飲食的概念
本義:喝。甲骨文字形。右邊是人形,左上邊是人伸着舌頭,左下邊是酒壇(酉)。象人伸舌頭嚮酒壇飲酒。小篆演變為“飲”,隸書作“飲”。
古人很早就知道釀酒。殷人好酒是有名的，出土的觚爵等酒器之多，可以說明當時飲酒之盛。不過古代一般所謂酒都是以黍為糜（煮爛的黍），加上麯糵（niè）（酒母）釀成的，不是燒酒。燒酒是後起的。
茶是我國主要的特産之一。《爾雅·釋木》：“檟，苦茶。”茶荼本是同一個字。但是上古沒有關於飲茶的記載。王褒《僮約》裏說到“烹茶”、“買茶”，可見茶在漢代某些地區不但是一種飲料，而且是一種商品。《三國志·吳書·韋曜傳》載，孫皓密賜韋曜茶荈以當酒，《續博物志》說南人好飲茶，大概飲茶的風氣是從江南傳開的。南北朝時飲茶風氣漸盛。唐宋以後，茶更成為一般文人的飲料了。
古代漢族不吃乳類的飲料和食品。《史記·匈奴列傳》：“得漢食物皆去之，以示不如湩（dòng）酪之便美也。”湩是牛馬乳，酪有幹濕兩種，幹酪就是今天所謂幹酪，濕酪大概就是酸奶。依《史記》看來，飲食乳酪都不是漢族的習慣。酥油古稱酥。本來也是鬍人的食品，所以唐玄宗嘲安祿山說：“堪笑鬍兒但識酥。”醍醐是上等的乳酪，依《涅盤經》說，牛乳成酪，酪成生酥，生酥成熟酥，熟酥成醍醐，醍醐是最上品。凡此都可證明，飲食乳類的習慣是從外族傳來的。韓愈《初春小雨》詩：“天街小雨潤如酥”，可見唐時漢人已逐漸習慣於酥酪了。
中國的飲食
在世界上是享有盛譽的，華僑和華裔外籍人在海外謀取生，經營最為普遍的産業就是餐飲業．有華人處應有中國餐館，中國的飲食可以說是“食”被天下．這一現象早在本世紀初時，就被革命的先行者孫中山先生敏銳地觀察到了。孫中山先生在其《建國方略》一書中說：“我中國近代文明進化，事事皆落人之後，惟飲食一道之進步，至今尚為各國所不及。”孫中山先生的這一論述十分正確，而事實上確如孫中山先生所言，中華文明到了近代，被西方文明衝擊得七零八落，有識之士莫不診脈問疾。然而中國餐館則大異其趣，居然能夠登陸歐美，遍布全球，所嚮披靡，至今世界上幾乎每一個角落都有中餐館。這種強烈的反差引起了學術界的關註，但是並沒有一個較有說服力的解釋。我們認為，中國餐館能夠遍布世界各地不是一個孤立和偶然的現象，其中的原因與中國飲食文化有着千絲萬縷的關聯。因而探討一下中國飲食文化的某些特徵，將有利於我們對於這一現象的解釋。
一談到中國飲食文化，許多人會對中國食譜以及中國菜的色、香、味、形贊不絶口。但是如果要從比較的角度來探討飲食文化，可以操作的辦法是把握住中國飲食文化的精髓。沒有比較就沒有鑒別。筆者在這裏認為，比較可行的辦法是在討論中國飲食文化時，從飲食生活方式的角度來着手。而實際上，中國飲食文化，實際上也是指中國人的飲食生活方式。而要談中國飲食文化就必須涉及到中國文化，兩者的關聯是極其密切的。因而我們有必要先對中國文化的某些特徵作一闡述。
中國文化是一個什麽樣的文化呢？這必須瞭解一下早期中國文化的地理環境，因為越是在早期，文化受環境的製約越大。中國位於亞洲大陸的東南部，西北面是茫茫的沙漠、草原和戈壁，東南則是茫茫的大海。中國文化的主要溫床黃河流域的土地十分雖然較肥沃，但是其它環境較惡劣，多風少雨，生存的條件親不好。文明産生以後，當時的文化就以比較強烈的現實主義的思潮表現出來，倫理道德的色彩十分濃厚。因為這個社會需要謙讓需要少欲，而一個社會需要什麽的時候，往往是她缺少什麽的時候。中國文化從一開始就表現出早熟的特徵。馬剋思就曾經認為，中國文明是一個早熟的嬰兒，她的發育過程中具有明顯的超前特徵。反觀西方文明，則大相徑庭。西方文化的童年時代的希臘文明，以其獨有的浪溫氣息寫入文明史，馬剋思曾經認為希臘文明是一個發育正常的嬰兒。中國文化的生存土壤，在其發展過程中逐漸幹旱，逐漸變得不得於農業的生産，由於土壤及其它因素等十分不利於農業生産，現實的苦難産生不了文化的浪漫，因而中國文明以其強烈的道德和禁欲特徵貫穿始終。先秦時期諸子百傢相互詰難，殫精竭力卻殊途同歸，目的是建立一個沒有爭鬥的理想世界。但這衹是理想而已。戰國之際，列國紛爭，以實力相較，最終秦國因鼓勵軍功，奬勵耕戰而一統天下，這是人心所嚮。天下紛爭，百姓如何生活，這也是歷史的選擇。衹有一統，纔不至於“天下幾人稱王，幾人稱帝。”？（曹操語）
先秦時期，中國南方楚國也是曾流露出浪漫主義的思潮，但是很快被北方現實主義的思潮所籠罩和淹沒，秦始皇統一中國以後，書同文，以後的歷史就是天子一統的歷史。中國的封建社會為了維護這一統的局面，允許君王具有至高無上的權威，但同時賦予他許多封建禮儀進行約束；中國有世界上最早的公平取官的文官制度——科舉製；中國歷史上呼喚清官，一旦出現便歌之頌之，並為之産生崇拜。所以中國儘管沒有嚴格意義上的宗教，但是其某些特徵與宗教的特徵有相似性，也有它自己的神；如果把這一現象也視為宗教的話，那麽中國式的宗教則是在現實意義上的極端的理想主義。中國歷史上的極度理想主義也因之産生，它也有神，衹不過其所造之神是以現實中的人為化身的，而現實中的人是不可能充當理想中的神的，所以中國歷史上造神運動層出不窮，直至今天。或者說中國人的宗教是一種多神崇拜，而不是一神崇拜，什麽財神、藥神、竈神、媽祖等，都被視為神而被崇拜。中國文化還具有另外的兩大特徵：其一是絶對地追求適用，而杜絶一切的不實用的東西。從中國的科技史的歷程中可以看到，歷史上，所有的實用的技術十分發達，如農業科技和醫學十分發達，而有關的非實用的一些東西則無法發展。先秦時期墨傢的有關光學和幾何學的知識，在漢代獨尊儒術以後，沒有能夠繼續發展下去。中國沒有産生物理學、化學、生物學等基礎學科。當然煉丹術在皇帝追求長生不老的過程中也很發達，其中確實包含有化學方面的知識。中國的手工業十分發達，而近代機器大工業生産，如蒸汽機沒有在中國被發明。十五世紀以前，世界上絶大部分發明是在中國人手中産生的，但是近代以後需要通過一係列實驗手段才能産生的近代科學未能在中國産生：中國文化表現出特有的仁愛特徵。孔子的思想的核心是“仁者愛人”，因為仁慈，中國人實施多子繼承制度，這樣財産一方面得以析散，另一方面限製了遠距離的遷徙，中國人安土重遷與之關係重大。這一繼承制度限製了商業的發展，從而便多子多福的思想得以産生，多子多福的思想使社會的人口增加，派生出更多的多子多福，社會人口壓力始終存在，衹要社會的生産力能夠養活多少人口，就會有多少人口出現。
中國飲食文化的諸多特徵，體現在飲食文化之上，直接影響着中國飲食文化的發展。首先因為人口壓力以及其它多種原因的存在，所以中國人的飲食從先秦開始，就是以𠔌物為主，肉少糧多，輔以菜蔬，這就是典型的飯菜結構。其中飯是主食，而菜則是為了下飯，即助飯下咽。為什麽要助飯下咽呢？那是因為主食並不可口，必須有一種物質來輔助它使人們能夠吃下去。當然菜的功能和????的功能有共同點，但是不等同於????。這樣促使中國的烹飪的首要目的是裝點飲食，使不可口的食物變得精妙絶倫；其次，由於中國文化追求衫，中國手工業的發達，所以烹飪中的飲食加工技術在世界上是首屈一指，體現了中國文化的衫特徵。所有這些，使中國飲食文化有如下特徵。其一，中國烹飪技術發達，許多西方人看來不可食的物品，經過中國廚師的勞作，變得使人一見而食欲頓開；其二，中國人的食譜廣泛，舉凡能夠食者皆食，毫無禁忌；其三，中國救荒的著述特別多，以備饑荒之年以野菜充饑之用；其四，中國人將食的追求作為人生至樂來追求，吃飯成為第一要求。由於中國人在吃的方面不能夠隨心所欲，有詩為證：
紅日巡天過午遲，腹中虛實自傢知。
人生一飽非難事，僅在風調雨順時。
因此長期以來吃穿不愁難以辦到，所以吃在中國人的生活中占有特殊的位置，證據不勝枚舉。
