Although sports has a long history, but "physical education" is to appear in late. In the "Sports" before the word appeared, the world of sports in this active process of the title is different.
long history of sports, but the "sport" is a foreign word. It was first seen in the early 20th century the Qing Dynasty, when a large number of foreign students in China Going to Japan to study, only between 1901 to 1906, there are 13,000 people, of which there are a lot of school sports, after returning home, they will " physical education "introduced to China.
In our country, "Sports" The word was first seen in 1904, opened in Hubei kindergarten children referred to the articles of association to conduct a comprehensive education said: "The preservation of the body healthy and vigorous, physical well-developed base." In 1905, "Mongolia's homes to teach classes in Hunan "Brief are also mentioned:" sports martial arts, gymnastics and developed its form, songs and developed their in. "
In China, the first sports organization founded in 1906 in Shanghai, "Hu Xi Shi Commercial Athletic Association." In 1907 a famous woman revolutionary Qiu Jin in Shaoxing also founded Sports Association. In the same year, the Qing dynasty of the Faculty of the memorial also began to have "sports" is the word. After the Revolution, "Sport" is used to gradually open to
1762, Rousseau published in France, "Emile," a book. He used "physical education" to describe a medical Emile conservation, cultivation and training of physical education process. As this book is fiercely critical of the Church at that time education has aroused great repercussion in the world, so "physical education" while also spread to the countries of the world. From here we can clearly see that "physical education" starting from the initial production is the "education", meaning the earliest it is a special education system in the field. To the 19th century, the world's developed countries have generally used education "physical education". Not being a closed door, until the mid-19th century, German and Swedish gymnastics into our country, followed by the Qing government _set_ up the "foreign school" _set_ up "gymnastics ball." Around 1902, a number of students studying in Japan came from Japan "sports" of that term. With the continuous influx of Western culture in China, the content of school sports from gymnastics to the diversification of a single, appeared in class, basketball, track and field, soccer, etc.. Many people of insight that it was not known to the school physical education gym class, and to clarify conceptual level. In 1923, the "draft outline of primary and secondary school curriculum", the official to "Gymnastics Section" to "physical education."
From "physical education" became the mark of physical education in schools, special terms.
"Physical education" in meaning there is a evolutionary process. It has just introduced into China, means physical education as part of education there is a kind of body with the maintenance and development activities associated with a process of education and international understanding of "sports" (phyical education) is consistent. Along with social progress and the continuous development of sports, the purpose and content have greatly exceeded the original "sports" category, the concept of sports there have been "extended" and "narrow" interpretation. When used in general, generally refers to the sport, including physical education, competitive sports and physical training in three aspects; for a narrow, generally refers to physical education. In recent years, many scholars of the "sports" concept put forward some explanations, but tend to go to the same interpretation: "Sport is a physical activity for the media to seek physical and mental health, overall development for the direct purpose, and to train improved social citizenship as the ultimate goal of a social and cultural phenomenon, or the educational process. " This definition of both sports, explains its essential nature, but also pointed out that the attribution of its scope, but also to itself from the adjacent or similar distinguish social phenomena. However, the concept of sports is not static, with the social development and progress, knowledge of sports will also be developed.
】 【Meaning and concepts
Sport is a human social development, based on production and daily life, Zunxun human physical and mental development to the law of physical exercise as the basic means, to enhance health and improve the techniques of sports, ideological and moral education, enrich their social cultural life for a kind of purposeful, conscious, organized social activities, is accompanied by the progressive development of human society, established and developed a specialized area of science. The concept of sports broad and narrow sense.
1. Sports generalized concept (also known as sports). Refers to the physical practice as the basic means to enhance the human body, promote the comprehensive development into the rich social and cultural life and promoting spiritual civilization for the purpose of a conscious, organized social activities. It is always part of the culture of society, the development of society by certain political and economic constraints, and certain social political and economic services.
2. Narrow concept of physical education (also known as physical education). Is a development body, enhance physical fitness, exercise to teach the knowledge, skills, training and the will and moral quality of the education process; it is the human body to nurture and shape the process; is an important part of education; is rounded of a person important.
