對史料的考訂、史料的運用、對史事的貫通、對語言的駕馭能力都達到較高的水平。雖然它的篇幅在二十四史中僅次於《宋史》，但讀者並不感到冗長而生厭。 《明史》儘管有較高的史料價值，又稱“最為完善”之作。但它作為一部官修的正史，其缺點也是顯而易見的。 趙翼作《廿二史札記》，已對《明史》中的缺失有所評論，衹是出於對官修正史的顧忌，未敢加貶斥之辭。近世史學家柴德賡教授曾經指出：“如‘周延儒之入姦臣傳’一題下，應加‘不當’二字，纔與內容符合，但卻從略。‘劉基廖永忠等傳’條，下未接‘疏舛’二字，‘喬允升劉之鳳二傳’下未接‘重複’二字，此正所謂其不敢貶斥者也。”①趙翼原文雖然委婉，《周延儒之入姦臣傳》中亦云：“周延儒不過一庸相耳，以之入《姦臣傳》，未免稍過。..此非以甚延儒之惡，轉為延儒增其身份也。”《劉基廖永忠等傳》一篇，則論其述史之不確。以朱元璋徵陳友諒一役，《太祖紀》記：“戊戌，剋安慶。壬寅，次湖口，敗友諒於九江，剋其城，友諒奔武昌。”《陳友諒傳》所記略同。《廖永忠傳》加至安慶，破其水寨，遂剋安慶。總之皆稱先剋安慶，後剋九江。而《劉基傳》中卻記，師攻安慶，自旦及暮不下，劉基請徑趨江州，搗其巢穴。按此說則江州之陷前，安慶未剋。所記不合。與此相類，《張玉傳》記東昌之役，成祖被盛庸軍包圍，力戰而出。張玉不知，突出陣中欲救成祖，力戰而死。而《朱能傳》卻稱，成祖被圍，張玉力戰而死，朱能率周長等力戰，救成祖出。張玉究竟死於成祖突圍前還是突圍後，二傳所記不合。事雖並非關鍵，但確為述史不嚴謹之失漏。 《明史·卓敬傳》記卓敬之被殺，稱成祖欲活之，但功臣姚廣孝與卓敬有隙，從旁進言勸殺。此乃據明人野史雜傳，考其史實，廣孝實未從成祖之①柴德賡：《史籍舉要》。 師入南京，亦無從讒殺卓敬。《明史》記建文遺臣之事，為表彰忠義，較多搜羅，野史傳聞亦有所采用，難免有誤。 四川廖麻子、曹甫起義，曹甫之被殺所記亦有抵牾之處。《洪鐘傳》記其為廖麻子所殺，《林俊傳》則記曹為指揮李蔭所擒殺。 《喬允升傳》記崇禎皇帝在位十七年，刑部易尚書十七人，並一一列舉易人之事。《劉鳳之傳》中亦有此段文字，並且一字不改照錄於傳中。此二傳一在捲二五四，一在捲二五六，相隔衹兩捲，不及訂正。“蓋捲帙繁多，纂修諸臣不暇彼此參訂也。”①至於書中此類錯誤不足之處更多不勝舉，故史傢多作考證文字。如地理設置，記蘭州於成化十三年九月復為州，而實錄則記在成化十四年四月復縣為州。成都府南江，《明史》作正德十一年置，《大明會典》捲十六記為九年添設。如太僕寺之設置，《兵志》中記為設四十牧監。《職官志》、《大明會典》均作“十四牧監”。《兵志》中之“四十牧監”，係承襲《明史稿》中之誤。北畿計丁養馬，始行於永樂十三年十二月，實錄中有記。《明史·兵志》記作十二年，恐為誤以月作年，未經核訂之故。 《明史·藝文志》史論頗為推崇，然其中失誤之處亦不少，前舉所錄鄧名世《古今姓氏書辨證》四十捲，乃宋人之作，誤入志中。再如所著錄陳仁錫《周禮句解》六捲，據考體例文字多剽竊猥雜，係坊賈托名，而非出陳仁錫之手。修志人似未睹原書而錄。顧起元《說略》亦同此，《藝文志》作六十捲，而顧起元自序記，全書衹三十捲，志中誤記六十。再如《藝文志》中著錄楊慎《墨池瑣錄》1捲、《書品》1捲、《斷碑集》4捲，而遺漏《畫品》1捲，估計也是成篇時未及仔細訂正之故。 其述史不一之處，尚有表、傳之不合。如吳悼王允熥之死，捲一○三《諸王世表》作永樂十三年卒。捲一一八《吳王允熥傳》則作“永樂十五年卒”。《宰輔年表》汪廣洋，洪武三年左丞。而《汪廣洋傳》則誤記為右丞。李賢天順元年為吏部右侍郎，則當依《李賢傳》為左侍郎。又有志、傳不合之處，如《徐光啓傳》記所進《日躔歷指》一捲，《藝文志》作四捲；《通率表》一捲，《藝文志》作二捲。均不合。 此類小疵，不勝枚舉。以《明史》三百捲之多，雖經修纂日久，難免有失誤之處，衆人成書，或有顧及不到，在所難免。而《明史》中真正失漏之處不僅在此，而在其有意隱蔽史實。 清初修《明史》，所以有須隱沒之事實，即在於清與明本身之關係。其所隱沒者有二：一是隱沒清末建國前曾臣於明；二是隱沒清入關後南明諸朝廷存在之事實。 清朝的發祥，大概與明朝的建立同時。清以肇祖為追尊入太廟之始。肇祖即童猛哥帖木兒。先襲職為元朝萬戶，後歸明朝，授建州左衛指揮，升至①趙翼：《廿二史札記》。 都督。清稱都督孟特穆，追尊肇祖。據《明太宗實錄》所記，明永樂間即有關猛哥帖木兒之記錄。近代清史專傢孟森（心史）先生曾對清之世係作有考訂：“清之初係，為明之建州左衛。始授左衛職之猛哥帖木兒，又因其姑姊妹中，有入明宮為妃嬪者，因內寵之故，至升都督職銜，清實錄謂之都督孟特穆。”①建州女真於明代入朝進見、上貢、襲替、改授及與周邊之關係活動甚多，但此均清朝發祥後為明朝之臣的明證，為清廷所諱，因此在《明史》中不但不許見建州女真，而且凡是“女真”皆在所諱，“於是女真之服而撫字，叛而徵討，纍朝之恩威，諸臣之功過，所係於女真者，一切削除之”。①自古以來，凡於易代之際，以後代修前代之史，關係到新朝與舊朝之處，難免沒有麯筆。但是一般來說，大都相涉年代不多，其掩飾之處，讀史者也能意會其中緣故，從未有如明朝與清朝這樣關係始終，“一隱沒而遂及一代史之全部”者。 凡明朝文武諸臣，曾為督撫鎮巡等官者，皆削其在遼之事跡。如王翺、李秉、趙輔、彭誼、程信等人，《明史》中均各有傳，但其於建州有撫治或徵討之績處，《明史》中均略去不述，間有一二語涉及，則不指明為何部落，以何原因啓釁，其史實真相，無從觀看。再如馬文升，以撫安東夷，自著專書記其事，名《撫安東夷記》，書中主要記述成化時女真狀況及其與明朝之關係，尤對海西女真多有記述。《明史》捲一八二《馬文升傳》亦記其“凡三至遼”之事跡，然讀之卻並不知其為建州女真之事，文詞隱晦，衹略述其曾於遼事有功而已。宦官汪直，與馬文升不合，欲建功遼事，但其傳中亦不作明述。據諸史傢考證，《明史》中諱記女真之事，亦有疏忽之處，如《憲宗紀》及《汪直傳》中，有伏當伽一名。伏當伽為其時建州女真一首領名，史官不知伏當伽為何部酋領，漏出其名，反彰其麯筆掩飾之實。 凡是明朝人中所長而必書之事在於建州者，則《明史》中削其人而不為立傳。如顧養謙、宦官亦失哈等，因生平活動不可離遼東及建州之事，《明史》中遂無傳。此外亦有明顯刪掉者。如捲二五七《王洽傳》記：“宣大總督王象乾與大同巡撫張宗衡爭插漢款戰事，..洽及諸執政並主象乾策，定款議。詳見《象乾、宗衡傳》。”然《明史》無《象乾傳》、《宗衡傳》。《王象乾傳》，萬斯同所訂《明史》列傳中原有傳，在捲三四八，王鴻緒《明史稿》亦有，在捲二二八。《張宗衡傳》則分見兩書捲三六四及捲二四一。顯然為《明史》定稿時所刪。 明初於黑竜江下遊設奴兒幹都司之事，《明史·地理志》中漏而不述，衹見於《兵志》，稱：“洪武、永樂間邊外歸附者，官其長，為都督、都指揮、指揮、千百戶、鎮撫等官，賜以敕書印記，設都司衛所。”下列：“都司一（奴兒幹都司）”，再列衛三百八十四。所謂“邊外歸附者”，即女真①孟森：《明史講義》第一章。 各部。至於蒙古、西番，則均直書其名。 《明史》中另一掩飾之處，則為南明諸帝。自崇禎十七年（1644）李自成農民軍剋北京，隨後清軍入關，明朝即亡。幾乎與清軍入北京同時，南京建立弘光朝廷，此後又有隆武朝、紹武朝、永歷朝及魯王監國。永歷帝朱由榔於康熙元年（1662）為吳三桂所殺，或以為此係明亡之時。而孟森先生作《明史》末述《南明之顛沛》，最後有雲：“十一月辛卯（十六日），魯王殂於臺灣，明亡，時為清康熙三年（1664）。”則此距崇禎之亡，又二十年矣。此二十年南明之史，《明史》亦予隱諱，不承認其帝號，而將其事記述於諸王傳中，以示其仍為諸王而非帝統。 說到清初修史之諱，順便可以略述清初之文字獄。清初著名文字獄，一為莊氏史案，罹禍者至七十餘人，死者剖棺銼屍，生者延頸就戮，妻孥極邊充軍為奴。而觀其原書，涉及清室並未有過分訕謗之語，惟於清兵入關之事，直書為“夷氛”、“夷寇”，於“奴酋（努兒哈赤）”名號，跡未加避諱。而於李成梁傳中，稱努爾哈赤為成梁所豢養：“已而並殺教場及他矢於阿臺城下。他矢子即清太祖也，以幼得不死，留置帳下。”此為清廷所最忌諱之事，莊氏及諸修史之人因遭大禍。此為涉及清入關前史事之文字獄。涉及南明諸帝的著名文字獄有戴名世《南山集》獄。戴名世，字田有，號褐夫，別號憂庵。清康熙間進士，官編修。留心有明一代史事，網羅散佚，走訪明季遺老，考求遺事。著《南山集》，用南明永歷年號，以存明朝統緒，為左都御史趙申喬所劾，論斬。凡為《南山集》作序者，如方苞等人，均獲株連，達數十人之多。此則為清初又一文字獄大案。由此可知清廷這兩大避諱是觸及不得的。史官豈敢冒殺身之禍而必書其實？即使有此董狐之風，以清初文禁之嚴，又豈能留衹字於官修史書之中？隱諱史實固然是《明史》一大缺失，又是必然結果。 謝國楨於明清史籍所知博深，其評論《明史》缺失，共列五點，除“毀滅不利清廷之史實”外，尚有四大點：一是於明初事實記載不翔實。因清廷諱言明朝驅逐蒙古於漠北，亦猶如諱言建州女真於東北臣於明。又因史官為明末降清人士，對明初統治集團內部矛盾，盡略而不願詳記。二是記建文之事，諱言建文出亡，主張焚於火，以示亡國之君無生之理。此亦出清廷之需。三是除李自成、張獻忠起義外，其餘農民起義，均衹見於有關官員列傳之中，且極盡歪麯之能事。四是《明史》出於東南文人之手，於江浙文人尤其是東林黨人多立佳傳。自明嘉靖以後，內閣柄政大臣，多為東南縉紳所操持，一脈相承，當時謂之“傳衣鉢”。《明史》對黨籍中人，言之刺刺不休，與其他方面人物相比，記述不均，因之是非亦難得其平。 如何給予《明史》一個概括的評價呢？前面的評述，基本上還是就其自身內容而論，然而要給《明史》一個總的評價，就不得不把它放到歷史中，放到整個中國史學史中去看。 清朝的陸以湉在其《冷廬雜識》中這樣評價道： 《明史》體例極精，姚廣孝入列傳，不以僧許之也。秦良玉入列傳，不以女 視之也。閹黨、佞幸、姦臣列於宦官之後流賊之前，其嫉之也深，而貶之也至矣。 白壽彝教授將明清時期劃為中國史學史的第五個時期，他說：“明清時期，是中國史學史的第五個時期。它處於中國封建社會的衰老時期。這時，生産力在繼續發展，而生産關係卻阻礙了生産力的發展。同時，新生産力的發展不夠強大，還不能突破封建生産關係的桎梏。這是社會進程的一段微妙時刻，很容易迷惑人，使人給它作偏高或偏低的估計。我們說它衰老，不說它解體，就是說它已經失去了旺盛的生命力，但生命力還是有的，甚至還相當頑強。這種特點反映在史學上，一方面是因循保守氣息的充斥，另一方面，是反映時代抗議精神的優秀作品在不斷地問世。”①在這樣一個條件下問世的《明史》與它的編纂者們一樣，被打上了深刻的時代烙印。 章炳麟在談及明末清初浙東史學時說：“自明末有浙東之學。萬斯大、斯同兄弟，皆鄞人，師事余姚黃宗羲，稱說禮經，雜陳漢宋，而斯同獨尊史法。”因此《明史》雖然最後定刊於乾隆間，但並沒有完全陷於考據學風之中。白壽彝教授指出：“萬斯同、全祖望對《明史》的工作，其興趣在於保存明代文獻，他們也還有清初學者那樣的民族思想。”因此，《明史》雖然是二十四史的最後一部，但是它仍然繼承了前代諸史的風格，這絶不僅僅表現在體例上，而且表現在述史的追求上。 但是，正如白壽彝教授所指出的時代特點所限，《明史》已無法像前四史那樣去體現史傢的思想，也無法像其餘諸史那樣相對少有避諱。史傢們的艱難是在史德與現實中找尋出路。儘管如此，《明史》仍不失為一部歷史巨著，它的完善是突出的，它的避諱難言是突出的，它反映出的史傢們的艱難也是突出的。這也是清初史學的特點。“但這是社會變革中易於遇到的現象，這是社會變革的矛盾運動在史學領域裏的反映，有的反映得明顯，有的反映得麯折，有的為封建桎梏所緊緊掌握，有的是要掙脫封建桎梏而又苦於力量不足。”①《明史》是中國封建官修正史的尾聲，它同前朝諸史一脈相承。《明史》以後，中國封建傳統正史便走上了日暮途窮的末路。 為補《明史》記述之不足，後人陸續有些補編之作。如劉廷燮的《建文遜國之際月表》。黃大華的《明宰輔考略》和《明七卿考略》，吳廷燮的《明督撫年表》，傅以禮的《殘明宰輔年表》和《殘明大統歷》等，都收在《二十五史補編》中。 乾隆四十二年，清朝繼改修《明史》本紀後，又以於敏中、錢汝為等為總裁，考證明史，但未刊行。光緒時，戶部侍郎王頌蔚入值軍機，得見考證明史之稿本、正本和進呈本，已多殘缺不全。王頌蔚將其整理匯編，成《明史考證攟逸》四十二捲，民國五年(1916)收入《嘉業堂叢書》。現通行的《明史》版本是乾隆四年的武英殿原刊本，1974年中華書局又據以校勘、標點，鉛印出版。 捲一·本紀第一 太祖一 太祖開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝，諱元璋，字國瑞，姓硃氏。先世傢沛，徙句容，再徙泗州。父世珍，始徙濠州之鐘離。生四子，太祖其季也。母陳氏，方娠，夢神授藥一丸，置掌中有光，吞之，寤，口餘香氣。及産，紅光滿室。自是夜數有光起，鄰里望見，驚以為火，輒奔救，至則無有。比長，姿貌雄傑，奇骨貫頂。志意廓然，人莫能測。 至正四年，旱蝗，大饑疫。太祖時年十七，父母兄相繼歿，貧不剋葬。裏人劉繼祖與之地，乃剋葬，即鳳陽陵也。太祖孤無所依，乃入皇覺寺為僧。逾月，遊食合肥。道病，二紫衣人與俱，護視甚至。病已，失所在。凡歷光、固、汝、潁諸州三年，復還寺。當是時，元政不綱，盜賊四起。劉福通奉韓山童假宋後起潁，徐壽輝僭帝號起蘄，李二、彭大、趙均用起徐，衆各數萬，並置將帥，殺吏，侵略郡縣，而方國珍已先起海上。他盜擁兵據地，寇掠甚衆。天下大亂。 十二年春二月，定遠人郭子興與其黨孫德崖等起兵濠州。元將徹裏不花憚不敢攻，而日俘良民以邀賞。太祖時年二十四，謀避兵，卜於神，去留皆不吉。乃曰：“得毋當舉大事乎？”卜之吉，大喜，遂以閏三月甲戌朔入濠見子興。子興奇其狀貌，留為親兵。戰輒勝，遂妻以所撫馬公女，即高皇后也。子興與德崖齟齬，太祖屢調護之。秋九月，元兵復徐州，李二走死，彭大、趙均用奔濠，德崖等納之。子興禮大而易均用，均用怨之。德崖遂與謀，伺子興出，執而械諸孫氏，將殺之。太祖方在淮北，聞難馳至，訴於彭大。大怒，呼兵以行，太祖亦甲而擁盾，發屋出子興，破械，使人負以歸，遂免。是鼕，元將賈魯圍濠。太祖與子興力拒之。 十三年春，賈魯死，圍解。太祖收裏中兵，得七百人。子興喜，署為鎮撫。時彭、趙所部暴橫，子興弱，太祖度無足與共事，乃以兵屬他將，獨與徐達、湯和、費聚等南略定遠。計降驢牌寨民兵三千，與俱東。夜襲元將張知院於橫澗山，收其卒二萬。道遇定遠人李善長，與語，大悅，遂與俱攻滁州，下之。是年，張士誠據高郵，自稱誠王。 十四年鼕十月，元丞相脫脫大敗士誠於高郵，分兵圍六合。太祖曰：“六合破，滁且不免。”與耿再成軍瓦梁壘，救之。力戰，衛老弱還滁。元兵尋大至，攻滁，太祖設伏誘敗之。然度元兵勢盛且再至，乃還所獲馬，遣父老具牛酒謝元將曰：“守城備他盜耳，奈何捨巨寇戮良民？”元兵引去，城賴以完。脫脫既破士誠，軍聲大振，會中讒，遽解兵柄，江淮亂益熾。 十五年春正月，子興用太祖計，遣張天祐等拔和州，檄太祖總其軍。太祖慮諸將不相下，秘其檄，期旦日會廳事。時席尚右，諸將先入，皆踞右。太祖故後至，就左。比視事，剖决如流，衆瞠目不能發一語，始稍稍屈。議分工甓城，期三日。太祖工竣，諸將皆後。於是始出檄，南面坐曰：“奉命總諸公兵，今甓城皆後期，如軍法何？”諸將皆惶恐謝。乃搜軍中所掠婦女縱還傢，民大悅。元兵十萬攻和，拒守三月，食且盡，而太子禿堅、樞密副使絆住馬、民兵元帥陳野先分屯新塘、高望、雞籠山以絶餉道。太祖率衆破之，元兵皆走渡江。三月，郭子興卒。時劉福通迎立韓山童子林兒於亳，國號宋，建元竜鳳。檄子興子天敘為都元帥，張天祐、太祖為左右副元帥。太祖慨然曰：“大丈夫寧能受製於人耶？”遂不受。然念林兒勢盛，可倚藉，乃用其年號以令軍中。 夏四月，常遇春來歸。五月，太祖謀渡江，無舟。會巢湖帥廖永安、俞通海以水軍千艘來附，太祖大喜，往撫其衆。而元中丞蠻子海牙扼銅城閘、馬場河諸隘，巢湖舟師不得出。忽大雨，太祖喜曰：“天助我也!”遂乘水漲，從小港縱舟還。因擊海牙於峪溪口，大敗之，遂定計渡江。諸將請直趨集慶。太祖曰：“取集慶必自采石始。采石重鎮，守必固，牛渚前臨大江，彼難為備，可必剋也。”六月乙卯，乘風引帆，直達牛渚。常遇春先登，拔之。采石兵亦潰。緣江諸壘悉附。諸將以和州饑，爭取資糧謀歸。太祖謂徐達曰：“渡江幸捷，若捨而歸，江東非吾有也。”乃悉斷舟纜，放急流中，謂諸將曰：“太平甚近，當與公等取之。”遂乘勝拔太平，執萬戶納哈出。總管靳義赴水死，太祖曰：“義士也”，禮葬之。揭榜禁剽掠。有卒違令，斬以徇，軍中肅然。改路曰府。置太平興國翼元帥府，自領元帥事，召陶安參幕府事，李習為知府。時太平四面皆元兵。右丞阿魯灰、中丞蠻子海牙等嚴師截姑孰口，陳野先水軍帥康茂纔以數萬衆攻城。太祖遣徐達、鄧愈、湯和逆戰，別將潛出其後，夾擊之，擒野先，並降其衆，阿魯灰等引去。秋九月，郭天敘、張天祐攻集慶，野先叛，二人皆戰死，於是子興部將盡歸太祖矣。野先尋為民兵所殺，從子兆先收其衆，屯方山，與海牙掎角以窺太平。鼕十二月壬子，釋納哈出北歸。 十六年春二月丙子，大破海牙於采石。三月癸未，進攻集慶，擒兆先，降其衆三萬六千人，皆疑懼不自保。太祖擇驍健者五百人入衛，解甲酣寢達旦，衆心始安。庚寅，再敗元兵於蔣山。元御史大夫福壽，力戰死之，蠻子海牙遁歸張士誠，康茂纔降。太祖入城，悉召官吏父老諭之曰：“元政氵賣擾，幹戈蜂起，我來為民除亂耳，其各安堵如故。賢士吾禮用之，舊政不便者除之，吏毋貪暴殃吾民。”民乃大喜過望。改集慶路為應天府，闢夏煜、孫炎、楊憲等十餘人，葬御史大夫福壽，以旌其忠。 當是時，元將定定扼鎮江，別不華、楊仲英屯寧國，青衣軍張明鑒據揚州，八思爾不花駐徽州，石抹宜孫守處州，其弟厚孫守婺州，宋伯顔不花守衢州，而池州已為徐壽輝將所據，張士誠自淮東陷平江，轉掠浙西。太祖既定集慶，慮士誠、壽輝強，江左、浙右諸郡為所並，於是遣徐達攻鎮江，拔之，定定戰死。夏六月，鄧愈剋廣德。 秋七月己卯，諸將奉太祖為吳國公。置江南行中書省，自總省事，置僚佐。貽書張士誠，士誠不報，引兵攻鎮江。徐達敗之，進圍常州，不下。九月戊寅，如鎮江，謁孔子廟。遣儒士告諭父老，勸農桑，尋還應天。 十七年春二月，耿炳文剋長興。三月，徐達剋常州。夏四月丁卯，自將攻寧國，取之，別不華降。五月，上元、寧國、句容獻瑞麥。六月，趙繼祖剋江陰。秋七月，徐達剋常熟。鬍大海剋徽州，八思爾不花遁。鼕十月，常遇春剋池州，繆大亨剋揚州，張明鑒降。十二月己醜，釋囚。是年，徐壽輝將明玉珍據重慶路。 十八年春二月乙亥，以康茂纔為營田使。三月己酉，錄囚。鄧愈剋建德路。夏四月，徐壽輝將陳友諒遣趙普勝陷池州。是月，友諒據竜興路。五月，劉福通破汴梁，迎韓林兒都之。初，福通遣將分道四出，破山東，寇秦晉，掠幽薊，中原大亂，太祖故得次第略定江表。所過不殺，收召纔雋，由是人心日附。鼕十二月，鬍大海攻婺州，久不下，太祖自將往擊之。石抹宜孫遣將率車師由鬆溪來援，太祖曰：“道狹，車戰適取敗耳。”命鬍德濟迎戰於梅花門，大破之，婺州降，執厚孫。先一日，城中人望見城西五色雲如車蓋，以為異，及是乃知為太祖駐兵地。入城，發粟振貧民，改州為寧越府。闢范祖幹、葉儀、許元等十三人分直講經史。戊子，遣使招諭方國珍。 十九年春正月乙巳，太祖謀取浙東未下諸路。戒諸將曰：“剋城以武，戡亂以仁。吾比入集慶，秋毫無犯，故一舉而定。每聞諸將得一城不妄殺，輒喜不自勝。夫師行如火，不戢將燎原。為將能以不殺為武，豈惟國傢之利，子孫實受其福。”庚申，鬍大海剋諸暨。是月，命寧越知府王宗顯立郡學。三月甲午，赦大逆以下。丁巳，方國珍以溫、臺、慶元來獻，遣其子關為質，不受。夏四月，俞通海等復池州。時耿炳文守長興，吳良守江陰，湯和守常州，皆數敗士誠兵。太祖以故久留寧越，徇浙東。六月壬戌，還應天。秋八月，元察罕帖木兒復汴梁，福通以林兒退保安豐。九月，常遇春剋衢州，擒宋伯顔不花。鼕十月，遣夏煜授方國珍行省平章，國珍以疾辭。十一月壬寅，鬍大海剋處州，石抹宜孫遁。時元守兵單弱，且聞中原亂，人心離散，以故江左、浙右諸郡，兵至皆下，遂西與友諒鄰。 二十年春二月，元福建行省參政袁天祿以福寧降。三月戊子，徵劉基、宋濂、章溢、葉琛至。