此外，我們可以對西方飲食文化的某些特徵加以分析，也許能夠加深對中國飲食文化的理解。西方的飲食，由於最初是主要以畜牧為主，肉食在飲食聽比例一直很高，到了近代，種植業比重增加，但是肉食在飲食中的比例仍然要比中國人的高。由於肉食的天然可口，所以西方人沒有必要對飲食進行裝點，內食的天然可口限製了烹飪的發展，歐洲人在顯示富裕的時候，多是飲食的工具來表現，如各種的器皿的多少和豪華成為講究的內容。另外也不把吃這種人生易於滿足的事情作為人生的至樂來追求。西方人的人生追求，正好同一句中國的俗語語可以高度概括，即“飽曖思淫欲”。他們更多地追求情愛，西方文化體現出一種“情愛文化”，而中國文化則體現出一種“吃的文化”。
但是我們還要指出的是，中國飲食的諸多特徵，是在老百姓日常生活中看不到的。宮廷飲食，市肆飲食則能夠更好、更全面地表現出這些特徵。平民的節日飲食，如春節，也許能夠部分地表現出這些特徵來，但是春節對於一年的365天來說畢竟是短暫的一瞬間，如曇花一現。
文化無優劣，飲食文化也無優劣，其區別衹不過是不同的環境條件下的生活方式或者飲食方式的不同罷了。但是如何理解和分析這一區別則是非常重要的。本書的目的基於這一點而作一點嘗試，是否能夠得到大多數讀者的認可不得而知。在大多數情況下下本人屬於那種“遠庖廚”者，並不懂得烹飪，也不是美食傢，但是本人深知“一飯一粥當思來之不易”，在此意義上，把我對於中國飲食文化的某些看法，行之於筆端，希望得到方傢的指教
北京的飲食
——京城八大碗
金澤
民以食為天，吃是人生第一需要。中國人也好，外國人也罷，誰也離不開吃。吃什麽，怎麽吃，每個國傢、每個民族、每個家庭、每個人都有自己的吃法。
飲食是一種文化，而中華美食則譽滿天下。中國飯好吃，外國人愛吃也是不爭的事實。中國的飲食文化源遠流長。幾千年來，人們經過不斷的總結已形成了中華美食的八大菜係，即魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、皖流派。
北京是世界著名的古都和歷史文化名城，已有三千多年的歷史。歷代帝王建都北京，都為北京的文化積澱了深厚的內容。飲食文化，是各種文化內容之一，博大精深。作為中國八大菜係的形成、演變，同樣經歷了漫長的歷史過程。北京菜雖不在八大菜係之內，但北京菜是中國的主要地方菜之一。
歷史上北京的特殊政治地位，使聚居在北京的人復雜多樣，反映在飲食方面，同樣紛雜多樣。各方人士的口味不同，形成各類飲食五花八門。有正宗的八大菜係，有地方風味小吃，也有滿、蒙、回、朝鮮等民族的燒、烤、涮，還有外域傳進來的洋快餐等等。目前的餐飲市場空前繁榮。解饞的，解餓的應有盡有。
該吃的都吃遍了，還有什麽好吃的呢？人們在想老北京的人們都吃什麽？可以說，解放前的老北京真正有錢的人並不多，皇親國戚、達官貴人吃的是山珍海味，而普通百姓傢能填飽肚子就不錯了，遇有紅白喜事能吃上“八大碗”就很好了。
老北京的“八大碗”是什麽？六十歲以下的人都未曾見過，有的都沒聽說過，也就更沒吃過。現代不少人在吃遍北京所有“好館子”之後，又再懷舊，懷念老北京的吃食了。
老北京“八大碗”實際上是一種既普通又實惠的菜餚，就是把雞鴨魚肉通過八種精心烹製做成的色香味俱佳的，用傳統瓷碗盛放擺上餐桌的美食。“八大碗”，說白了，就是大碗三黃雞、大碗黃魚、大碗肘子、大碗丸子、大碗米粉肉、大碗扣肉、大碗鬆肉，還有大碗排骨。
老北京“八大碗”在老北京百姓生活中，是少不了的美食。生誕壽辰、婚喪嫁娶、孩子滿月等日子都少不了它。因解放前不像現在有這麽多飯店、飯館，平民百姓又大多都比較窮，遇到紅白喜事都是在傢裏、村裏支起大棚來招待親朋好友。所以那個年代，把做這種飲食行當的廚師叫“跑大棚的”。
通常筵席桌上有“四幹”、“四冷”、“四熱”、“八碟”、“八碗”等。以後，飯館的菜品逐漸演變成“四冷”或“六冷”，八道熱菜、十道熱菜、十二道熱菜。為了美觀，把碗盛改成了碟盛。
老北京“八大碗”雖流行在民間，但也曾是皇宮裏的美味佳餚。據傳說慈禧太後逃難時路上遇到百姓傢辦喜事，嘗到了民間的“八大碗”。回京後，就叫御膳房照民間的做法烹製，宴請文武。
老北京“八大碗”也曾經一度失傳，一直到現在也很少有人會做，所以人們也很難吃到。不過聽說最近坐落在盧溝橋宛平戲樓的“老北京印象”，為弘揚民俗飲食文化，多方尋求“八大碗”製作的秘方，最終在民間尋找到了會製作老北京“八大碗”的高齡廚師。老人把製作“八大碗”的配方傾囊相授。也就是根據這口傳的配方，通過反復試製，終於獲得成功。老北京“八大碗”在“老北京印象”推出後，據說也是贊不絶口，原汁原味地道的老北京風味菜，也最終重見天日。目前，“老北京印象”中的老北京“八大碗”，在傳統製作的基礎上，又開發創新出了不少新品種，還根據現代人的口味，陸續推出“八大碗”係列，包括海鮮“八大碗”、牛羊肉“八大碗”、鹿肉“八大碗”、禽類“八大碗”、下貨“八大碗”和全素“八大碗”。消費者來到“老北京印象”，既能吃到經濟實惠的“八大碗”，又能觀看到“老天橋絶技藝術團”精彩的絶技表演，真是樂在其中，使人流連忘返。
清真飲食
張寶申
北京是中華各民族聚居的城市，其中，信仰伊斯蘭教的各民族穆斯林有20多萬人。北京悠久的歷史文化和現代化大都市的魅力，吸引着越來越多的伊斯蘭國傢的各界人士來參觀、訪問、旅遊，國際交流日益頻繁。特別是2008年在北京舉辦奧運會，屆時將有40多個來自伊斯蘭國傢的運動員參加，100多個國傢和地區的穆斯林也將來北京觀光、旅遊。這無疑給北京的清真飲食業提供了前所未有的發展機遇和更高的要求。
北京的清真飲食歷史悠久、風味獨特，是北京飲食文化的重要組成部分。北京清真飲食的起源，是與伊斯蘭教傳入北京而同步的，已有上千年的歷史。在元朝的宮廷食譜《飲膳正要》裏，已有清真飲食的記載。元代廣為流傳的一本生活百科全書《居傢必用事類全集》中，專門列有“回回食品”一章，收錄了諸多回族飲食品種。在元雜劇《豹子和尚自還俗》中，也有這樣的唱詞:“小劉屠賣的肥羊肉，一貫鈔一副整頭蹄……馬回回燒餅十分大，黃蠻子菜爛味精奇……”說明，元大都時期的北京，清真飲食已相當普遍。
明朝永樂年間，“燕王掃北”，定都北京，大批回族從南方遷徙北上，落戶於北京，使南方的清真飲食製作技藝傳入北京，促進了北京清真飲食的發展。從元、明兩朝到清，經過幾百年的發展，北京的清真飲食品種已十分豐富，各種風味獨特、色香味美的菜餚和小吃，傳入皇宮，成為了御膳。後來，有些又傳出宮外，流行於市，成為清真名吃。現在仍為北京各清真飯店特色菜的“它似蜜”、“桂花羊肉”、“芝麻裏脊”、“????爆散丹”等，就是曾經的清宮御膳菜品。
在清宮御膳中，清真全羊宴席是繼滿漢全席之後的宮廷大宴席之一。乾隆年間的詩人袁枚在《隨園食單》中寫道:“全羊法有七十二種，每次可吃者不過十八九種而已。此乃屠竜之技，傢廚難學，一盤一碗，雖全是羊肉，而味各不同纔好。”全羊宴是用整個羊的各個不同部位，或烤或涮，或煮或炸，烹製出各種不同口味、不同品名的菜餚。所有菜名都不露一個“羊”字，而以生動、形象的別名代之，堪稱一絶。1968年，周恩來總理設宴招待來訪的巴基斯坦貴賓，曾請“又一順”著名的清真烹飪大師楊永和，製作了全羊宴及多種清真菜餚，受到了貴賓們的一致好評。如今，“鴻賓樓”等清真飯店的全羊宴，仍是品牌菜。
民國時期，隨着民族工商業的發展，北京的清真飲食業形成了成熟的市場。在前門一帶開業的清真餐館就有:元興堂、兩益軒、同和軒、同益軒、西域館、西聖館、慶宴樓、萃芳園、暢悅樓、同居館(餡餅周)、恩元居(炒疙瘩)等數十傢。另外還有中山公園的瑞珍厚、東安市場的東來順和西單的又一順等。1930年，在繁華的西單路口，清真飯莊“西來順”的開張營業，立即轟動了京城。其中原因是出任西來順飯莊經理的是名冠京城的清真廚師諸祥。諸祥原名諸連祥，是著名的清真菜餚革新傢。他因烹飪技藝高超，清末曾到皇宮御膳房任職。民國初年，又到“兩益軒”等飯莊指導烹調技藝，帶出了許多高徒。諸祥見多識廣，思想開明，在清真菜的革新上，大膽吸收了西餐和中國南北菜餚的一些技藝，創製出“炸羊尾”、“生扒羊肉”、“炒甘肅雞”、“油爆肚仁”等新的清真菜餚百多種，並首創清真海味菜餚，在同行和食客中享有盛名。京劇大師馬連良是回族，經常到西來順宴客和用餐，並與諸祥結下深厚友誼。由此帶動了許多文化、戲劇界的名流，競相光顧西來順。北京和平解放以後，全國政治協商會議、新疆和平解放會議等許多重要會議，都曾在這裏舉行招待宴會。在諸祥等許多清真烹飪大師們的革新努力下，北京的清真飲食在京味飲食文化中已獨具特色，名聞遐邇。