3. Competitive sport known as "sports." Means to overcome rivals, achieved outstanding athletic performance, to maximize and enhance the individual and collective in the medical, physical, mental and motor abilities of potential carried out by scientific and systematic training and competition. With sports training and athletic competition in two forms. Characteristics:
1) and fully mobilize and athletes physical, intellectual and psychological potential;
2) intense confrontation and competition of;
3) the participants plenty of physical strength and superb skill;
4) In accordance with uniform rules competition is international, recognized sexual performance;
5) entertainment. Carried out by the competitive world of sports is a product of social history. Far more than 700 years BC, the ancient Greece, it appears the race, throwing, wrestling and so on, now, there are hundreds of kinds. To carry out the project generally track and field, gymnastics, basketball, volleyball, soccer, table tennis, badminton, weightlifting, swimming, cycling and so on. Countries and regions have their own unique ethnic traditions, such as the Chinese martial arts, Southeast Asia's sepak takraw, Kabaddi etc.. The development of national, regional political, economic, cultural education, science and technology closely related.
4. Entertainment sports leisure time or means to conduct a specific time in order to entertain the mind and body for the purpose of sports. With amateur sex, recreational, cultural and other characteristics. Content generally have ball games, active games, travel, chess, and traditional ethnic sports activities. Is organized by activities can be divided into individual, family and group; according to conditions for the activities can be divided into indoor, outdoor; by the competitive nature can be divided into competition and non-competitive in nature; by mode of operation can be divided into commercial and non-commercial; according to participate in activities can be divided into spectator events and sports activities. To carry out recreational sports activities, promote good health, strive to cultivate a noble character.
6. PE refers to the use of sport means of medical treatment of certain diseases and trauma, rehabilitation and improvement of body function in a medical way. Compared with other treatments, its features are:
1) is an active therapy, the treatment required to participate in the process of thinking are taking the initiative, through the exercise treatment of disease;
2) is a systemic treatment, neural, neural reflex mechanisms to improve the body function, to strengthen health and improve resistance to the purpose;
3) is a natural therapy, use of the inherent nature of human function (movement) as a treatment, generally not subject to time, place, equipment conditions. Usually medical gymnastics, jogging, walking, cycling, qigong, tai chi, and special sports equipment (such as tension, automatic treadmill, etc.), as well as sun, air bath, water bath, etc. for the treatment. Should vary, sustained, gradual, and with medical or surgical treatment and psychological counseling. Two dry years ago as "guidance," "health" as a means of disease prevention, then the continuous development and improvement become an important part of sports medicine.
7. The nature of sports. Is inherent in the fundamental physical characteristics of a body of human society and social and cultural activities and education activities.
8. The nature and characteristics of sports. Is to physical exercise as a means to develop the body, enhance physical fitness, promote the comprehensive development, social development. It is in the process of social development, subject to certain political, economic constraints, and some political, economic services. Sports has a dual nature and social attributes. Natural attributes such as physical education methods, and means; social attributes such as sports ideas and systems.
【】 Traditional Sports
Long a symbol of the Chinese nation. Imitation dragon form, called the Dragon's Dragon, the Chinese people of all nationalities in the long-term production practice and social activities to create a unique national style. Dragon Boat Race has a strong entertainment and fierce competition in the Waterside area in the south, more extensive mass foundation.
Kite is one of important inventions in ancient China, is the world's first man-made aircraft. Its production is common in China, Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang in Shandong and Jiangsu Nantong kites Four self-contained school, unique, world-famous. Every April is the annual Weifang Kite Festival, fans from around the world in this exchange skills and spread the friendship.
Younger is a distinct rhythm of the music accompaniment of a folk dance, is prevalent in northern China. A significant reduction in their dance, it gradually changed from the performing arts exercise, particularly loved by middle-aged women.
Go originated in China, the Warring States period that the written records on the Go. Later spread to Japan, Korea and Europe and the United States. After new China was founded as a formal sport games, has now been spread around the world and development.
