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   yìn gòng guó( TheRepublicofIndia) . dài IN
    【 guó 】  chéng cháng fāng xíngcháng kuān zhī wéi 3 2。 shàng 'ér xià yóu chéngbái sān xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng chéngbái cháng fāng xíng zhōng xīn huì yòu gēn zhóu tiáo de lán lúnchéng xiàng zhēng yǒng gǎn shēng jīng shén shì jiào shì de yán shè shēn wèiguó de yīng xióng men de yán bái xiàng zhēng chún jié de zhēn biǎo shì xìn xīndài biǎo rén lèi shēng mìng suǒ cún de shēng chǎn lún shì yìn kǒng què wáng cháo 'ā wáng shí dài jiào shèng shí zhù zhù tóu de shī shǒu 'àn zhī duì yìn rén 'ér yán shì shén shèng zhī lúnzhēn zhī lúnxiàng zhe jìn zhuàndòng zhī lúnyǒng yuǎn lún huí cāng qióng zhī lún
    【 guó huī】  'àn lái yuán kǒng què wáng cháo 'ā wáng shí zhù dǐng duān de shí yuán xíng tái shàng zhàn zhe zhǐ jīn de shī xiàng zhēng xìn xīnyǒng liàngtái zhōu yòu shǒu wèi fāng de shǒu shòudōng fāng shì xiàngnán fāng shì fāng shì niúběi fāng shì shīshǒu shòu zhī jiān diāo yòu lún 'àn xià miàn yòu yòng fàn wén shū xiě dechū dài yìn shèng shū de yán wéi yòu zhēn shèng
    【 guó 】 《 rén mín de zhì
    【 guó huā】  lián huā
    【 guó niǎo】  lán kǒng què
    【 guó shù】  shùróng shù
    【 miàn 】  yuē 298 wàn píng fāng gōng bāo kuò zhōng yìn biān jìng yìn zhàn shí 'ěr yìn shí kòng zhì děng)。 yìn zhèng chēng lǐng wéi 328.78 wàn píng fāng gōng yìn miàn shì jiè wèi
    【 rén kǒu】  11.3 (2007 nián )。 yòu 10 mín duō xiǎo mín yìn tǎn zhàn 46.3%, tài 8.6 mèng jiā 7.7%, 7.6%, tài 'ěr 7.4%, 4.6%, kǎn 3.9%, 3.9%, ào 3.8%, bàng zhē 2.3%。 yīng yìn tóng wéi guān fāng yányuē yòu 82% de mín xìn fèng yìn jiào wéi lán jiào( 12%)、 jiào( 2.3%)、 jiào( 1.9%)、 jiào( 0.8%) jiào( 0.4%) děng
    【 shǒu 】  xīn ( NewDelhi), lián tóng lǎo rén kǒu gòng 1280 wàn( 2001 nián)。
    【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】  zǒng tǒng xiàn rèn zǒng tǒng shì - 'ěr), 2007 nián 7 yuè 25 jiù rèn
  
  
   huán jìng
  
     yìn wèi yìn zhù yào yóu sān fēn chéngzài běi de shān zhōng jiù yòu hǎi 8,598 de yìn zuì gāo fēng kāng chéng zhāng jiā fēng)、 zhōng yāng píng yuán (Indo-GangeticPlain) nán de gān gāo yuán
     duō tiáo liú yuán huò liú jīng yìn yòu héng kuí shī (KrishnaRiver)。 yìn shàng liú de xiǎo duàn wèi yìn jìng nèi yìn shǔ dài fēng hòu wēn biàn huà jiào
     xiàng de rén mín yàng yìn de zhì fēng dài biǎo liǎo qiú shǐ de zhēn zhèng quán màoshì jiè shàng zuì gāo 'ér yòu zuì nián qīng de shān xíng chéng liǎo yìn běi de dào ràng rén wàng 'ér shēng wèi de tiān rán píng zhàng dōng mián yán 2500 gōng gòu chéng 50 wàn píng fāng gōng de miàn zuì zhù míng de chén bīng chuān shì chōng chéng ráo de běi shān de wàn nián liú tǎng de liú de yǒng jié de yuán quán yìn de shèng héng hái yòu xìn cóng yuǎn shí jiù yùn liǎo yán 'àn de ráo de wén míngdào liǎo běi yòu shì jiè shàng zuì lǎo deshù bǎi wàn nián lái zài róng yào zài féi de 'ā shān
     wén shān shān mài cóng dōng dào píng xíng héng guàn jīhū zhěng yìn bàn dǎo hēi shān píng xíng héng guàn yìn hǎi 'àndōng hǎi 'àn de guī shān wéi dōng gāo zhǐ shānměi shān de piào liàng jǐng diǎn xīng luó xiàn dài huà de jiāo tōng gōng tōng shān yòu duō huá xuě chǎnghái yòu 'ān quán de shān shàng piào liú shè bèiměi shān mài yòu de xióng wěi zhuàng diǎnmáng máng lín hǎi bié shì dài sēn lín shēng huó zhe zhǒng shēng dòng sēn lín jiàn yòu shēng dòng bǎo yóu bǎo yǎn guān shǎng bǎi shòu qiān niǎokào jìn hēi shān hǎi 'àn bié shì bāngguǒ 'ā shī bāng de gòng gān de 'ā hǎi 'àn yòu shù qīng de měi de shān xiáxiá wānxiǎo lìng shù de yóu wàng zài nán měi de níng jìng huán jìng zhōng táo xìng qíng yìn yòu 7516 gōng de hǎi 'àn xiànā hǎi mèng jiā wān wéi tài yáng shuǐ shàng yùn dòng 'àihào zhě gōng shū shì yōu měi de chǎng huán jìng
     wēn shān shān shì cáo ruì de yuán zhè xiē liú dōng de jīng liǎo duō dài wáng cháo wén huà de xīng shuāibàn dǎo shàng dào chù kàn dào dài zhǐ cán cún de niàn bēi yìn nán de tài 'ěr wén huà shèn zhì zǎo běi de fèi tuó wén míngtài 'ěr rén men de yán fàn lǎo 'ér yǐn háo
     yìn wèi běi wěi 8.4 zhì 37.6 zhī jiān hòu chā hěn dāng shān shí 'ěr shān de bàng zhē wēn zài 0 shàng xià pái huáilěngde jié bīng de shí hòubàn dǎo nán wēn què zài 30 hàn liú jiā bèiměi nián 6 dào 9 yuè wéi yìn de xià nán fēng shì yìn bàn dǎo fēn nóng gēngzhòng jiédàn pāng tuó gěi gēngzhòng dài lái kùn nán guò cóng nán dào běi de guàn gài tǒng tiáojié zhè zhǒng yīn yòu chuàng xīn jīng shén de yìn píng zhe qín láo zhì huì jīng zhàn shèng liǎo fēng de nüèguò cháng cháng dào 'è zāi nián de yìn zài yǎng huó shì 1947 nián shí sān bèi de rén kǒu de tóng shíhái xiàng wài chū kǒu liáng shí shuǐ guǒ
  
   guó jiā shǐ
  
     shì jiè wén míng guó zhī gōng yuán qián 2000 nián qián hòu chuàng zào liǎo yìn wén míngyuē zài gōng yuán qián 14 shì yuán zhù zài zhōng de 'ān rén zhōng de zhī jìn nán bìng zhēng liǎo dāng zhùyuē gōng yuán qián 1000 niánkāi shǐ xíng chéng rén zhǒng shè huì fēn gōng tóng wéi chǔ de zhǒng xìng zhì gōng yuán qián 4 shì jué de kǒng què wáng cháo kāi shǐ tǒng yìn qián 3 shì 'ā wáng tǒng zhì shí jiāng guǎng kuòzhèng quán qiáng jiào xīng shèng bìng kāi shǐ xiàng wài chuán zhōng shì xiǎo guó lín yìn jiào xīng 11 shì lái běi fāng xiàng de lín mín duàn qīn bìng cháng tǒng zhì yìn 。 1526 nián jiàn 'ér guóchéng wéi dāng shí shì jiè qiáng guó zhī 。 1600 nián yīng guó qīn jiàn dōng yìn gōng 。 1757 nián kāi shǐ lún wéi yīng zhí mín , 1849 nián quán jìng bèi yīng zhàn lǐng。 1857 nián bào fǎn yīng nián yīng guó zhèng zhí jiē tǒng zhì yìn 。 1947 nián 6 yuèyīng jiāng yìn fēn wéi yìn tǎn liǎng zhì lǐngtóng nián 8 yuè 15 yìn fēn zhì yìn 。 1950 nián 1 yuè 26 yìn gòng guó chéng wéi yīng lián bāng chéng yuán guó
  
   guó jiā zhèng zhì
  
     yìn hòu cháng yóu guó dǎng tǒng zhìfǎn duì dǎng céng zài 1977 nián 1979 nián 1989 nián~ 1991 nián liǎng duǎn zàn zhí zhèng。 1996 nián lái yìn zhèng wěndào 1999 nián xiān hòu xíng 3 xuǎnchǎn shēng liǎo 5 jiè zhèng běn jiè zhèng 1999 nián 10 yuè shí sān jiè rén mín yuàn xuǎn chǎn shēng yìn rén mín dǎng wéi shǒu de 24 dǎngquán guó mín zhù lián ménghuò shèng jié wéi zǒng
     quán guó mín zhù lián méng zhèng jiào qián jiè zhèng wěn dìngzhèng zhì shàng móu qiú guó nèi zhèng shè huì wěn dìngjīng shàng shí xíng 'èr jiē duàn jīng gǎi ”, wài jiāo shàng jiā tuī jìn quán fāng wèi guó wài jiāo zhàn lüè
  
    【 xiàn   】  xiàn 1950 nián 1 yuè 26 shēng xiàoguī dìng yìn wéi lián bāng zhì guó jiāshì zhù quán deshè huì zhù deshì de mín zhù gòng guócǎi yīng guó shì de huì mín zhù zhìgōng mín fēn zhǒng xìng biéchū shēnzōng jiào xìn yǎng chū shēng diǎnzài miàn qián píng děngzǒng tǒng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu zhuāng duì de tǒng shuàiyóu lián bāng huì bāng huì chéng xuǎn tuán xuǎn chūměi jiè rèn niánzǒng tǒng zhào zǒng wéi shǒu de cháng huì de jiàn xíng shǐ zhí quán
  
    【    huì】  yóu lián bāng yuànshàng yuàn rén mín yuànxià yuàn chénglián bāng yuàn gòng 244 yuán yóu bāng zhōng yāng zhí xiá yuàn yuán xuǎn chǎn shēngrèn liù niánměi liǎng nián gǎi xuǎn 1/3。 lián bāng yuàn měi nián zhào kāi huì xiàn guī dìng zǒng tǒng wéi dìng de lián bāng yuàn chángxiàn rèn lián bāng yuàn cháng lóng · xīn · xiè ( BhaironSinghShekhawat), 2002 nián 8 yuè 19 jiù rènrén mín yuàn wèiguó jiā zhù yào gòu zhù yào zhí néng wéizhì dìng xiū gǎi xiàn kòng zhì diào zhěng lián bāng zhèng de shōu zhī chūduì lián bāng zhèng chū xìn rèn 'ànbìng yòu quán tánhé zǒng tǒngrén mín yuàn gòng 543 yóu xuǎn mín zhí jiē xuǎn chǎn shēngměi nián xíng xuǎn 13 jiè rén mín yuàn 1999 nián 10 yuè chǎn shēng yìn rén mín dǎng méng dǎng huò 301 jiàn zhèng 。 2002 niánrén mín yuàn chéng wéi yìn rén mín dǎng méng dǎng 306 yìn rén mín dǎng 181 wéi dǎngguó dǎngyīng méng dǎng 123 guó dǎng 112 zuǒ zhèng dǎng méng dǎng 63 zhèng dǎng 50 rén mín yuàn cháng nuò 'ěr · qiáo (ManoharJoshi), 2002 nián 5 yuè 10 jiù rèn
  
    【 zhèng   】  běn jiè zhèng 1999 nián 10 yuè 13 chéngshì yìn rén mín dǎng wéi shǒu de 24 dǎng quán guó mín zhù lián méng zhèng xiàn zhù yào nèi chéng yuán yòuzǒng 'ā · · jié ( AtalBihariVajpayee)、 zǒng jiān nèi zhèng cháng 'ā ( L..K.Advani)、 wài jiāo cháng shī wàng · xīn ( YashwantSinha)、 cái zhèng cháng jiǎ wàng · xīn (JaswantSingh)、 guó fáng cháng qiáo zhì · fèi 'ěr nán ( GeorgeFernandes)。
  
    【 gòu】  zuì gāo yuàn shì zuì gāo quán guānyòu quán jiě shì xiàn shěn zhōng yāng zhèng bāng zhī jiān de zhēng wèn děng bāng shè yòu gāo děng yuànxiàn shè yòu xiàn yuànzuì gāo yuàn guān yóu zǒng tǒng wěi rènxiàn rèn 34 jiè shǒu guān V·N· 'ěr( VNKhare), 2002 nián 12 yuè jiù rènzǒng jiǎn chá cháng yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng zhù yào zhí shì jiù zhí shì xiàng xiàng zhèng gōng xún jiàn wán chéng xiàn guī dìng de jiǎn chá quánduì xiàn de zhí xíng qíng kuàng jìn xíng jiān děngxiàn rèn zǒng jiǎn chá cháng S·J· suǒ ( SoliJ.Sorabjee)。
  
    【 zhèng   dǎng】 ( 1) yìn rén mín dǎng( BharatiyaJanataParty): 1980 nián 4 yuè chéng qián shēn shì 1951 nián chéng de yìn rén mín tóng méng chēng yòu 350 wàn dǎng yuándài biǎo běi yìn jiào jiào shì chéng zhèn zhōng xiǎo shāng rén yòu qiáng liè mín zhù jiào pài zhù cǎi。 1996 nián 5 yuè xuǎn zhì jīn zhí bǎo chí huì dǎng wèixiàn rèn dǎng zhù wéi nài (Naidu)。
    ( 2) yìn guó mín huì dǎngyīng · gān pài)( TheIndianNationalCongress IndiraGandhi ): jiǎn chēng guó dǎngyīng)。 chēng yòu chū dǎng yuán 3000 wàn dǎng yuán 150 wàn。 1885 nián 12 yuè chéng lǐng dǎo liǎo fǎn duì yīng guó zhí mín tǒng zhì zhēng yìn de dǒu zhēngyìn hòu cháng zhí zhèng, 1969 nián 1978 nián liǎng fēn liè。 1978 nián yīng · gān jiàn xīn dǎnggǎi yòng xiàn mínggāi dǎng xiàn wéi zuì zài dǎngxiàn rèn zhù suǒ · gān ( SoniaGandhi)。
    ( 3) yìn gòng chǎn dǎng zhù )( CommunistPartyofIndia〔 Marxist〕): jiǎn chēng yìn gòng)。 1964 nián sūn nán wéi dài biǎo de pài cóng yìn gòng chǎn dǎng fēn chū hòu chéngjìn nián lái zhǎn jiào kuàidǎng yuán zēng zhì 70 wànshì yìn zuì de zuǒ zhèng dǎngzài mèng jiā bāng cháng zhí zhèngxiàn rèn zǒng shū · xīn · ( H.S.Surjeet)。
    ( 4) yìn gòng chǎn dǎng( CommunistPartyofIndia): chéng 1920 niányòu dǎng yuán 54 wàn。 1964 nián fēn liè dǎng zhù shí · ā · dān wéi shǒu de pài réng yán yòng yìn gòng míng chēng。 1981 nián 4 yuèdān yīn zhī chí yīng · gān dǎng nèi shēng fēn 'ér bèi kāi chú chū dǎnggāi dǎng zài fēn lièxiàn rèn zǒng shū · · 'ěr dān (A·B·Bardan)。
    ( 5) tài zhī xiāng dǎng( TeluguDesamParty), ān bāng fāng zhèng dǎngjìn nián lái shì yìn zhèng tán de zhī zhòng yào liàng, 1999 nián xuǎn chéng wéi quán guó zuì de fāng zhèng dǎngzài 'ān bāng zhí zhèngdǎng zhù bāng shǒu cháng qián · nài ( NarraChandrababuNaidu) zhòng shì xìn shù zhù chēng
  