據現已出版的各種北京《清真菜譜》所載，北京的清真菜餚已達500多個品種。許多老字號，如月盛齋的醬牛羊肉、大順齋的糖火燒、餡餅周的餡餅、豆汁張的豆汁、羊頭馬的白水羊頭、爆肚馮的爆肚、年糕王的切糕等，都是歷經數百年的名吃，享譽海內外。
最近，北京市舉辦了“第二屆清真烹飪服務技能大賽”，50多傢清真飲食企業的近300名選手參賽，為奧運會的清真烹飪做準備。2008年奧運會的東風，北京的清真飲食業必將有一個較快的發展。
一些飲食常識
飲食流派
飲食三大流派：京式、蘇式、廣式、川式
小吃流派
小吃四大流派：京式、蘇式、廣式、閩式
另外隨着四川飲食在飲食文化中的地位迅速上升，川式也可以算作五大流派之一。
飲食城
北方飲食中心：北京
西部飲食中心：有“食在中國，味在成都”稱號的成都
東部飲食中心：有“天下第一食府”稱號的蘇州
南部飲食中心：有“食在廣州”稱號的廣州
小吃城
四大小吃
南京、蘇州、上海、長沙
八大小吃
南京、蘇州、上海、長沙、北京、成都、開封、臺北
中國八大菜係
魯菜、川菜、蘇菜、浙菜、徽菜、粵菜、閩菜、湘菜
四季飲食註意事項
春清： 春季大地生計勃勃，人體氣血流暢，全身髒器組織功能易於恢復，宜用扶助人體正氣，清除人體一鼕所納入的多餘物質。春季易受風邪，五行屬木，迎風流淚，傷目，口味發酸，易怒，傷肝膽，因此在春季宜用清理肝膽火旺之保健品。春季陽氣升發，高血壓病人容易發病，此時不宜過食辛熱動火的食物，以防血壓升高，大便燥結，可以澤用緑色清淡的蔬菜以及荸薺，鴨梨之類的水果。
夏調： 夏季溫熱易受暑邪，五行屬火，耗傷津液，常發汗影響小腸吸收，易使人心火上炎，面紅耳赤，口舌生瘡，因此易降心火，調理心志，夏種時節氣熱炎熱，人體出汗較多，食欲不佳，易傷心脾，一般不易大補，而易調節元七氣，調理脾胃，氣血運行通暢，脾胃元氣充足，因此身清氣爽。
秋補: 秋季氣候漸趨涼爽,,人多口幹舌燥,咳嗽少痰,易傷肺津宜滋陰潤肺,如果經春清夏調之後,身體運行正常,這時需要補充適當的營養,使氣血充盈,陽生陰長,形體壯實,而許多的補養食物中有過多的糖,脂類,蛋白和激素等,因此選擇上要有尺度,在合理飲食後加服保健食品.
鼕防: 鼕季氣候寒冷,體虛不禦寒而傷腎,活動量少,食入量增多,體內容易積存過多脂類物質,而氣血運行緩慢,心腦血管疾病易發生.當宜擇用補蓋的食品,或者製成藥膳,如八珍雞湯,枸杞糯米飯,蟲草紅棗燉團魚,狗肉粥等. 總之,清,調,補,防.的四季食物療法原則,便是一個健康體魄的養生之道,清除體內的多餘物資,調節機體心態的平衡,補充適宜的營養,從而達到預防保健,強身鍵體,延年益壽的目的.
現代人飲食的六大陋習
吃是一種享受，但是您可曾想過不正確的飲食方式會導致諸多慢性病如糖尿病、高血壓、心血管性疾病甚至癌癥的發生。飲食習慣最重要的是不可偏離大自然的原則。
現代人飲食第一個主要問題是熱量的過剩及不均衡。
各位可曾看過在非洲大草原上有過度肥胖而無法跑步的獅子？除了人類以外，所有動物都是肚子饑餓的時候纔出去覓食。過量攝取食物，尤其是肉類的過量，已經是人類成人病及癌癥增加的主要原因。那麽該如何吃纔是適量呢？
首先，請先照照鏡子看看自己的牙齒，人類選擇食物的內容應該與牙齒的結構相符合。健康的人類有32顆牙齒，上下左右相對稱。如果衹有看上排的牙齒，左右各有兩顆門牙、一顆犬齒、五顆臼齒。各位都知道，門牙主要是用來啃食蔬菜及水果，犬齒是用來撕碎肉類，而臼齒是用來咀嚼𠔌類及豆類等食物。由此可知，人類飲食的內容應以𠔌類及豆類為主食，蔬菜及水果為副食，而肉類則為次副食其比例應為5比2比1最為合適。那麽究竟是吃多少量纔好呢？其實應該是根據每個人的胃部感覺為主要判斷。中國人講：吃飯八分飽，也就是說衹要根據上述飲食的比例，吃到肚子裏覺得已有八分飽時，就應適可而止。如此就不會有營養過剩或營養不均衡的問題。或許有些人會懷疑上述的飲食比例會不會導致蛋白質的缺乏。事實上，𠔌類及豆類除了含有豐富的澱粉外，也含有易被消化吸收的蛋白質。雖然它們個別都是不完全蛋白質（各缺乏某些必須胺基酸），但若一起食用則可達互補作用，而成為完全蛋白質，其營養價值絶不輸給肉類的蛋白質。
現代人的第二個違反大自然法則的飲食方式是烹調方式的錯誤。
最近快餐店蓬勃發展，如麥當勞、肯德基等店面的廣設，使炸雞、炸薯條成為小朋友們的最愛。很多人以為油炸食品用的是植物油而非豬油或牛油應該不會有問題。事實上，植物油多為不飽和脂肪酸很容易在高熱下被氧化産生脂質自由基及過氧化脂質等有害物質。這些氧化物質不僅會促進動脈硬化、黑斑、皺紋等老化現象的進行，也容易誘導癌癥（尤其是肺癌）的發生。因此，調理的方式最好以燉、鹵、水炒的方式，而少用油炸或油煎的方式。
現代人第三個違反大自然法則的飲食方式是食用過度精製及缺乏纖維的食物。
如糙米的胚芽中原就含有很豐富的維他命及一些抗氧化成份，但人類卻在加工過程中將胚芽捨棄，而衹吃衹含澱粉及少量蛋白質的白米部份。大豆原就含有豐富的蛋白質及一些具抗氧化活性的類黃酮類物質。但我們在加工製造豆漿的過程中，卻將豆渣去掉，也就把大部份蛋白質及結合在蛋白質上的類黃酮類拋棄掉了，真是暴殄天物。𠔌類及豆類中也含有豐富的纖維素，纖維素不但可以促進大腸的蠕動，幫助人體排出膽固醇及緻癌毒素，而且可以促進腸內有益菌（如乳酸菌）的成長。但在加工過程中，𠔌類及豆類的纖維素也同時會被拋棄掉了。
現代人飲食第四個問題是食物污染的問題。
為了讓蔬菜、水果不被蟲害，農夫大量噴農藥。為了讓牲畜不被細菌感染，養豬或養雞戶給豬衹或雞衹大量註射抗生素。再加上環境的污染，幹淨的食物已非常難得，食物污染的問題已嚴重威脅到人類的健康。我們很高興看到生機飲食的理念逐漸盛行，強調食用不被污染、不用化學肥料的天然食品之觀念逐漸被民衆所接受。很多的農場也開始大量栽培有機天然蔬果。黃緑色蔬菜水果含有豐富的維他命、微量元素及纖維素。多吃黃、緑色蔬菜及水果已被發現可以預防成人病的進行也可以減少癌癥的發生。但是唯有采用清潔、安全可靠的食物來源及正確的烹調方式才能將這些老天爺賜給我們的禮物完全保留。
現代人飲食第五個問題是沒有用心的去吃東西。
我們常常很緊張的吃東西或在諸多挂慮下吃東西。在這種狀況下消化道的唾液及胃液並未充分的分泌，也就不能好好地消化食物。吃東西是一種享受，古代人講："吃飯皇帝大"。當我們吃東西時就要有像當皇帝一樣的感覺，天大地大的事都不要去想它。各位可以想象在大草原上吃草的馬兒是多麽的悠閑自在。我們要用敏感的嗅覺去聞聞食物的香味，用色咪咪的眼光去欣賞食物的美色，用敏銳的舌頭去品嚐食物的天然美味，用輕鬆愉快的心情慢慢咀嚼食物，等待口中滿是口水時再吞進食物。我們要以一顆感恩的心來吃每樣上天賜給我們的美好食物，因為它們得之不易。您可以想象嬰兒在母親懷中吮吸母乳時那種安祥和滿足的模樣，唯有在心中充滿愛的情緒下，吾人的消化係統才能發揮最佳的功能。
現代人飲食習慣第六個問題是缺乏運動。
有人會問，怎麽運動會和飲食有關？事實上運動會促進胃腸的蠕動，有助身體將脂肪或有害毒素排掉。很多人常抱怨經常便秘和腹脹，吃進去的東西好象不見了一樣，此大多數是由於缺乏運動所造成。運動同時可以增加人體細胞的耗氧量，靠着氧氣將葡萄糖或脂肪酸轉變成ATP儲存。當人體需要能量時，ATP很快可以轉變為能量，此化學反應就好象蓄電池儲存能量一樣。若是運動不足則人體的葡萄糖或脂肪酸不能變化為ATP，反而轉變為脂肪組織堆積在人體內。因此我們可以說：運動不足和過食一樣，是造成肥胖的最主要原因。什麽運動最合適呢？事實上以適合於自己體能狀況之柔軟性運動最理想，如慢跑、快走、騎腳踏車、跳韻律舞、遊泳等。但必須運動至身體發汗、心跳加速達每分鐘100次以上，並且持續10至20分鐘以上的運動，才能發揮效果。運動應該和"吃"一樣，被養成一個習慣而且持之有恆。