夏五月，徐達、常遇春敗陳友諒於池州。閏月丙辰，友諒陷太平，守將硃文遜，院判花雲、王鼎，知府許瑗死之。未幾，友諒弒其主徐壽輝，自稱皇帝，國號漢，盡有江西、湖廣地，約士誠合攻應天，應天大震。諸將議先復太平以牽之，太祖曰：“不可。彼居上遊，舟師十倍於我，猝難復也。”或請自將迎擊，太祖曰：“不可。彼以偏師綴我，而全軍趨金陵，順流半日可達，吾步騎急難引還，百裏趨戰，兵法所忌，非策也。”乃馳諭鬍大海搗信州牽其後，而令康茂纔以書紿友諒，令速來。友諒果引兵東。於是常遇春伏石灰山，徐達陣南門外，楊璟屯大勝港，張德勝等以舟師出竜江關，太祖親督軍盧竜山。乙醜，友諒至竜灣，衆欲戰，太祖曰：“天且雨，趣食，乘雨擊之。”須臾，果大雨，士卒競奮，雨止合戰，水陸夾擊，大破之，友諒乘別舸走。遂復太平，下安慶，而大海亦剋信州。初，太祖令茂纔紿友諒，李善長以為疑。太祖曰：“二寇合，吾首尾受敵，惟速其來而先破之，則士誠膽落矣。”已而士誠兵竟不出。丁卯，置儒學提舉司，以宋濂為提舉，遣子標受經學。六月，耿再成敗石抹宜孫於慶元，宜孫戰死，遣使祭之。秋九月，徐壽輝舊將歐普祥以袁州降。鼕十二月，復遣夏煜以書諭國珍。 二十一年春二月甲申，立????茶課。己亥，置寶源局。三月丁醜，改樞密院為大都督府。元將薛顯以泗州降。戊寅，國珍遣使來謝，飾金玉馬鞍以獻。卻之曰：“今有事四方，所需者人材，所用者粟帛，寶玩非所好也。”秋七月，友諒將張定邊陷安慶。八月，遣使於元平章察罕帖木兒。時察罕平山東，降田豐，軍聲大振，故太祖與通好。會察罕方攻益都未下，太祖乃自將舟師徵陳友諒。戊戌，剋安慶，友諒將丁普郎、傅友德迎降。壬寅，次湖口，追敗友諒於江州，剋其城，友諒奔武昌。分徇南康、建昌、饒、蘄、黃、廣濟，皆下。鼕十一月己未，剋撫州。 二十二年春正月，友諒江西行省丞相鬍廷瑞以竜興降。乙卯，如竜興，改為洪都府。謁孔子廟。告諭父老，除陳氏苛政，罷諸軍需，存恤貧無告者，民大悅。袁、瑞、臨江、吉安相繼下。二月，還應天。鄧愈留守洪都。癸未，降人蔣英殺金華守將鬍大海，郎中王愷死之，英叛降張士誠。處州降人李祐之聞變，亦殺行樞密院判耿再成反，都事孫炎、知府王道同、元帥硃文剛死之。三月癸亥，降人祝宗、康泰反，陷洪都，鄧愈走應天，知府葉琚都事萬思誠死之。是月，明玉珍稱帝於重慶，國號夏。夏四月己卯，邵榮復處州。甲午，徐達復洪都。五月丙午，硃文正、趙德勝、鄧愈鎮洪都。六月戊寅，察罕以書來報，留我使人不遣。察罕尋為田豐所殺。秋七月丙辰，平章邵榮、參政趙繼祖謀逆，伏誅。鼕十二月，元遣尚書張昶航海至慶元，授太祖江西行省平章政事，不受。察罕子擴廓帖木兒致書歸使者。 二十三年春正月丙寅，遣汪河報之。二月壬申，命將士屯田積𠔌。是月，友諒將張定邊陷饒州。士誠將呂珍破安豐，殺劉福通。三月辛醜，太祖自將救安豐，珍敗走，以韓林兒歸滁州，乃還應天。夏四月壬戌，友諒大舉兵圍洪都。乙醜，諸全守將謝再興叛，附於士誠。五月，築禮賢館。友諒分兵陷吉安，參政劉齊、知府硃叔華死之。陷臨江，同知趙天麟死之。陷無為州，知州董會死之。秋七月癸酉，太祖自將救洪都。癸未，次湖口，先伏兵涇江口及南湖觜，遏友諒歸路，檄信州兵守武陽渡。友諒聞太祖至，解圍，逆戰於鄱陽湖。友諒兵號六十萬，聯巨舟為陣，樓櫓高十餘丈，綿亙數十裏，旌旗戈盾，望之如山。丁亥，遇於康郎山，太祖分軍十一隊以禦之。戊子，合戰，徐達擊其前鋒，俞通海以火砲焚其舟數十，殺傷略相當。友諒驍將張定邊直犯太祖舟，舟膠於沙，不得退，危甚，常遇春從旁射中定邊，通海復來援，舟驟進，水涌太祖舟，乃得脫。己醜，友諒悉巨艦出戰，諸將舟小，仰攻不利，有怖色。太祖親麾之，不前，斬退縮者十餘人，人皆殊死戰。會日晡，大風起東北，乃命敢死士操七舟，實火藥蘆葦中，縱火焚友諒舟。風烈火熾，煙焰漲天，湖水盡赤。友諒兵大亂，諸將鼓噪乘之，斬首二千餘級，焚溺死者無算，友諒氣奪。辛卯，復戰，友諒復大敗。於是斂舟自守，不敢更戰。壬辰，太祖移軍扼左蠡，友諒亦退保渚磯。相持三日，其左、右二金吾將軍皆降。友諒勢益蹙，忿甚，盡殺所獲將士。而太祖則悉還所俘，傷者傅以善藥，且祭其親戚諸將陣亡者。八月壬戌，友諒食盡，趨南湖觜，為南湖軍所遏，遂突湖口。太祖邀之，順流搏戰，及於涇江。涇江軍復遮擊之，友諒中流矢死。張定邊以其子理奔武昌。九月，還應天，論功行賞。先是，太祖救安豐，劉基諫不聽。至是謂基曰：“我不當有安豐之行。使友諒乘虛直搗應天，大事去矣。乃頓兵南昌，不亡何待。友諒亡，天下不難定也。”壬午，自將徵陳理。是月，張士誠自稱吳王。鼕十月壬寅，圍武昌，分徇湖北諸路，皆下。十二月丙申，還應天，常遇春留督諸軍。 二十四年春正月丙寅朔，李善長等率群臣勸進，不允。固請，乃即吳王位。建百官。以善長為右相國，徐達為左相國，常遇春、俞通海為平章政事，諭之曰：“立國之初，當先正紀綱。元氏暗弱，威福下移，馴至於亂，今宜鑒之。”立子標為世子。二月乙未，復自將徵武昌，陳理降，漢、沔、荊、嶽皆下。三月乙醜，還應天。丁卯，置起居註。庚午，罷諸翼元帥府，置十七衛親軍指揮使司，命中書省闢文武人材。夏四月，建祠，祀死事丁普郎等於康郎山，趙德勝等於南昌。秋七月丁醜，徐達剋盧州。戊寅，常遇春徇江西。八月戊戌，復吉安，遂圍贛州。達徇荊、湘諸路。九月甲申，下江陵，夷陵、潭、歸皆降。鼕十二月庚寅，達剋辰州，遣別將下衡州。 二十五年春正月己巳，徐達下寶慶，湖湘平。常遇春剋贛州，熊天瑞降。遂趨南安，招諭嶺南諸路，下韶州、南雄。甲申，如南昌，執大都督硃文正以歸，數其罪，安置桐城。二月己醜，福建行省平章陳友定侵處州，參軍鬍深擊敗之，遂下浦城。丙午，士誠將李伯升攻諸全之新城，李文忠大敗之。夏四月庚寅，常遇春徇襄、漢諸路。五月乙亥，剋安陸。己卯，下襄陽。六月壬子，硃亮祖、鬍深攻建寧，戰於城下，深被執，死之。秋七月，令從渡江士卒被創廢疾者養之，死者贍其妻子。九月丙辰，建國子學。鼕十月戊戌，下令討張士誠。是時，士誠所據，南至紹興，北有通、泰、高郵、淮安、濠、泗，又北至於濟寧。乃命徐達、常遇春等先規取淮東。閏月，圍泰州，剋之。十一月，張士誠寇宜興，徐達擊敗之，遂自宜興還攻高郵。 二十六年春正月癸未，士誠窺江陰，太祖自將救之，士誠遁，康茂纔追敗之於浮子門。太祖還應天。二月，明玉珍死，子升自立。三月丙申，令中書嚴選舉。徐達剋高郵。夏四月乙卯，襲破士誠將徐義水軍於淮安，義遁，梅思祖以城降。濠、徐、宿三州相繼下，淮東平。甲子，如濠州省墓，置守塚二十傢，賜故人汪文、劉英粟帛。置酒召父老飲，極歡，曰：“吾去鄉十有餘年，艱難百戰，乃得歸省墳墓，與父老子弟復相見。今苦不得久留歡聚為樂。父老幸教子弟孝弟力田，毋遠賈，濱淮郡縣尚苦寇掠，父老善自愛。”令有司除租賦，皆頓首謝。辛未，徐達剋安豐，分兵敗擴廓於徐州。夏五月壬午，至自濠。庚寅，求遺書。秋八月庚戌，改築應天城，作新宮鐘山之陽。辛亥，命徐達為大將軍，常遇春為副將軍，帥師二十萬討張士誠。禦戟門誓師曰：“城下之日，毋殺掠，毋毀廬捨，毋發丘壟。士誠母葬平江城外，毋侵毀。”既而召問達、遇春，用兵當何先。遇春欲直搗平江。太祖曰：“湖州張天騏、杭州潘原明為士誠臂指，平江窮蹙，兩人悉力赴援，難以取勝。不若先攻湖州，使疲於奔命。羽翼既披，平江勢孤，立破矣。”甲戌，敗張天騏於湖州，士誠親率兵來援，復敗之於皁林。九月乙未，李文忠攻杭州。鼕十月壬子，遇春敗士誠兵於烏鎮。十一月甲申，張天騏降。辛卯，李文忠下余杭，潘原明降，旁郡悉下。癸卯，圍平江。十二月，韓林兒卒。以明年為吳元年，建廟社宮室，祭告山川。所司進宮殿圖，命去雕琢奇麗者。是歲，元擴廓帖木兒與李思齊、張良弼構怨，屢相攻擊，朝命不行，中原民益睏。 二十七年春正月戊戌，諭中書省曰：“東南久罹兵革，民生凋敝，吾甚憫之。且太平、應天諸郡，吾渡江開創地，供億煩勞久矣。今比戶空虛，有司急催科，重睏吾民，將何以堪。其賜太平田租二年，應天、鎮江、寧國、廣德各一年。”二月丁未，傅友德敗擴廓將李二於徐州，執之。三月丁醜，始設文武科取士。夏四月，方國珍陰遣人通擴廓及陳友定，移書責之。五月己亥，初置翰林院。是月，以旱減膳素食，復徐、宿、濠、泗、壽、邳、東海、安東、襄陽、安陸及新附地田租三年。六月戊辰，大雨，群臣請復膳。太祖曰：“雖雨，傷禾已多，其賜民今年田租。”癸酉，命朝賀罷女樂。秋七月丙子，給府州縣官之任費，賜綺帛，及其父母妻長子有差，著為令。己醜，雷震宮門獸吻，赦罪囚。庚寅，遣使責方國珍貢糧。八月癸醜，圜丘、方丘、社稷壇成。九月甲戌，太廟成。硃亮祖帥師討國珍。戊寅，詔曰：“先王之政，罪不及孥。自今除大逆不道，毋連坐。”辛巳，徐達剋平江，執士誠，吳地平。戊戌，遣使致書於元主，送其宗室神保大王等北還。辛醜，論平吳功，封李善長宣國公，徐達信國公，常遇春鄂國公，將士賜賚有差。硃亮祖剋臺州。癸卯，新宮成。 鼕十月甲辰，遣起居註吳琳、魏觀以幣求遺賢於四方。丙午，令百官禮儀尚左。改李善長左相國，徐達右相國。辛亥，祀元臣餘闕於安慶，李黼於江州。壬子，置御史臺。癸醜，湯和為徵南將軍，吳禎副之，討國珍。甲寅，定律令。戊午，正郊社、太廟雅樂。 庚申，召諸將議北徵。太祖曰：“山東則王宣反側，河南則擴廓跋扈，關隴則李思齊、張思道梟張猜忌，元祚將亡，中原塗炭。今將北伐，拯生民於水火，何以决勝？”遇春對曰：“以我百戰之師，敵彼久逸之卒，直搗元都，破竹之勢也。”太祖曰：“元建國百年，守備必固，懸軍深入，饋餉不前，援兵四集，危道也。吾欲先取山東，撤彼屏蔽，移兵兩河，破其籓籬，拔潼關而守之，扼其戶檻。天下形勝入我掌握，然後進兵，元都勢孤援絶，不戰自剋。鼓行而西，雲中、九原、關隴可席捲也。”諸將皆曰善。 甲子，徐達為徵虜大將軍，常遇春為副將軍，帥師二十五萬，由淮入河，北取中原。鬍廷瑞為徵南將軍，何文輝為副將軍，取福建。湖廣行省平章楊璟、左丞周德興、參政張彬取廣西。己巳，硃亮祖剋溫州。十一月辛巳，湯和剋慶元，方國珍遁入海。壬午，徐達剋沂州，斬王宣。己醜，廖永忠為徵南副將軍，自海道會和討國珍。乙未，頒《大統歷》。辛醜，徐達剋益都。十二月甲辰，頒律令。丁未，方國珍降，浙東平。張興祖下東平，兗東州縣相繼降。己酉，徐達下濟南。鬍廷瑞下邵武。癸醜，李善長帥百官勸進，表三上，乃許。甲子，告於上帝。庚午，湯和、廖永忠由海道剋福州。 Central Plains after the Qing Dynasty, turn on the Junji two years (1645) Guihai April (the 11th), petitioned the censor Zhao Jiding Compilation "Ming Shi" (Note: Zhao Jiding petitioned Compilation "Ming Dynasty" record, found "clear ancestor Record" Volume 15, He Guanbiao "Junji towards <Ming" A History compiled test, "the first article exposing this issue. But when the Qing court Compiling resolution, there is no precise historical data confirm this. Qing Dynasty Official Compilation of the book does not appear on "History of Ming Dynasty," the edict, "Manchu rulers came to Record" see only a few years in May, President Junji 癸未 at the memorial, in which words, "Chendeng Chin Feng Sheng Yu, president of" History of Ming Dynasty, "", and made Vice President and Compiling a list of persons. This "Qin Feng Sheng Yu", it may be only verbal instructions when it Zaozhao. In the past two years in May of Junji known for "imperial maintenance" Ming Dynasty "," do something improper expression, accurate words To: Junji two years in May, the Qing government formed a "clear history" Compilation of staff.), has been recognized by the Qing court. Subsequently, scholar Feng Quan, Li Jiantai, Pham Van process, just Lin, Qi charge lattice as President, make arrangements for the matter. May that year, nominated by the president, vice president and Compiling officials, and officials _set_ up seven palm collection, full of word transcription ten, Chinese transcription thirty-six, opened the official Compilation of Qing Dynasty "Ming Dynasty" for China. Kangxi four years (AD 1665), re-open the Academia Historica, for Compiling "clear ancestor Record" and stop. Kangxi eighteen years (AD 1679) to Xu Yuanwen as Supervisor, began compiling of the Ming Dynasty. The Qianlong four years (AD 1739) finalized, was inscribed into. "Ming Dynasty" is the revision of history books in the history of Shang Compiling the longest one. If two years from the Shunzhi (1645) _set_ out from Academia to the Qianlong four years (1739) formally presented by the historian of the emperor, and it took ninety years. If the eighteen years from the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1679) until the preparation of the formal organization was issued only bodies, but also a full six years is too long. Why is this historical time and so long before it? Was the main cause of political instability. "Ming Dynasty" Compilation of the official opening of two years began in May Shunzhi two days (May 26, 1645). According to Junji Record of the Qing Dynasty records, the same day to repair "the Ming Dynasty," the official president of the scholar Fung Wah Chuen, Hong Chengchou, Lijian Tai, Pham Van process, just Lin, Qi charge grid so petitioned, the official _set_, vice president of government, to BA, Shi Du Eleven school Shizhan act as tyrants, etc., and _select_ed Compiling, palm collection, transcription officer. At a time when Qingjunruguan beginning on weak footing would rush to repair Chao "Ming Dynasty" and its purpose is obvious. First, as the Ming Dynasty have been declared dead, and then working with Nanjing, the Qing imperial court across the river, Hung Kuang confrontation repair "Ming Shi" is no longer recognized the existence of Hung Kuang of the Southern Ming regime. Second, in order to win over the leftover Ming Dynasty, through the compiling of "clear history", so that those who surrendered to the Qing of the Ming Han officials have an emotional sustenance. At that time the situation from the point of view, the conditions for opening of history writing is simply not available. Although the May 15 (June 8) Qing scored Nanjing, the Southern Ming Hung Kuang court perish, May 28 (June 21) the Qing court announced the "pacification of Jiangnan Jie Yin", but actually clear Army soldiers and civilians in the south was a resolute resistance, especially in the Qing court announced, "Dressed Order", the more aroused the resistance of the people south. One famous battle with the leadership of Yan Yuan Jiangyin should defend the war, stick to the isolated city for two months. Southern Ming Hong Guangzheng right destruction, the