    【 zhòng yào rén 】 
   ā 'ěr · zǒng tǒng。 1931 nián 10 yuè 15 shēng tài 'ěr bāng lín dǎng pàizǎo nián jiù shèng yuē xué yuàn shù xué yuànfēn bié huò xué shì háng kōng shù shì xué wèi 1958 nián xiān hòu zài yìn guó fáng xià shǔ de kōng jūn shù kāi shēng chǎn shì huìháng kōng zhǎn yìn tài kōng yán jiū wěi yuán huì cóng shì xué yán jiūshì yìn kōng jiān yán jiū zhì de zào zhě zhī 。 1982 nián dān rèn guó fáng yán jiū zhǎn yán jiū suǒ suǒ cháng shí shī yìn dǎo dàn zōng zhǎn jìhuàyán liǎo liè huǒsān chā yǎn jìng shé děng chǎn dǎo dànbèi wéi yìn de dǎo dàn zhī 。 1981 nián、 1990 nián 1997 nián fēn bié huò yìn sān èr zuì gāo róng xūn zhāngchū rèn yìn zhèng shǒu xué shūzhù yòu zìzhuànhuǒ zhī yìn 2020-- xīn qiān nián lán děng shū wàng tōng guò zhì guó yìn zài 2020 nián shēn guó jiā hángliè
     ā 'ěr · · jié zǒng 。 1926 nián 12 yuè shēng yìn zhōng yāng bāng guā liào 'ěr jiào shī jiā tínghuò wén xué shuò shì xué wèi。 1951 nián cān jiā rén mín tóng méng chuàng jiàn gōng zuògāi tóng méng wéi yìn rén mín dǎng de qián shēn)。 1957 nián duō dāng xuǎn yìn rén mín yuàn lián bāng yuàn yuán。 1977 niányīng · gān shí xíng jǐn zhuàng tài jiān bèi chū hòu lǐng dǎo de rén mín tóng méng dǎng pài gòng tóng jiàn rén mín dǎngbìng zài dāng nián de xuǎn zhōng huò shèngjiàn liǎo yìn hòu de fēi guó dǎng zhèng rèn wài jiāo cháng。 1979 nián fǎng huá。 1980 niánrén mín dǎng fēn liè wéi shǒu de yuán rén mín tóng méng tuō rén mín dǎnglìng wài jiàn yìn rén mín dǎng xiān hòu chū rèn gāi dǎng zhù huì dǎng tuán lǐng xiù。 1996 nián xuǎn hòu yìn rén mín dǎng chéng wéi huì dǎng céng chū rèn nèi zǒng 13 tiān。 1998 nián 3 yuè zài dān rèn zǒng 。 1999 nián 10 yuè yìn rén mín dǎng wéi shǒu de 24 dǎng quán guó mín zhù lián méng zài qián jìn xíng de 13 jiè rén mín yuàn xuǎn zhōng huò shèng sān chū rèn zǒng 。 
  
   guó jiā jīng
  
    hòu jīng yòu jiào zhǎnnóng yóu yán zhòng quē liáng dào běn zìjǐgōng xíng chéng jiào wéi wán zhěng de zìjǐ néng jiào qiáng yìn zhèng 1991 nián 7 yuè kāi shǐ jìn xíng quán miàn jīng gǎi fàng sōng duì gōng wài mào jīn róng mén de guǎn zhì, 1992 zhì 1996 nián jīng nián jūn zēngchánglǜ wéi 6.2%。 jiǔ · jìhuà( 1997 zhì 2002 nián jiān jīng nián jūn zēngchánglǜ yòu suǒ xià jiàngwéi 5.4%。 2001 niányìn chū tái shí · jìhuàjiāng 2002 nián -2007 nián de jīng zēngchánglǜ dìng wéi nián jūn 8%。
     2001/2002 nián zhèng shēn huà 'èr jiē duàn jīng gǎi jiā guó yòu yòu huàshí xíng bāo kuò nóng chǎn pǐn zài nèi de fēn shēng huó pǐn xiāo shòu yóu huàgǎi shàn tóu huán jìngjīng jiǎn zhèng gòuxuē jiǎn cái zhèng chì yóu nóng de kuài zhǎnyìn jīng zēngchánglǜ dào 5.6%, jiào shàng nián gāo liǎo 1.6%。
  
     guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí( 2001/2002 nián ): 209400
     guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ( 2001/2002 nián ): 5.6%
     huò míng chēng yìn ( Rupee)
     huì shuài( 2002 nián 7 yuè): 1 měi yuán =48.83
     nián jūn tōng huò péng zhàng shuài( 2001/2002 nián ): 4.3%
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhōng yāng tǒng shǔ 2003 nián 1 yuè gōng shù
  
    
  
    【 gōng   】  2001/2002 nián gōng kuàng shàng nián zēngzhǎng 2.7%, chǎn zhí 33680 zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 26.4%, shì guò 10 nián lái zēngzhǎng zuì màn de nián zhōng zhì zào 2.4%, diàn gōng 2.7%, kuàng 1.1%, chū zhōng jiān chǎn pǐn xiāo fèi pǐn de zēng cháng jiào shàng nián yòu jiǎn shǎojìn nián lái yìn fǎng zhìshí pǐnjīng chēruǎn jiàn zhì zàoháng kōng kōng jiān děng xīn xīng gōng zhǎn xùn
  
     zhù yào gōng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng xiàdān wèiwàn dūn):
               1999/2000    2000/2001    2001/2002
     méi           30000      30963      32779
     tiě kuàng shā         7270       7770      n.a.
     yuán yóu          3195       3243      3203
     tiān rán fāng )   284.5      294.8      297.1
     shuǐ           9821       9761      10690
     gāng cái          2440       2927      3064
     huà féidànlín féi)    1430       1470      n.a.
     píng fāng )     236        402      n.a.
     diàn liàng )     4807       4996      5153
     chēwàn liàng)      87.5       79.7      83.4
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhèng 2002/2003 nián jīng gài lǎn, n.a. zàn tǒng
  
    【 nóng   】  2001/2002 nián nóng xiāng guān chǎn zēngchánglǜ 5.7%, chǎn zhí 30205 zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 24.7%。 yóu quán nián jiàng shuǐ de shí jiān fēn pèi jūn yúnliáng shí chǎn liàng zēngzhǎng 6.3%, wéi 2.12 dūnliáng shí chǔ bèi qián 5000 wàn dūnnóng cūn rén kǒu yuē zhàn quán guó de 72%。 quán guó gēng miàn yuē .6 gōng qǐngrén jūn 0.17 gōng qǐng yìn shì shì jiè chǎn nǎi guó, 2001/2002 nián niú nǎi chǎn liàng yuē wéi 8460 wàn dūnrén jūn měi tiān 226 yìn shì shì jiè zhòng yào de chǎn mián guó chǎn chá guó
  
   jìn xiē nián zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng xiàdān wèiwàn dūn):
               1999/2000    2000/01    2001/02
     liáng shí zǒng chǎn liàng       20890      19590     21200
     dào           8950       8490      8310
     xiǎo  mài         7560       6870      7180
     niú  nǎi         7810       8100      8460
     yóu  liào         2070       1840      2050
     gān  zhè         29920      29920      30010
     chá           83.5       84.8      84.7
     miánwàn bāo) *      1160       970      1010
     huáng wàn bāo) **     1050       1050      1160
     zhù * měi bāo mián wéi 170 gōng jīn
       ** měi bāo huáng wéi 180 gōng jīn
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhèng 2002/2003 jīng gài lǎn
  
    【 】  80 nián dài lái gāo chǎn de zhǎn。 1993-2000 niányìn shí xiàn liǎo 7.1%-10.5% de gāo zēngzhǎng。 2001/02 nián shàng nián zēngzhǎng 6.5%, zǒng chǎn zhí wéi 61630 zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 48.8%。 cóng rén shù 1994 nián wéi 1261.8 wàn rén zhōng 85.2% wéi zhèng guān guó yíng mén zhí gōng yìn ruǎn jiàn zhì zào jìn nián lái nián jūn chāo guò 50% de zēngchánglǜ xùn zhǎn ,2001/02 nián ruǎn jiàn zǒng chǎn zhí 98.6 měi yuán , zhōng chū kǒu 78 měi yuánzhèng huá dào 2008/2009 nián yìn ruǎn jiàn chǎn zhí jiāng dào 870 měi yuánchū kǒu 500 měi yuán
  
    【 yóu 】  zhèng jiāng yóu zuò wéi shè huì xiào liáng hǎo de chuàng huì chǎn liè zhǎn zhòng diǎngāi chǎn chéng wéi quán guó liù chū kǒu chuàng huì mén。 1999 nián lèi guǎn 1229 jiājìn nián láiwài guó yóu zhě rén shù zhú nián zēng yóu shōu duàn zēng jiāshòu 9·11 shì jiàn yǐng xiǎng yìn 2001/02 nián de wài guó yóu liàng xià jiàng liǎo 10.2%, rén shù 242.3 wànshōu xià jiàng 8.1%, wéi 29.1 měi yuánzhù yào yóu diǎn yòu 'ā zhāi 'ěrchāng jiā 'ěr lán mài suǒ 'ěrguǒ 'āhǎi fán láng děng
  
    【 jiāo tōng yùn shūtiě shì zuì de guó yíng mén wéi zhù yào yùn shū shǒu duànzǒng cháng zhōu wèishì jiè wèitiě mén shí xíng dān suànměi nián zhōng yāng cái zhèng suàn jiāo huì tǎo lùn tōng guòjìn nián láigōng yùn shū zhǎn jiào kuài chéng dān liǎo quán guó huò yùn liàng de 60%, wéi shì jiè zuì de gōng wǎng zhī hǎi yùn néng shì jiè 18 wèi
     tiě : 2001/2002 nián tiě xiàn zǒng cháng 6.31 wàn gōng zhōng diàn huà tiě 1.57 wàn gōng yuē zhàn tiě zǒng cháng de 25%; 2001/2002 nián yùn liàng 4930 rén gōng huò yùn liàng wéi 3332 dūn gōng tiě yùn shū zǒng shōu 3783.7 shàng nián zēngzhǎng 8..5%。
     gōng : 2001/02 nián zǒng cháng yuē 330 wàn gōng zhōng guó jiā 5.8 wàn gōng 。 1999/2000 nián dēng de zhǒng dòng chē liàng yuē 4839 wàn liàng zhōng chē 55.9 wàn liànghuò chē 268.1 wàn liànggōng yùn shū zǒng shōu wéi 3393.3 qiángōng chéng dān zhe quán guó 80% de yùn liàng 60% de huò yùn liàngquán guó píng jūn yùn liàng 6000 wàn rén
     shuǐ yùnyìn yòu gǎng kǒu gòng yuē 200 zhōng 12 gǎng kǒu 184 zhōng xiǎo gǎng kǒunèi háng xíng dào zǒng cháng yuē 1.4 wàn gōng shí shǐ yòng de 30%。 yìn yòu 83 jiā hǎi yùn gōng zhōng 19 jiā chéng dān yuǎn yáng yùn shū , 49 jiā chéng dān jìn hǎi yùn shū liǎng jiāndào 2002 nián 3 yuèyìn quán guó shuǐ yùn zǒng néng wéi 3.44 dūn, 2001/2002 nián yìn shuǐ yùn huò yùn zǒng liàng wéi 2.88 dūnyìn hái zài shí · jìhuà zhōngjiàng zhù yào gǎng kǒu de zǒng huò yùn liàng gāo dào 4.7 dūnmèng mǎi wéi quán guó zuì gǎng kǒuhǎi yùn de 1/5 zhuāng xiāng yùn shū de 1/2 jīng guò zhè zhòng yào hǎi gǎng yòu jiā 'ěr qīnguǒ 'ā děng
     kōng yùnyìn háng kōng gōng yòu yìn guó háng kōng gōng yìn háng kōng gōng 42 jiā yíng háng kōng gōng 。 2001/2002 nián shù liàng wéi 3998.3 wànhuò yùn liàng wéi 85.4 wàn dūnháng xiàn tōng zhōu zhù yào chéng shìquán guó yòu mèng mǎijiā 'ěr fán láng guó chǎngguó nèi chǎng 92
  
    【 cái zhèng jīn róng】  zhōng yāng fāng cái zhèng fēn suàn yòu lián bāng bāng liǎng měi nián 4 yuè 1 zhì nián 3 yuè 31 wéi cái zhèng nián duō nián lái tuī xíng chì suàn jīng zhǎnzhōng yāng bāng fāng zhài lěi zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 80%, páng de chì chéng wéi jīng zhōng zhù yào de wěn dìng yīn 。 2001/2002 nián zhèng cái zhèng chì xiāng dāng guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 10%。 wéi jiě jué chì wèn yìn zhèng jiāo liǎo cái zhèng rèn suàn guǎn 'àn biāo shì dào 2006 nián jiāng zhōng yāng zhèng chì xuē jiǎn dào zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 2%, bìng zài 2011 nián qián jiàng zhèng zhài guī
  
   jìn nián zhōng yāng fāng cái zhèng zhuàng kuàng xiàdān wèi ):
             99/2000     2000/01     2001/02
     zǒng shōu       54261.6     59796.3     67099.1
     zǒng zhī chū      54581.3     59561.7     67812.9
     cái zhèng chì      -18482.6    -19985.3     -22871.6
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhèng 2002/2003 jīng gài lǎn
  
     jié zhì 2002 nián 12 yuèyìn wài huì chǔ bèibāo kuò huáng jīn chǔ bèi bié kuǎn quánwéi 704 měi yuándào 2001 nián 9 yuèwài zhài wéi 996.1 měi yuánzhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 21%, zhōng duǎn zhài zhàn zǒng zhài de zhòng cóng 1991 nián 3 yuè de 10.2% jiàng dào 2001 nián 9 yuè de 2.8%。
  
    【 duì wài mào 】  jìn nián láiyóu jìn kǒu zēng jiāchū kǒu zhènmào chì yán zhòngchéng wéi guó shōu zhī shī héng de zhù yào yuán yīnjìn nián wài mào qíng kuàng xiàdān wèibǎi wàn měi yuán):
             1999/2000    2000/01    2001/02
     jìn kǒu 'é       55383      59264     57618
     chū kǒu 'é       37542      44894     44915
     chā  é       -17841     -14370     -12703
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhèng 2002/2003 yìn jīng gài lǎn
  
     2001/02 nián yìn chū kǒu zēngzhǎng 0.8%, jìn kǒu xià jiàng 0.2%, mào chā fēi mào yíng běn xiāng jīng cháng zhàng píng héng。 2002 nián 1 yuèyìn zhèng gōng 2002-2007 nián zhōng chū kǒu zhàn lüèjìhuà xià liè mén wéi zhòng diǎn jiāng nián chū kǒu zǒng 'é zēng jiā dào 800 měi yuángōng chéng diàndiàn fǎng zhìbǎo shí shǒu shìhuà gōngnóng xié lèigāi nián yìn zhù yào jìn kǒu shāng pǐn wéizhēn zhūbǎo shídiàn chǎn pǐnjīn yínhuà gōng chǎn pǐnshí yóu zhì pǐnrán liào běn huò huà féigāng tiězào zhǐ yuán liàozhǐ zhāng děngzhù yào chū kǒu shāng pǐn wéizhū bǎo zhì pǐnmián shā mián zhì pǐnhuà gōng zhì pǐn xiè jīn zhì pǐnshí yóu zhì pǐn zhì pǐnnóng xiāng guān bàn chéng pǐnhǎi chǎn pǐntiě kuàng shā kuàng chǎn pǐn děngzhù yào jìn chū kǒu fāng xiàng shì 'ōu méng shí guó guó lányīng guó)、 běi měi jiā měi guó 'ào běn
  
    【 wài guó běn】  yìn cóng 1991 nián shí xíng yǐn wài de xīn zhèng 。 1991 nián zhì 2000 nián , wài guó zhí jiē tóu xié jīn 'é 639 měi yuán。 2001/2002 nián yìn shōu wài guó tóu 52.8 měi yuán zhōng zhí jiē tóu 39 měi yuándào 2002 nián 10 yuèduì yìn tóu zuì duō de guó jiā fēn bié shìmáo qiú měiyīng lánhán xīn jiā yǐn wài duō de hángyè shì néng yuántōng xùndiàn shè bèiyùn shū huà gōng guǎn yóufǎng zhì děng
  
    【 wài guó yuán zhù】  yìn shì shì jiè shàng zhù yào de shòu yuán guó zhī 。 2001/2002 nián huò dài kuǎn juān zèng zǒng 'é wéi 2509.5 yuē wéi 51.5 měi yuánshí yòng wài yuán 1755.9 yuē wéi 36 měi yuánjìn nián wài yuán qíng kuàng xiàdān wèi ):
  
               1999/2000    2000/01    2001/02
     guó xīng kāi yínháng    36.78     720.85     803.70
     guó kāi xié huì      352.69     413.53     444.00
        běn        374.23     272.98     205.80
     zhōu kāi yínháng      216.30     526.50     672.50
        guó        41.00      38.60     41.20
     yīng   guó        204.10      47.40     194.40
     měi   guó        7.45       8.11      12.20
        lán        13.37       7.03      33.2
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhèng 2002/2003 nián jīng gài lǎn
  
