A large class of plants, herbs, rarely woody, with real roots, stems and leaves with stems have vascular bundles, leaves are usually small, with the spores, growth in the humid forests and mountain areas, such as ferns, Lycopodium, etc..
Translated by Google
Overview
Classification system for ferns, because of disagreement botanist, used as a door to Fern, the next five classes, namely, fern pine needles Gang, Shi Songgang, grasses and classes, Equi_set_um Programme (wedge leaf Gang), true fern Gang. Lobular type the first four classes are ferns, are some of the more primitive and ancient ferns, existing in the less. True fern fern leaves are large classes, is the most evolutionary ferns, but also very lush ferns modern. Ching fern botanist in China will be divided into five sub-fern door, about the five classes are upgraded to sub-door. (Photo: Crown fern - Cyathea)
Translated by Google
The use of ferns
Extant ferns, with the exception of tropical tree ferns, most are born in the mountains of perennial herbs, a variety of economic uses, are briefly described below: 1, Medicinal: ferns, many species since ancient times has been widely used in medicine, the treatment of various diseases for the people, such as the Shan Man Lycopodium to rheumatism, Shujinhuoxue; keeps the grass can cure purulent osteomyelitis; Ukraine fern can cure dysentery, acute enteritis, long-handled Pyrrosia can cure acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis, etc.; cotton horse and Dryopteris species can cure many of its close relatives of cattle and sheep liver fluke disease. 3, green manure and fodder: Azolla in rice fields and ponds is an aquatic fern, it is the symbiotic algae through the role of baskets, from the air, absorb and accumulate large amounts of nitrogen, as a good green manure plant and feed for livestock and poultry plants. 4, indicator plants: Different plant species require different growth conditions, and some to adapt to a larger extent, and some smaller, which only meets the requirements of its environmental conditions, the only to survive, the plant is relatively instruction with the local environmental conditions, called indicator plants. Ferns, to the outside world's response to natural conditions with a high degree of sensitivity, a different genus or species survival, require different environmental conditions, such as rock fern, swollen foot fern, pink back fern, Wei Shi, Wawei etc. case (with a few exceptions) was born on limestone or calcium soil; Dryopteris, fern leaf ear, the line is born in ferns and other acid soil; some species adapted to neutral or slightly acidic soil. Some drought and strong, suitable for relatively dry environment, such as dry fern, pink back fern, etc.; the contrary; some can only be born in wet or swampy areas, such as marsh fern (thelypteris palustris), cashmere Osmundaceae (osmunda claytoniana .) Therefore, the growth of a fern, you can mark the location of geology, rock and soil types, physical and chemical nature, fertility, and light intensity and air humidity, soil and forests to determine the different developmental stages, will help work on forest regeneration and tending. Second, different types of ferns, can reflect local climate changes, we can be divided to different climate zones, conducive to the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, increase production, such as the growth of Cyathea tree ferns to the ear, nest fern areas, marking the tropical and subtropical climates, appropriate for planting rubber trees, cinchona and other plants, the growth of Alsophila tree (cyathea spinulosa) in the region, marking the southern temperate climate, with an absolute minimum temperature often above freezing, growth cotton horse Dryopteris (dry-opterlscrazsirhizoma), the European cotton horse Dryopteris (dryopteris filix-mas) in the region, marking the northern temperate climate. In addition, the growth of Lycopodium place, usually closely related with the aluminum. 5, green and ornamental: there are many kinds of ferns, because of the unique and beautiful, the whole elegant, chic and other strong shapes and asexual reproduction, can be used for bonsai, green gardens and homes. Some types of vines, but also the production of knit goods. China is the world's largest fern species of a zone rich in natural resources, the use of their research remains to be carried out.