Ming Chen Huang Tao Zhou, Zheng Zhilong and other instructions from tang Zhu Yu key in Fuzhou established a Long Wu regime; At the same time, Zhang Guowei, Zhang Huangyan other Feng Lu and Zhu in Shanghai at Shaoxing supervisor States; Li Zicheng peasant uprising army remnants also clear Governor He Tengjiao combined resist the Qing. To Junji three years (1646), Ming Zhu Chen Yu-tang Feng Su Guansheng and other key rights in Guangzhou established a Shaowu Zheng, Ding Kui Chu, Qu-type plow, etc. and Zhu Yong Li Gui Wang Yongli regime established by the palm. Junji six years (1649), Chang Hsien-chung remnants of peasant army in the Sun is expected, led by John Reading, combined with the Southern Ming regime Yongli, becoming one of the main resist the Qing. In the Qing north in the country, echoing the situation with the South resist the Qing, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu righteous army successively, the number of generals have surrendered to the Qing Ming raise his flag resist the Qing, in the country, several off resist the Qing climax. For example, nine Junji (1652) John Reading his troops recovered Baoqing, statewide, Guilin's campaign forced the Qing _set_ Nanwang Kong Youde suicide. Junji ten to fifteen year, Minglu Wang Zhang famous among his subordinates, such as rate of Zhang Huangyan s Strategy and scored the Yangtze River, reaching as far as the outskirts of Nanjing; Zheng navy also captured rate Zhoushan. That resist the Qing struggle until the early years of the Qing Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongli was Sangui Nanming killed, Zheng Chenggong, Mr John Reading has died, before an end. In this war-torn, uncertain political circumstances, a lot of manpower and resources to focus on repair history of the opening is simply not possible. Eight years of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1669), Quan Chen Aobai detention Emperor Kangxi began Chikamasa. However, Council at this time there are new changes. Kangxi years (1673), the level Nanwang Shang Kexi, Pingxi Wang Jing Nan Wang Geng Jingzhong Chefan Sangui and caused the "chaos of San Francisco," From then on, it began a long eight years of war . Until two decades of Kangxi (1681) October Sangui the Sun Wushi Fan suicide. "San Francisco Rebellion" during the Qing government to concentrate on counter-insurgency, still have time to take into account the "History of Ming Dynasty," the compilation, therefore, Junji year (1645) given by the compilation, "History of Ming Dynasty," the edict, the actual paper but it policy role far beyond its role in the history of repair. Kangxi repair "the Ming Dynasty," who can be described as talent. There was the famous writer Zhu Yizun, especially Dong and Mao qi ling et al. But the output is the most well-known historian Qing Wan Sitong. Here, it should be mention of a koan of History. The original, Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ming has some leftover and attach great importance to the anti-Patriots of the Ming Dynasty. Xi has compiled an outstanding thinker, "expressly sea" more than four volumes, and author of "History of the Ming case" two hundred and forty volumes; Gu also related to the Ming Dynasty Historical Compilation of a thousand volumes. Qing rulers entry, in order to win over the leftover Ming, celebrities, had intended to open the word erudite David Branch. Huang, Gu et al, although persistently refused to cooperate with the Qing court, but for the purpose of saving the Ming Dynasty Historical truth, still sent a right-hand man in the compilation of the Ming Dynasty. Xi's favorite disciples Wan Sitong, is to participate in the Ming Dynasty was then appointed one of the compilation. Xi son, Gu nephew, are also involved. Thus, accordingly to ensure the quality of the Ming Dynasty. Wan Sitong is an outstanding historian. Qing Qian Daxin famous scholar commented him: "specifically intended to ancient science, Broadcom all history", cooked in the Ming Dynasty stories, from the Hongwu to the revelation of the "Record", are "to the dark chanting," well known. He has two kinds of Ming History of the development and validation. Have more than four hundred and volumes. Therefore, we can say, "History of Ming Dynasty," the first draft, in the Wan Sitong era has largely completed. Wan Sitong death, REN Ming Shi Zongbian three times the Wanghong Xu, Ming's History of the million was adapted, in the early years of the Kangxi Emperor Yongzheng Dynasty and two were of the emperor. This is Wang's "History of Ming," the. Wang was then and this has given rise to literary criticism and condemnation, historians agree that Wanghong Xu pillaged actually decades in the main Wan Sitong other people's labor of dozens of scholars, is plagiarism. To the Yongzheng reign (1723) Eighteen years because of Kangxi (1679) and its compilation in the Division learned ru "Ming Dynasty" is just a political means of Emperor Kangxi, so its results are bound to the time when the weight light, the time delay day, before and after nearly five decades, until the death of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng reign (1723) still failed to complete the history of this former official repair. However, when the situation Junji two years (1645) issued an edict has been very different when the initial repair. In addition to political stability, the economy is gradually restored to the late Emperor Kangxi also appeared prosperous society, which are for "History of Ming Dynasty," the compilation provides a good working condition, in terms of human and material resources, or data collection area, is unprecedented. Therefore, this time for nearly five decades, though not complete "History of Ming Dynasty," the compilation, but it is the "History of Ming Dynasty," a book critical stage. We see today, "the Ming Dynasty," the embryo is formed at this time. To the Yongzheng reign (1723) to date, has completed the four "Ming Dynasty" in script. One is the validation of the three hundred and thirteen Wan Sitong volumes, the other is validation of the four hundred and sixteen volumes, both are known as Wan's manuscript "History of the Ming." In addition, there Wanghong Xu Fifty-three years of Kangxi (1714) was into the "History of the Ming (Biography section)" two hundred and five volumes, which is actually in the million's "History of Ming," made on the basis of omissions. To the Yongzheng reign (1723) in June, Wang Hongxu was once again into the "History of Ming", including Ji, Chi, tables, pass, a total of three hundred ten volumes, this is Wang's "History of Ming", later called Inscription "History of the Ming Wang Yun-Shan people." Qianlong four years (1739), the Qing government to modify a third time next History of organization staff, this final form of the "History of the Ming." President of the repair because the book is Zhang Tingyu, so now prevailing "Ming Dynasty" entitled Zhang Tingyu Dengzhuan. Wang Hongxu deep in history, two general compiling "Ming Dynasty", it into the "History of Ming", is the author of the majority Wan Sitong. Xiu Zhang Tingyu so later, "Ming Dynasty", the Take it as a master copy, to be additions and deletions. And through medicine, with a "Wang Hongxu surgery." Poems written by a "give Jinyuan Wen Collection" (60 volumes), "Wang Shi Gao Yun-Shan people," and so on. Wan Sitong (1638-1702) of Yu-quarter field, scholars call him Mr. Shi Yuan. Min Wan Sitong born different, reading never forget. Age of eight, in front of guests able to recite "Yangtze Saying", the final chapter without losing the word; to fourteen, five books read over the possession of the house, after specializing in the history of the twenty-first, and by the industry in eastern Zhejiang famous historian xi, Tianyi Pavilion Expo later books, knowledge Rui Jin. Xi Wan Sitong the same as his teacher, very national integrity. Seventeen years of Kangxi (1678), the Qing court Chao xi repair your "Ming Dynasty", was xi rejected. The ministers will be elected David Wan Sitong learned the word for the Division, Wan Sitong do not have strong speech. Later, as the scholar Xu Yuanwen repair "Ming Dynasty" president, but also recommended him into the history of Council. Xi think repair "Ming Dynasty" is related to the judge and the sub-Sun Houshi Faithfulness to the cause, there is Wan Sitong to participate, you