    【 rén mín shēng huó】  2001/2002 nián yìn rén jūn shōu wéi 378 měi yuán yìn guān fāng gōng liào, 1999/2000 nián yìn shēng huó zài pín kùn xiàn xià de rén kǒu wéi 2.6 zhàn yìn zǒng rén kǒu de 26.1%, zhōng 75% de pín kùn rén kǒu shēng huó zài nóng cūnrén shù 1.93 yìn jiè zhèng jiāng xiāo chú pín kùn zuò wéi jīng zhǎn de shǒu yào rèn zhī shí · jìhuà zhōng zhì dìng liǎo jiǎn shǎo pín kùn rén kǒu de biāo, 2007 nián yào jiāng pín kùn rén kǒu shù liàng jiǎn shǎo dào 2.2 zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de 19.3%。 1999/2000 nián yìn shī shuài wéi 7.32%。 2000/01 nián yìn xiāo fèi jià zhǐ shù shàng shēng 5.2%。 dào 2000 niánquán guó yòu lèi zhěn liáo suǒ yuàn 4.3 wàn jiādēng xíng rén yuán 50.39 wàn réndēng shì 73.7 wàn rén。 2000 niánrén kǒu shòu mìng wéi 65 suìrén kǒu chū shēng shuài 25.8 wáng shuài 8.5‰。
  
  
   guó jiā jūn shì
  
     yìn jūn qián shēn wéi yīng guó zhí mín zhù zhě de yōng jūn。 1947 nián yìn fēn zhì hòu shǐ jiàn fēn de sān jūn。 1978 nián chuàng jiàn de hǎi 'àn jǐng wèi duìzǒng tǒng shì míng shàng de zhuāng liàng tǒng shuàinèi wéi zuì gāo jūn shì jué gòuguó fáng duì de zhǐ huīguǎn xié diào jūn zhǒng lìng dìngshí shī zuò zhàn jìhuàzhǐ huī zuò zhàn xíng dòngxiàn jūn cān móu zhǎngshàng jiāng S. pān hàn( S.Padmanabhan), kōng jūn cān móu zhǎngshàng jiāng S. (S.Krishnaswamy), hǎi jūn cān móu zhǎngshàng jiāng M. xīn ( M.Singh)。 shí xíng bīng zhìhǎikōng sān jūn zǒng bīng wéi 127 wàn shì jiè wèi zhōng jūn 103.5 wànfēn dōngnánběi zhōng yāng jūn yōng yòu zhōng chéng dǎo dàn bèi néng hǎi jūn 7 wànfēn wéi dōng 'èr zhī jiàn duì nán qīn xùn liàn mèng mǎi wéi shā nán wéi zuì de hǎi jūn fēn bié shì dōng jiàn duì lìng suǒ zài 。 1999 nián xīn chéng yuǎn dōng jūn lìng shè zài lāi 'ěr gǎngkōng jūn 17 wànfēn chéng nándōngnán zhōng yāng jūn yōng yòu 29、 huàn yǐng 2000 děng xiān jìn zuò zhàn fēi hǎi 'àn jǐng wèi duì fēn 'àndōng 'ànān màn sān duìzhǐ huī fēn shè mèng mǎi lāi 'ěr gǎnglìng yòu 50 duō wàn bèi jūn rén 100 duō wàn zhǔn jūn shì duì
     1998 nián 5 yuè yìn rén mín dǎng wéi shǒu de lián zhèng jìn xíng shì yàn , jiān chí jiàn zuì yòu xiào wēi shè。 1999 nián 8 yuè 17 yìn guó jiā 'ān quán wèn wěi yuán huì chū gòu xiǎng cǎo 'àn chū yìn yào jiàn kōng hǎi sān wèi de zhàn lüè liàngqiáng diào yìn jiāng fèng xíng yōng yòu xìn de zuì xiàn de wēi shè de lùnchēng yìn yōng yòu de gēn běn mùdì shì wèile zhǐ rèn guó jiā huò shí duì yìn duì shǐ yòng wēi xié shǐ yòng chéng nuò shǒu xiān shǐ yòng duì guó jiā dòng yòng 。 2003 nián 1 yuèyìn zhèng shì quán miàn chū tái zhèng kuàng jiàchéng zhǐ huī gòu zhí shǔ zhàn lüè duì lìng zhǐ huī gòu yóu zǒng guó fángnèi zhèngwài jiāo cái zhèng cháng jūn zhǒng cān móu cháng děng chéng de zhèng zhì wěi yuán huì kòng zhì
     2001/2002 nián guó fáng suàn kāi zhī wéi 6200 yuē 132 měi yuán), shàng nián zēngzhǎng 13.8%。
  
   wén huà jiào
  
  
  【 wén huà
     yìn zhī de shǐ zhuī dào gōng yuán qián 2000 nián 'ān rén zài yìn běi dìng de mín làng cháo wéi kāi shǐhěn néng zài mín dāng mín zhī jiān shēng liǎo liè chōng dàn xiǎn rán shì wěi de yìn de tóng huà jīng shén rěn nài jīng shén shèngzhè zhǒng jīng shén zhí chí dào xiàn zàizài hòu de qiān nián jiān 'ān rén biàn zhěng yìn chuàng zào liǎo fēn zǎo de diǎn fàn wén xiànfàn jīng》、《 fèi tuó jīng》、《 ào shū liǎng shǐ shīluó yǎn luó duō》。
     yìn dào chù shì shù shǐ niàn bēi xiē bǎo cún huī de lǎo yòu lìng de 'ā wáng zhùtóng biǎn shí bēi sàn zài zhěng shī bāng děng yòu diāo jīng měi de 'ā zhān shí ài luó shí ài fán shí dōng nán běi yòu bǎo cún wán hǎo de tóng jiàn zhù fēng de xióng wěi de miào jiā tǎn de chéng bǎo zhuāng yuán de zhuàng de hóng bǎo shǐ niàn bēizhuàng guān de 'ěr wáng gōnghóng wěi měi de tài líng shǔshuō wán de míng shèng yóu dàn bèi yǐn dào shén huà bān de yìn láihuì ràng qiān yǎn wàn yǎn kàn gòu
     xiàn dài yìn shì chōng mǎn huó de guó jiājiù tòu míng de mín zhù xìng 'ér yán yòu shì shì jiè shàng zuì de guó jiāyīnggāi wèicǐ gǎn dào háoèr zhàn hòu de sān shì jiè guó jiā zhōngyòu hěn shǎo de guó jiā néng xiàng yìn yàng zhè me zhōng shí bǎo mín zhù zhì huì yán yìn chéng zhèn hái yòu qióng rénhái yòu pín mín dàn suí zhe yìn de xué gōng shù de zhǎnrén mín de shēng huó shuǐ píng huì suí zhī gāodào liǎo 21 shì dìng huì dào zhōng děng shēng huó shuǐ píng yìn de xīn xīng de xìn shù gōng chéng rén yuán xìn yíng liǎo shì jiè de zūn jìng guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ jǐn zhōng guó yìn rén mín jué xīn zài xiàn dài shì jiè jué yìn mài suí zhe rén mín de qīng chūn bān de huó yuè dòng
     yìn de yán tóng yàng duō yàng huà yìn yòu yuē 2000 zhǒng zhōng 55 zhǒng yòu de wén wén xuéyòu de wén xué bǎo de zhǎn wán shàn de 19 zhǒng yán bèi chéng rèn wéi yìn de guān fāng yán yìn de měi zōng jiào zài dōuyòu de xìn yìn de xìn yǎng yìn de rén zhàn jué duō shùwéi 85%, wéi lín jiào jiàoyóu tài jiàobài huǒ jiào jiào děngsuǒ yòu tóng zōng jiào xié xiāng chùzhěng yìn biàn shù de piào liàng de miào xióng wěi de jiào tánghóng de qīng zhēn xiāng huǒ wàng shèng de jiào miàoyóu tài jiào táng bài huǒ jiào yuàn yìn shāng shì mèng mǎi shuō shì yìn zōng jiàozhǒng yán duō yàng xìng de suō yǐngshì nèi chú liǎo shàng jiào de miàotáng wàihái yòu yòu zhù míng de měi jiào tángshén dào jiào miào tóng jiào miào děng
  
  【 jiào
    shí xíng 12 nián guàn zhì zhōng xiǎo xué jiào gāo děng jiào gòng 8 niánbāo kuò 3 nián xué shì chéng、 2 nián shuò shì chéng 3 nián shì chéng wài hái yòu lèi zhí shù jiào chéng rén jiào děng fēi zhèng guī jiào 。 2001/2002 nián yìn zhèng jiào jīng fèi zhàn guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 3.99%, chéng rén shí shuài wéi 65.38%。 2000/01 nián zhōng xiǎo xué xué shuài 81.6%, dàn xiǎo xué zhuì xué shuài wéi 40.7%, chū zhōng zhuì xué shuài wéi 53.7%。 quán guó xiàn yòu 254 suǒ zōng xìng xuézhù míng de yòu xué xuéjiā 'ěr xué děngzhì 2000/01 nián xué xiàoxué shēng jiào shī qíng kuàng xià
  
               xué xiàowàn suǒ)    zài xiào rén shùwàn rén
     gāo děng yuàn xiào         1.04        606*
     gāo zhōng xué         12.6        2880
     chū zhōng xué         20.6        4280
     xiǎo   xué         63.87       11380
  
     * wéi 1996 nián shù
    ( liào lái yuán yìn zhèng 2002/2003 nián jīng gài lǎn
  
    【 xīn wén chū bǎn】  yìn bào kān duō shǔ rén cái tuán suǒ yòudào 1993 nián quán guó gòng yòu 96 zhǒng wén de bào kān 33612 zhǒngzǒng xíng liàng wéi 6761.1 wàn fènyìn wén yīng wén bào kān fēn bié zhàn zǒng shù de 37% 16%。 bào kān zhōngzuì de sān jiā bào wéi yìn shí bào》、《 bào xīn wén》。 zhù yào yìn wén bào zhǐ yòubàng zhē zhī shī bào》、《 jīn tiān bào》、《 yìn tǎn bàoděngzhù yào yīng wén bào zhǐ yòu yìn tǎn shí bào》、《 zhèng zhì jiā bào》、《 yìn jiào bào》、《 yìn kuài bàoděng
     zhù yào xīn wén gòu tōng xùn shè yòu:(1) xīn wén shǔxiāng dāng zhèng zhōng yāng tōng xùn shèyōng yòu 1100 duō míng guó nèi 180 duō míng guó wài pài zhědiàn chuán wǎng gài quán guó xiàng 8000 jiā xīn wén dān wèi gōng gǎoshè yòu 8 zǒng fēn shè 27 fēn shè。(2) yìn bào tuō yìn zuì tōng xùn shèbàn guān fāng xìng zhìchéng 1947 nián 8 yuèhòu jiān bìng yìn lián tōng xùn shè tòu shè yìn zhī shè 1949 nián yuán dàn kāi xiàn shè 136 guó nèi fēn shè 11 hǎi wài fēn shèyuán gōng 1000 duō mínghǎi wài zhě 30 duō míngyīng wén gǎo liàng chāo guò 10 wàn zài běi jīng pài zhù zhě。( yìn lián xīn wén shèyìn 'èr tōng xùn shè bào tóng rén de 。 1959 nián dēng chéng xiàn yòu fēn shè 100 duō qián xiàng hǎi wān guó jiā xīn jiā máo qiú gōng xīn wén zài bàihuá shèng dùn xīn jiā shè yòu fēn shèxiàng 22 guó jiā pài zhù liǎo zhě。(4) yìn tǎn xīn wén shè yíngzhù yào biān yìn wén wén wén 'ěr wén de xīn wén
     quán yìn guǎng diàn tái shǔ zhèng xīn wén guǎng guǎng wǎng gài quán guó rén kǒu 95%。 duì nèi shǐ yòng 23 zhǒng yán yīn yīn 75 xiǎo shí 15 fēn zhōngyōng yòu 100 duō míng guó nèi zhěxiàng 7 guó jiā pài yòu cháng zhù zhě
     quán yìn diàn shì tái 1959 nián 9 yuè shì , 1976 nián tuō quán yìn guǎng diàn tái chéng wéi gòu shǔ xīn wén guǎng quán guó xiàn yòu 18 jiā diàn shì tái, 6 bāng kāi tōng liǎo wèi xīng diàn shì jiē shōudiàn shì wǎng gài quán guó rén kǒu de 86%。
  
  
   duì wài guān
  
     yìn wéi jié méng yùn dòng chuàng shǐ guó zhī jiè zhèng jūn qiáng diào jié méng shì wài jiāo zhèng de chǔ suǒ yòu guó jiā zhǎn guān zhēng zài guó shì zhōng huī zhòng yào zuò yònglěng zhàn jié shù hòuyìn zhèng tiáozhěng liǎo guò cháng fèng xíng de qīng xiàng lián de guó píng héng zhèng tuī xíng quán fāng wèi shí wài jiāochuàng zào yòu shēn zhǎn de chí jiǔ píng wěn dìng de huán jìng
     jìn nián láisuí zhe zōng guó duàn zēng qiángyìn jiā kuài tuī jìn guó wài jiāo zhàn lüèqiáng diào wài jiāo wéi jīng mào zài bǎo chí 'é luó lián guó jiā guān de tóng shí zhǎn měiōu děng guó jiā de guān yóu shì jīng mào zuò shōu jīn shù dōng méng tài guó jiā de guān zhǎn xùn , 1996 nián zhèng shì chéng wéi dōng méng quán miàn duì huà guó bìng cān jiā dōng méng lùn tán yào qiú jiā tài jīng zhì gōng zuò 'ōu huì ; 1997 nián cān jiāmèng yìn miǎn tài jīng zuò zhì”; 2000 nián 11 yuè tàimiǎnyuèlǎojiǎn gòng tóng chéng méi gōng héng zuò jìhuà”。 1997 nián chàng dǎo jiàn liǎo huán yìn yáng zuò lián méngzhòng shì néng yuán 'ān quánzhú tuò zhǎn tóng hǎi wānzhōng děng néng yuán gōng yìng guó de jiāo wǎng zuòdào 1999 nián 7 yuètóng 163 guó jiā yòu wài jiāo guān
     yìn zhù zhāng zài píng gòng chù xiàng yuán lián guó zōng zhǐ yuán de chǔ shàng jiàn gōng zhèng kǎo dào suǒ yòu guó jiā bìng néng wéi suǒ yòu rén jiē shòu de guó zhèng zhì xīn zhì yào qiú jìn jiā qiáng nán nán zuò nán běi duì huàhūyù guó gòng tóng chuàng zào yòu sān shì jiè zhǎn de gōng zhèng de xīn jīng zhì jiàn kuò 'ān huì zēng jiā dài biǎo xìngshí xiàn jué mín zhù huà gāo gōng zuò xiàolǜ
     1992 nián lián jiān zhèng shì xiàng huì chū chéng wéi 'ān huì cháng rèn shì guó de yào qiúqiáng liè fǎn duì měi děng fāng guó jiā ràng guó běn dòng chéng wéi 'ān huì cháng rèn shì guóyào qiú jīng guò xié shāng zhì chéng tǎo lùn zhǎn zhōng guó jiā chéng wéi cháng rèn shì guó de wèn yào qiú lián guó xiān jiù jìn 'ān huì de chéng zhìrán hòu jué dìng kuò 'ān huì de fāng 'àn cān jiā lián guó wéi xíng dòng
     1998 nián 5 yuè yìn rén mín dǎng wéi shǒu de lián zhèng jìn xíng shì yàn , jiān chí jiàn zuì yòu xiào wēi shè”。 1999 nián 8 yuè 17 yìn guó jiā 'ān quán wèn wěi yuán huì chū gòu xiǎng cǎo 'àn”, qiáng diào yìn jiāng fèng xíng yōng yòu xìn de zuì xiàn de wēi shè de lùnchēng yìn yōng yòu de gēn běn mùdì shì wèile zhǐ rèn guó jiā huò shí duì yìn duì shǐ yòng wēi xié shǐ yòng chéng nuò shǒu xiān shǐ yòng duì guó jiā dòng yòng
     zài rén quán wèn shàngzhù zhāng tuī jìn rén quán yìng kǎo guó de qíng kuàngrèn wéi zuì gēn běn de rén quán shì shēng cún de quán duì zhǎn zhōng guó jiā lái shuō zhǎn wèn yōu mín zhù rén quánfǎn duì jiāng rén quán wèn zhèng zhì huàfǎn duì yòng rén quán gān shè guó nèi zhèngcóng 'ér sǔn hài bié guó de zhù quán tǒng
     zhòng shì quán qiú huán jìng bǎo wèn rèn wéi huán jìng wèn zhèng chéng wéi guó shàng zuì lìng rén guān zhù de wèn jiě jué zhè wèn yìng zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de zhǎn yào qiú xiāng lián huán bǎo de zhù yào rèn yìng yóu guó jiā chéng dānjiàn guó jiā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā lián cóng shì yán jiū kāi lái jiě jué huán jìng wèn
     guān zhù 'ā hàn shìzhī chí wéi 'ā de zhù quán lǐng wán zhěngfǎn duì wài guó gān shè 'ā nèi zhèngzhī chí 'ā rén mín de zhèng dǒu zhēngrèn wéi zhōng dōng wèn de guān jiàn shì tǎn wèn jìn nián lái liè tǎn děng 'ā guó jiā de guān dōuyòu zhǎndào 1999 nián 7 yuètóng 163 guó jiā yòu wài jiāo guān
     2001 nián yìn wài jiāo huó yuèjiā tuī jìn quán fāng wèi guó wài jiāo zhàn lüè guó guān jìshàngyìn 'éměiyīng děng guó xiān hòu shí xiàn gāo céng fǎng wàijīn nián dào yìn fǎng wèn de hái yòu lián guó shū cháng 'ān nán guó zǒng shī luó běn qián shǒuxiàng sēn lǎng guó wài cháng wéi měnggǔ zǒng tǒng bān zǒng děng fǎng yìnzài dōng méng fāng xiàngyìn tuī xíngdōng xiàng zhèng ”, nián nèi jié zǒng xiān hòu fǎng wèn liǎo yuè nányìn lái
     2002 nián yìn tuī jìn quán fāng wèi guó wài jiāo zhàn lüèyìn tuī dòng měi guó de xīn xíng huǒ bàn guān qiáng huà tóng 'é luó de zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān gǎi shàn zhōng guó de guān zhǎn tóng dōng méng guān bìng gǎi shàn nán zhōu biān guó jiā de guān 。 9·11 shì jiàn hòuyìn guān wéi rào yìn yào qiú tíng zhǐ kuà jiè kǒng huó dòng chí jǐn zhāng。 2002 niányìn zài biān jiè jié zhòng bīng duì zhìzài guó shè huì de xuán xià, 10 yuè yìn kāi shǐ fēn jiē duàn chè jūnliǎng guó guān chū xiàn huǎn xiàngdàn shuāng fāng réng wèi huī tán
     yìn guān zhù 'ā hàn shìzhī chí wéi 'ā de zhù quán lǐng wán zhěngfǎn duì wài guó gān shè 'ā nèi zhèng cānyù 'ā zhàn hòu chóngjiàn gōng zuòzhī chí 'ā rén mín de zhèng dǒu zhēngrèn wéi zhōng dōng wèn de guān jiàn shì tǎn wèn jìn nián lái liè tǎn děng 'ā guó jiā de guān dōuyòu zhǎn
  