Translated by Google
Characteristics of ferns
1, the plants have roots, stems, leaves and more primitive differentiation of vascular tissue; 2, the roots have to pay more for the better absorption capacity of adventitious roots, the original species with rhizoids; 3, the stem is underground stems (rhizomes) or stems (aerial stem), the composition of the vascular system, column (primary column, the column tube, mesh column, multi-ring in the column), has a protective effect of the hair and scales; 4, leaves: Small leaf: no leaf gap and petioles, only one unbranched veins, is the original type. Large Leaves: Leaves are gaps and petiole, veins and more branches, the type of progress. Sporophylls (fertile leaves): to produce sporangia and spores of the leaf. Vegetative leaves (sterile leaf): only for photosynthesis, to produce sporangia and spores of the leaf. The same type of leaf: leaf, regardless of feeding leaves with spores, organic matter can also produce spores both manufacturers. Shaped leaves: the same plant with 2 leaves of different shapes and functions. Evolutionary sequence: the same type of leaf → shaped leaves; small → large leaf leaf
Translated by Google
The general characteristics of ferns
蕨类植物的一般特征
When you walk in the wild, see the forest there is a street or curled leaves as a fist-like or herb inadvertently found a brown egg-shaped dorsal many of the structures (sori), or carefully observed in the dorsal certain herbs (especially petioles) students have some brown lanceolate hairy structure (scales), these plants are ferns. It can be said to identify ferns three golden key is: circinate leaves, sori, scales. 3. Leaf fern leaf vary widely, with a small divided leaves and large and small Yeru Song leaf ferns, club mosses and other leaves, no leaf gap and the petiole, with only a single unbranched vein, a small source of leaf epidermal cells from the stem, to the original group. Most of the large leaves and leaf petioles of two parts, the leaves of vascular gap, multi-branched vein, the source of most of the top flat of old branches after the formation. Most ferns are in this category. It is generally cylindrical petiole, petioles and leaves separated some species, subsessile. From the veins and leaf blade of two parts, the division leaves a variety of ways, there does not split a single leaf, there are all kinds of feather divided fronds. Fern leaves functions can be divided into nutrients by leaves and fertile leaves, also known as the sterile vegetative leaves leaves, photosynthesis main function is used to create organic matter. Also known as fertile sporophyll leaves, can produce sporangia and spores. Some of the nutritional leaf fern leaf with spores regardless, and exactly the same shape, so that the same type of leaf; spore shape of leaves and leaf nutrients as different shaped leaves, leaf shaped leaves higher than the same type. In addition, some types of leaves or leaf surface of the end of spore formation can also produce new plants. 5. Root root out a few fern species was primitive rhizoids, most of the good absorption capacity for the adventitious roots, but no real root. Root usually grows in the rhizome, and only grows in the soil surface, so its water-retention capacity is poor. Fern root has a fixed plant, the role of absorbing water and nutrients, some types of germinating seedlings and roots can also form new plants.
Translated by Google
Ferns Habitat and Distribution
Fern plants that conduct water and nutrients in the vascular tissue, far less than the vascular tissues of seed plants developed, the process of sexual reproduction ferns need water and do not have as an extremely rich and diverse seed plant pollination fertilization, with mechanism to reproduce, therefore, ferns in the competition for survival, to submit to the seed plants, usually grown in the dark and humid forest lower environment, a small number of drought-tolerant species can grow in arid slopes, roadsides and front of the house behind the house. In fact, apart from the sea, deep bottom, and long-term frozen barren desert land, the fern plants almost everywhere. From the beach to the mountains, from wetlands, lakes, to the plains, hills, and everywhere the traces of ferns. Some of them are creeping or upright growth on the surface, some grow on rocks or cliff gap, some epiphytic or winding climb the tree trunk in the trunk, there are also a few species grow in the sea, ponds, paddy fields or wetlands in the grass. Most are herbaceous ferns, very few species, such as Alsophila, grow to a few meters to more than ten meters high. Survival of the planet is now about 12 000 species of fern species in the world, but the vast majority of them located in tropical and subtropical regions. About 2,600 species in China, mainly distributed in the Southwest and south of the Yangtze River. Southwest China is Asia, but also the distribution center of the world one of ferns, fern plant species in Yunnan Province to about 1400, is China's richest provinces pteridophyte. Taiwan and Taiwan of China, small in size, but more than 630 species of ferns as much, and Taiwan is China's richest regions fern is one of the highest density of world species of fern in the world.