can rest assured. Wan Sitong to Beijing will be mobilized, and the Valedictory poem to "go out four-worth of water, generation of rape Yin Taub clothes" phase Mian. At that time, those who enter the Department of History of the Imperial Academy Board Compilation titles, seven products granted salary. Xi Wan Sitong asked to comply, to Beijing in Xuyuan Wen home after the resident would prefer, not the Department of title, without pension, to a commoner into the history of Council, the revised "History of Ming Dynasty", after nineteen years. History of the Ming Shi Ming manuscript written in 500, these articles are all under the rule of former xi Yang sent the file through the tribunal after the write, the hard exception, a model for the Chinese historian, he said: "The long history of unspeakable now! likes and dislikes by heart, along with praise or blame. a matter of, three speakers, while the mass varies, not to mention hundreds of years where almost ?!.... Record details of those difficulties, I certificates in his book, his book abuse framed by, I cut the income of those in the Record, although not told that all credible, but in vain were fresh now! disease Fan Wu Xi Song, and I described the times of Yan. not know who Jane is expensive, but do not take choosing the non-being to the truth and the word is also not beneficial! " He is familiar with the following system of Chinese History and Historical Events of Ming Dynasty. At that time, participated in fifty or sixty Compiling officials who wrote the first draft of each post. Wan Sitong are sent to the Department for review. Wan Sitong read the first draft of each article. Compiling told editors, take a book to a page of a paper, there is something should be added to; to take a book to a page of a paper, something should be verified, no one fallacy. Xu Yuanwen after the scholar Zhang Yushu, Rhythm of the Fifth, as the Book of Wang Hongxu have Compiling "History of Ming Dynasty," the president is still sent for Wan Sitong to repair "the Ming Dynasty." Not Murong Li Wan Sitong life, attitude, humility, with people all claiming to be "Commoner Wan Si tong." But in Beijing, down to the students on to the kings, all call him "Mr. Wan." He lectures in Beijing several times, through ancient and modern historical facts, fair comment. Well-known scholar Li Guang Qing, the judge talent rather stringent world of Wan Sitong is extremely appreciated. He said his life seen, but the number of children, such as Gu Ning people (Yan Wu), quarter million wild, Yan century poem "True enough choice for consultants who prepared Shiqu also." Change the draft after three time-consuming for decades. "Ming Shi" does have a lot of strengths. First, it rigorous style, the narrative clear, concise text, layout properly. Zhao Yi Shi critics in the "History of Notes Nianer", it has the Song,, Jin, Yuan Zhu history and the "Ming Dynasty" made the comparison, that "not as" clear history "of the perfect person." Secondly, the "History of Ming Dynasty," the historical data is more abundant. At that time can be a lot of information first-hand testimony, in addition to a complete _set_ of the Emperor Ming "Record" inside out, there are Dibao, local history, anthology, and a large number of private Shicheng. When Zhu Yizun Writing History, "the president of the second book," said the country's only hidden in the National Library Chronicles, that is much in excess of three thousand volumes. In addition, Ming Wang Shizhen writings of the "silk clothing Chi", "the official test," and so on, and the eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty ruled the disadvantages of agents systematically introduced. These are the history of the Ming dynasties Xiuzhuan those who repair junkman of history than those who have highly favorable conditions. Third, the "Ming Dynasty" of the fair held in some places, but also Bing-zhi writing. If Yuanchonghuan was discord among the Qing Taizong killing of design, and Xiong Tingbi's work on the crime records, are a valuable reference. Fourth, the "Ming Dynasty" in the Style of a new creation, the special train in the biography of the "Yandang", "Liuzei" and "supervisor" three projects. Ming dynasty eunuch history of dictatorship is a major problem, "Yandang Biography" documented Wang, Liu Jin, Wei Zhongxian disastrous gang crimes and other eunuchs. "History of Ming Dynasty," the authors of Rereading, Chang Hsien-chung and other leaders of the peasant uprising hold the attitude of hostility and hatred, in their biography also falsely accused as "Liuzei." This is determined by the position of the class, the purpose is to sum up experience and the rulers: "The death of the Ming and destroy ask mistake, as Gordon Kam feet." However, objectively preserved for posterity some of the late Ming peasant war and reliable historical data. "Chieftain Biography" special situation of minorities in Southwest China to write, sub Hubei and Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi five toast pass. The biography, though insisted the position of national oppression, vilification of ethnic minorities have many words, but save a lot of this with a minority of the important information. Today, the history of national minorities, more than half can be traced back to the early Ming Dynasty. In addition, the "Ming Dynasty" other parts of the chapter, but also for future generations save a lot of valuable historical data, such as "Study of Law," in the plant Wei Ming narrative secret service, have helped future generations study the history of research on this . A total of twenty-four volumes of this century, to the number of volumes is concerned, "History of Ming Dynasty" book of the century less than one-tenth of the share, if word terms, the share of less than twenty fifth book. It can be seen in this discipline in the "History of Ming Dynasty," a very small proportion, which is "clear history" in the compilation of a characteristic style. The discipline in the biographical history books, is a chronological form of Syrian history section, "History of Ming Dynasty" is obviously to the discipline as a whole history of the key link to a concise manner, the first out in the book before, people in the read, this historical time First, understand the history of the Ming Dynasty, profile, rather than people reading the review of the record when it unavoidably overlooking the best of the knowledge. This should be regarded as "History of Ming Dynasty" Compiling the overall design is unique. "Ming Dynasty" Another feature of this discipline, respect for facts, not to be History of the Ming Dynasty as an example. Reign as Emperor Jianwen, after the Chengzu wins, get rid of, only four-year Record of dollars, two, three and thirty-five years of Hongwu, attached to the "Ming Tai Zu Record" after. "Ming Dynasty" in the post-up "Emperor Gong Min Ji," a roll, very decent. Another example is cut Yingzong No. Jingtai Timor, the situation is similar with the construction of Wen Shi, "Ming Dynasty" has also done properly. Qing Qian Daxin historian who argues: "The history of the patients had no prior record who. Such as" Hidemune Record "with Jingtai seven things, said Cheng brutal king, and cut the Temple name, this was Shichen writing technique. both before and after this point Hidemune the century, the century in the column emperor, the most appropriate to do good. "(Qian Daxin:" Ten new record raising drive fast, "Book Nine) Prince Edward Zhu Wen Ming-Hong Wu Zhongyi standard, because of early death no time to the throne, Jianwen first year (1399) Zhuizun as Takayasu Emperor Temple name Xingzong. Chengzu wins, after the number of waste Temple name of its emperor, Fu Yi-Wen said the Prince. God is overcoming this number, without Gaiyuan Teng pole, it would not join in this century, into the room biography, but the number had emperor, is also historical facts, but also with all the different transmission, especially in the Empress Biography, biographies of the kings before transmission. Those associated with the column, but also the father of Emperor Jia Jing, Xing Xian Yu Yuan Wang Zhu. Jiajing ZTE Ritual, special respect for his father as Emperor Rui Zong Xing Xian is also a just God number only. "Ming Dynasty" This discipline is not listed Xing Zong, Rui Zong, is their discipline as described in the history of the