    【 tóng guó de guān 】  1950 nián 4 yuè 1 zhōng yìn jiàn jiāo。 1959 nián xīzàng pàn luàn hòuzhōng yìn guān 'è huà。 1962 nián 10 yuèzhōng yìn biān jìng shēng guī zhuāng chōng 。 1976 nián shuāng fāng huī pài shǐ hòuliǎng guó guān zhú gǎi shàn。 1988 nián、 1992 nián、 1993 nián、 1994 nián yìn zǒng · gān zǒng tǒng wén mànzǒng 'ào zǒng tǒng nán xiān hòu fǎng huá。 1991 nián、 1993 nián、 1994 nián、 1995 nián、 1996 nián péng zǒng quán guó zhèng xié zhù ruì huánqián chēn zǒng jiān wài chángqiáo shí wěi yuán chángjiāng mín zhù fēn bié fǎng wèn liǎo yìn 。 1998 nián yìn zhōng guó wēi xiéwéi jiè kǒu jìn xíng shì yànshǐ zhōng yìn guān yán zhòng shòu cuòjīng fǎn zuò gōng zuò hòuyìn zhèng lǐng dǎo rén duō biǎo shì yuàn xún qiú zhǎn duì huá guān 。 1999 nián yìn wài cháng jiǎ wàng · xīn fǎng huá , shuāng fāng què rènzhōng yìn guān zhǎn de qián shì shì duì fāng wéi wēi xié chǔ shì liǎng guó gòng tóng chàng dǎo de píng gòng chù xiàng yuán zhōng yìn guān yóu gǎi shàn zhǎn de jìn chéngliǎng guó zài zhèng zhìjīng mào huìjūn shì wén huà děng lǐng de jiāo liú zuò dào jiā qiáng
     2000 niánshí féng zhōng yìn jiàn jiāo shí zhōu niánliǎng guó guān dào jìn gǎi shàn zhǎn。 5 yuè 28 -6 yuè 3 yìng guó jiā zhù jiāng mín yāo qǐng yìn zǒng tǒng nán duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn zhòng yào jiāo wǎng yòu: 3 yuè 6-7 zhōng yìn shǒu lún 'ān quán duì huà zài jīng xíng。 3 yuè 29 yìng yìn rén mín dǎng( BJP) yāo qǐngzhōng gòng zhōng yāng duì wài lián luò cháng dài bǐng guó fǎng yìn。 4 yuè 28-29 yáng wén chāng wài cháng yìn cān jiā zhōng yìn biān jiè wèn lián gōng zuò xiǎo 12 lún huì tán。 7 yuè 7-12 yìn lián bāng yuàn cháng guó huì lián méng shì huì zhù shì yìng yāo duì zhōng guó jìn xíng yǒu hǎo fǎng wèn。 8 yuè 29、 31 péng wěi yuán cháng zài niǔ yuē chū qiān nián cháng huì jiānfēn bié huì jiàn liǎo lián shì huì zhù yìn lián bāng yuàn cháng shì yìn rén mín yuàn cháng yuē 。 11 yuè 13 zhōng yìn biān jiè wèn wài jiāo jūn shì zhuān jiā xiǎo 8 huì zài běi jīng xíngshuāng fāng jiāo huàn liǎo miáo shù biān jìng zhōng duàn shí kòng xiàn zǒu xiàng de yàng bìng jiù shuāng biān guān děng wèn jiāo huàn liǎo jiàn
     2002 niánzhōng guó tóng yìn de guān jìn gǎi shàn zhǎn。 1 yuè 13-18 yìng yìn zǒng jié yāo qǐngguó yuàn zǒng zhū róng duì yìn jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wènxiān hòu fǎng wèn liǎo 'ā mèng mǎi bān jiā luó 'ěrfǎng wèn jiānzhū zǒng jié zǒng xíng liǎo huì tánbìng fēn bié huì jiàn liǎo yìn zǒng tǒng nán zǒng tǒng jiān lián bāng yuàn cháng kǎn rén mín yuàn cháng yuē rén mín yuàn cháng fǎn duì dǎng lǐng xiùguó dǎng zhù suǒ · gān děngliǎng guó lǐng dǎo rén jiù shuāng biān guān gòng tóng guān xīn de guó wèn děng guǎng fàn jiāo huàn liǎo jiànshuāng fāng zài què rèn zhōng yìn gòu chéng wēi xiébìng jiù gòng tóng jiā qiáng jīng mào děng lǐng de zuò chéng guǎng fàn gòng shíshuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo bāo kuò yóukōng jiānshuǐ wén zhí jiǎn děng lǐng de 6 zuò wén jiàn。 6 yuè 4 jiāng mín zhù zài 'ā chū zhōu xiāng xié zuò xìn rèn cuò shī huì fēng huì jiānhuì jiàn liǎo yùhuì de yìn zǒng jié jiāng zhù duì jìn nián lái zhōng yìn guān de jìn zhǎn biǎo shì kěn dìngbìng huān yíng jié zǒng fǎng huájiāng zhù hái jiù dāng qián yìn shì chǎn shù liǎo zhōng fāng de chǎng wàng yìn shuāng fāng tōng guò duì huà huǎn jiě jǐn zhāng shì
     zhōng yìn zhī jiān cún zài shǐ liú xià lái de biān jiè wèn zhōng yìn biān jiè quán cháng yuē 2000 gōng fēn dōngzhōng sān duànshuāng fāng zhēng gòng yuē 12.5 wàn píng fāng gōng zhōng dōng duàn yuē 9 wàn píng fāng gōng zhōng duàn yuē 2000 píng fāng gōng duàn yuē 3.3 wàn píng fāng gōng zuì de zhēng zài dōng duàn yìn zhàn lǐng zhe yuē 9 wàn píng fāng gōng de zhōng guó 。 1989 nián 6 yuè zhì 2000 nián 4 yuèzhōng yìn biān jiè wèn lián gōng zuò xiǎo gòng xíng shí 'èr lún huì tán。 1993 nián 9 yuèshuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎoguān zài zhōng yìn biān jìng shí kòng zhì xiàn bǎo chí píng 'ān níng de xié dìng”。 1995 niánshuāng fāng chè liǎo zhù zhā zài zhōng yìn biān jiè dōng duàn wàng dōng de liǎng duì shào suǒ běn jiě jué liǎo liǎng guó jūn duì guò jiē jìn wèn 。 1996 nián jiāng mín zhù fǎng yìn jiānliǎng guó qiān shǔ liǎoguān zài zhōng yìn biān jìng shí kòng xiàn jūn shì lǐng jiàn xìn rèn cuò shī de xié dìng”。 wéi luò shí liǎng guó chéng de xié dìngshuāng fāng 1994 nián chéng liǎo zhōng yìn wài jiāo jūn shì zhuān jiā xiǎo 。 2000 nián 11 yuègāi xiǎo xíng liǎo huì shuāng fāng jiāo huàn liǎo biān jìng zhōng duàn shí kòng xiàn zǒu xiàng de yàng 。 2001 nián 6 yuè 12 yuègāi xiǎo xíng liǎo jiǔ shí huì 。 2002 nián 3 yuè、 6 yuè 10 yuègāi xiǎo xíng liǎo shí shí 'èr shí sān huì
  
    【 tóng 'é luó děng guó jiā de guān yìn qián lián 1947 nián jiàn jiāo。 1955 nián hòu lián kāi shǐ xiàng yìn gōng 'é jīng jūn shì yuán zhù。 1971 niánliǎng guó qiān dìng píng yǒu hǎo zuò tiáo yuē”, jiàn wéi mìqiè de shuāng biān guān 。 1991 nián lián jiě hòuyìn kāi zhǎn 'é luó guó jiā de jiē chù jiāo wǎng。 1993 niáné luó zǒng tǒng qīn fǎng yìnliǎng guó qiān dìng liǎoyìn 'é yǒu hǎo zuò tiáo yuē”、“ yìn 'é fáng zuò xié dìngyìn 'é mào zuò dìng shūděng jiǔ xiàng xié dìng。 1994 niáné luó zǒng yóu · luó guó jiā zhù jīnzǒng qiē 'ěr nuò méi 'ěr jīn xiān hòu fǎng yìn yìn zǒng 'ào shí xiàn fǎng 'é shǐ liǎng guó zài zhèng zhìjīng jūn shìwén huà děng lǐng de guān xùn huī zhǎn。 1995- 1997 niányìn 'é guān huí shēng。 1997 nián 3 yuè yìn zǒng gāo fǎng wèn 'é luó é míng què chū liǎng guó jiàn zhàn lüè huǒ bànguān chóngshēn zhī chí yìn zài shí 'ěr wèn shàng de chǎng chéng wéi lián guó 'ān huì cháng rèn shì guó de yào qiú。 10 yuèyìn guó fáng cháng fǎng wèn 'é luó é chóngshēn xiàng tǎn chū shòu shuāng fāng tóng jiāng liǎng guó cháng jūn shì shù zuò xié yòu xiào yán cháng zhì 2010 nián。 1998- 1999 niányìn 'é guān quán miàn shēng。 1998 nián 5 yuèyìn shì hòué fǎn duì duì yìn jìn xíng jīng zhì cái; 12 yuèé zǒng duì yìn jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn。 1999 nián 5 yuèé zǒng tǒng shǐ yìn wài cháng xīn fǎngshuāng fāng zhù yào tǎo lùn liǎo suǒ wèn shuāng biān guān hūyù běi yuē tíng zhǐ duì nán lián méng de jūn shì xíng dòngchóngshēn jiāng jiàn zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān é fāng chéng nuò jiāng liǎng guó jūn shì zuò gāo dào zuì gāo shuǐ píngjiāng xiàng yìn gōng yìn yào qiú de suǒ yòu
     2000 niányìn 'é guān dào jìn jiā qiáng。 2001 niányìn 'é guān wěn zhǎn。 2002 niányìn 'é guān dào gǒng shuāng fāng jìn shēn huà jūn mào jūn zuò
  
    【 tóng měi guó de guān 】  50 nián dài~ 60 nián dàiliǎng guó guān mìqiè。 1971 nián yìn qián lián qiān dìng píng yǒu hǎo zuò tiáo yuēbìng dòng zhī jiě tǎn de sān yìn zhàn zhēng hòuyìn měi guān yán zhòng shòu cuò。 80 nián dài hòu guān yòu suǒ huī jìn nián lái dào jìn zhǎn qiánměi shì yìn zuì de mào huǒ bàn tóu guó。 1998 niányìn měi guān yīn yìn jìn xíng shì 'ér shòu dào yán zhòng yǐng xiǎngěr hòu yìn wài cháng xīn měi guó qīng 'ěr xíng liǎo duō lún huì tánliǎng guó guān yòu liǎo hěn de huǎn zhǎn
     2000 nián yìn tuò zhǎn tóng měi guó guān 。 2001 nián yìn gǒng yìn měi guān zhǎn de shì tóu。 2002 niányìn tuī dòng tóng měi guó guān shuāng fāng zài jūn shì lǐng de jiāo liú zuò zhǎn xùn
  
    【 tóng 'ōu méng guó jiā de guān 】  2000 niányìn 'ōu méng jiàn shǒu nǎo huì zhìchéng wéi zhōng guó zhī hòu 'èr 'ōu méng jiàn lèi zhì de zhǎn zhōng guó jiāōu méng shì yìn zuì de mào huǒ bànshuāng fāng mào 'é zhàn yìn wài mào de jìn 30%。
     2002 niányìn 'ōu méng guó jiā guān jìn zhǎn
  
    【 tóng dōng méng guó jiā de guān 】  yìn tóng dōng nán guó jiā wèi zhì xiāng jìnyòu yōu jiǔ de shǐ guān dàn yīn yìn 1970-1990 nián jiān wài jiāo shàng tuī xíng qīn zhèng shuāng fāng zài jiǎn zhài wèn shàng cún zài fēn yìn dōng nán guó jiā zhèng zhì guān bānjiǔ shí nián dàiyìn tuī xíng dōng xiàng zhèng zhòng shì jiā qiáng tóng dōng méng chéng yuán guó de jiāo liú zuò。 1996 nián yìn chéng wéi dōng méng quán miàn duì huà huǒ bàn guójiā dōng méng lùn tán。 1997 nián cān jiā mèng yìn miǎn tài jīng zuò zhì; 2000 nián 11 yuè tàimiǎnyuèlǎojiǎn gòng tóng chéng méi gōng héng zuò jìhuà
     2002 nián yìn dōng méng xíng shǒu lǐng dǎo rén huì jiàn yìn -- dōng méng 10+1 duì huà zhìbiāo zhì shuāng fāng guān jìn xīn jiē duàn
  
    【 tóng tǎn de guān 】  1947 nián 8 yuè yìn fēn zhì hòu shǐ zhōng bìng 1948 nián、 1965 nián 1971 nián sān bào quán miàn zhàn zhēng。 1971 nián 12 yuè duàn jiāo, 1976 nián 7 yuè jiāo。 80 nián dài guān yòu suǒ huǎn jìn nián lái yīn shí 'ěr zhēng duān yòu shí chū xiàn jǐn zhāng miànbiān jìng jiāo huǒ shì jiàn duànshuāng fāng lǐng dǎo rén guān yuán wéi gǎi shàn guān jìn xíng guò duō duì huà tán pàn。 1992 nián yìn shēng 'ā yuē huǐ shì jiàn hòuzài yǐn qiáng liè fǎn xiǎngdǎo zhì yìn guān xià jiàng。 1993 niánliǎng guó guān yīn mèng mǎi bào zhà 'àn 'ěr qīng zhēn děng shì jiàn 'è huà。 1994 niányìn guān yīn xiāng zhǐ bìng zhú duì fāng wài jiāo rén yuán 'ér chí jǐn zhāng。 1995 niányìn jiù yìn kòng shí 'ěr shā 'ěr xiè chéng de shèng líng qīng zhēn bèi huǐ shì jiàn xiāng zhǐ shuāng biān guān gèng jǐn zhāng。 1996 niányìn guān shāo yòu huǎn dàn wèi shí zhì xìng jìn zhǎn。 1997 niányìn huī zhèng zhì duì huà zǒng huì liǎng guó guān chū xiàn huǎn shì tóu。 1998 niányìn xiāng jìn xíng shì yànzhǎn kāi jūn bèi jìng sàiliǎng guó guān jǐn zhāng。 1999 nián 2 yuèyìn zǒng jié zǒng xiè qiān shǔ liǎo 'ěr xuān yán》, shuāng biān huǎn dàn 4 yuè yìn shì shè dǎo dàn, 5 yuè liǎng guó zài yìn kòng shí 'ěr 'ěr shēng liè chōng yìn guān zài yóu huǎn xiàng 'è huà。 12 yuè jià yìn mín háng bān bèi jié chíyìn wài cháng zhǐ shì yòu qiān lián
     2000 niányìn guān chǔyú jiāng chí zhuàng tàinián fēn yòu suǒ huǎn 。 2001 niányìn guān “ 9·11” shì jiàn wéi jiè xiàn chéng qián huǎn hòu jǐn zhī shì。   2002 niányìn guān réng chǔyú jǐn zhāng duì zhì zhuàng tài
  