Translated by Google
Overview
Classification system for ferns, because of disagreement botanist, used as a door to Fern, the next five classes, namely, fern pine needles Gang, Shi Songgang, grasses and classes, Equi_set_um Programme (wedge leaf Gang, a section of classes), so fern Gang. Lobular type the first four classes are ferns, are some of the more primitive and ancient ferns, existing in the less. True fern fern leaves are large classes, is the most evolutionary ferns, but also very lush ferns modern. Ching fern botanist in China will be divided into five sub-fern door, about the five classes are upgraded to sub-door. (Photo: Crown fern - Cyathea) • the use of ferns ferns • existing, with the exception of tropical tree ferns, most are born in the mountains of perennial herbs, a variety of economic uses, are briefly described below: • 1, Medicinal: ferns, many species since ancient times has been widely used in medicine, the treatment of various diseases for the people, such as the Shan Man Lycopodium to rheumatism, Shujinhuoxue; keeps the grass can cure purulent osteomyelitis; Sphenomeris can cure dysentery, acute enteritis, long-handled Pyrrosia can cure acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis, etc.; cotton horse and Dryopteris species can cure many of its close relatives of cattle and sheep liver fluke disease. • 3, green manure and fodder: Azolla in rice fields and ponds is an aquatic fern, it is the symbiotic algae through the role of baskets, from the air, absorb and accumulate large amounts of nitrogen, as a good green manure plants and livestock and poultry feed plant. • 4, indicator plants: Different plant species require different growth conditions, and some to adapt to a larger extent, and some smaller, which only meets the requirements of its environmental conditions, the only to survive, the plant indicates the relative local environmental conditions, called indicator plants. Ferns, to the outside world's response to natural conditions with a high degree of sensitivity, a different genus or species survival, require different environmental conditions, such as rock fern, swollen foot fern, pink back fern, Wei Shi, Wawei etc. case (with a few exceptions) was born on limestone or calcium soil; Dryopteris, fern leaf ear, the line is born in ferns and other acid soil; some species adapted to neutral or slightly acidic soil. Some drought and strong, suitable for relatively dry environment, such as dry fern, pink back fern, etc.; the contrary; some can only be born in wet or swampy areas, such as marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), cashmere Osmundaceae (Osmunda claytoniana .) Therefore, the growth of a fern, you can mark the location of geology, rock and soil types, physical and chemical nature, fertility, and light intensity and air humidity, soil and forests to determine the different developmental stages, will help work on forest regeneration and tending. • Second, the different types of ferns that can reflect the local climate changes, we can be divided to different climate, conducive to the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, increase production, such as the growth of Cyathea tree ferns to the ear nest fern areas, marking the tropical and subtropical climates, appropriate for planting rubber trees, cinchona and other plants, the growth of Alsophila tree (Cyathea spinulosa) in the region, marking the southern temperate climate, with an absolute minimum temperature often above freezing, growth of cotton horse Dryopteris (Dry-opterlscrazsirhizoma), the European cotton horse Dryopteris (Dryopteris filix-mas) in the region, marking the northern temperate climate. In addition, the growth of Lycopodium place, usually closely related with the aluminum. • 5, green and ornamental: there are many kinds of ferns, because of the unique and beautiful, the whole elegant, chic and other strong shapes and asexual reproduction, can be used for bonsai, green gardens and homes. Some types of vines, but also the production of knit goods. China is the world's largest fern species of a zone rich in natural resources, the use of their research remains to be carried out. * Features • Ferns * 1, the plants have roots, stems, leaves and more primitive differentiation of vascular tissue; * 2, the root has to pay more for the better absorption capacity of adventitious roots, the original species with rhizoids; * 3, the stem is underground stems (rhizomes) or stems (aerial stem), the composition of the vascular system, column (primary column, the column tube, mesh column, multi-ring in the column), has a protective effect of hair and scales; * 4, leaves: • Small leaves: no leaf gap and the petiole, only one unbranched veins, is the original type. • Large Leaves: Leaves are gaps and petiole, veins and more branches, the type of progress. • sporophylls (fertile leaves): to produce sporangia and spores of the leaf. • vegetative leaves (sterile leaf): only for photosynthesis, to produce sporangia and spores of leaves. • the same type of leaf: leaf, regardless of feeding leaves with spores, organic matter can also produce spores both manufacturers. • shaped leaves: the same plant with two kinds of leaves of different shapes and functions. • evolutionary sequence: the same type of leaf ---------" shaped leaves; small leaf --------" large leaf