唯有在愉快的心情下，適量而均衡地攝取正確調理的天然食物，並且配合充份的運動，才能吃出健康，吃出青春和美麗！
廣東飲食
粵菜的起源．可遠溯至距今二千多年的漢初。古代，中原的移民到來之前，嶺南越族先民就已有獨特的飲食風格，如嗜好白蛇魚蛤與生食。西漢時劉安曾有“越人得蟒蛇以為上餚”的記述。宋代周去非的《嶺外代答》也記載廣州人“不問鳥獸蟲蛇無不食之”。這與廣州所處的地理環境分不開。廣州屬於亞熱帶水網地帶，蟲蛇魚蛤特別豐富，唾手可得，烹而食之，由此養成的喜好鮮活、生猛的飲食習慣。
飲食中意識心境的重要性
意識治療一切。
——費茲士·波爾士
上個世紀最不尋常的一項科學發現就是，對宇宙中任何現象的觀察——觀察鳥如何飛行，或地球如何轉動——都會對該現象産生直接影響。所以，如果我們能夠靠意識扭轉天體的運行軌道，那麽說維他命A——即意識——能夠對人類的身體産生深遠的影響就不是什麽令人吃驚的事了。
就像你在照鏡子時所看到的，表情突然興奮起來，體內的能量也隨之振奮起來，這就是意識在刺激新陳代謝的化學物質；你是否有過這樣的經歷，當你身處大自然當中，被美麗的風景環繞，頓時覺得神清氣爽，精神放鬆？這同樣是意識作用於身體生理係統的結果；或者你是否已經註意到，人在受到關註時行為和表達都會更具有活力，這是因為有其他意識作用於你的生物化學成分。
意識是存在的。我們能夠感覺到它。我們身體同樣有能力感覺到此時此刻生命在做些什麽，並且當我們把意識帶進飲食過程中時，它將會是一種非常不錯的新陳代謝動力。
消化從思想開始
意識對營養的吸收和消化及對熱量的燃燒所起到的推動力，這正好驗證了科學家們所說的“頭期消化反應”（CPDR）。頭期消化反應純粹是對一頓飯的色香味及滿意程度的一個特別定義。有趣的是，研究人員發現，我們的消化工作的30%—40%應歸功於頭期消化反應——即我們對所吃食物投入的全部意識。
你能回想起這樣的情景嗎，你看到自己最喜歡的食品時開始流口水或者肚子咕咕叫？這就是頭期消化反應。當我們的口腔和鼻腔聞到、品嚐、咀嚼和註意到食物時，大腦就已經開始消化了。大腦對食物的反應刺激了口水、胃酸、酶和腸神經肽的産生，同時産生各種胰腺酶：胰島素、胰凝乳蛋白酶、胰腺澱粉酶、脂肪酶等。不僅如此，血液也開始流入消化器官內，胃和腸有節奏地聯合起來，電解酶通過消化道聚集，為消化即將到來的食物做好準備。
如果我們在吃飯時沒有投入足夠的註意力，流入消化係統的血液就會減少，也就意味着氧化作用所需的氧氣和新陳代謝動力不足。這樣，腸內酶的分泌量減少，導致消化係統紊亂，腸胃失調，免疫力下降，並且易疲勞。
教你走出家庭日常飲食誤區
最近專傢研究表明，對於很多家庭而言，飲食方面存在着許多誤區。他說，對於喜歡吃炒菜的市民，應該註意對菜的烹調方法；對於喜歡煲湯的人，煲湯時間也很有講究。
有關專傢說，有些人為了減肥不食脂肪，而偏愛吃對於本身含脂肪及熱量相當低的蔬菜，這其實是一個誤區。研究表明：本身含脂肪及熱量相當低的蔬菜，在經過炒、煎等烹調後，吸入的油脂量遠遠高於原來本身已有較多脂肪的肉類。這主要是由於蔬菜的細胞與細胞間的空隙充滿了空氣，而魚和肉細胞與細胞的空隙充滿了液體，所以前者較易吸入油脂，一碗炒菜所吸入的油脂比一碗炸魚或炸排骨所含的油脂更多，所以對於減肥者來說，多吃炒菜不但收不到減肥的效果，反而會增加體重。再有，調味作料多味道好，但鬍椒、桂皮、丁香、小茴香等天然調味品具有一定的誘癌性和毒性，在飲食中過多使用，輕者有口幹、咽喉痛、精神不振、失眠等感覺，重者會誘發高血壓、胃腸炎等多種疾病，甚至有損傷細胞形成癌癥的可能。因此，日常飲食中要盡量少用上述調味料為宜。
“湯是每天必備的，對於許多市民來說，認為煲湯時間越長營養越多，這也是一個誤區。”。“以燉骨頭湯為例，很多人認為熬得時間越長，骨頭裏的鈣質才能全跑出來，燒煮時間少則一二個小時，多則三五個小時，有的甚至燒一天，殊不知，這種無謂的燒煮是毫無科學道理的。”
專傢還指出，食物過多地在高溫下燒煮，時間越長，損失的營養越多。人們平常愛喝的骨頭湯，無論多高溫度，花多長時間，都不能將骨內的鈣質完全溶出，這是因為動物骨骼中所含的鈣質不易被分解，久煮反而會破壞骨頭中的蛋白質。正確的方法是將骨頭砸開，然後放入一定冷水，在爐火中慢慢加溫，燒開後加一點醋，使骨頭中的磷、鈣溶解到湯內，整個加熱過程以一小時左右為宜，這樣煲出來的湯既有營養又鮮美可口。
為了方便大傢的記憶，專傢總結如下，希望您能盡快走出家庭日常飲食誤區“
誤區一：吃素不吃葷
現在吃素食的人越來越多，有一部分人是因為害怕葷食會引起肥胖、冠心病等。但如果絶對食素，並非有利於健康。食素者蛋白質往往攝入不足，會發生抵抗力下降、渾身無力、水腫等情況。另外由於食素者食物單調，機體中掌管食物消化的酶係統功能逐漸遭到破壞，最後會導致物質交換失調。植物性食品中含有豐富的維生素、無機????和有機酸，而缺少造血的微量元素鈷、錳、鐵和銅等。此外，植物性食品脂肪含量少，但人體每天需要50剋左右的脂肪，要想滿足這種需要，就要大約吃5千克的植物性食品，而且，植物蛋白很難代替動物蛋白。故從抗衰益壽的角度看，絶對素食不可取，衹有葷素搭配、營養全面、平衡膳食，纔是通往健康長壽之路。
誤區二：煲湯時間越長營養越多
人們認為煲湯時間越長，湯裏的營養越多。以燉骨頭湯為例，很多人認為熬得時間越長，骨頭裏的鈣質才能全跑出來，燒煮時間少則一二個小時，多則三五個小時，有的甚至燒一天。殊不知，這種無謂的燒煮是毫無科學道理的。營養學家指出，食物過多地在高溫下燒煮，時間越長，損失的營養越多。人們平常愛喝的骨頭湯，無論多高溫度，花多長時間，都不能將骨內的鈣質完全溶出，這是因為動物骨骼中所含的鈣質不易被分解，久煮反而會破壞骨頭中的蛋白質。正確的方法是將骨頭砸開，然後放入一定冷水，在爐火中慢慢加溫，燒開後加一點醋，使骨頭中的磷、鈣溶解到湯內，整個加熱過程以一小時左右為宜。這樣煲出來的湯既有營養又鮮美可口。
誤區三：久存蔬菜
許多人為了節約時間，一次從菜市場買回許多蔬菜後，放在冰箱中慢慢食用，這樣做是很不好的。因為蔬菜，尤其是葉菜中含有硝酸????，在儲藏一段時間後，由於酶和細菌的作用，硝酸????被還原成亞硝酸????，而亞硝酸????在人體內與蛋白質類物質結合，可生成緻癌性的亞硝酸胺類物質。長期儲存蔬菜不僅産生有害物質，而且造成營養素的損失。實驗證明，在30 ℃的屋子裏儲藏24小時，緑葉蔬菜中的維生素C幾乎全部損失。
誤區四：偏愛吃炒菜
有些人為了減肥不食脂肪，而偏愛吃炒菜。但最近國外專傢研究顯示：本身含脂肪及熱量相當低的蔬菜，在經過炒、煎等烹調後，吸入的油脂量遠遠高於原來本身已有較多脂肪的肉類。專傢研究發現，含水量豐富的食物(如各類蔬菜)，經過烹製之後，吸入的脂肪量最多。這主要是由於蔬菜的細胞與細胞間的空隙充滿了空氣，而魚和肉細胞與細胞的空隙充滿了液體，所以前者較易吸入油脂，一碗炒菜所吸入的油脂比一碗炸魚或炸排骨所含的油脂更多，所以對於減肥者來說，多吃炒菜不但收不到減肥的效果，反而會增加體重。
誤區五：調味作料多味道好
醫學研究表明，鬍椒、桂皮、丁香、小茴香等天然調味品具有一定的誘癌性和毒性，在飲食中過多使用，輕者有口幹、咽喉痛、精神不振、失眠等感覺，重者會誘發高血壓、胃腸炎等多種疾病，甚至有損傷細胞形成癌癥的可能。因此，日常飲食中要盡量少用上述調味料為宜。
The concept of food