    【 tóng lín guó de guān 】  nán lín guó fāng miàn lián jiào duōdàn cún zài duō máo dùn。 1997 niányìn duì lín guó zhèng zuò chū zhòng tiáozhěngtuī xíngduō shǎo de jié 'ěr zhù zhèng guó guān biàn dào míng xiǎn gǎi shàn。 1998 nián yìn shì yǐn nán jūn bèi jìng sàidǎo zhì nán shì jǐn zhāngnán guó jiā duì jǐn zuò jǐn shèn biǎo tài。 1999 niányìn zài shí 'ěr bào fāqiǎ 'ěr chōng nán shì 'è huànán guó jiā jūn duì biǎo shì guān zhùhūyù yìn liǎng guó bǎo chí zhì lěng jìng。 2002 niányìn nán lín guó guān yòu suǒ zhǎn
  
  
   fēng rén qíng
  
     4 chuán tǒng shì zǒu biàn quán shì jiè jìng suí shì biàn de zhēn yìn rén yòu 4 chuán tǒng shìfēn bié shì chū shēngzàng hūn yīn jiā shìchú zhī wàizài yìn xíng dìng yào zhī dào yìn de 10 xiàng shū guàn 6 jìn bǎo wán kāi xīn píng 'ān
  
     chū shēng
     zài yìn de chuán tǒng shàng shí fēn zhòng nán qīng yīn wéi 'ér jié hūn shí zhǔn bèi fēng de jià zhuāng guǒ méi yòu jià zhuāng 'ér shì jià chū deér zhè duì pín qióng rén jiā 'ér yánquè shí shì xiàng páng de dān
     yìn rén guǒ shēng xià de shì 'ér shíhuì yòng pāi shǒu shì dài biǎo liǎng shǒu kōng kōng lái dàn guǒ shēng de shì 'ér shí jiù tóng liǎojiā rén huì qiāo luó qìng zhùbiǎo shì 'ér jiāng lái lǎo shí dài lái xiǎng dāng dāng de jià zhuāng
     yìn rén qìng zhù xiǎo hái chū shēng píng 'ān chéngzhǎng de fāng shìjiù shì dào miào jìn xíng jiā shì”、 chàng sòng dǎo wénrán hòu qīn péng hǎo yǒu xíng cān yàn
     yìn xiǎo hái chū shēng hòu huì zhǎo rén wèitā men zhàn xiǎo hái de míng duō bàn yīng xióng huò shén zhǐxiǎo hái de shēng chén yóu shòu dào zhòng shìyīn wéi zhè jué dìng xiǎo hái wèi lái de hūn yīn duì xiàng
  
     zàng
     yìn jiào wáng shí huì zài tán xíng huǒ zàng shì yìn jiào shì hòujiā rén huì huáng huò bái juàn bāo guǒ shī rán hòu fàng zài liǎng gēn zhú zhì dān jià shàng yóu xíng fāng shì tái dào tán huǒ zàng diǎn
     chuán tǒng shàngjiāng zhě tái sòng dào huǒ zàng chǎng de rèn yīnggāi yóu jiā shǔ dān rèndàn shì xiàn zài fèn de réndōu jiāo gěi zhuān rén chǔlǐzài yìn zhuān mén chǔlǐ sāngzàng shì de réndōushì bèi shì wéi zhǒng xìng wèi zuì de jiàn mín
     bān sòng zàng de shì fēi cháng jiǎn dāndàn shì jiào yòu de rén jiā néng huì qǐng yuèshī zài qián miàn yǎn zòuhào hào dàng dàng yóu xínghuǒ zàng qián zhě de zhǎngzǐ shǒu chí yóu dēng rào xíng 3 dāng huǒ zàng chái duī bèi diǎn rán shí zhě zhǎngzǐ jiāng tóu guāngzhǐ zài hòu nǎo sháo liú xiǎo cuōrán hòu dào jìng shēnhuǒ zàng jié shù hòu zhě huī huì bèi sǎo dào dài biǎo líng hún jīng tuō qūqiào dào jiě tuō
  
     hūn
     yìn rén de hūn shì shè huì wèi de dài biǎo shì shēng zhōng zuì zhòng de shì yìn qīng nián dào liǎo shì hūn nián líng huì yóu dài wéi xún zhǎo shè huì jiē yán bèi jǐng xiāng tóng xīngxiàng pèi de duì xiàng
     yìn hūn shì xiāng dāng fán suǒjié hūn zhī qiánshuāng fāng jiāzhǎng huì tòu guò chōng dāng méi rén de tǎo lùn jià zhuāng shì fāng dāyìng nán chū de jià zhuāng shù liàng hòushuāng fāng cái xuǎn dìng huáng dào kāi shǐ chóu bèi hūn hūn qián tiānxīn niàn gēn chuán tǒng huà zhuāng fāng shìkāi shǐ yóu gēngyīshū tóuhuà yǎn xiàn chún shābìng qiě zài jiǎo shàng hóng zài 'é tóu diǎn hóng zài xià diǎn hēi zhìjiē zhe hái yào yòng zhí rǎn liào zài shǒu jiǎo shàng huì shì hàn 'ànrán hòu xiāng shuǐpèi dài shǒu shì shìzuì hòu shì chǐ rǎn hēijiáo bīn láng kǒu hóngcái suàn gōng gào chéng
     hūn dāng tiānxīn láng guān zhe bái hào hào dàng dàng lái dào xīn niàn jiāzhè shí fāng jiā jīng jià huǒ tánshuāng fāng qīn yǒu zài niàn sòng de xiáng zhēn yán zhōngrào xíng huǒ tán zhù dǎozhī hòuxīn niàn zài bàn de yōng xià zǒu dào huǒ tán qián miànyóu jiāng xīn niàn de shā xīn láng de wéi jīn zài dài biǎo hūn yīn cháng cháng jiǔ jiǔ
     yìn hūn de wǎn yàn shì zài xīn niàn jiā jìn xíng duì xīn rén zuò zài hūn yàn zhōng jiē shòu qīn yǒu de zhù hūn dāng tiān wǎn shàng xīn láng shì zài xīn niàn jiā guò cái jiāng xīn niàn yíng huí jiā
  
     jiā shì( Puja)
     jiā shì yìn jiào zhōng xiàng shén zhǐ bài de shì jiā shì yóu dān rèn shì zhōng xìn huì jiāng shén xiàng zhuāng shì hòu tái chū miào yóu xíng qìng zhùbìng qiě fèng xiàn xiān huā fěn…… děng gòngpǐnzuì hòu zài yóu shǒu chí yóu dēngzài shén xiàng qián miàn jìn xíngā ( arati)”。
    “ ā de guò chéng zhōngxìn yòng shǒu qīng qīng gài shǒu zhōng de dēng huǒrán hòu zài de yǎn jīng shàng pèng chù xiàdài biǎo jiē shòu shén zhǐ de liàng
     tōng cháng zài jiā shì jié shù hòuxìn fēn dào xiē guò de xiān huā fěn huò shuǐchēng wéi shā ( Prasada)”。 suǒ zài yìn zhǐ yào kàn dào yìn rén cóng miào bài chū láié tóu shàng jīhū yòu hóng huò bái de fěn
  
     chuán tǒng shì
     zài yìn yóu tóng de shì zhuāng bànkàn chū dāng rén de zōng jiào xìn yǎngzhǒng jiē děng
     nán xìng bāo tóu jīn
     yìn nán xìng duō bàn bāo yòu tóu jīnzhè zhǒng tóu jīn chēng wéi Turban。 tóu jīn yòu shì yàng de bāo guǒ fāng zhōng jiào nán xìng tóu jīn yòu dìng yàng shì
     gēn chuán tǒng rén cóng xiǎo dào tóu liú bìng qiě bāo zhe tóu jīnxiǎo hái tóu jīn yàng shì jiào jiǎn dānzhǐ yòng hēi bǎng chéng xíng zhuàngchéng nián rén de tóu jīn yàng shì jiào shǒu xiān yòng hēi sōng jǐn dài jiāng cháng shù chéng rán hòu zài tiáo cháng yuē 3 gōng chǐ de guǒ chéng tóu jīnyàng shì wéi liǎng biān duì chèn chéng guī zhuàng rén tóu jīn cǎi fán duōyòu de rén shèn zhì pèi yán
     yìn nán xìng duō bàn chuānzhuó kuān sōng de lǐng cháng shān( Tunic), pèi zhǎi jiǎo de cháng ( Dhoti), jiǎ tǎn nán xìng shì tiáo bái kuài guǒ chéng detóu shàng de jīnhuā yàng biàn huà duō xiān míng
     xìng chuān shā
     yìn chuán tǒng shì shì shā ( Sari), shā shì zhǐ kuài cháng 15 shàng de liàochuānzhuó shí guǒ de fāng shì chán rào zài shēn shàng yìn shàn cháng yòng zhāwéibǎngguǒchán…… děng qiǎoshǐ shā zài shēn shàng chǎn shēng tóng de biàn huà
     jiǎ tǎn de shā jiào duǎnzhǐ yòu zài tóu shàngdàn shì cǎi bīn fēnxiāng yòu jīn yín xiù biān jiǎ tǎn de shàng yòu diǎn xiàng méi yòu lǐng de zhōng guó fèng xiān zhuāngxià shēn shì tiáo gǔn biān de cháng qún
     shā chuānzhuó fāng shì
     yìn chuán tǒng shìshì yòng kuài cháng 3 gōng chǐ de bāo guǒ chū lái dezhè kuài chēng wéi shā ( Sari)。 yìn shā de chuānzhuó fāng shì biàn huà fán duō tóng de zhǒng xìn yǎnghuì yòu duō tóng de cǎizhì gǎn chuān guǒ fāng shì yìn chuānzhuó shā shíshàng shì jiàn duǎn xiù chū de jǐn shēn ( Choli), xià shēn shì tiáo de zhí tǒng chèn qún( Ghagra)。
     shā zuì běn de chuānzhuó fāng shì fēn wéi xià zhòu :
     1. shǒu xiān zhù shā zuǒ biān duānsài jìn yòu de chèn qún qún tóu
     2. jiāng shā yóu yòu zhì zuǒ huán rào xià wéiyuē sān juàn
     3. jiē zhe yòng shā zài yòu qián fāng zhé chéng zhébìng qiě sài qún tóu
     4. rán hòu jiāng shèng kuàiyóu zuǒ hòu fāng rào guò yòu biān xià xiàng zuǒ biān jiān bǎng shàng
     5. zuì hòu zhí jiē jiāng shā zài jiān shànghuò zài tóu shàng
  
   rán yuán
  
   yìn kuàng chǎn yuán fēng chǔ liàng méi chǎn liàng jūn zhàn shì jiè wèiyún chū kǒu liàng zhàn shì jiè chū kǒu liàng de 60%。 jié zhì 1996 nián yìn zhù yào yuán cǎi chǔ liàng wéiméi 463.89 dūn hán jiāo méi), tiě kuàng shí 97.54 dūn 22.53 dūn tiě kuàng 1.24 dūnměng kuàng shí 6550 wàn dūnxīn 589 wàn dūntóng 352 wàn dūnqiān 136 wàn dūnshí huī shí 684.77 dūnlín suān yán 8100 wàn dūnhuáng jīn 86 dūnshí yóu 8.96 dūntiān rán 6970 fāng wàihái yòu yún shí gāozuàn shí tàiyóu děng kuàng cángsēn lín gài shuài wéi 21.9%。


  India (Hindi: भारत Bhārat; see also other Indian languages), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, the most populous liberal democracy in the world.[disputed] Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi). It borders Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean.
  
  Home to the Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern nation state in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent resistance.
  
  India is the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms have transformed it into the second fastest growing large economy; however, it still suffers from high levels of poverty, illiteracy, and malnutrition. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
  
  The name India (pronounced /ˈɪndiə/) is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), the people of the Indus. The Constitution of India and common usage in various Indian languages also recognise Bharat (pronunciation (help·info), /bʰɑːrət̪/) as an official name of equal status. Hindustan (/hin̪d̪ust̪ɑːn/ (info)), which is the Persian word for “Land of the Hindus” and historically referred to northern India, is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.
  
  History
  
  Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to 3300 BCE in western India. It was followed by the Vedic period, which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 500s BC. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country.
  
  Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 6th century.In the third century BCE, most of South Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great. From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient "India's Golden Age." Among the notable South Indian empires were the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Pallavas, Pandyas, and Cholas. Science, engineering, art, literature, astronomy, and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings.
  
  Following invasions from Central Asia between the tenth and twelfth centuries, much of north India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, and later the Mughal Empire. Mughal emperors gradually expanded their Kingdoms to cover large parts of the subcontinent. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, flourished, especially in the south. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the Mughal supremacy declined and the Maratha Empire became the dominant power. From the sixteenth century, several European countries, including Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom, started arriving as traders and later took advantage of the fractious nature of relations between the kingdoms to establish colonies in the country. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company. A year later, a nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, variously referred to as the India's First War of Independence or Sepoy Mutiny, seriously challenged the British Company's control but eventually failed. As a consequence, India came under the direct rule of the British Crown as a colony of the British Empire.
  
  Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937. Nehru would go on to become India's first prime minister in 1947.During the first half of the twentieth century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and other political organizations. In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience. Finally, on 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but was partitioned with independent governments for the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan in accordance to wishes of the Muslim League, along the lines of religion to create the Islamic nation state of Pakistan. Three years later, on 26 January 1950, India became a republic and a new constitution came into effect.
  
  Since independence, India has suffered from religious violence, casteism and insurgencies in various parts, but has been able to control them through tolerance and constitutional reforms. Terrorism in India is also a major security problem, especially in Jammu and Kashmir, North-east India and recently in major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, 2001 Indian Parliament attack being the most prominent one. India has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War; and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations (as part of British India). In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test. This was followed by five more tests in 1998, making India a nuclear state. Beginning in 1991, significant economic reforms have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, adding to its global and regional clout.
  
  Government
  
   National Symbols of India
  Flag Tricolour
  Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital
  Anthem Jana Gana Mana
  Song Vandē Mātaram
  Animal Royal Bengal Tiger
  Bird Indian Peafowl
  Flower Lotus
  Tree Banyan
  Fruit Mango
  Sport Field hockey
  Calendar Saka
  The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive constitution of any independent nation in the world, came into force on January 26, 1950. The preamble of the constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India has a quasi-federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
  
  The President of India is the official head of state elected indirectly by an electoral college for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is, however, the de facto head of government and exercises most executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and, by convention, is the candidate supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament.
  
  The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms. Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population. The 543 of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituencies for five year terms. The other two members are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if, in his opinion, the community is not adequately represented.
  
  The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.
  
  India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, twenty-one High Courts, and a large number of trial courts. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts. It is judicially independent, and has the power to declare the law and to strike down union or state laws which contravene the Constitution. The role as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution is one of the most important functions of the Supreme Court.
  
  Politics
  
  The North Block, in New Delhi, houses key government offices.India, at the federal level, is the most populous democracy in the world. For most of its democratic history, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC). State politics have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)), and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the "Emergency" declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.
  
  The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several regional parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP.
  
  Foreign relations and military
  
  The Sukhoi-30 MKI is part of the Indian Air Force.Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia. India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed at the expense of ties with the United States and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has fought four wars with Pakistan, primarily over Kashmir. India also fought and won an additional war with Pakistan for the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971.
  
  In recent years, relations between the United States and India, have improved. Shown here are PM Manmohan Singh and President George W. Bush exchanging handshakes in March, 2006.In recent years, India has played an influential role in the ASEAN, SAARC, and the WTO. India is a founding member and long time supporter of the United Nations, with over 55,000 Indian military and police personnel having served in thirty-five UN peace keeping operations deployed across four continents. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT, preferring instead to maintain sovereignty over its nuclear program. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States, China, and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia, and Africa.
  
  India maintains the third largest military force in the world, which consists of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. Auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command also come under the military's purview. The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian armed forces. India became a nuclear power in 1974 after conducting an initial nuclear test, Operation Smiling Buddha. Further underground testing in 1998 led to international military sanctions against India, which were gradually withdrawn after September 2001. India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and has a "strong nuclear non-proliferation record" according to the White House, despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
  
  Subdivisions
  
  India is a federal republic of twenty-eight states and seven Union Territories. All states, the union territory of Puducherry, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi have elected governments. The other five union territories have centrally appointed administrators and hence are under direct rule of the President. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis. Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is divided into basic units of government and administration called districts. There are nearly 600 districts in India. The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and eventually into villages.
  