Wushu is a Chinese boxing, routines and practical forms-based, both fitness self-defense, but also health care for sports, for thousands of years has been widely disseminated among the public.
Tai Chi is a Chinese martial arts is one of many boxing, has 34 years of history. It combines the ancient Taoist Alchemy, combined with the Meridian composed become yin and yang. Taijiquan from Chen village in Wen County in Henan, with Chen style, Yang style, Wu style, Sun style, Wu style and many other schools, the Body of coherence, required to Italian conductor, Italy, gas, three coordination bodies, inaction, dealt with gently.
Qigong is the Chinese nation's fine cultural heritage, has a long history of thousands of years. It illnesses and physically healthy, positive role in the yardsticks. Therefore, not only the popular Chinese martial arts and qigong, but also widely disseminated around the world.
China also regularly held National Traditional Ethnic Minority Sports Meet, the national sports athletes gathered, offering skills competition.
】 【Beijing Sport University
Beijing Sport University is one of the national key universities, under the State Sport General Administration. School was originally called the Central Institute of Physical Education, and building in July 1952, August 31, 1953 approved the establishment of the Central People's Government, November 3, 1953 at the school opening ceremony in Beijing Xiannongtan, moved to present site in 1954, 1956 March 14, the school was renamed the Beijing Institute of Physical Education, December 11, 1993, the school changed its name to Beijing Sport University, anniversary date of November 1.
Schools located in Zhongguancun, Haidian District, North Avenue, located in the Zhongguancun Hi-Tech Park, adjacent to the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park, covers an area of 1000 mu, building area of more than 250,000 square meters.
Currently, Beijing Sport University has become a physical education, professional and complete, Sports Master, doctoral up, strong teachers, teaching, research, training, remarkable achievements, reputation spread far and wide in the national key universities.
50 years, deepening educational reform schools, to establish discipline in the school building the core of development, focusing on interdisciplinary cross, penetration and fusion, the formation of a high-level, multi-standard, complex pattern of personnel training. There are 7 schools, 2 secondary schools college. Namely: Graduate School of Education, Institute of Sports, Martial Arts College, School of Management, School of Human Movement Science, Institute of Adult Education and Competitive Sports subsidiary, affiliated sports secondary school; a total of 24 teaching and research; has a state-level key disciplines and ministerial level in 12 key disciplines; with postdoctoral research station of Physical Education, subject to the national level, "Sports" Dr. conferred units, with Physical Education and Training, Human Movement Science, humanities and sociology, National Traditional Sports 4 two disciplines authorized to confer doctorate and master's degree conferred 5; with physical education, sports training, sports, Human Movement Science, traditional sports, Public Service Management (Sports Management), Journalism (Sports News) Applied Psychology (Sport Psychology), English (international sports), performing (Sports Art) in 10 undergraduate programs, 现有在校生 nearly 6,000, including a master, more than 650 doctoral students, 4,000 undergraduates, students with more than 200 secondary school students competing bodies and more than 1,000, and another 4,000 adult education students, school students in the membership of more than 9800; of high-quality sports training for the state teachers, coaches, researchers, managers and social sports instructor, and all other sports specialists three thousand names.
50 years, the school always attached importance to teaching staff, the quality of individual training created a strong, powerful groups of teachers. Is Associate Professor of the existing 228 schools, 264 lecturers, doctoral tutor more than 40, more than 100 master teachers, and 37 international referees, national referees 210. In the international and domestic academic organizations and sports federations have held important positions 36, either at the national Institute of the Standing Committee of the above two posts are 44. In the national team as head coach of 15 people, there are eight teachers have been identified as the State Sport General Administration of outstanding young academic, technical leaders, there are four coaches were recognized as national outstanding young coaches in 100 century.
50 years, the school formed a multi-disciplinary, fundamental and applied research combined advantages of a comprehensive study, a total of more than access to provincial and ministerial level scientific research project 289, including 26 national research projects; were 160 provincial and ministerial scientific research achievement awards items, of which eight national awards. Past decade, the introduction of exogenous a total 21.06 million yuan for scientific research, published monographs, translations, textbooks, popular science books nearly Division; at home and abroad all kinds of papers published in academic journals, over 2,000 articles.