Original meaning: to drink. Oracle shape. The right is the human form, who left on top is stretched out his tongue, the left below is a wine forum (west). Elephant Man sticking out his tongue to drink the altar wine. Xiaozhuan as "a drink", official script for "drink."
The ancients have long known that wine. Wine is well-known people of Yin, Gu Jue and other drinking vessels unearthed much that can explain the Sheng was drinking. However, generally the so-called wine are all ancient millet as Mi (boiled of millet), with music tillering (niè) (yeast) led to, not shochu. Shochu is a-coming.
Tea is one of our main specialties. "Ya interpretation tree": "jia, tea." Tea Tu This is the same word. But no ancient records of tea drinking. Wang Bao "children about" Li said, "Peng Cha," "to buy tea," tea in the Han Dynasty can be seen in some areas is not only a beverage but also a commodity. "Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu-Chuan Wei Yao," contains, Sun Hao Wei Yao Cha Chi Chuan close to when the wine, "added Natural History" Southern Man said good tea, tea drinking culture is probably spread from the south. Northern and Southern Dynasties burgeoning culture of tea drinking. After the Tang and Song dynasties, tea became the drink of the general scholar.
Chinese food
Is renowned in the world, overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese people overseas to seek foreign students, the most common operation is the restaurant industry. Department should have Chinese restaurants are Chinese, Chinese food can be said to "eat" is the world. This phenomenon as early as the beginning of this century, they were revolutionary pioneer Sun Yat-sen keenly observed. Sun Yat-sen in its "nation-building strategy," a book, said: "I am Chinese modern civilization and, after everything are falling, but eating one of progress, has still less to States." Sun Yat-sen in this paper is right, and indeed, such as Sun Yat-sen said, the Chinese civilization to modern times, the impact of Western civilization to pieces, people of insight in all working diagnose the troubles asked illness. However, the Chinese restaurant is a great difference, actually be able to visit Europe and the United States, all over the world, invincible, so far the world has in almost every corner of the restaurant. This strong contrast between the raised academic concern, but it is not a more convincing explanation. We believe that Chinese restaurants can be all over the world is not an isolated and accidental phenomenon, the reasons and the Chinese food culture are inextricably related. Therefore explore some features of Chinese food culture, will help us to explain this phenomenon.
It comes to Chinese food culture, many Chinese recipes and Chinese cuisine will be the color, smell, taste, shape praise. But if from the comparative perspective to explore the food culture, can operate the way to grasp the essence of Chinese food culture. No more no identification. I here that the more feasible approach is to discuss the Chinese food culture, way of life from the perspective of food in the country. In fact, the Chinese food culture, actually refers to the Chinese eating lifestyle. And to talk about Chinese food culture must be related to Chinese culture, the relationship between the two is extremely close. Therefore we need first some of the characteristics of Chinese culture as a set.