  Administrative divisions of India, including 28 states and 7 union territories.States:
  
  Andhra Pradesh
  Arunachal Pradesh
  Assam
  Bihar
  Chhattisgarh
  Goa
  Gujarat
  Haryana
  Himachal Pradesh
  Jammu and Kashmir
  Jharkhand
  Karnataka
  Kerala
  Madhya Pradesh
   Maharashtra
  Manipur
  Meghalaya
  Mizoram
  Nagaland
  Orissa
  Punjab
  Rajasthan
  Sikkim
  Tamil Nadu
  Tripura
  Uttar Pradesh
  Uttarakhand
  West Bengal
   Union Territories:
  
  Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  Chandigarh
  Dadra and Nagar Haveli
  Daman and Diu
  Lakshadweep
  National Capital Territory of Delhi
  Puducherry
  
  Major Cities: Mumbai • Delhi • Bangalore • Kolkata • Chennai • Ahmedabad • Hyderabad • (others)
  
  Geography
  
  Topographic map of India.India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.
  
  India's defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards drift—lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean. The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountains, which now abut India in the north and the north-east. In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast through, which, having gradually been filled with river-borne sediment, now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by the Aravalli Range, lies the Thar Desert. The original Indian plate now survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, and extending as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. To their south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the left and right by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively; the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.
  
  India's coast is 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi) long; of this distance, 5,423 kilometers (3,370 mi) belong to peninsular India, and 2,094 kilometers (1,301 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Islands. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflats or marshy coast.
  
  Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal. Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi, whose extremely low gradient causes disastrous floods every year. Major peninsular rivers whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Among notable coastal features of India are the marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans delta, which India shares with Bangladesh. India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.
  
  India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.
  
  Flora and fauna
  
  The Indian peacock is India's national bird.India, which lies within the Indomalaya ecozone, displays significant biodiversity. One of eighteen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species. Many ecoregions, such as the shola forests, exhibit extremely high rates of endemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic. India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; the teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain. Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
  
  Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in Gondwana, to which India originally belonged. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms. Soon thereafter, mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya. Consequently, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians. Notable endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, of IUCN-designated threatened species. These include the Asiatic Lion, the Bengal Tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a near-extinction from ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle.
  
  In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife; in response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; in addition, the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980. Along with more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries, India hosts thirteen biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.
  
  Economy
  
  The Bombay Stock Exchange, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange.For most of its post-independence history, India adhered to a quasi-socialist approach with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. However, since 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms and reduced government controls on foreign trade and investment. Foreign exchange reserves have risen from US$5.8 billion in March 1991 to US$300 billion in March, 2008, while federal and state budget deficits have decreased. Privatization of publicly-owned companies and the opening of certain sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. With a GDP growth rate of 9.4% in 2006-07, the economy is among the fastest growing in the world. India's GDP in terms of USD exchange-rate is US$1.089 trillion. When measured in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), India has the world's fourth largest GDP at US$4.726 trillion. India's per capita income (nominal) is US$977, while its per capita (PPP) is US$2700.
  
  India has the world's second largest labour force, with 516.3 million people, 60% of whom are employed in agriculture and related industries; 28% in services and related industries; and 12% in industry. Major agricultural crops include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. The agricultural sector accounts for 28% of GDP; the service and industrial sectors make up 54% and 18% respectively. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipment, and textiles. Along with India’s fast economic growth comes its growing demand for energy. According to the Energy Information Administration, India is the sixth largest consumer of oil and third largest consumer of coal.
  
  Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades; its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas. Income inequality in India is relatively small (Gini coefficient: 36.8 in year 2004), though it has been increasing of late. Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the income. Despite significant economic progress, a quarter of the nation's population earns less than the government-specified poverty threshold of $0.40 per day. In 2004–2005, 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line.
  
  More recently, India has capitalised on its large pool of educated, English-speaking people, and trained professionals to become an important outsourcing destination for multinational corporations and a popular destination for medical tourism. India has also become a major exporter of software as well as financial, research, and technological services. Its natural resources include arable land, bauxite, chromite, coal, diamonds, iron ore, limestone, manganese, mica, natural gas, petroleum, and titanium ore.
  
  In 2007, estimated exports stood at US$140 billion and imports were around US$224.9 billion. Textiles, jewellery, engineering goods and software are major export commodities. While crude oil, machineries, fertilizers, and chemicals are major imports. India's most important trading partners are the United States, the European Union, and China.
  
  Demographics
  
  Population density map of India.With an estimated population of 1.13 billion, India is the world's second most populous country. Almost 70% of Indians reside in rural areas, although in recent decades migration to larger cities has led to a dramatic increase in the country's urban population. India's largest cities are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Chennai (formerly Madras), Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.
  
  India is the second most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse geographical entity after the African continent. India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the union. English, which is extensively used in business and administration, has the status of a 'subsidiary official language.' The constitution also recognises in particular 21 other languages that are either abundantly spoken or have classical status. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.
  
  Over 800 million Indians (80.5%) are Hindu. Other religious groups include Muslims (13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Bahá'ís and others. Tribals constitute 8.1% of the population.
  
  India's literacy rate is 64.8% (53.7% for females and 75.3% for males). The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate (91%); Bihar has the lowest (47%). The national human sex ratio is 944 females per 1,000 males. India's median age is 24.9, and the population growth rate of 1.38% per annum; there are 22.01 births per 1,000 people per year.
  
  Cities by population Rank Core City State Pop. Rank Core City State Pop.
  
  Mumbai
  
  Delhi
  
  1 Mumbai Maharashtra 13,662,885 11 Jaipur Rajasthan 2,997,114
  2 Delhi Delhi 11,954,217 12 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2,621,063
  3 Bangalore Karnataka 5,180,533 13 Nagpur Maharashtra 2,359,331
  4 Kolkata West Bengal 5,021,458 14 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1,768,303
  5 Chennai Tamil Nadu 4,562,843 15 Patna Bihar 1,753,543
  6 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 3,980,938 16 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1,712,355
  7 Ahmedabad Gujarat 3,867,336 17 Thane Maharashtra 1,673,465
  8 Pune Maharashtra 3,230,322 18 Ludhiana Punjab 1,662,325
  9 Surat Gujarat 3,124,249 19 Agra Uttar Pradesh 1,590,073
  10 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 3,067,663 20 Vadodara Gujarat 1,487,956
  2008 estimation
  
  Culture
  
  The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as memorial to wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value".India's culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism and cultural pluralism. It has managed to preserve established traditions while absorbing new customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and immigrants.
  
  Multicultural concerns have long informed India’s history and traditions, constitution and political arrangements.
  
  Indian architecture is one area that represents the diversity of Indian culture. Much of it, including notable monuments such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture and South Indian architecture, comprises a blend of ancient and varied local traditions from several parts of the country and abroad. Vernacular architecture also displays notable regional variation.
  
  Indian music covers a wide range of traditions and regional styles. Classical music largely encompasses the two genres - North Indian Hindustani, South Indian Carnatic traditions and their various offshoots in the form of regional folk music. Highly regionalised forms of popular music include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter.
  
  Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of Bihar and Orissa and the ghoomar of Rajasthan. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of the state of Orissa and the sattriya of Assam.
  
  Theatre in India often incorporates music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue. Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances, and news of social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of state of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, the tamasha of Maharashtra, the terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.
  
  Scene from Kalidasa's The Recognition of Śakuntalā as painted by Raja Ravi Varma.The Indian film industry is the largest in the world. Bollywood, based in Mumbai, makes commercial Hindi films and is the most prolific film industry in the world. Established traditions also exist in Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, and Telugu language cinemas.
  
  The earliest works of Indian literature were transmitted orally and only later written down. These included works of Sanskrit literature – such as the early Vedas, the epics Mahābhārata and Ramayana, the drama Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā), and poetry such as the Mahākāvya – and the Tamil language Sangam literature. Among Indian writers of the modern era active in Indian languages or English, Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in 1913.
  
  Indian cuisine is characterized by a wide variety of regional styles and sophisticated use of herbs and spices. The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east) and wheat (predominantly in the north). Spices originally native to the Indian subcontinent that are now consumed world wide include black pepper; in contrast, hot chili peppers, popular across India, were introduced by the Portuguese.
  
  Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.
  
  Many Indian festivals are religious in origin, although several are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Some popular festivals are Diwali, Thai Pongal, Holi, Onam, Vijayadashami, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, Buddha Jayanti and Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Religious practices are an integral part of everyday life and are a very public affair.
  
  Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, although urban families now prefer the nuclear family structure due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by traditional joint family system.
  