Ming Dynasty on the outline. Mitsumune that forty-eight years in Wanli (1620) who started in August, died in September who started in place only in January and less reign title, then _set_ Yishi Taichang after the first year in August. "Mitsumune of the Millennium" so attached to the "Shen-Ji" after, not stand-alone volume, had referred only a few hundred words, after the outline of the make. "Ming Shi Tianwen Chi sequence," said: "Since Sima Qian" Tian official ", and for the history of ancient astronomy blog by key. However," Liao Dynasty, "Independent No, that Sky Zhao down through the ages as one, a solar eclipse, the day changed not only the The discipline, the "astronomical records," near Yan. they said that rather when. .. However, astronomy is not so Sui Fei Chi, is not well. planetarium ancient and modern, although no differences, and talk of home, measuring device days, often after the victory in the former. not to mark it, to obliterate the meaning of making a generation without transmission Yan is also the gaps in the history of law also. .. Ming Shenzong when Matteo Ricci and other Westerners into China, specializes in astronomy and calendar of the school, The Micro illustrates Austria, operations controller, this was never before also.'re drop-it should be, with the articles of. " Remove the "astronomical annals", the Tang Bin has also authored the "Five Elements Chi" and "Li Chi" compilation. "Five Elements Chi Ming Dynasty," the success of the compilation is not enough, one simple and too many gaps, such as earthquakes and drought and other disasters; second, more inaccurate account of the Department have even credited rumor in order to increase its mysterious, so many historians believe that its "no big users." ① "Li Chi" of nine volumes. Ming calendar, when the switch to Western Chongzhen new law and innovation. The "Calendar History" volume, Zhu Zaiyu "Shengshou calendar," "Law Calendar Accommodation" more detailed description, such as the Governor Xu repair after the calendar, attention to the Western calendar, but also many words. It is of "History of Ming Li Zhi" is a major feature. "Li Chi" the second feature is in addition to the table while outside the map, with all the history of different. There were five plans, annexed to the "big system calendar" at home. A "vector map arc cutting", "its side of the map", "flat as the map", "length difference on Road Map", "two to figure out bad." Gazetteer in large calendar-based system, namely, two, three, four, five, six a total of five volumes, supplemented by Hui calendar, namely, seven, eight, nine total of three volumes. "Li Chi" Although the details of the above matter, because the knowledge involved in the calendar, there are other ancient and modern, and used in the Ming Dynasty, "Great Commission Calendar" and "Hui Li" of difference, which is quite difficult to read. ① Chai De Geng: "Examples of historical records." "Li Chi" after the "Geography" "Geography" a total of seven volumes. Seven volumes among the southern and northern Beijing roll, Shandong, Shanxi roll, Henan, Shaanxi, roll, Sichuan, Jiangxi volume, Hubei and Hunan, Zhejiang and roll, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi roll, Yunnan, Guizhou roll . Southern and Northern thirteen administrative commissioner's office in Beijing and have a summary, remember their history, are "Yu Gong" states were based. Overview, the then government, state, county are described. Attached are the Secretary for Health, the evolution of the _set_, the content is quite comprehensive desirable, nevertheless wrong place between the tainted, and their descendants who have made Textual Corrections. "Li Chi" fourth volume, written by Wu Yuan. Ceremony, music for the dynasty rulers seriously, decency and propriety of the rule of the people. Rituals reflect a time of political and social living conditions. Also be used as a feudal etiquette supplement the Criminal Code. The late Ming Dynasty is the dynasty of Chinese feudal society, with social, political economic and cultural changes have taken place in ritual the more obvious changes, especially Zhengde, Jiajing after recovery of "Ceremony Disintegration" trend, the so-called " Ceremony Disintegration "is precisely the time of social change. "Ming Shi Li Zhi" will inevitably reflect this content. "Li Chi" above, the first gift for the guitar, that is worship of the Code, including the worship of various world forums, various temples, a total of six volumes. Times for the Skyline to the main palace of the ceremony, with local "this ritual", a total of more than three volumes. After the ceremony for the guests, Skyline, in addition to guests of the ceremony, the officials and people meet is also the list of the ceremony. Bin Li with Skyline, the article is only half of the volume. Salute after a roll. After three volumes was Xiong Li again, state cemetery funeral system. Five is the ancient ritual of the system operator. "Li Chi" is described in more detail the advantages and disadvantages of Government and the people of the ceremony is over, Jane, and described in etiquette, difficult to read out, to be with the "Ming Hui Dian" Zhu Shu coherent and read. "History of the Ming Music" three volumes, the main account of the Ming Dynasty, the system of musical instruments and music, courtesy oriented music with the gift line. Ming music music system not mentioned, but it is still etiquette. Ming Zhu Zaiyu home has temperament for the celebrity founder of modern music, but unfortunately they create, not "Music" above. "Yi Wei Zhi" roll, "Yu Fu Zhi" four volumes, contents and etiquette related to a more detailed account. "Ming Shi" imitation "Song" style, "Li Chi", "Music", "Yi Wei Chi", "Yu Fu Chi" were established and are described, various Shisuo Li is more than the previous all good. "Electoral" three volumes, as described in quite characteristic. The preamble says: "Election of the law, large slightly IV: said the school, said subjects, said, recommend, said Civil election. Schools to education, subject to board into it, recommend to the next move, choose the fabric out in the Civil, talent to do so carry the world. " Therefore, "Ming History records," the first volume for the school, second volume for the subjects, three volumes will recommend, any elected official Civil Investigation. Re-recommend the early Ming, Yongle later; subjects burgeoning, recommend day light, such changes are clearly described in Yu Zhi, the style of a narrative for the system with the case, people read to understand at a glance. "Electoral" from the hands of Rou Lu, Lu Chin Rou origin, was chosen learned ru, key in the election, since when have experience, so the above history is quite decent. "Occupational Shangguan," five volumes, as the "Ming Dynasty" Zhu Zhi in the focus. The early Ming Dynasty emperor stop the prime minister or the rank of six, _set_ before the Cabinet Chengzu Zhu Di, the Chinese Civil Service System in the history of this point for a period of great change, but also the design and bureaucratic eunuch different dynasties, and its characteristics are obvious. "History of the Ming grade Shangguan," taken from the court to place the text and by the military, and the edges from the inside account of methods. North and south of Beijing government offices, mainly in Beijing, Nanjing officials designed stand, the state recorded quite simple. The volume referred to is: who were the government, Excellencies three isolated, three little Prince three divisions, the Cabinet, officials, families, courtesy, military, criminal, workers six. Two volumes: Censorate, through the Chief Secretary, supreme court, Zhanshi House, the Imperial Academy, Imperial College, Yansheng Gong. Three volumes: Chang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Tai Pusi Administrations for Frontier Minorities Temple, still treasure Division, six subjects, the book Scheeren, pedestrian Division, Astronomical, too hospital, Shanglin Parkland prison, five cities Maybe Mars , Shuntian, martial arts, monk recorded the Secretary, Education Secretary Square, eunuchs, female officer. Four volumes: the Nanjing government, should Tianfu, royal Eliot Secretary, Chief Secretary, Justice, the Road, traveling Taipu Si, Yuan Ma Temple, all transport of salt to the Secretary, the Secretary for the Salt lifting, lifting