Chinese culture is what kind of culture? This must look at the geography of early Chinese culture, because the more early, the greater the cultural subject to environmental constraints. Mainland China, Southeast Asia, the northwest is a vast desert, grassland and desert, south-east is the vast sea. Chinese culture, the main hotbed of the Yellow River basin although the land is more fertile, but other than the poor environment, windy and drier conditions for the survival of pro-poor. Civilization is produced, then the culture is to compare the strong trend of realism shown, the color is very strong ethics. Because this society needs humility needs Shao Yu, and a community needs something, what is often missing when her. Chinese culture from the beginning to show characteristics of early maturity. Marx once that Chinese civilization is a precocious child, her obvious during the development of advanced features. Other hand, Western civilization, are quite different. Childhood in Western culture, the Greek civilization, with its unique wave temperature and atmosphere to write the history of civilization, Marx used to think that Greek civilization is a normal infant development. Soil survival of Chinese culture, in its development process gradually dry, gradually become not in agricultural production, soil and other factors as Deng is very detrimental to agricultural production, the reality of suffering not produce culture, romance, so the Chinese civilization with its strong Characteristics of the moral and abstinence through to the end. Interrogation each other philosophers before the Qin Dynasty, go all out have a common goal, the purpose is to establish the ideal of a world without strife. But mere ideals. The occasion of the Warring States, the nations dispute, with strength compared with the end result of the state of Qin to encourage military merit, reward farming fight domination, this desire of the people. World conflicts, the people how to live, and this is the choice of history. Only dominate, they are not to "the world king of several people, several people emperor."? (Cao Cao language)
Qin Dynasty, Chu in southern China also has been showing a romantic thought, but soon thought to be the north shrouded realistic and drowned, the emperor unified China, by the writing, the future emperor unified the history of history. China's feudal society, the situation in order to maintain the system, allowing the King has the supreme authority, but to give him much to constrain the feudal etiquette; China has the world's first fair to take officer's civil service system - Examination system; Chinese history calls for clean government , the event will be the song of songs for, and admiration. Therefore, China even though there is no religion in the strict sense, but 其 certain characteristics and the characteristics of religion is similar to Xing, the God has its own; if the phenomenon also Shi Wei Ba Zheyi religion, then the Chinese-style religious 则 is in reality Yi Yi the extreme idealism. The history of China's extreme idealism, and therefore produce, it also God, but God is its made of real human incarnation, the reality of the person can not serve as the ideal of God, so the history of China on God creating movement after another, until today. Or Chinese is a polytheistic religion, not worship one God, what god of wealth, god of medicine, the Kitchen God, Matsu, etc., are considered to be worship of God. Chinese culture also has two additional features: One is the absolute pursuit of application, but does not eliminate all practical things. The history of Chinese science and technology can be seen in the course of history, all the practical technology is developed, such as agriculture and medical technology is developed, while the non-practical things you can not develop. Mohist of the Qin Dynasty knowledge of optics and geometry, Domination of Confucianism in the Han dynasty since not been able to continue to develop. China did not produce physics, chemistry, biology and other basic subjects. Of course, alchemy in pursuit of eternal youth in the process of the emperor was also developed, which does contain chemical knowledge. China's handicraft industry is very developed, but large-scale industrial production of modern machines, such as the steam engine was invented in China is not. 15 centuries ago, the world's most inventions are created in the hands of the Chinese people, but through a series of experiments in modern times can be generated by means of modern science can not produce in China: Chinese culture to show the unique characteristics of love. Confucius's thought is the core of "Benevolence" as kind, multi-child inherits the implementation of the Chinese system, so that analysis of bulk properties on the one hand to the other limits the long-distance migration, the Chinese people hate to move with it significant. The inheritance system limits the commercial development, which would focus more children, more happiness in the thought to be produced more children, more happiness in thinking of society's population, derived more than daughters, the persistence of population pressure of society, as long as the productivity of society to feed its population, the number of people will appear.
Many features of Chinese food culture, reflected in the food culture on a direct impact on the development of the Chinese food culture. First of all, because of population pressure and the presence of many other reasons, so the Chinese food from the Qin Dynasty began, that is, grain-based, less grain and more meat, supplemented by vegetables, this is the structure of a typical meal. Where rice is the staple food, but food is to go with rice, or rice to help swallow. Why do to help swallow food? That is because the staple food is not tasty, there must be a substance to assist that allows people to eat. Of course dish features and functions of a common salt, but not the same as salt. This prompted China's primary objective is to decorate the cooking food, so not funny, I get the food; Second, the pursuit of Chinese culture, shirts, Chinese handicrafts, so, cooking, diet processing technology is second to none in the world, reflects the The shirt features of Chinese culture. All of these, the Chinese food culture has the following characteristics. First, the Chinese cooking technique developed, many Westerners seem inedible items, after the Chinese chef's labor, to become people see the appetite for a Dayton open; Second, Chinese recipe widely covered the food to eat by key There is no taboo; Third, the writings of the Chinese famine particularly large, to prepare for the year of famine in order to fill up the stomach with vegetables; Fourth, the Chinese people's pursuit of food to music to pursue a life, eat a first request. As the Chinese people can not make arbitrary eat there poet wrote:
Red sky surveys over late afternoon, the belly of their own actual situation known.
Life difficult for a non-full, only when favorable weather.
So no worries about food and clothing has long been difficult to do, so eating in the life of the Chinese people hold a special place, evidence is overwhelming.
But we would also like to point out that many features of the Chinese diet, is not visible in the daily life of ordinary people. Food Court, City restaurants with food is better and more comprehensive demonstration of these characteristics. Civilians festival food, such as Chinese New Year, may be able to part of the demonstration of these features, but the Spring Festival for the year of 365 days for a brief moment, after all, such as short-lived.
Culture, neither good nor bad, neither good nor bad food culture, the difference is just a different way of life under environmental conditions or diet of a different. But how to understand and analyze this distinction is very important. The purpose of the book on this point and make a point try, it can be recognized by most readers do not know. In most cases, under which I was one of those "far Cook Up Some" who does not know much about cooking, not gourmet, but I know very well, "a rice porridge when thinking of a hard-won" in this sense, take me to China Some views on food culture, line of the brush, want Fang to teach
Beijing's food
- Beijing eight bowl
Kanazawa
Food is to eat is the first necessary of life. Chinese or foreigners worth mentioning, who also needs to eat. What to eat, how to eat, every country and every nation, every family, every person has their own way of eating.
Food is a culture, and Chinese cuisine is world-famous world. Delicious Chinese food, foreigners love to eat is an indisputable fact. Chinese food culture has a long history. For thousands of years, people have been formed through continuous summary of the eight major cuisines of the Chinese food that Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui and schools.
Beijing is a world-renowned ancient capital and historic and cultural city, has 3000 years of history. Emperors its capital Beijing, as Beijing's cultural accumulation are profound content. Food culture, is one of a variety of cultural content, and profound. As the eight major cuisines of the formation, evolution, also experienced a long historical process. Beijing cuisine does not work in within eight dishes, but the Beijing cuisine is one of the main local dishes.
The history of Beijing's special political status, so that people who live in Beijing complex and diverse, reflected in the diet, the same diverse spectrum. The tastes of different parties to form various types of dietary variety. Eight dishes are authentic, have local flavor, but also Manchu, Mongol, Hui, Korean and other ethnic burning, roasting, rinse, as well as outside the domain transfer incoming foreign fast food and so on. The current unprecedented prosperity catering market. Yangkeng, relieve their hunger for everything.
The food is Chibian, and what taste it? People in old Beijing people like to eat what? It can be said of old Beijing before liberation, not many people really rich, royal, VIPs eat delicacies, while the ordinary people's homes to buy food's pretty good, in case of weddings and funerals can eat on the "eight bowl" is fine.
Old Beijing's "eight bowl" What? People under the age of six have not seen, and some have never heard, it is even more not eaten. Today, many people Chibian Beijing all the "good restaurant", the nostalgia again, miss the old Beijing's eating up.
Old Beijing "eight bowl" is actually a common, and affordable cuisine, is the well-cooked poultry meat made by eight-color, aroma and taste, and put on the table in full bloom with the traditional bowl of food. "Eight bowl," said White, that is, three yellow chicken bowl, bowl, fish, bowl elbow, bowl balls, rice flour meat bowl, bowl with pork, loose bowl of meat, there are bowl ribs.
Old Beijing "eight bowl" in the old people living in Beijing, is the indispensable food. Health Festival birthday, weddings and funerals, children and other full moon days are missed it. Liberation than it is today because there are so many hotels, restaurants, mostly civilians they are relatively poor, weddings and funerals are experiencing at home in the village from the greenhouse to entertain friends and family support. So that's, the catering trade are no chef to do this is called "running shed."
Usually feast on the table "four dry", "four cold", "four hot," "Eight disc", "eight bowl" and so on. After the restaurant's dishes gradually evolved into "four cold" or "six cold", eight hot dishes, 10 hot dishes, 12 hot dishes. For the beauty, the bowl into the dish Sheng Sheng.
Old Beijing "eight bowl," although popular among the people, but also a palace of delicious cuisine. According to legend the Empress Dowager Cixi fled home when he ran into people, a wedding, a taste of Taiwan's "eight bowl." Back in Beijing, called imperial kitchen cooking according to the practice of civil society, civil and military dinner.