  Sports
  
  India's national sport is field hockey although cricket is the most popular sport in India. In some states, particularly those in the northeast and the states of West Bengal, Goa, and Kerala, football (soccer) is also a popular sport. In recent times, tennis has also gained popularity. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India, is also gaining popularity with the rise in the number of Indian grandmasters. Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played nationwide. India is also home to the ancient martial arts, Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai.
nán guó jiā
印度 南亚国家
印度 南亚国家
  nán guó jiāzhōng guó nán miàn lín guómiàn 297 47 wàn píng fāng qiān rén kǒu 9 38 (1995 nián ), shì jiè 'èr wèishǒu xīn xíng fēn běi shān héng yìn píng yuán gān gāo yuán sān fēn fēn shǔ dài fēng hòugōng xíng chéng jiào wán zhěng nóng wéi zhòng yào jīng ménzhù yào zuò yòu shuǐ dàoxiǎo màimián huāhuáng huā shēnggān zhè chá děngchǎn liàng jūn shì jiè qián liè
yìn dù yìn dù
  wèi nán de guó jiā , zhōng guómiǎn diàn dān jīn 'ěr tǎnmèng jiā děng guó jiē rǎng , dōng bīn mèng jiā wān , lín 'ā hǎi , nán lán 'ěr dài hǎi xiāng wàng , miàn 297.4 wàn píng fāng gōng , rén kǒu 7.3 , shǒu xīn chēngtiān zhú
bái qiú yìn
一白酋督印度卒
   bái qiú yìn 。 —— qīng · qīng bài lèi chāo · zhàn shì lèi
yóu Travel
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
   yìn zuì jiā yóu shí jiān yìn shǔ diǎn xíng de dài fēng hòu fēn de tiān fēn wéi lěng tuì suō hái yòu shān dài cǎo yuánshā dài lín děng hòunián píng jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng chā hěn zhì 2000-4000 háo děng
   dōng chú běi gāo shān jīng cháng xià xuě wài hòu wēn liáng shuǎng rénzuì lěng de 1 yuè fènběi fāng píng jūn wēn wéi 15 dàn zài shān jiǎ tǎn bàng zhē nán de zuì wēn líng xià 2.5℃; nán píng jūn wēn gāo 27℃, hòu gān zàowéi yìn zuì jiā yóu jiéxià cóng 3 yuè fèn kāi shǐ shuǐ jiào shǎotiān gān zào mèn fēn wēn gāo 40℃ shànghéng liú zhōng wéi 43℃, nán fāng gān gāo yuán shàng xiē gāo 49℃, nán yán hǎi píng yuán zài 29-32℃ zhī jiān bān lái shuō měi nián 10 yuè zhì nián 3 yuè shì yìn yóu de zuì jiā jié
   cóng 6 yuè shàng xún kāi shǐ zhí dào 9、 10 yuè jiān de nián jiàng shuǐ liàng zhòu zēngcóng bǎi háo dào 4000 háo děng fēng tuì suō。 12 yuè hòu fēn gān zào qíng lǎngjǐn dōng nán yán hǎi cháng shòu dài fēng bào zāo shuǐ yìn mín jié qìng huó dòng yìn de jié jiǎ míng fán duōdàn qíng kuàng yòu quán guó xìng de yòu xìng deyòu zhèng zhì xìng yòu mín xìng dedàn gèng duō de shì zōng jiào xìng de yòu mín cǎi
   quán guó xìng jié
   yuán dàn 1 yuè 1
   guó qìng jié  1 yuè 26
   niàn   8 yuè 15
   gān shì shì niàn   1 yuè 30
   zōng jiào xìng jié
   yìn jiào dēng jié 10 yuè -11 yuè
   yìn jiào shí shèng jié 9 yuè -10 yuè
   yìn jiào chú shí jié 5 yuè -6 yuè
   lán jiào kāi zhāi jié  2 yuè
   lán jiào 'ěr bāng jié 4 yuè
   jiào huó jié 4 yuè
   jiào shèng dàn jié 12 yuè 25
   jiào dàn chén jié  11 yuè
   jiào luó jié měi féng 15 nián de 3 yuè xíng
   yìn bié xǐngzōng jiào fāng miàn
   àn yìn jiào de guījuguǎ shì diǎn xiáng zhì deyīn wéi men shì zhī rénjìn miào tuō xié shì rèn réndōu zūn shǒu de guī yìn de miào duōsuī rán zhǒng zōng jiào de jiào guī tóngdàn jìn miào tuō xié de guīju què shì wán quán zhì guǎn shì guān guì rénhái shì jiè píng mínzài shén de miàn qián dōushì píng děng dezài jìn miào zhī shí dìng yào tuō xià xié zhè shì biǎo shì duì shén de zūn zhòngsuǒ hǎo duō yìn rén cháng chuān dān zhǐ tuō xié shì yòu dào dedào liǎo zhǒng miào mén qiánzhǐ yào tuō xié zhǎo fāng diū jiù xíng liǎo
   duì shì lái shuōcān guān miào de shí hòuzuì hǎo bié chuān yīn wéi yìn miào zhōng shì shāshí miànzhǐ yào zǒu shàng bàn xiǎo shí kěn dìng huì yìn miào jìn mén chù cháng yòu kàn xié de rényóu jiāng xié jiāo bǎo guǎnchū mén shí zài zhǎo huí bān huì chū wèn yào gěi kàn xié de rén de xiǎo fèiyīn wéi men jiù lái móu shēng de
   diàn biāo zhǔn
   jiāo liú diàn diàn 220 diàn pín 50 chā tóu duō shì yuán xíng liǎng kǒng chā zuòguó nèi cháng jiàn de biǎn chā tóu zhí jiē chā zuì hǎo dài zhuǎn huàn chā tóu
   gōng zuò shí jiān
   yìn shí xíng měi zhōu 5 tiān gōng zuò zhìbàn gōng shí jiān bān zài xīng zhì xīng yínháng xīng liù guān mén
   zhèng gòu měi bàn gōng shí jiān: 9: 00-13: 00; 14: 00-17: 30
   shāng gòu měi bàn gōng shí jiān: 9: 00-13: 00; 14: 00-17: 00
   zhèng guān yuán shāng rén yuán de yuē huì tōng cháng xuǎn shàng huò xià de wǎn xiē shí hòuzài yìn děng hòu shì guàn zài bài fǎng gōng qián dìng yào yuē hǎodàn 'àn shí hòucháng cháng yào děng dàiduì shí jiān kàn hěn yán zhòng
   huò
   jìn zhǐ dài huò dài chū yìn huò wài jìng shù 'é shòu xiàn zhìdàn zài guān shí shí shēn bàodài chū shíshù 'é chāo guò guān shí suǒ shēn bào de shù liàngwài zài guó jiā yínháng duì huàn chéng yìn huò duì huàn shí yòu shōu wèi huā wán de yìn huò chū jìng qián duì huàn huí wài shí chū shì yòu xiào de shōu suǒ yòu wài bīn yòng wài guǎn fèi
   xiǎo fèi
   fàn diàn yào jiā 10% de fèi lìng xiǎo fèiruò shì jiào gāo de fàn diàn hái 7% de shē chǐ shuìzài chǎng huò chē zhàn wěi tuō bān yùn xíng shíměi jiàn yìng guì tái 1 xiǎo fèi zài gěi yuán chéng chéng chē shí tōng cháng duō jiā chē de 10%, dàn fēi
   yǐn shí
   shēng shuǐ zuì hǎo yào zhí jiē yǐn yòngfàn diàn fáng jiān nèi bèi yòu yǐn shuǐ shuǐ píngcháng yòu rén yìng shì yìng yǐn yòng hòuér gǎn shēn shì huò xièbīng yàngyìng jìn néng miǎn yǐn yòngyào yǐn shuǐ shí zuì hǎo mǎi píng zhuāng de kuàng quán shuǐzài fàn diàn huò bān shì miàn shàng jūn gòu yìn zhī gōng gòng chǎng tōng cháng jìn zhǐ yǐn jiǔdàn zài fàn diàn nèi huò rén chǎng xiàn zhìchú dryday wài jūn shì miàn shàng gòu wēi shì jiǔyìn zhì jiǔ shàng dàn wēi shì pǐn zhì jiāzài miǎn shuì fàn wéi nèijìn yóu guó wài xié
   tōng xùn
   zhōng guó dòng de fēng shì dòng diàn huà( gms) zài yìn shǐ yòngdàn shì zài xiē xiǎo fāng néng méi yòu xìn hào jiǔ huòā guò yìn mǎn jiē dào chù yóu std/isd/fax biāo shì de xiǎo gōng tōng xùn
   shè yǐng
   chéng bǎolíng děng shōu mén piào de fāng shǐ yòng shè xiàng shì yào lìng wài fèi dezuì yán de shì tài líng shǐ lìng wài zhī liǎo fèi yòngnéng gòu shǐ yòng shè xiàng de hěn yòu xiàn tài líng zhù jiàn zhù hái yòu hěn cháng duàn lìng wàihái zhù zài de hóng bǎoā de tài líng jiǔ huò de miào dōubù néng shǐ yòng sān jiǎo jiàjiàn zhè zhǒng qíng kuàngzhǔn bèi sān jiǎo jià de dài yòng pǐn dòu dài néng huì hěn yòu yòng chùzài de hóng bǎoshǐ yòng shù xiàngjī yào 'é wài jiǎo fèi yòng
   hái yòu xiē pāi zhào de fāng zài héng 'àn biān de tóu gōng diàn( ghat) zhōngyòu liǎng zuò shì yòng lái fén shī de burningghat。 zhè shì yǔn pāi zhào de guǒ chéng xiǎo chuán zài shàng yuǎn yuǎn pāi shàng zhāngdàn shì děng kào jìn hòuchuán zhù huì yào qiú shōu xiàngjī
   yìn de gōng
   zài yìn hěn nán zhǎo dào gōng gòng suǒàn dāng de guànzhǐ yào yòu qiáng de fāng jiù shì suǒshèn zhì zài varanasi rén tóu cuán dòng de jiē shàngshè zhì de gōng shì méi yòu mén dejiàn mài dāng láo yòu fāng biàn gān jìng de shǒu jiān
   yìn měi shí yìn rén de zhù shí shì huómiàn shíběi fāng xiǎo mài dòu lèi děng wéi zhùdōng nán fāng yán hǎi duōzhōng gān gāo yuán xiǎo liáng wéi zhù
   yóu zhǒng zōng jiào de tóng jìn yòu xiē ròu lèi zài yìn néng chījiàn jiàn yǎn huà chéng liǎo shí wéi zhù de yǐn shí yìn rén chú liǎo niú ròu chī wài ròu yáng ròu dōushì zhù yào shí yīn wéi niú zài yìn bèi gòngfèng wéi shén
   yìn rén hái cháng zhǒng bèi chēng wéináng”( naan) de miàn bǐng wéi zhù shí lùn zài gāo cān guǎn hái shì zài jiē tóu shù yīn xiàshí cháng kàn jiàn yìn rén pán tuǐ 'ér zuòyòng shǒu xià kuài nángzhàn shàng cài tānɡ zhī yòng wān dòu dòu děng lèi dòu zhì pǐn 'áo chéng de dòu tānɡjīn jīn yòu wèi chī zhehái yòu xiē shí bǐng dòu jié lái masaladosa, zhǒng báocuì de juǎnbǐngbǐng juàn liǎo dòu děng shí jǐn shū cài。 malaikoft, shì zhà dòu pèi bǐnghái yòu zhǒng yòng miàn bāo de dòu jiāng xiàn chéng zòng de xíng zhuàngrán hòu xià guō zhà shǒu zhuā fàn shì rén men shí fēn 'ài de shí měi rén chī shí yòng yòu shǒu jiāng fàn cài fǎn jiǎo bàn yúnrán hòu yòng yòu shǒu zhǐshí zhǐ zhōng zhǐ jiāng fàn cài cuō sòng kǒu zhōng guòshǒu zhuā fàn zhǐ xiàn jiā huò fēi zhèng shì chǎng zài shàng dàng de cān guǎn yòng cān huò chū zhèng shì chǎng yìn rén rán shǐ yòng dāo chā zuò wéi cān
   yǐn liào fāng miàn yìn yòu zhǒng liú xíng hěn guǎng de nǎi chájiào chai。 yīn wéi shì yǐn bié shì zài hán lěng cháo shī de zǎo chén shàng bēigǎn jué hěn hǎo ( lassi) shì zhǒng suān nǎifēn wéi tōng suān nǎiguǒ liào suān nǎixiāng jiāománg guǒ děng)。 jiàn yóu duō suān nǎishèn zhì zài cháng wèi shì shí jiǔ lèi yǐn liào zài yìn róng dàosuī rán yìn yòu jiǔ chǎng yòu de wēi shì shì zài bān shāng diàn cān guǎn mǎi dào jiǔ néng shì diàn zhù dān xīn tóng jìn de rén huìtōng cháng zài yóu cháng de cān guǎn chū yào qiúcān guǎn de rén huì chū dài mǎi huí lái jiǔ jiào guìzuì cháng jiàn de pǐn pái kingfisher, 80 píng
   zǒng lái shuō yìn cài de diǎn jiù shì zhuàng cài duōér qiě hái jiā zhǒng yīn cháng yòu huáng de tānɡ de hóng de guǒ méi yòu duàn shí jiān de shì yìngshì hěn nán guàn de wài lùn zài jiā tíng hái shì cān guǎn yìn rén rèn wéi shēng shuǐ shì zuì hǎo de yǐn liàojiàn zuì hǎo zhǔ fèi), cān zhuō shàng zǒng huì yòu bēi liáng shuǐ yìn yǐn shí de wèi shēng zhuàng kuàng tài hǎolái yóu de yóu fēn dōuyòu cháng wèi shì de zhèng zhuàngsuǒ yóu rén zhì tóngzhù yǐn shí wèi shēng shì yào de
   yìn zhù yào shì shí liè biǎo
  dal: shì zhù yào de shí cài zhī yóu zhǒng dòu hùn xiāng liàojīng cháng shí jiān 'áo zhì 'ér chéng
  tandoori: yìn shì de hōng kǎo
  lassi: yìn suān nǎi
   yìn tián pǐnxiāng nóng tián huáfēi cháng zhí pǐn cháng
  chutney: yìn xiǎo zhàn liàowēi suān zhōng dài diǎn bòhé de xiāng wèi
   cān guǎn tuī jiàn
  bukhara: mauryasheratonhotel&towers,newdelhi
   shāo kǎo zhǒng jīng guò 14 xiǎo shí 'áo zhì de dal jiàn cháng
   diàn huà: 26112233
  chorbazaar
   yìn běi kashmir cài shì wéi zhù cān tīng zhuāng xiū fēng quán shì yóu 'èr shǒu shì chǎng táo lái de lǎo chē dǒng chuáng dǒng jiā zuò wéi zhuāng shìcān tīng piāo dàng zhe yìn xiāng
  lmb( laxmimishthanbhanbar)
   : jaipur de bǎi nián lǎo diànzhè de nana bié xīn xiān shí wéi zhùhái néng gōng yìng zhōng cān
   yìn gòu jié ( jaipur) shì quán yìn zuì yòu míng de gòu chéng wén míng quán shì jiè de pinkcity míngcóng shí 'ěr gāo hán shān mián yáng máo zuò chéng de kāi jiān zhǒng shè shǒu gōng jīng měi de bǎo shí shǒu shì yín shǒu shì tǎnfēng qíng wàn zhǒng de shā dào xiāng mǎn xiǎo jìng de tái chuáng dānzhè yìng quánzài lún dūn mài liǎng qiān yuán de kāi jiān zài jié zhǐ yào liǎng sān bǎi
   wàishǒu gōng pǐn shì yìn duō yàng fēng mào de dài biǎozhū bǎo shǒu shì pǐn zhǒng fán duōyòu rén de jià yǐn zhe fǎng xiàng huò tán diāo de xiǎo xiàng zuò gōng jīng de bǎn qiàn miàndōushì shí fēn yòu niàn de pǐnhuáng tóngtóng qīng tóng jīng diāo wéi yóu rén gōng liǎo guǎng fàn de xuǎn jīng de shí diāo gōng pǐnshè jīng qiǎo shǐ yōu jiǔyòu zhe hěn gāo de xīn shǎng jià zhí zhuāng xié zhì pǐn fēn mén bié lèiyīngyǒu jìn yòu
   guǒ xiǎng mǎi míng guì de chǎn fáng mǎi kuài tài líng de zuò gōng xiāng tóng de shí tái miànhuā fèi 25 nián qīng jìn guó jiàn zào 'ér chéng de shì jiè zhī de tài líng suǒ cǎi yòng de chún bái shí shì yìn de chǎn yòng zuò zhuō miàn huò guà qiáng zhuāng shì yòng lái zuò zhuō miàn guǒ xià miàn yòng yuán xíng huò fāng fāng xíng de fēng zhù zuò zhī chēngrán hòu zài miàn yǐn cáng dēng yuánguān shàng shì nèi dēng guāngguāng xiàn jiù huì tòu guò shí tái miàn tòu chū láizhěng tái miàn jiù xiàng guāng de zhēn zhūshì shì nèi zhuāng shì de jiā pǐn
   zuì hòu xǐng jiāgòu zuì zhòng yào de shì yào huò sān jiāér hòu yào tǎo jià hái jiàchú zài guó yíng shāng diànfàn diàn shāng diàn shū diàn wài diàn tǎo jià hái jiàér qiě kǎn jià yuè yuè hǎo yìn jiāo tōng yìn de gōng tiě jiāo tōng jiào zài zhǎn zhōng guó jiā zhōng suàn shàng shì míng liè qián máogōng zhù yào fēn guó jiā gōng bāng gōng biān jìng gōng sān zhǒng quán guó de zhōng xiǎo xíng chéng shì lián wéi xíng chéng de gōng wǎng yìn kōng zhōng háng xiàn xiàn lián tōng shì jiè zhōuzài zhǎn zhōng guó jiā shì wèi qián liè
   huǒ chē
   yìn de tiě wǎng chǔ hěn hǎo hěn biànhěn jiǔ qián jiù dào liǎo 64, 000 gōng zhōng guó de tiě zǒng chéng cháng chǔ shè shī jiào bèitiě tǒng de jiàn zhù zhōu biān de jiàn zhù hǎo duō shì hóng qiáng bái chuāng de 'ōu shì jiàn zhùdàn yìn tiě tǒng de yìng jiàn shè shī gāohěn duō xiàn cǎi yòng de shì rén gōng dào chà xiè xìn hàoyáng )。
   huǒ chē yòu hěn duō děng , superfast,fast,express,passenger。 děng tóng piào jià tóngchē de xīn jiù tóngyuán shàngxuǎn chē shí jiān yōu xiāndàn shì yīnggāi jìn liàng miǎn passenger, zhè zhǒng yòu yòu mànchē xiāng shí fēn jiù
   chē zhàn nèi yòu 'àn chē piào děng fēn lèi de hòu chē shìshí tánghái yòu xìng zhuān yòng hòu chē shì( lady'swaitingroom)。 hòu chē shì miàn yòu suǒ zǎo jiānsuī rán chē zhàn nèi wài rén shān rén hǎidàn shì fēn lèi de hòu chē shì què hěn qīng jìngrén mendōu zài jué zūn shǒu zhe fēn lèi zhì
   chē piào fēn wéi hěn duō biéyòu 2ndclasschair( yìng zuò); 2ndclasssleeper( yìng ); 2nda/c( kōng diào yìng ), 1sta/c( kōng diào ruǎn ) děng。 2ndclasssleeper jiào jīng yóu pèi bèi shū shì jiào chāyóu shì dōng de jiān hán lěng nán nàiduō shù shì yìn guó nèi chéng zuòkōng diào chē shū shì hǎojià néng shì 2ndclasssleeper de 2-3 bèi zuǒ yòuchē shàng gōng yǐn liào cān shítōng cháng shì yìn rén shì wài guó yóu chéng zuò
   huǒ chē shòu piào fēn wéi shòu piào chù( bookingoffice) shòu chù( reservationoffice), xiē zhàn xīn yòu zhuān mén de wài guó rén shòu piào chù( internationaltouristbureau), shì yòu de internationaltouristbureau shòu piàozhǐ gōng xún xiū mǎi chē piào reservationoffice, jiāo yòu de chē zhàn yòu wài guó rén shòu piào chuāng kǒu zài wài guó rén shòu piào chù huò chuāng kǒu mǎi piào miǎn tōng chuāng kǒu de yōng dàn yào zhī měi yuán huò gōng huàn huì zhèng míngzài tōng huǒ chē de yóu chéng shì jiǔ huòyòu lián wǎng de huǒ chē piào shòu chùhěn duō bīn guǎn gōng dài gòu huǒ chē piào bān shōu shǒu fèi 50 / zhāng
   zài huǒ chē shàng yào zhù bǎo guǎn de xíng rén men yòng liàn suǒ xíng suǒ zài chē shàng bié yào zhù xié suī rán hěn duō yìn rén chuān xié huò zhǐ chuān tuō xiédàn shì de yóu xié huò shì dēng shān xiéhái shì yòu néng chéng wéi liè suǒ jiān shuì hòu xié bǎo guǎn hǎo
   cháng chē
   yìn de gōng kuàng jiào chāyóu shì kuà yuè bāng de dào suǒ chē yīnggāi shì huǒ chē de zhù jiāo tōng shǒu duànzhǐ yòu tōng huǒ chē de fāng jiǔ huòcái kǎo chéng zuò chēdàn huǒ chē jīng cháng wǎn diǎnyào yòu xīn zhǔn bèi wàiyòu xiē kàn shàng hěn háo huá de yóu chēshí shì jiào jiù de chēcháng chē duì hào zuò chē tōng cháng jiào zhǔn shíyòu de chéng shì jiān tiān zhǐ yòu bān chēsuǒ dìng yào shì xiān liǎo jiě chē shí jiānbīn guǎn tōng cháng hěn yuàn gōng zhè fāng miàn de xìn
   shǐ xiāng lín chéng shì jiān de cháng chēxíng shǐ shí jiān zhì shǎo yào 5-6 xiǎo shísuǒ jīng cháng kuà yuè chī fàn shí jiān chē tōng cháng huì zài jiào diǎn de zhèn shāo shì tíng dùn biān yòu xiǎo shí tān guǒ dān xīn wèi shēng zhuàng kuàng shì xiān zhǔn bèi xiē shí
   gōng gòng chē
   zài chéng shì fēn rén chū xíng shì lài gōng gòng chē yìn de gōng gòng chē yòu shí fēn yòu de xiàn xiàng jiù shì chē mén guānzhǐ yào chē màn xià láichéng suí shí shàng xià shǐ dào liǎo zhàngōng gòng chē jīng cháng zhǐ shì fàng màn liǎo xíng shǐ chéng wǎng wǎng shì zài chē de huá xíng zhōng shàng xià chē yòu chéng tài duō shíchē xiāng nèi xiàrén men jiù huì dào chē dǐng shàng huǒ chēgōng gòng chē de chē dǐng shàng zài rénzhè shì yìn cháng jiàn de xiàn xiàng
   dòng sān lún / rén sān lún / chū chē
   zhè sān zhǒng chē de chē shēn shàng biāo yòu taxi de yàng chéng shì dōuyòu chū chēzhōng xiǎo chéng shì jiù zhǐ yòu dòng( autorickshaw) huò rén ( cyclerickshaw) de sān lún chēzhè xiē shì shì nèi de zhù yào jiāo tōng gōng chú wàizài xīn yòu chē
   sān lún chē de chē fèi tǎo jià hái jiàkāi jià huì jiào gāo xiān xiàng bīn guǎn de rén tīng xià zhì de fèi yòngzuò hǎo hái jià de zhǔn bèidāng jìng zhēng liè de shí hòuyòu de chē néng huì kāi cháng guī jià hái de jià dàn dào liǎo mùdì zhī hòuxiàng suǒ yào cháng guī jià bān huì suǒ yào chāo chū cháng guī de jià huǒ chē zhàn de sān lún chē néng huì xiàng jiè shào bīn guǎn zhàn děngdàn jué duì tīng xìn men de huàyòu shí chē fèi kǎn jià tài hěn shí men zài shàng huì dài guàng shāng diànyào mǎi dōng cóng zhōng huí kòu
   yìn zhù yìn de zhù fáng zuì néng fǎn yìng pín de xuán shūzài chéng shì rén shì chuáng chuáng fēng de rén bié shù lái biǎo xiàn jiàn zhù de zhìhuán jìng de yōu měi jué rèn guó jiā de zhù zhái ér pín mín shì lìng fān jǐng xiàng 'ǎi 'ér làn de péng yōng kānjiē dào shàng zàng shuǐ héng liúchén fēi yángshāo xià diǎn zhè gèng shì nìng piàngēn běn zhǎo dào xià jiǎo de fāngdàn mín rén shù shèng rén de bèishèn zhì shí bèi
   duì yóu zhě 'ér yánbēibāo cháng guāng de bīn guǎn huò zhàn shì men de shǒu xuǎn yóu chéng shì wǎng wǎng yòu lèi zhè lèi de bīn guǎn huò zhàn jiào zhōngměi dào xiān dào zhè jiào jiā zhī hòu zài zuò jué dìngzài huǒ chē zhàn jìn de sān lún chē néng huì xiàng jiè shào bīn guǎn huò zhàn yào qīng xìn sān lún chē de huà guǎn men shuō duō me tiān huā luàn zhuì yào jiē shòu men jiè shào de bīn guǎnsuī rán xuǎn dìng de bīn guǎn néng gěi sān lún chē huí kòudàn shì jiè shào gěi de bīn guǎn huì gěi gèng duō
   hěn duō bīn guǎn zhàn dōuyòu dān rén jiānshuāng rén jiānduō rén jiānyòu wèi shēng jiāngōng yòng wèi shēng jiān zǎo jiānděng děng tóng pèi zhì de fángzài yìn shuāng rén jiān bān jiào zuò doubleroom, zhè zhǒng fáng jiān tōng cháng zhǐ yòu shuāng rén chuáng guǒ wàng yào liǎng zhāng chuáng de fáng jiānzhè lèi fáng jiān duōjiù yào shuō twinroom, yào qiáng diào twinbeds。 yìn yìn diàn yǐng jiào diàn yǐng yuàn jiào duōkàn diàn yǐng shì yìn rén zuì tōng de fāng shìdàn xiàng shǎo shēng huó gèng shǎojǐn yòu xiē fàn diàn xīn de 'ào 'ào méi dēng tīnghuì kāng tuán fàn diàn shè yòu zǒng huìmèng mǎi tài nèi fàn diàn de ā shì zuì yòu míng de tīng píng xiàn fàn diàn shè yòu zǒng huì
   duō fàn diàn shè yòu shè shī xiē jiē shòu lín shí huì yuán de gāo 'ěr qiú mèng mǎi de 'ā hǎi guǎnwèi mèng mǎi běi de zhū hǎi tān shì hǎo wàidàn yóu jiào duōměi nián 11 yuè zhì nián de 3 yuèzài shí páo chǎng xíng sài huì
   guó míng shì míng yìn míng chū fàn wénxìn ”, wéi”。
   bié chēng luó duō
   yuè (1 nián
   guó qìng gòng guó ):1 yuè (195 nián
   guó :《 rén mín de zhì
   guó huā huā
   guó niǎolán kǒng què
   guó shù shù
   shǒu xīn (newdelhi)
   wèi zhìwèi nán tǎnzhōng guó 'ěr dānmiǎn diàn mèng jiā guó wéi línbīn lín mèng jiā wān 'ā hǎi
   miàn yìn zhèng chēng lǐng wéi328 .78 wàn píng fāng gōng yìn miàn shì jiè wèi
   rén kǒu:10 27
   mín quán guó yòu 11 mín yìn tǎn mèng jiā tài tài 'ěr ào bàng zhē
   yán yìn de yán cháng fán xiàn chéng rèn de yán yòu10 duō zhǒngdēng zhù de 1600 duō zhǒngyīng yìn tóng wéi yìn de guān fāng yán
   zōng jiàozhù yào xìn fèng yìn jiào lán jiào jiào jiào děng
   shí chā běi jīng shí jiān wǎn 2 xiǎo shí 30 fēn
   huò yìn ( rupee), 1 měi yuán děng 42 yìn
   hào: 354
   yìn yòu míng luó duō”,“ yìn zhè míng lái yuán fàn wénwéi yòu zhēn shèng), míng yìn yìn shì shì jiè shàng rén kǒu 'èr duō de guó jiāyōng yòu shí rén kǒu shàng bǎi zhǒng yán yìn shì shì jiè wén míng guó zhī yòu yòudiàn yǐng wáng guózhī céng chuàng zào liǎo càn làn de yìn wén míng
   jīng nóng wéi zhùzhù yào de nóng zuò shì dào xiǎo màimián huāhuáng gān zhè chá gōng cǎi kuàng fǎng zhì wéi zhùhái yòu gāng tiědiàn shí yóuxiàng jiāoméihuǒ chái děng 'àn gòu mǎi lái suàn yìn shì quán qiú jīng
   zhòng yào de chéng shì yòu shǒu xīn dōng hǎi 'àn zuì gǎng kǒu jiā 'ěr yìn zuì fǎng zhì zhōng xīn mèng mǎi
   yìn de yóu xiàng zhì wéi sān fēnshǒu xiān shì bǎo líng yuánzhù míng de yòu hóng bǎo yōng língtài língdài biǎo liǎo yìn jiàn zhù shù de zuì gāo shuǐ zhǔnér gān líng shì yìn guó shèng xiónggān de líng jiē xià lái zhān yǎng xià yìn lǎo de jiào shèng shèng zhù míng de hái yòu wáng shè chéng lán tuó děngzuì hòu de yóu xiàng shì cān guān yìn de shí shén miào yòu duō duō cǎi de jiào xiàngdiāo huì huàshì yán jiū yìn dài wén huà shù de jué jiā zhī
   rán :“ yìn fàn wén de shì yuè liàngzhōng wén míng chēng shì táng dài gāo sēng xuán zàng suǒ zhù táng zhōng de zài zhè qián chēng tiān zhú huò shēn miàn yuē298 wàn píng fāng gōng bāo kuò zhōng yìn biān jìng yìn zhàn shí 'ěr yìn shí kòng zhì děng)。 yìn zhèng chēng lǐng wéi328 .78 wàn píng fāng gōng yìn miàn shì jiè wèi yìn wèi nán tǎnzhōng guó 'ěr dānmiǎn diàn mèng jiā guó wéi línbīn lín mèng jiā wān 'ā hǎihǎi 'àn xiàn cháng5560 gōng yìn quán jìng fēn wéi gān gāo yuán zhōng yāng gāo yuánpíng yuán shān děng sān rán shǔ dài fēng hòu wēn yīn hǎi gāo tóng 'ér shān nián jūn wēn12℃~14℃, dōng 26℃~29℃。
   jiǎn shǐ yìn shì shì jiè wén míng guó zhī gōng yuán qián2000 nián qián hòu chuàng zào liǎo càn làn de yìn wén míngyuē zài gōng yuán qián14 shì yuán zhù zài zhōng de 'ān rén zhōng de zhī jìn nán bìng zhēng liǎo dāng zhùyuē gōng yuán qián1000 niánkāi shǐ xíng chéng rén zhǒng shè huì fēn gōng tóng wéi chǔ de zhǒng xìng zhì gōng yuán qiánshì jué de kǒng què wáng cháo kāi shǐ tǒng yìn gōng yuán qiánshì 'ā wáng tǒng zhì shí jiāng guǎng kuòzhèng quán qiáng jiào xīng shèng bìng kāi shǐ xiàng wài chuán zhōng shì xiǎo guó lín yìn jiào xīng 11 shì lái běi fāng xiàng de lín mín duàn qīn bìng cháng tǒng zhì yìn 。1526 nián jiàn 'ér guóchéng wéi dāng shí shì jiè qiáng guó zhī 。1600 nián yīng guó qīn jiàn dōng yìn gōng 。1757 nián yìn yīng guó zhī jiān bào liǎo zhàn yìn yīn zhàn bài 'ér zhú lún wéi yīng guó de zhí mín 。1849 niányīng guó qīn zhàn yìn quán jìng。1857 nián bào fǎn yīng nián yīng guó zhèng zhí jiē tǒng zhì yìn 。1947 niányuèyīng jiāng yìn fēn wéi yìn tǎn liǎng zhì lǐngtóng niányuè15 yìn zài tǎn fēn zhì hòu shí xiàn 。1950 niányuè26 yìn xuān chéng yìn gòng guódàn réng wéi yīng lián bāng chéng yuán guó
   fēng yìn jiào shèng xíngwàn yòu língde rán chóng bàiqián chéng de yìn jiào shēng yòu sān yuàndào shèng chéng cháo bài shī shéndào héng shèng yǐn shèng shuǐ hòu zàng héng huáng niú wéi shénduì dǐng bài
   jīng yìn shì nóng guózhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn yòu dào xiǎo màiniú nǎiyóu liàogān zhèchá mián huā huáng děngquán guó gēng miàn yuē1 .6 gōng qǐngrén jūn0 .17 gōng qǐng yìn shì shì jiè chǎn nǎi guó shì shì jiè zhòng yào de chǎn mián guó chǎn chá guóniúshān yángmián yángshuǐ niú tóu shù shì jiè yìn yōng yòu yún méitiěměngxīntóngqiānlín suān yánhuáng jīnshí yóu děng fēng de yuán zhōng yún de chǎn liàng chǔ liàng wéi shì jiè zhī shǒu chǎn liàng méi chǎn liàng jūn shì jiè wèiyún chū kǒu liàng zhàn shì jiè chū kǒu liàng de60%。 sēn lín5300 wàn gōng qǐng gài shuài wéi16%。 yìn de gōng zhù yào bāo kuò zhì zào diàn kuàng fǎng zhìshí pǐnjīng chē zhì zàoruǎn jiàn zhì zàoháng kōng kōng jiān děng hángyèjìn nián lái yìn zhèng shí xíng quán miàn jīng gǎi jīng zhǎn yǐn rén zhù yìn qián zài tiān kōng jiān shùfènzǐ shēng diàn shù děng gāo lǐng dōuyǐ dào xiāng dāng de shuǐ píng yìn de zhù yào chū kǒu shāng pǐn yòu zhū bǎo zhì pǐnmián shā mián zhì pǐnhuà gōng zhì pǐn xiè jīn zhì pǐnshí yóu zhì pǐn hǎi chǎn pǐntiě kuàng shā kuàng chǎn pǐn děng wài yìn de yóu jiào zài guó mín jīng zhōng zhàn yòu xiāng dāng de yìn zhù yào yóu diǎn yòu 'ā zhāi 'ěrchāng jiā 'ěr lán mài suǒ 'ěrguǒ 'āhǎi fán láng děngtiě shì yìn zuì de guó yíng mén wéi zhù yào yùn shū shǒu duànzǒng cháng zhōu wèishì jiè wèijìn nián láigōng yùn shū zhǎn jiào kuài chéng dān liǎo quán guó80% de yùn liàng 60% de huò yùn liàngquán guó píng jūn yùn liàng 6000 wàn rén wéi shì jiè zuì de gōng wǎng zhī
xíng zhèng huá Administrative Division
印度 行政区划
  quán guó fēn wéi 28 bāng (Pradesh) 7 zhōng yāng zhí xiá (unionterritory)。 bāng xià shè xiànzhōng yāng zhí xiá xià shè qǐng shǐ yòng shí zhù yìn de xiàn fāng zhèng de shù liàng néng yòu bié zēng jiā
  1950.1.1:Cooch 'ěr bāng bìng mèng jiā shěng
  1950.1.24: lián shěng gēngmíng wéi běi fāng shěng
  1950.1.26: xiàn shēng xiào yìn xíng zhèng bèi fēn wéi 9 A lèi shěng, 8 B lèi shěng, 10 C lèi shěng 2 D lèi zhí xiá
   dōng bàng zhē shěng gēngmíng wéi bàng zhē shěngyìn); jiǎ tǎn zhí xiá gǎi wéi jiǎ tǎn shěng
  1950.5.2:Chandernagore yóu guó shǔ gǎi guī yìn
  1950.12.5: jīn chéng liǎo yìn de bǎo guó
   ān màn qún dǎo chéng wéi yìn de zhōng yāng zhí xiá
  1951: ā shěng de wàng zhōu wéi tōng guò xié guī dān
  1953.10.7: bàng zhē shěng de shǒu qiān zhì xīn chéng shì chāng jiā 'ěr
  1953.10.1: ān shěng shè cóng shěng fēn dìng wéi A lèi shěngān bāng shǐ yòng tài
  1954: 'ěr shěng bìng xié 'ěr shěng
  1954.10.2:Chandernagore bìng mèng jiā shěng
  1956: hǎi shěng shǒu cóng Kurnool qiān wǎng hǎi
  1956.5.28: guó ràng běn zhì gěi yìn chéng wéi zhōng yāng zhí xiá
  195.9.1: shěng de wèi gǎi wéi zhí xiá
  1956.11.1: fāng zhòng 'àn shēng xiàofèi chú liǎo ABC sān lèi shěng de biégēn yán wén huà děng yīn jiù 27 shěng zhòng wéi 14 bāng ruò gān zhōng yāng zhí xiá
   shā qún dǎo zài gāi 'àn zhōng tuō chéng de zhōng yāng zhí xiá
  1957.12.1: jiā qiū líng -Tuensang zhōng yāng zhí xiá cóng 'ā bāng fēn
  1960.5.1:《 mèng mǎi zhòng 'àntōng guòmèng mǎi bāng (Bombay) xiāo zhì bāng shī bāng néng 1964 shí shí shī
  1961.8.11: jiā 'ěr wéi bìng yìn bìng shè zhōng yāng zhí xiá shì yuán táo zhí mín , 1954 nián 7 yuè
  1961.12.19: shǔ yìn bìng yìn xíng chéng guǒ 'ā - màn - zhōng yāng zhí xiá
  1963.12.1: jiā qiū líng -Tuensang zhōng yāng zhí xiá gèng wéi jiā lán bāngyòu yòu liào shuō 1962 nián dān shè jiā lán bāng
  1966.11.1: gēn bàng zhē zhòng 'àn》, bàng zhē bāng fēn wéi bàng zhē bāng bāng chāng jiā 'ěr zhōng yāng zhí xiá běi fēn bìng xié 'ěr bāng
   chāng jiā 'ěr qián shì gāi bāng de shǒu fēn liè hòu liǎng bāng de shǒu dōuzài chāng jiā 'ěrbàng zhē bāng jiào zhòng bāng yìn jiào zhòng
  1968.8: bāng gēngmíng wéi tài 'ěr bāng
  1970: bāng shǒu cóng 'ài mài qiān wǎng gān jiā 'ěr
  1971.1.25: xié 'ěr bāng zhōng yāng zhí xiá shēng wéi xié 'ěr bāng
  1972.1.21: ā bāng shè 'ā qià 'ěr bāng zhōng yāng zhí xiá ( 1954 shè dōng běi biān jìng shì guó xuān zhù quán)、 méi jiā bāng zuǒ zhōng yāng zhí xiá
   ā bāng shǒu cóng lóng qiān wǎng 'ěr lóng wéi méi jiā bāng shǒu
   màn 'ěr zhōng yāng zhí xiá zhōng yāng zhí xiá fēn bié gǎi wéi tóng míng bāng。( shuō bāng 1969 nián shè
  1972.12.17: zài yìn tán pàn jìn xíng liǎo guī de kān dìng zhī hòushuāng fāng zhì tóng " tíng huǒ xiàn " gǎi míng wéi " kòng zhì xiàn "。
  1973.11.1: mài suǒ 'ěr bāng gǎi wéi bāng
   dài - - ā míng wéi qún dǎo zhōng yāng zhí xiá gēngmíng wéi shā zhōng yāng zhí xiá
  1975.4.26: qiáng bìng jīn bǎo guó wéi jīn bāng
  1985.7.24: tōng guò bàng zhē xié dìngchāng jiā 'ěr zhōng yāng zhí xiá jiāng zuì zhōng bìng bàng zhē bāngdàn zhì jīn méi yòu shí shīshàng zài zhēng lùn zhōng
  1986.7: zuǒ zhōng yāng zhí xiá gǎi wéi zuǒ bāng
  1987.2.20:“ ā qià 'ěr bāng zhōng yāng zhí xiá gǎi wéiā qià 'ěr bāng”( zhōng fēn wèiwǒ guó xuān zhù quán de mén luò xià chá )。
  1987.5.30: guǒ 'ā - màn - zhōng yāng zhí xiá fēn wéi guǒ 'ā bāng màn - zhōng yāng zhí xiá
  1996: tài 'ěr bāng shǒu gēngmíng wéi jīn nài
   shī bāng shǒu mèng mǎi de pīn xiě yóu Bombay gǎi wéi Mumbai( néng zhǒng biàn huà)。
   zài zhī qián xié 'ěr bāng shǒu bāng shǒu fán láng de pīn xiě jīng biàngēng
  1999.7.20: mèng jiā bāng huì jué dìng jiāng bāng míng gèng wéi mèng jiā bāngdàn zhè zhǐ yòu jīng yìn huì tóng cái néng shí shī
  