of Merchant Shipping Division , Tea-Horse Division, the government, state, county, Confucianism, Inspection Division, Station, Tax Section Secretary, warehouses, weaving, dyeing Bureau, Riverbed, approved laboratories, the delivery operation, the iron smelting, medicine, yin and yang school, Monk Gang Division, said Ji Division. XXV: Public Hou Bo, consort Commandery, five Army Military Government, Beijing camp, Jing Wei, Jin Yiwei, Nanjing garrison, five Army Military Government in Nanjing, Nanjing Wei, royal guard, Chief General Officer Secretary stay, all Division The Guardian, all that, Xuanwei Si, Xuan Fusi, An Fusi, Zhao Tao Division, long case, military and civilian government. "Occupational Guan Zhi" in the description in the cabinet is unknown, and to six as the most important, is the result of Ming Dynasty Bureaucracy six main, but the role of the Ming Dynasty the large cabinet, _set_ the prominent, should be more solid state. Department of the change of the original Imperial Censorate _set_ for the beginning of the Ming Dynasty _set_. Censor level wind Ji Gang are off the Constitution, is particularly important. Have the post of governor, as are any external censor, and economic strategy for the Prime Minister, like management, inspection, ask governance names; monitoring Censor there Xunan the system. Therefore Censorate placed first in the second volume, while the share of the longest, which is also the history of pens carefully. And the eunuch, the additional comments text, seventeen years from the first Ming Hongwu (1384) Cast card "shall not interfere in internal affairs minister, made by cutting off" to Paradise in the official after four, Wang, Wang Zhi, Liu Jin, Wei Zhongxian the exclusive right until the Ming Dynasty, quite summary. Qing this as a warning, then no interference in domestic affairs eunuch of the machine, this is really learning from history. Tusi System of Ming Dynasty, is also a feature at that time, it is the end of special legislation Officials of local officials, the text, while small, is to give people a sense of sound. "History of the Ming Food and Money" a total of six volumes, from the hand of Pan Lei. In fact, by Pan Lei, Wang evidence "Ming Food and Money" from. However, according to Pan Lei recorded on the compilation of "Food and Money," the ground force, "to a million from the Hongwu Reign Record of the relevant food and goods were a total of more than sixty of the notes, dense line of fine words, each more than four dozen of the paper, paper is also less than twenty, and he is not in the Compilation is "①. Lei Pan had many enemies that there is food and goods for the draft, or for a long series. Compiling after Wang into the Academia Historica, "Food and Money" is seen in "Learning Um draft class" in the "Ming Food and Money", as if they had used on ancient Lei Pan, not Ke Deer cicada. Wang "Ming Food and Money" twelve volumes: Volume I: Chi sequence, Nongsang. Volume II: Accounts. Volume III: field system (with Tuen Administration). Volume IV: Taxes and (with Famine.) Kango: water transport (with shipping). Juan Liu: Warehouse (with stables, warehouses field). VII: Salt. Juan Ba: banknote. Book Nine: Tea alum. Volume Ten: taxation. Juan Shiyi: altar made mining. Volume Twelve: Accounting (with pension rates.) Wang Hongxu are on the "History of Ming," notes this in addition to the "accounting" into the "reference by mining-made" and save eleven volumes, the content and Wang "Ming Food and Money" are almost identical. "History of the Ming Food and Money" a total of six volumes. "Canals records," six volumes, the history of the case is still divided the river above. Yellow River at the upper and lower, a total of two volumes, also points up and down the canal, but not enough to Volumes I and II, with half of the volume shipping. "Ming Food and Money" is attached to water transport in the ocean after the original. Huai, Jia, Wei Zhang, Qin, Hutuo, Sang dry rivers Jiaolai total volume, the other for the Provincial Water Conservancy roll straight. Obviously, "canals Zhi" is not the purpose of channel and water, focusing on river and water transport. Its content and food goods to complement each other. "Soldier," four volumes, note the details of the Ming Dynasty military. First volume in mind: Beijing camp, the military guards on the straight (with Imperial guards, Beijing policeman), four satellite camps. II in mind: Guards and military classes. The third volume in mind: frontier defense, sea (with Jiang Fang), Zhuang people, soldiers (with rural soldiers). Volume IV in mind: cleaning up a soldier, training, reward power, firearms, travel, Ma government. Prominent features of the Ming military system, centralization of the first Ming mainly heart. The so-called "martial arts _set_ out to the world, leather per the old system, since the capital of the counties, are established garrison. Are outside the system of the Division, within the military system in the five governorates, while the second guard to the emperor who is not pro-military and Yan "②. This was the Tang Mansion Army System Department of the left Italy and more Xiangmi. ① Yang Chun: "Checklist on the Reflection for Hall, president book." ① "Ming Dynasty" Volume seventy-seven "Food and Money Order." ② "Ming Dynasty" Volume eighty-nine "Soldier order." Ming Dynasty, trapped in the southern Japanese North "prisoner", the military is important, but the situation has forced the military system which repeatedly changed even more. During this period of evolution, "Soldier" in the account is quite clear, only the first volume of the camp on account of Beijing and "post Shangguan" cross each other, using methods with which complement each other only briefly. Since the "Han Dynasty History," "Sui Zhi" repair, collecting ancient books, test their survival, as consolidation of the great deeds of bibliography. "History of the Ming Dynasty History" Compilation of use of such methods do not specifically take the book of the Ming Dynasty, it seems simple but real long, who really is quite hard. However, percentage wise to consider, one can not help but lose, as its recording in the World Tang name "Ancient and Modern Books differentiation name" forty volumes, is the Song of making, in terms of its style, the book will be recorded in error. "Ming Dynasty" Biography of the basic history along the old style, but they have their innovations. "Si Ku Quan Shu" volume IV VI "Ming Dynasty" in the said Article Summary: "Thirteen Tales from the old cases who, innovation, those three cases, said," Yan Dang ", said" Liuzei ", said" toast. "Cap ferret pendant of the disaster, although the Han, Tang and the following and recent trends of the literati with the smell of mutton, but clearly people are the most gang. its pernicious influence the world, also Cool. not as a biography, so the death was the source of chaos, not only to punish but also shows the ax . Chuang, offering two bandits, as die tomorrow, destroy ask mistake, enough for the Gordon Kam, not his clown ratio, the ratio is not separatist warlords, so do not stand it. As for the toast, the ancient states that Jimi. not in nothing more, easy to sprout blood in sacrifice gap. probably more built in the Yuan, and Zi Wan in the next. controlled Yu Tao, and pastoralists special, and resist the enemy countries are special, so from a class of Yan. "It should be said, the creation of" Yan Dang "" Liuzei "," Chieftain "three pass, meets the actual situation in the Ming Dynasty, which created the table with all the" seven QING table "would be similar. Ming Dynasty eunuch of interference in domestic affairs, was not as Han and Tang all move toward a dethronement, but the doctor outside the Ting Shi Yan in castrated eunuch base knees, from a moment of arrogance, was not eternal. "Yandang Biography" Forty-six people listed, who is a party of seven Liu Jin, Yu Wei Zhongxian all of the party. Read "Biography Yandang Order" shows Morohito Historica warning to Shen Tong in the Ming Dynasty and generously. However, with the "Liuzei Biography" compared to the feeling there is different, relegated to "Liuzei mass order" since the Tang Dynasty 賽 children since the uprising on until the Li Zi Cheng, Chang Hsien-chung of the death of Ming, Wen said: "Since the Tang 賽 children below the cart before the horse is easy actually, what