50 years, the school has always attached importance to international cooperation and exchanges between the school has with the Russian National Sport University, Indiana University, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Physical Education, Physical Education University, Japan, 16 countries established 28 inter-university relations or friendship partnership; and many international sports community groups and individuals to carry out the various types of long-term exchange activities.
50 years, the school has had four times the international Olympic Committee medal, special government allowances of 51, 62 people received the National Medal for Physical Education and Sports Medal for Meritorious Service, 366 were given the honorary title of the new China sports pioneers. The school also won the Sports Medal, Olympic Games Special Contribution Award and other honors.
With a good wind power, sail is sometimes, in the new century, Beijing Sport University will be the party Shiliu Da spirit and "Three Represents" as guidance, the State Sports General Administration under the leadership of the Chinese sports industry to grow by Development east, seize opportunities, and on the times, accelerate the development and accelerate comprehensive, high level of education, training, scientific research, "combination" base construction, to the development of world-class sports university Mubiao forward Nuli success for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and China's sports development and make greater contributions!
】 【China Sports Lottery
China Sports Lottery is: To raise funds Sports Development issued, bearing the numbers, graphics or text, for people to voluntarily purchase and in accordance with specific rules for winning power of the written evidence. Sports lottery, excluding names, not report the loss, do not return the principal, excluding interest payments, not circulation. China's sports lottery sales, there are two main methods, the scale of sales of instant sports lottery sales methods and computer-assisted way of traditional sports lottery. At present, the traditional use of computer-assisted total lottery sales, because the computer lottery has dispersed, safe, efficient, fair and avoid wasting features. As of the end of 1999, a nationwide sports lottery computer and cities has reached 11 in 2000, the State Sport General Administration will be in Beijing and nine provinces and municipalities are carrying out the distribution of computer sports lottery. Plans to open in 2000 to speed up the way of Sports Lottery sales of distributed, gradually replace the large-scale sales methods. Can be expected, computer sports lottery and instant sports lottery sales will be distributed the main selling sports lottery form. China Sports Lottery is approved by the State Council issued the legal lottery in the country, mainly to raise funds for the development of sports and promote national fitness campaign, is a taken from the people, benefit of the people's social welfare services. China Sports Lottery has followed an open, fair, equitable principles, from 1994 to the end of 1999 a total of 102 million sports lottery sales, the Community Chest to raise 3.06 billion yuan for the continuous development of China's sports undertaking has provided funding guarantee. Sports lottery managers at all levels, determined under the leadership of the State Sports General Administration, with a positive, open, serious and thoughtful attitude and the service at the Lottery, to serve the community, and constantly open up a new situation in China's lottery business.
Sports lotteries for the implementation of the National Fitness Program and the Olympic Game, and the maintenance of sports facilities, equipment, and sports updates poverty alleviation; provinces, autonomous regions, Shi Tiwei special allocation for the implementation of the Community Chest and the National Fitness Program for Olympic; to , City and County Sports Commission assigned the implementation of the National Fitness Program for the Community Chest. According to the Ministry of Finance, PBOC and the State Sports General Administration of the sports lottery management practices, the use of sports lottery by the State Sports General Administration, revenues and expenditures, the implementation of the unified management of special accounts, earmarked for the development of sports , the use of the Community Chest movement of instructions to promptly submit the report and regularly to the public, subject to public supervision. Along with the rapid development of sports lottery business, the state has further increased the intensity of the lottery's management and started to lottery legislation. March 1, 2000, the Ministry of Finance to regulate the lottery market and protect the interests of Lottery, has issued a "do a good job on the management of lottery distribution and notification" (Cai Zong 〔2000〕 17 characters), notice provisions to further strengthen and regulate the distribution and management of the lottery, 自 April 1, 2000 onwards, Cai Piao (Bao Kuoji Lottery as and Diannao type lottery) Yilv in the form of cash bonus of RMB Xian Jin.