Old Beijing "eight bowl" also once lost, until now few people will do, so it is difficult to eat. But I heard recently located in the Marco Polo Bridge Wanping Theater's "Old Beijing Impression", to carry forward the folk culture, and the parties to seek "eight bowl" make the recipe, finally making folk look to be the old Beijing "eight bowl" of the old chef . The old production of "eight bowl" with purse formula grant. That is the basis of these oral formulations, through repeated trial, and finally successful. Old Beijing "eight bowl" in the "old Beijing impression" after the release is also said to praise, genuine, authentic old Beijing flavor dishes, and finally brought to light. At present, the "old Beijing impression" of the old Beijing "eight bowl" on the basis of the traditional production, but also the development of innovative new varieties out of many, also in accordance with modern taste, the launching of "eight bowl" series, including seafood "eight bowl", beef and mutton, "eight bowl," venison "eight bowl" birds "eight bowl", under the goods "eight bowl" and vegan "eight bowl." Consumers to "old Beijing Impression", both to eat affordable "eight bowl", but also watch the "old bridge stunt troupe" exciting stunts, really enjoy it, people linger.
Halal Food
Zhang Baoshen
Beijing is a city inhabited by various ethnic groups of China, where Muslims believe Islam's various ethnic groups more than 20 million people. Beijing history, culture and charm of modern metropolis, attracting a growing number of Islamic countries, all walks of life to visit, visit, tourism, international exchanges are increasing. In particular, the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, there will be more than 40 athletes from Islamic countries, more than 100 countries and regions, Muslims in the future Beijing sightseeing tour. This is undoubtedly a halal restaurant in Beijing offers unprecedented opportunities and higher requirements.
Ming Dynasty Yongle, "Yan Wang swept the North," capital in Beijing, a large number of Muslim migration from the south, north, settled in Beijing, to the south of Muslim food production techniques introduced in Beijing to promote the development of Beijing's Muslim diet. From the Yuan and Ming dynasties to clear, after several hundred years of development, Beijing has rich varieties of halal food, a variety of unique flavor, color, flavor and beautiful dishes and snacks, introduced the Royal Palace, became imperial. Later, some of it was rumored that ectopic, popular in cities, as Muslim Cuisines. Beijing is still halal restaurant dishes of all the "it like honey", "Osmanthus lamb", "sesame loin," "Salt explosion scattered Dan," so that once the Qing imperial dishes.
Republic of China, with the development of national industry and commerce, halal restaurants in Beijing formed a mature market. Muslim in the front door area restaurants have opened: per Xingtang, two beneficial Villa, and Villa with the same interests Villa, Western Museum, West St Hall, banquets floor, extraction Fong Yuen, Cheong Yuet House, cohabitation Museum (pie Week ), En Yuan Ju (fried knots), etc. dozens. Another Zhongshan Park Ruizhen thick, Dong'an Donglaishun and another along such Xidan. In 1930, in the bustling Xidan intersection, Islamic Fanzhuang "West to Shun" open for business, immediately hit the capital. One reason is that as the West to shun Fanzhuang manager is named as the capital of the Muslim cook various crown Cheung. Formerly all Lian Xiang Zhu Xiang, a famous Muslim cuisine innovator. He was a skilled cook, Qing Palace imperial kitchen had to serve. Early Years and went on to the "two benefit Xuan" and Fanzhuang guide cooking skills, bring out a number of outstanding students. Zhu Xiang-informed, open-minded innovation in the halal food, the boldly absorb the Western and Chinese cuisine in a number of north-south skills, create a "deep-fried sheep tail", "Health Grilled lamb," "fried chicken in Gansu," " fried belly Ren "and other dishes more than 100 kinds of new Muslim, and first halal seafood dishes, and diners in the peer reputation. Peking Opera master Ma Lailiang is Muslim, often to the West to shun banquet and dining, and forged deep friendship with Zhu Xiang. Engender a lot of culture, theater celebrities, competing to patronize the West to shun. After the peaceful liberation of Beijing, the National Political Consultative Conference, Conference on the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang, and many other important meetings, have dinner reception was held here. Cheung in various cooking and many other Muslim masters of innovation efforts, Beijing's halal food in the capital taste culinary culture has been unique in Hualien.
It has been published in a variety of Beijing "halal menu" contained in the Beijing's Muslim cuisine has reached more than 500 varieties. Many old and famous, Kisaragi vegetarian sauce containing beef and mutton, Dashun fast burning sugar, pie pie week, Bean Zhang Bean, Sheepshead horse White sheep's head, lib lib Feng, cut cake king cake, have is hundreds of years of Cuisines, earnestly.
Recently, Beijing held a "second Islamic Cooking service skills competition," more than 50 Muslim food business, nearly 300 players participating, for the Olympic Games to prepare halal cooking. East by the 2008 Olympic Games, Beijing will have a halal restaurant fast development.
Some common sense diet
Diet genre
Three schools catering: Beijing-style, Soviet-style, Cantonese, Sichuan-style
School snacks
Snacks Four Schools: Beijing-style, Soviet-style, Cantonese, Fujianese
With the addition of Sichuan food in the food culture in the rapid rise in status, Sichuan-style can also be counted as one of the five schools.
Food City
Northern Food Center: Beijing
Western diet centers: the "food in China taste in Chengdu" Chengdu title
Eastern Food Center: the "Number One Restaurant" title in Suzhou
Southern Food Centre: There are "eating in Guangzhou," the title of the Guangzhou
Snack City
Four snacks
Nanjing, Suzhou, Shanghai, Changsha
Eight snacks
Nanjing, Suzhou, Shanghai, Changsha, Beijing, Chengdu, Kaifeng, Taipei
Eight Chinese cuisine
Shandong cuisine, Sichuan, Jiangsu cuisine, Yangzhou, Anhui cuisine, Cantonese, Fujian, Hunan
Four Seasons Food Notes
Spring clean: spring earth living vitality, human blood flow and function of organs and tissues in the body is easy to restore, it is appropriate to support the body upright, remove the body of a winter that included extra material. Spring vulnerable to wind cold, the five elements are wood, Yingfengliulei, head injury, sour taste, irritability, liver and gallbladder injury, it is preferred in the spring clean-up of health care products Hepatobiliary Huo. Spring yang ascending, incidence of hypertension is easy at this time should not be too fresh food Xin hot hot work to prevent high blood pressure, stool dry end, you can Chak green light, and water chestnuts, vegetables, fruits like pear .
Summer notes: warm summer vulnerable to heat evil, five elements are fire, Hao Shang and body fluids, often affect the intestinal absorption of sweat, make people Firelight on inflammation, red in the face, mouth sores, so easy to drop Firelight, conditioning aspirations, summer planting time hot hot solar terms, the body sweats more, poor appetite, easy to hurt the spleen, usually difficult to nourishing, they pass gas regulating element 7, spleen and stomach, blood running smooth, stomach strength enough, so clear and fresh body.
Autumn meeting: Autumn weather is becoming cooler, more people, dry mouth, cough with scanty sputum, lung injury Jin Yi Yi Yin and lungs, if adjusted by the spring and summer, after clearing, the body running normally, then to add proper nutrition , so that blood filling, Yang Yin Long, sturdy body, and many of Replenishing food has too much sugar, lipids, proteins and hormones, so the choice to have scales, plus a reasonable service health food diet.
Winter Precautions: Winter weather is cold, not warm and physically weak kidney injury, less activity, increase the amount of food into the body too easy to accumulate lipids, and blood is running slow, prone to cardiovascular disease. When should choose to use Cover up food, or made of herbs, such as Eight Treasure Chicken, Chinese wolfberry sticky rice, Chinese caterpillar fungus and red dates stew Tuan Yu, dog meat porridge, etc.. In short, clean, tune up, anti.'s Four Seasons food therapy principles, is a good health regimen, removal of the body of excess materials, regulating the body's balance of mind, add the appropriate nutrition to achieve the preventive health care, physical key body, the purpose of longevity.
Six modern food habits
Eating is a pleasure, but you ever thought of incorrect diet would cause many chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and even cancer. Diet is not the most important departure from the principles of nature.
Modern diet is the first major problem of excess heat and uneven.
Members may have seen in the African savannah, obesity can not be running the Lions? In addition to humans, all animals are hungry, when it is out foraging. Excessive intake of food, especially meat, excessive, has the human adult diseases and cancer is largely due. So how is the appropriate amount to eat it?
First of all, please look in the mirror to see their own teeth, the content of human food choices should be consistent with the structure of the teeth. Healthy human beings have 32 teeth, up and down about the relative said. If there is only a fancy row of teeth, each about two incisors, one canine, five premolars. As you know, front teeth is primarily used to feed on vegetables and fruits, canines are used to tear meat, and molars are used to chew food such as cereals and pulses. From this, the content of the human diet should be the staple food grains and pulses, vegetables and fruit for the non-staple food, while the second non-staple food, compared with a ratio of meat should be 5 to 2 to 1 is most appropriate. So how exactly is eating the amount should we do? The fact is that feeling of each person's stomach as the main judge. Chinese people say: eat eight full, meaning that as long as the ratio of the above diet, eat that has eight full stomach, it should be enough is enough. So there will not be over-nutrition or nutrition imbalance. Perhaps some people would doubt the proportion of the diet will lead to a lack of protein. In fact, in addition to cereals and legumes are rich in starch, but also contain easily digested protein. Although they are not entirely specific protein (the lack of certain essential amino acids), but consumption is up with the complementary role, while a complete protein, never lost its nutritional value of meat protein.
