Canadian poetry is poetry written in Canada, by Canadians. There are three distinct branches of Canadian poetry: French-Canadian poetry (mostly written by Québécois authors), First Nations poetry and English-Canadian poetry.
English-Canadian Poetry
Beginnings
The earliest works of poetry, mainly written by visitors, described the new territories in optimistic terms, mainly targeted at a European audience. One of the first works was Robert Hayman's Quodlibets, composed in Newfoundland and published in 1628.
With the growth of English language communities near the end of the 18th century, poetry aimed at local readers began to appear in local newspapers. These writings were mainly intended to reflect the prevailing cultural values of the time and were modeled after English poetry of the same period.
In the first half of the 19th century, poetic works began to reflect local subjects. Acadia by Joseph Howe and The Saint Lawrence and the Saguenay by Charles Sangster are examples of this trend. Early nationalistic verses were composed by writers including Thomas D'Arcy McGee. Many "regional" poets also espoused the British political and aesthetic jingoism of the period. For example, High Tory loyalist & occasional poet Thomas H. Higginson of Vankleek Hill, Ontario, produced paeons to Sir Francis Bond Head (Wm. Lyon Mackenzie's opponent) and the British war effort in the Crimea (such as Sonnet to Florence Nightingale and others), while producing some interesting nature verse exemplifying the all-pervasive influence of Wordsworth's view of nature and the sublime.
Confederation
A group of poets now known as the "Confederation poets" began writing following the formation of the new Dominos of Canada in 1887, including Charles G. D. Roberts, Archibald Lampman, Bliss Carman and Duncan Campbell Scott. Choosing the world of nature as their inspiration, their work was drawn from their own experiences and, at its best, written in their own tones.
Early 20th Century
During this period, E. Pauline Johnson and Robert W. Service were writing popular poetry - Johnson's based on her English and Mohawk heritage and Service writing tales of the Yukon gold rush.
In 1915, John McCrae, serving as a surgeon in the Canadian Army, wrote the famous war poem "In Flanders Fields".
In Newfoundland, E.J. Pratt described the struggle to make a living on the land in poems about maritime life and the history of Canada. Meanwhile, in central Canada, poets such as Ralph Gustafson and Raymond Knister were moving away from traditional verse forms.
In the 1930s, A.J.M. Smith and F.R. Scott helped inspire the development of new poetic voices in Montreal through the McGill Fortnightly Review and the anthology New Provinces. The "new poetry" valued intellect over sentimentality, or as some have put it, logic over human emotions . Under the editorship (literary) of Earle Birney, the Canadian Forum helped promote similar developments in Toronto. Dorothy Livesay, born in Manitoba, was an important contributor to the Toronto movement. These two urban centres of literary activity provided fertile ground for the development of later poets such as Irving Layton and Raymond Souster.
Post war
Following World War II, a new breed of poets appeared, writing for a well-educated audience. These included James Reaney, Jay Macpherson and Leonard Cohen. Meanwhile, some maturing authors such as Layton, Souster and Louis Dudek, moved in a different direction, adopting colloquial speech in their work.
In the 1960s, a renewed sense of nation helped foster new voices: Margaret Atwood, Michael Ondaatje, Leonard Cohen, Eli Mandel and Margaret Avison. Others such as Al Purdy and Earle Birney, already published, produced some of their best work during this period.
Since the 1990s, several Governor General's Award-winning poets, in particular Jan Zwicky and Tim Lilburn, have been engaged in nonfiction writing that maps the relationships between poetry and philosophy. Zwicky's "Lyric Philosophy" and "Wisdom and Metaphor", as well as Lilburn's collection "Thinking and Singing", are representative works.
A younger generation of Canadian poets has been expanding the boundaries of originality: Ken Babstock, Karen Solie, Sonnet L'Abbé, George Elliott Clarke and Barry Dempster have all imprinted their unique consciousnesses onto the map of Canadian imagery. Evie Christie's collection, Gutted, seems to evoke the 17th century metaphysical conceit, but in a modern, urban Canadian guise.
A notable anthology of Canadian poetry is The New Oxford book of Canadian Verse, edited by Margaret Atwood (ISBN 0-19-540450-5).
Literary Prizes
Notable literary prizes for English Canadian poetry include the Governor General's Awards, the Griffin Poetry Prize, the Gerald Lampert Award and the Pat Lowther Award and Shaunt Basmajian Chapbook Award
Uniquely Canadian Forms
The Viator poem form was invented by Canadian author and poet, Robin Skelton. It consists of any stanzaic form in which the first line of the first stanza is the second line of the second stanza and so on until the poem ends with the line with which it began. The term, Viator comes from the Latin for traveller. A copyrighted example of Skelton's form may be found in his excellent reference book, The Shapes of our Singing, and is entitled Dover Beach Revisited.
An unpublished example of the Viator is included below to illustrate how the line travels through the poem, its repetition adding weight to the process described. The repeating line is highlighted in boldface type.
French-Canadian Poetry
Early verse
The first book written in verse by a Canadian was ?p?tres, Satires, Chansons, ?pigrammes et Autres Pièces de vers by Michel Bibaud, published in 1830.