with suppressing thief Zhu Chen Chuan. independent blog the death of the world who stand "Li Zi Cheng, Chang Hsien-chung Chuan". "which" Rereading Biography "more than made up for the" Ming Dynasty "in the various mass the longest. Although from the perspective of a history of major repair as a warning to future generations, but more so to retain records related to the rich, but not to spread "Suppression Thieves" Zhu Chen Chuan. "Ming Dynasty" in the various biographies, but also to do with transfer of the more common style. Volume eighty-nine such as "Xia Liangsheng Biography", accompanied by the Zhao Yu those million Chao, Chen Jiuchuan, Zhang Yanrui, Jiang Long, Xu Ao, Yao following the rock mass, are made into the remonstrance petition only Wu Zongnan patrol person. Volume II ○ six "horse catalog Biography" with Yan Ting Yi, Nie Yin, Mu Tang, Liu Qi, Lu Qiong Shen Han, Wang Ke, are Jiajing in the "Li Fuda of hell," led by the people. Censor Unified Taxation as sparse in Long Khanh said: "According to Lee with the prison, the crime synergetic Fuda, and pernicious Gentry was more than four people, dressed the disaster, can be described as tragic." The attached comments Biography historian quoted in Members of the mass that is also attached. Pass such laws, in the "History of Ming Dynasty" in the list goes on. "Ming Dynasty" biography, the "foreign Biography" and the "Western Regions", reflected the tribal areas and other foreign countries and the link, save a lot of other places in Southeast Asia and Central Asia, historical data, is to study their history and foreign relations history a better reference. In Twenty-Four Histories, the "Ming Dynasty" to compile decent, well-informed, narrative sound, concise language of historians called for the Road, is a high level of history books. This reflects the editor's textual research on historical data, the use of historical materials on the history of things through, ability to control the language has reached a higher level. Although it is second only to the length of the Twenty-Four Histories "History of the Song," but it does not feel long and boring. "Ming Dynasty" Despite the high historical value, also known as the "most perfect" work. However, as an Official in the official history, its shortcomings are obvious. Zhao Yi for "Nianer Literary History", has been on the "History of Ming Dynasty" in the absence of some comments, just because the amendment of the official history of scruples, but dare not denounce the speech added. Modern historians, Professor Chai De Geng pointed out: "such as 'Zhou Yanru the pass into the traitor', a premise, should be an 'inappropriate' word, only with the content is in line, but omitted '. Liu Ji Liao Yongzhong other mass' Article missed under the 'sparse mistaken' word, 'Qiao Yunsheng Liu Feng-_set_ter', missed the next 'repeat' word, this is not denigrating those who have called it. "① Zhao Yi original though tactful," Zhou Yanru the transmission into a traitor "in Yiyun:" Yong Zhou Yanru than one phase ear and take it into the "traitor Biography", too little too. .. This is not a very Yanru to evil, by their identity has changed Yanru. "" Liu Ji Liao Yongzhong so Biography "one, the history of the state of uncertainty. Zheng Chen Youliang battle to the emperor, "Ji Dynasty" in mind: "Reform Movement, Amor celebration. Renyin, sub Hukou, defeated Youliang in Jiujiang, grams of the city, Wuchang Youliang Ben." "Chen Youliang Biography" of the mind come first . "Liaoyong Zhong Chuan" add to the Anqing, breaking the kiosk, then Amor celebration. Amor short celebration before them registering, after the grams of Jiujiang. The "Liu Ji Biography" has in mind, the division attack Anqing, since Dan and evening high, please diameter trend Jiangzhou Liu Ji, pound their nests. Click here to say that the _set_tlement before the Jiangzhou, Anqing, not grams. Written substandard. With this class, "Chang Yu-Chuan" Remember the Battle of Fairmont, Chengzu be Shengyong army surrounded the battle out. Chang Yu-I do not know, highlight the array Yujiu Chengzu, the battle to death. And "Zhu to pass," but said Chengzu siege, Chang Yu-force battle death, Zhu battle to force perimeter ratio, save Chengzu out. Chang Yu died Chengzu whether before or break after break, the second sub-transmission is written. Although things are not important, but do not rigorous for the state's loss history of leakage. "Ming Shi Zhuojing Biography" in mind Jingzhi Zhuo was killed, said Chengzu want to live it, but respect a hero and Zhuo Yao Guangxiao gap, kill the sidelines into the statement advised. This is unofficial, according to Ming Biography, consider the facts, not from the Chengzu wide implementation of Xiao Chai De Geng ①: "Examples of historical records." Division into Nanjing, no respect from slander to kill Cho. "Ming Shi" recorded leftover things Jianwen, in recognition of loyalty, more collecting, unofficial rumors were also used, inevitably wrong. Sichuan Liao Mazi, Cao Fu uprising, was killed by Cao just recorded some of the discord between. "Bells Biography" recorded it as Liao Mazi killed, "Lin Jiun-Chuan" is recorded by Cao Yin Lee sack for the command. "History of the Ming Dynasty History," History is quite respected, then the Department which has a lot of mistakes, the former record held by Deng Ming-shi "Ancient and Modern Books differentiation name" forty volumes, is the Song of making, strayed into the blog. Another example of the recording in Chen Renxi "Zhou sentence solution," six volumes, according to test plagiarism rustic style text and more complex, the Department of Fair Jiatuo name, rather than the Chen Renxi hands. Local Records who does not appear to see the original book and records. From Yuan Gu, "said Strategy," also applies to this, "Treatise" for sixty volumes, and Gu Yuan from the preface in mind, the book only thirty volumes recorded sixty wrong blog. Another example is "Treatise" was recorded in Shen "ink tank Suo Lu" Volume 1, "calligraphy" Volume 1, "Duanbei Collection" Volume 4, while the omission of "paintings", Volume 1, estimated that when no time is a chapter carefully revised the rules. Different between the history of the state, there are tables, pass the sub. Such as Wu Mourning the death of Wang Yun Tong, Volume ○ Three "Kings World Table" for thirteen years Yongle died. Volume eighteen "Wuwangyuntong Biography" is for "Yongle death fifteen years." "Saisuke Chronology," Wang Guang Yang, Hongwu years Zuocheng. The "Wang Guang Yang Chuan" is mistakenly recorded as Youcheng. Lee Hyun-first year of the Board of Civil Shilang Erik, when according to the "Lee Hyun-Biography" assistant minister for the left. Also interested, mass irregularities, such as in "Xu Biography" into the mind of the "follow precedent calendar day refers to" roll, "Treatise" for the four volumes; "pass rate table" volume, "Treatise" as vols. Are substandard. Such small flaws, too numerous to mention. To "clear history" as many as three hundred, despite falling compilation, it is inevitable that mistakes of the Department, all in a book, or have not taken into account, is inevitable. The "History of Ming Dynasty" in the place a real loss not only in the drain, but concealed facts in its intention. Early repair "Ming Dynasty", so there shall be hidden the fact that in itself is the relationship between the Qing and Ming. It was hidden by two: First, before the founding of hidden Qing Chen Yu Ming; second, hidden entry Hounan Ming Zhu Qing court the existence of the facts. Fat Qing Dynasty, about the same time with the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Qing Zhao Zu as Zhuizun into the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the beginning. Zhaozu Jitongmengge Timur. Yuan million first hit the post, go after the Ming dynasty, granted statehood Left command, rose ① Zhao Yi: "Nianer Literary History." Captaincy. Qing said the military governor Meng Temu, Zhuizunzhaozu. According to "Ming Taizong Record" written, between the Yongle that the record on fierce brother Timur. Modern Qing experts Monson (heart history) had cleared the descent as Mr. has Textual: "clear the beginning of the Department of statehood for the next Left. The beginning of the fierce level of grant Left brother Timur, but also in its Guzi Mei there into the Ming Palace Weifei example, who, as