  2000.11.1: chá jiā 'ěr bāng xīn shèyóu zhōng yāng bāng dōng dídí 16 xiàn chéng
  2000.11.9: běi 'ān chá 'ěr bāng xīn shèyóu běi fāng bāng 13 xiàn chéng yìn 27 bāngzhè shì lín shí míng chēngshǒu zàn zhù dūnwèi lái zhēng zhōng
  2000.11.15: jiǎ kǎn bāng xīn shèyóu 'ěr bāng nán 18 xiàn chéng
  2001.1.1: mèng jiā bāng shǒu jiā 'ěr de pīn xiě yóu Calcutta gǎi wéi Kolkata( huái shì zhǒng biàn huà
  2006.9.20: běn zhì zhōng yāng zhí xiá de míng chēng yóu Pondicherry gǎi xiě wéi běn yán de Puducherry( tài 'ěr xīn chéngde )。
  2007.1.1: běi 'ān chá 'ěr bāng gēngmíng wéi kǎn bāng( Uttarakhand), xīn míng chēng zài fàn zhōng shìběi fāng de de lìng zài shàng nián 12 yuè què rèn
zhànwàiliànjié:
yīngwénjièshì
  1. :  IN India
  2. n.:  india,  hindustan
fǎwénjièshì
  1. n.  Inde
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