End of 19th century
Octave Crémazie is considered the father of French Canadian poetry. His poetry and that of his follower Louis Fréchette are romantic of form and patriotic in inspiration. At the same time, Pamphile Le May was writing intimist poetry about the simple farm life and Alfred Garneau wrote his feelings.
The Montreal School
L'?cole littéraire de Montréal is not a literary school per se but more of a group of poets that met regularly. In reaction to the earlier following of the romantic Victor Hugo, they took later schools (such as the Parnassian or symbolism) as their masters. The most talented among them was certainly ?mile Nelligan, a young poet who stopped writing at only 20 years of age due to mental illness.
The terroir
Outside Montreal, other poets, such as Nérée Beauchemin continued Pamphile Le May's depiction of the life of the habitants. Then came the powerful Alfred Desrochers, a precursor to the "pays" school of poetry of Gaston Miron.
North American countries. East, North and West respectively, on the Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific. Area of 997 61 million square kilometers, the second largest country in the world. Population 29,730,000 (1995). Ottawa. Young Gao Taishan western line, the South East edge of the ancient mountains, large areas of low altitude and lowland plains. Of lakes. Cold weather in most parts. Developed economy. The world's major mining and forestry, one of the country. Nickel, zinc, uranium, wood, newsprint and other production and exports highest in the world. The world's second-largest wheat exporter.
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Tourism
Best time to travel in Canada: Canada's best tourist season is May to October, during which time you can experience a very unique style of Canadian cool in summer and autumn maple storied dye. Canada belongs to the Nordic type of continental climate, the climate is cold, long winter and short summer, with four distinct seasons, but the east and west coast, and near the United States Hudson River and Great Lakes regions, warm and humid, the population of Canada dense, economically developed regions, the climate very different in different regions in each season temperature and precipitation are very different. The amount of snow in Canada is always a lot, but the new Minsk thin Asia (novasoctia) and parts of southern Ontario exceptions. To the end of November, the snow all over the slopes and trails, snow can be continued until April, even in the mountains until May. Folk festivals in Canada: The Government provided a total of 61 days holidays. 52 days on Sunday, nine days for other festivals, with Saturday's holiday, the actual holiday at least 113 days. New Year (new year `s day) 1 月 1 日 Holy Friday (good friday) Friday before Easter Easter Monday (easter monday) victoria day 5 月 24 日 Asia Queen Victoria was born on the anniversary of the founding (canada day) on the first Monday after Easter National Foundation Day (canada day) 7 月 1 日 Working day (labour day) 9 月 1 日 Thanksgiving (thanksgiving day) 10 月份 second Monday Canada to remind: the time difference Canada has a vast territory with a total of six times, facing the sea in eastern British Columbia and Newfoundland, as much as four and a half hours between the time difference (to the Labrador is 4 hours). East, plus 1 hour (30 minutes, Newfoundland); west opposite minus 1 hour. More provinces should pay attention to environmental move-cut. Canada from April to October, the use of daylight saving time, daylight saving time implementation period is usually from April to October using daylight saving time, daylight saving time implementation period is usually from the first Sunday in April to last Sunday in October between the , but sometimes there are different because of annual changes. In addition, only a province of Sa Sika steep temperature has not been implemented daylight saving time. Tax gst (GST) From January 1, 1991, the 7% of Canada came into the country called gst (goods and services tax) consumption tax system. Since this is federal tax, it has never had to pay provincial taxes separately. But also for overseas travelers to the return of the system particularly gst. Canadian Food: Canada's specialty foods: fresh salmon, oysters, maple syrup, wild rice, soup week to play, all kinds of seafood (such as cod, tuna, lobster), hamburgers, iron Sirloin, licorice, pouring juice. The eating habits of Canadians approaching the United States, eating beef, fish, game, eggs and vegetables. Taste light, do not like spicy. Canadians mainly meat, butter, cheese is essential, and with potatoes, carrots, beans and other vegetables. Also eat a lot of lettuce, celery, cauliflower, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers and other often eaten raw. Unlike the Europeans, Canadians drinking so much more between meals drink mineral water, fruit juice. Dining Notes Shopping In addition to many large department stores located in shopping malls, as well as independent stores. Many manufacturers design products in North America, in the third world production, it is more expensive. Store Hours 9:00 am - 8:00 pm Highway Canada has two east-west coast railway artery, together with its extension to cover most of Canada south of the Arctic territory. Railway network across Canada and the U.S. east and west coasts of the south rail lines connected to form the North American rail system extending in all directions. operating across Canada via rail passenger service. Details can be called up via offices in your area. Water transport Canada bus ticket is generally about 1 to 2 Canadian dollars, adult, children, the elderly fare ranges. Each city ticketing system is also different. Vancouver at distances valuation; Toronto, both near and far, all single-vote system. Toronto, Montreal subway running time is very long night, a little more before outage, as early as 5:00 or so and start running. Public transport for the disabled with special care. Many of the steps next door also has a wheelchair-way street. Entertainment Canada: Canada's nightlife with a romantic, poetic and colorful yet known, a large number of wine estates, discos, as night falls slowly, have colorful neon lights illuminate the streets ablaze with lights. Here the number of house wine, music, complex, complete category. In different wine estates you can enjoy blues, rock, jazz and other styles of modern music.