the pet of it, to rise captaincy title, clear record that the military governor Meng Temu. "① entry into statehood in the Ming Dynasty Jurchen Jin Jian, tribute, hit for, change, and grant many relationship with the surrounding activities, but this after all the Qing Ming Fat evidence of the minister, the Qing government taboo, so the "Ming Dynasty", not only allowed to see the statehood Jurchen, and any "Jurchen" are in the limb, "So the service and ask Jurchen word, rebellion and conquered, Lei Zhao of Mathias, Zhu Chen of the merits and demerits, the Jurchen were tied, trimmed of all." ① Since ancient times, who easily replaced in the occasion of the previous generation after generation of repair history, relationship to a new place toward the DPRK and the old, it is inevitable there is no writing technique. But generally speaking, most of the phase involved more than the age, place of its cover, read a history which can also sense reasons, never like the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, this has always been, "a hidden history of the Sui and the generation of all" persons. Where Zhu Chen Ming Chiang, who has governors and other officials who patrol the town, cut all the stories in Liao. Such as Wang Ao, LI Bing, Zhao Fu, Peng Yi, Cheng and others believe, "Ming Shi" in both their own biography, but ask in a rule or statehood campaign against the results at the "Ming Dynasty" were omitted in the above , between twelve languages involved, why the tribe is not specified to what causes Qi Xin, the historical truth, no watch. Another example is Marvin rose to ask An Dong Yi, from the special secretary of the event, were "ask security Dongyi mind" in the book when the main account of the Jurchen and its fully integrated relationship with the Ming Dynasty, there are accounts of more than Jurchen You Duihai West . "Ming Dynasty" volume one hundred eighty-two "Marvin l Biography" also remember the "Where the three to Liao," the story, then read the Jurchen but does not know as a matter of statehood, the word obscure the text, only the outline of its active it had something Liao . Eunuch Wang Zhi, and Marvin rise or not, want to do meritorious deeds Liao, but the pass is not as clearly stated. According to various historians to research, "Ming Shi" recorded in the Jurchen taboo things, also of negligence, such as "Ji Xian Zong" and "Wang forward pass", there is a volt when the gal. V when the gamma of a leader for its name when the Jurchen statehood, historian I do not know why the Department of Emirates volts when the gamma collar, leaking the name of anti-Chang cover the writing technique in reality. Located in the Heilongjiang River in the early Ming slave children were Secretary of dry matter, "History of the Ming Geography" in the leak but not above, I saw in the "Soldier", said: "Hongwu, Yongle allegiance to those between the outside edge, the official length, for the captaincy all command, command, thousands of households, Zhenfu other official, thanks to Chi Shu mark, _set_ by the Secretary for Health have. "the following:" all Division I (Division slave children are dry) ", and then three hundred eighty-four Gleevec. The so-called "outer edge of allegiance to those" that Jurchen ① Monson: "History of the Ming notes" chapter. Ministries. As for Mongolia, Zephaniah, and both the book its name straight. Speaking of the history of the early Qing Xiu taboo, the way to outline the early Qing literary inquisition. Early well-known literary inquisition, a case for the village's history, seven more than ten people who suffer abuse, the dead body profile coffin nail file, the living extension of the neck to kill, Wife and Children very edge of exile as a slave. The concept of the original book, has not been too involved in Qing Shi Shanbang of the language, but in Qingbingruguan things, until the book as "barbarians atmosphere", "barbarian bandits", the "slave Emirates (efforts to children Huggins) "name, not containing added trace taboo. Defending the pass in and said beam are fed into the Nurhaci as: "Yi Er and his killing vector field and the teaching units in Afghanistan under the city. He is the Qing Dynasty are also sub-vector to child may die, lien given them." This is the most taboo things Qing Zhuang Ji Zhu's repair history of the person because it was disaster. This is related to the history of things clear before entering the literary inquisition. Involved in the Southern Ming emperors are wearing the famous name of the world literary inquisition "Nanshan _set_" prison. Dai Shi, word Tian, No. brown husband, do not worry about No. Um. Scholars between the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the official editing. Pay attention to the history of the Ming Dynasty thing, the quest for Sanyi, visited survivors of the Ming, Heritage of test requirements. The "Nanshan _set_", with the Southern Ming Yongli reign, in order to keep the Ming system threads, for the left are the censor impeach Joe Zhao Shen, On the cut. Where is "Nanshan _set_" as a preface, such as Fang Bao and others, were implicated, reaching as many as dozens of people. Early this was another major literary inquisition. It can be seen imperial reach these two is not a taboo. Historian will dare take the impending massacre and the fact the book? Even with the wind of Dong Hu, Qing Wen to the strict ban, how can a word in the officially left into the history books? Conceal the facts is, of course, "History of Ming Dynasty," a big loss, but also the inevitable result. How to give "clear history" a general verdict? Previous comments, basically in terms of its own content, but to give "clear history" a general assessment, will have to put it in history, the place to see the entire history of Chinese History. Lu Tian Qing Dynasty in its "cold House Miscellanies" in such comments: "Ming Dynasty" style of very fine, Yao Guangxiao into the biography, also promised not to monks. Qin Liangyu into the biography, not to women As the also. Yan Dang, sycophants, a traitor after the Liuzei out in the eunuch before has the envy of the deep, while the devaluation of the also Zhiyi. Turning to the Ming and Qing Zhang Binglin Zhedong History, said: "Since the Ming had eastern Zhejiang Theory. Vance big, Sri Lanka with the brothers, both Yin people, teachers included Yuyao xi, said that after ceremony, smells Han Song The history of Sri Lanka Act with the Domination. "Therefore," the Ming Dynasty, "although the last _set_ published in the Qianlong, but not completely caught in the wind into textual criticism. Professor Bai Shouyi said: "Wan Sitong, Quan on the" History of Ming Dynasty, "the work, its interest is the preservation of the Ming Dynasty literature, they are clear for beginners as well as the national ideology." Thus, "Ming Shi" It was a round History of the last one, but it still inherits the history of the previous generation of various styles, This is not merely in style, but also the history of performance in pursuit of the above. To complement the "Ming Dynasty" describes the lack of descendants for some supplement. If Liuting Xie's "Building on the occasion of the country Manson table." Huang Dahua's "Saisuke Ming Dynasty" and "Seven Qing Ming Dynasty," Wu Tingxie "Ming governors Chronology," Fu courtesy of the "residual Ming Saisuke chronology" and "residual Ming Li Datong," etc., are collected in "Twenty-five Histories Supplement". Qianlong four years, following the alterations to the Qing Dynasty "Ming Dynasty", after the century on, he was sensitive, the money Ruwei as the president of the history of test certificate, but did not print and publish. Guang Xu, the Hubushilang Wang Chung Wei into the value of the aircraft, test to see proof of the history of the manuscript, was the original and progress has been more incomplete. Chung Wei Wang to compile an inventory, as "research Mei Yat Ming Dynasty" Forty-two volumes, the Republic of China five years (1916) income "Ka Yip Hall Series." Now prevailing "Ming Dynasty" Wu Yingdian version of the original printed edition Qianlong four years, according to the 1974 Zhonghua Book Company and collation, punctuation, letterpress printing publication. 请欣赏:  请给我换一个看看！  拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！      後一章回 >>    【选集】二十四史

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