The second modern law of breach of natural diet is the way of cooking errors.
The recent vigorous development of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's, KFC and other stores were set up to make fried chicken, french fries and a kids favorite. Many people thought that fried foods are using a vegetable oil rather than lard or butter should be no problem. In fact, the vegetable oils are mostly unsaturated fatty acids are easily oxidized under the heat generated in the lipid free radicals and lipid peroxidation and other harmful substances. These reactive substances will not only promote atherosclerosis, dark spots, wrinkles and other aging phenomena were also easy to induce cancer (especially lung cancer) from occurring. Therefore, the best way of conditioning to stew, stewed, fried the way of water, and less fried or fried way.
The third violation of natural law of modern way of eating is the consumption of over-refined foods and lack of fiber.
The fourth problem is the modern diet food pollution.
The fifth problem is that modern diet no intention of going for.
The sixth issue of modern diet is the lack of movement.
Some people may ask, how sports and diet? In fact exercise can enhance gastrointestinal motility, helps the body to drain fat or harmful toxins. Many people often complain of constipation and abdominal distension, eat the same things as if missing, the majority is caused by lack of exercise. While all human cells can increase oxygen consumption, relying on oxygen, glucose or fatty acids into ATP storage. The time when the body needs energy, ATP can be quickly transformed into energy, the chemical reaction the same as if the battery stored energy. If lack of exercise are the body's glucose or fatty acids can not change the ATP, instead of into fatty tissue accumulation in the body. So we can say: the same lack of exercise and overeating, is the main reason for causing obesity. What sports most appropriate? In fact appropriate to the physical fitness of their best soft movement, such as jogging, brisk walking, cycling, dance aerobics, and swimming. However, we must exercise to the body sweating, rapid heart beat over 100 times per minute, and continued 10 to 20 minutes of exercise in order to achieve the proper effect. Movement should be and "eat", as was a habit and a continuous exercise.
Only in a happy mood, the proper and balanced intake of proper conditioning of natural food, and with sufficient exercise, to eat out healthy, ate a young and beautiful!
Guangdong Food
Cantonese origin. Can be traced back to the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago. Ancient times, before the arrival of immigrants Central Plains, South Vietnamese family ancestors to have a unique style of food such as fish, hobby White Snake and raw clams. Western Han Dynasty, Liu An had "more people may think that the meat dish python" account. Song weeks to Africa, "LING WAI A" also recorded in Guangzhou, "and do not ask invariably eat birds Chong Yi." This is inseparable from the geographical location of Guangzhou. Guangzhou is sub-tropical water network area, Chong Yi clam fish especially rich, readily available, cook and eat, thus develop preferences fresh, crazy diet.
Awareness of the importance of diet mood
Awareness of the treatment of all.
- 费兹士波尔士
Of the last century, a most unusual scientific discovery is that the universe of observation of any phenomenon - observed how birds fly, or how to turn the Earth - will have a direct impact of the phenomenon. So, if we can rely on celestial bodies orbit reverse sense, then that vitamin A - that is awareness - the ability of the human body have a profound impact on not a surprising things.
As you can see in the mirror, the face suddenly excited, also will boost the body's energy up, this is the sense of stimulating the metabolism of chemical substances; you have had such experience, when you are in nature which was surrounded by beautiful scenery, suddenly that refreshes the spirit of relaxation? This is also awareness of the role of the results of physiological systems in the body; or whether you have noticed that when people are concerned about the behavior and expression are more dynamic, that is because of awareness of the role of other components in your biochemistry.
Awareness is there. We can feel it. We feel that this time the body also have the ability to do anything in life, and when we put food into the process of consciousness, it will be a very good metabolic power.
Digestion from start thinking
Awareness of the nutrition absorption and digestion and the burning heat played on the driving force, it just proved the scientists call "the first period of digestion reaction" (CPDR). The first reaction of digestion of a meal is simply the color, flavor and a special definition of satisfaction. Interestingly, researchers found that the work of our digestive 30% -40% should be attributed to the first reaction of digestion - the food we eat into the full consciousness.
Can you recall a scene like this and do you see your favorite foods began to drool, or stomach growling? This is the first reaction of digestion. When our mouth and nose smell, taste, chewing, and noted that food, the brain had already started to digest. Brain response to food stimulation of the saliva, gastric acid, enzymes and intestinal neuropeptide production, while producing a variety of pancreatic enzymes: insulin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase and lipase enzymes. Moreover, the blood began to flow into the digestive organs, the stomach and intestines together rhythmically, electrolysis by digestive enzymes together, for the digestion of food coming prepared.
If we did not invest enough in the dinner's attention will reduce the blood flow into the digestive system, which means the oxygen required for oxidation and metabolic power shortage. This reduced the secretion of intestinal enzymes, leading to digestive disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, decreased immunity and fatigue.
Teach you out of the family diet Mistakes
Recently, experts have shown that, for many families, eating there many errors. He said that people who like to eat fried, should pay attention to the cooking food; for people who like soup, soup is also very particular about time.
Experts said that some people do not eat fat to lose weight, but prefer to eat for themselves with very low in fat and calories of vegetables, this is actually a misunderstanding. The results show that: with its very low in fat and calories of vegetables, after frying, frying and other cooking, inhalation of oil is much higher than the original itself has more fat in the meat. This is mainly due to vegetable cells and cells filled the gap between the air, fish and meat cells and the gap filled with liquid, the former easier to breathe oil, a bowl of cooking oil are inhaled or more than a bowl of fish fried pork contains more fat, so for those who lose weight, eat more cooking is not only not get the effect of weight loss, it will increase the weight. Again, more delicious flavor seasoning, but the pepper, cinnamon, clove, cumin and other natural spices have some induced cancer and toxicity in the diet, excessive use of light who have dry mouth, sore throat, lethargy, insomnia feeling, severe cases can induce hypertension, gastroenteritis and other diseases, even cancer cells to form the possible damage. Therefore, the daily diet to minimize the use of the seasoning is appropriate.
"Tom is a daily essential, for many people, that the longer the soup more nutritious, and this is a misunderstanding.". "To stew soup bones, for example, many people think to withstand the strain longer bones of calcium to all run out, cook as little as 12 hours, as many as 35 hours, or even burn the day As everyone knows, this is totally unnecessary cooking scientific justification. "
Experts also pointed out that too much food cooked at high temperatures, the longer the more the loss of nutrition. People usually like to drink soup bones, no matter how high the temperature, how long, can not be completely dissolved bone calcium, because calcium contained animal bones easily broken down, but cooking will destroy the long bones the protein. The correct way is the bone broke down, and then put some cold water, slowly heating the fire, boil add a little vinegar to make in Bone phosphorus, calcium dissolved into soup, the whole heating process to one hour or so The appropriate way to burn out both nutritious and delicious soup.
In order to facilitate everyone's memory, experts are summarized below, hope you can out of the family diet as soon as possible misunderstanding "
Misunderstanding 1: vegetarian does not eat meat
Misunderstanding 2: The longer the soup more nutritious
Misunderstanding 3: Jiucun vegetables
Many people in order to save time, buy a lot of vegetables from the vegetable market, the food slowly in the refrigerator, this is very good. As vegetables, especially leafy vegetables contain nitrates, in storage for some time, due to the role of enzymes and bacteria, nitrate is reduced to nitrite, and nitrite in the body combined with the protein substances, can generate cause Cancer of the nitrite amine. Long-term storage of vegetables is not only harmful substances, and the resulting loss of nutrients. Experimental results show that at 30 ℃ for 24 hours storage room, green leafy vegetables, vitamin C almost all the losses.
Mistakes 4: preference to eat stir-fry
Misunderstanding 5: more delicious seasoning seasoning
Medical research shows that pepper, cinnamon, clove, cumin and other natural spices have some induced cancer and toxicity in the diet, excessive use of light who have dry mouth, sore throat, lethargy, insomnia feeling, in serious cases can induce hypertension, gastroenteritis and other diseases, even cancer may damage cell formation. Therefore, the daily diet to minimize the use of the seasoning is appropriate.