General Administration of Sport】 【
State Sport General Administration, the English name for the General Administration of Sport, whose predecessor was formed in November 1952 the State Sports Committee, March 24, 1998 reorganized as the State Sport General Administration.
Its main responsibilities:
(A) of the study and formulate policies and regulations and sports work and supervise the implementation of development planning.
(B) guide and promote the sport system, specify the sports development strategy, the preparation of medium and long term sports development planning; coordination of regional
Sports.
(C) the implementation of the National Fitness Program to guide and promote mass sports activities, the implementation of national physical training standards, carry out monitoring of the national constitution.
(D) overall planning and sports development, research and balanced national sports competitions, competitive sports _set_ting and focus of the layout;
Anti-doping organizations.
(E) administer foreign affairs, international intergovernmental and with Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan sports cooperation and exchange;
Organizations and organizing major international sports competitions.
(F) to major scientific and technological research in sports research and Achievements.
(7) study and formulate policy on the sports industry, the development of the sports market; for physical activity practitioners operating conditions and approval process.
(8) is responsible for national sports associations eligibility.
(Ix) other matters assigned by the State Council.
Consists of the General Office of the State Sports General Administration, the Secretary of mass sports, Sports Secretary, Sports Secretary, Policy and Regulations Department, Personnel Division, the Foreign Liaison Department, Science and Education Division, publicity, Party Committee, the Discipline Inspection Group and Supervision Bureau, Retired bureau
Directly under the State Sports General Administration Unit:
Also: Social Sports Guidance Centre, the headquarters service center, financial management and audit center, Training Council, the National Olympic Sports Center, Qingdao sailing sports school, Zhanjiang Diving Sports School, Anyang Aviation Sports School, Qinhuangdao training base, Sports Science Institute of Sports Medical Research Institute, Chinese sports newspaper headquarters, Beijing Sport University, Centre for Development of Physical Culture, Sports Information Center, foreign sports exchange center, human resources development center, sports equipment and equipment centers, sports lottery management center, sports fund management center.
Current Secretary: Liu Peng
】 【Sports Museum
Full name of the China Sports Museum. Anding Road, Chaoyang District, located at. Opened in 1990. Construction area of 7200 square meters exhibition area of 2510 square meters. Showroom is divided into ancient Chinese sports hall, sports hall of Modern China, New China's sports achievements bring honor to the Office of the Office and the Olympic Movement. Total collection of ancient and modern sports heritage of more than 4,700 pieces of precious cultural relics pictures 5000 sports sites. Ancient Chinese sports hall, sub-Qin, Han Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty and Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan and Ming 4 parts, showing the trajectory of development of sports in ancient China; Chinese modern sports hall, the performance of the Opium War in 1949 this section During the course of development of Chinese sports; sporting achievements of New China Office, with pictures, models and physical manifestations of the party and the state of the sports care, mass sports, sports facilities construction, the brilliant achievements; Olympic Games glory Office, has demonstrated China Olympic Games and the Chinese people to develop the Olympic movement's history. Hall has also held various temporary exhibitions, such as the Eleventh Asian Games sports Philatelic Exhibition; carry forward the spirit of Beijing Asian Games exhibition; bid for the 2000 Olympics Exhibition; Centennial Exhibition of the Olympic Movement, the Chinese athletes at the Barcelona show; Chinese hope the Olympics opening show; Long and physical development; new China Sports Exhibition; brilliant five years - China Sports Achievements; Olympic exhibitions in the New Century. In which the Eleventh Asian Games sports Philatelic Exhibition, featured 30 countries and regions 207, Box 1374 stamp exhibition. International Olympic Committee officials have received more than 60, including the International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch visited twice and presented souvenirs. Editor of "five thousand years of Chinese Physical Culture", "Chinese traditional sports blog," "peak of the Chinese sports world," and other works. In May 1992 by the Beijing Municipal People's Government named "Beijing Youth Education Base"; in June 1997 by the National Sports Commission named the "National Sports Commission patriotism education base."
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