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Administrative Division
多伦多CN塔
加拿大枫林
加拿大枫林
加拿大 行政区划
Federal state. Country is divided into 3 parts of 10 provinces. Below the provincial level a city, town, village, county formed part of the province. Located in the southern provinces, where in the north. About 1754, now belonging to British and French Canada. New France (Nouvelle-France) is used to collectively French territories in North America. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia was a British colony. Hudson's Bay Company from England, where King Charles II leased the Rupert area (Rupert's Land). 1763.2.10: Anglo-French agreement signed in Paris, France, New France to Britain to give up, leaving only the St. skin Ai Er and Miquelon now. 1763.10.7: St. John's Island (Island of Saint John's / Île Saint-Jean; now known as Prince Edward Island) and Brittany Kok Island (Cape Breton Island / Île Royale) attached to Nova Scotia. Labrador Coast (Labrador coast), anticosti Island (Anticosti Island) and the Madeleine Islands (Madeleine Islands) attached to Newfoundland. 1769: St. John's Island separated from Nova Scotia colony. 1774: Quebec Act in the province extends to the Ohio and Mississippi, and including the Labrador coast, anticosti Island and the Madeleine Islands. 1783.9.3: Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the United States. Great Lakes region south of Quebec is also incorporated into the United States. 1784.9.10: New Brunswick and the Cape Breton colony separated from Nova Scotia. Sydney, the capital of Brittany Kok Island. 1788: Frederic Leighton became the capital of New Brunswick. 1791.8.24: Quebec into Upper Canada (Upper Canada, now Ontario) and Lower Canada (Lower Canada now Quebec). 1796: York became the capital of Upper Canada. 1799: St. John's Island was renamed Prince Edward Island. 1809: Labrador coast and anticosti transferred to Newfoundland Island. 1818: United States and Canada revised the border treaty, the provisions of Woods Lake (Lake of the Woods) west to the Oregon Territory (the Oregon Territory) to latitude 49 ° as the boundary, where Oregon became the Anglo-American condominium. 1820: Brittany Kok Island, Nova Scotia into the new. 1825: Labrador coast and the island was changed to return anticosti Lower Canada (now Quebec). 1834: the Canadian capital of York was renamed Toronto. 1841.2.10: Upper and Lower Canada was renamed the Western, Eastern Canada, and the merger of the Canadian province. Capital of Kingston (in this Ontario). 1842.11.10: Canada to establish the border (Maine / New Brunswick, Minnesota / Hudson Bay Company). 1844: Kingston, Canada, the provincial capital to move from Montreal. 1846: Oregon Territory Oregon border agreement and the British colony (New Caledonia,) to latitude 49 ° line as the boundary. 1849: Vancouver Island (Vancouver Island) grouping as a colony. 1855: promoted to the status of Dominion of Newfoundland, Labrador is its subsidiary. 1857: Ottawa, Canada became the capital of the province. 1858: renamed New Caledonia British Columbia (British Columbia, in translation or for British Columbia), grouping the colony. 1859: Britain declared that no grouping of other places for the colony's sovereignty, and the name "Northwest Territories (The North-Western Territory)", which is located in British Columbia and the Arctic Ocean, between Alaska and Rupert, very large. 1862: Christie Golden area (Stickeen territory) separated from the Northwest Territories, and its range extends from British Columbia to the north of latitude 62 °. 1863 to withdraw to latitude 60 ° were classified as the boundary of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories. 1866.11: Vancouver Island, British Columbia incorporated to form the border today. 1867.7.1: July 1867 by the British Parliament, "British North America Act," the new Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Canada and down into a single federal - Dominion of Canada, which includes four provinces: New not Lunrui grams, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec. Ottawa. 1870.7.15: Hudson Bay Company's management to give up on the Rupert area, the area into the Northwest region of the Northwest Territories (The North-West Territories). Management of the Northwest Territories of Canada in name (the following is still called the Northwest region). At the same time, Manitoba set up. 1871.7.20: British Columbia became a province of Canada, the following we use the short British Columbia (BC) to call it. 1873.7.1: Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. 1880.9.1: Great Britain to its sovereignty in the North American Arctic islands all turn in Canada. 1881.7.1: Northwest part of the interests of Manitoba. 1898.6.13: Yukon separated from the Northwest Territories. 1905.9.1: Alberta and Saskatchewan separated from the Northwest Territories. 1912.5.15: an interest in Northwest Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. 1927.3.1: Labrador Mainland award by the Quebec Newfoundland turn Dominion, which is the mainland part of Newfoundland today. 1934.2.16: Dominion of Newfoundland to the British crown colony. 1949.3.31: Newfoundland joined Canada as a province. 1967.1.18: Yellowknife (Yellowknife, or free for the Yellowknife) became the capital of Northwest China, the central front in the region governed by the Ottawa. 1999.4.1: Nunaweite region separated from the Northwest Territories. 2001.12.6: renamed Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador.
