Mushroom (edible fungi) Macrofungi human consumption. China has more than 350 kinds of edible fungi known, many of which are basidiomycotina common are: mushrooms, mushroom, mushroom, fungus, white fungus, hedgehog, bamboo fungus, pine mushroom (matsutake), mushroom, red mushroom and porcini mushrooms, etc.; minority belong to Ascomycetes Amon, including: morels, saddle bacteria, block monocytogenes. These fungi are grown in different regions, different ecological environments. Large type and quantity grown in the mountain forests, such as mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, hedgehog, pine mushroom, red mushroom and porcini mushrooms and so on. On farms, roadside, grassland and hay, straw mushroom growth, mushroom and so on. South is growing more high-temperature solid fungi; alpine regions, more cold northern zone growth is low seed fungi. Its white or light-colored mushroom mycelium growing in places rich in organic matter. When conditions are suitable for the formation of fruiting bodies, become human eating the best. Mycelium and fruiting bodies are generally two main stages mushroom growth. Is based on a variety of mushroom fruiting bodies form as: mushroom-shaped, mushroom caps, gill or Hymenium body, mushroom spores and two features, combined with differences in ecology, physiology, etc. to classification (see layers of bacteria Gang Wood eyes and ears, the eyes and ears of silver, Agaricales). When empirically distinguish wild mushroom and poisonous mushrooms, but also to the fruiting body shape and color as the basis. Some mushroom grows in dry dead trees or wood segments, such as mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, mushroom, hedgehog, mushroom and nameko; Some grow on stems and livestock, poultry manure herbs, such as mushrooms, grass mushrooms, etc.; well together with the growth of plant roots is called mycorrhizal fungi (see mycorrhiza), such as pine mushroom, porcini mushrooms and so on. The above characteristics also determine the distribution of a variety of wild edible mushrooms in natural ecological conditions. Mushroom mycelium growth stage in wet conditions is not strictly required, but at the time of eggplant or the ears, the environment relative humidity above 85% is required, and the need for a suitable temperature, ventilation and lighting. Such as mushrooms, mushroom, mushroom, slippery mushrooms, pine mushroom, etc. fit in the cooler spring and fall, or at low temperature zone (about 15 ℃) fruiting; mushrooms, edible fungus, Pleurotus, etc. are suitable for use in the summer or the tropics, Under conditions of high temperature solid subtropical regions. Mushroom is not only delicious and nutritious, it is often called healthy foods, such as mushrooms not only contains a variety of essential amino acids, also have lower blood cholesterol, high blood pressure treatment effect in recent years, also found mushrooms, mushroom, mushroom, Hericium contains the ability to enhance the body's anti-cancer substances. China's resource-rich edible fungus, mushroom is also one of the earliest cultivated. 1100 years ago, has been documented cultivated fungus. At least in the cultivation of mushrooms have started 800 years ago in southwestern Zhejiang Province. Straw mushroom is the first in Fujian and Guangdong area 200 years ago to start cultivation. These techniques have been spread so far. In recent decades, people gradually realized the mushroom growth of law, improving the ancient rely spores, hyphae natural spread of production. Cultured mycelium cultivated species, accelerate the speed of mushroom breeding possibilities and get productive. Some countries have also built a factory with an annual output of more than one thousand tons of fresh mushroom. In 1950, a large area of cultivated mushroom worldwide about 5 classes, production of about 70,000 tons, a number of Western European countries produce mushrooms, the average yield per square meter of cultivated area is about 2000 grams. By 1980, more than 12 types of cultivated species, yield about 121 million tons of production per square meter in some countries has been increased to 27 kg. In recent years, also developed both for food and for family viewing and the use of planting mushroom mycelium liquid fermentation technology to produce food additives. China is widely cultivated mushroom mushrooms, mushrooms, mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, mushroom, nameko seven categories, in 1982 the total output of about 150,000 tons in mastering breeding improved varieties, improved seed production and cultivation techniques Based on the pace of development is rapidly improving mushroom. Scientists have predicted that the 21st century will become one of the main mushroom protein foods humans. The country's largest edible fungus production base is Gutian County, the county mushroom production volume, the export volume of the country's highest, is the Chinese mushroom all. Especially fungus (fungus) production accounted for 90% of the country. Mushroom has high food value Protein content of mushrooms is generally 1.5-6% fresh mushroom, dried mushrooms 15-35% higher than ordinary vegetables, and its amino acid composition is more comprehensive, most mushrooms contain eight essential amino acids, including mushrooms, straw mushrooms , mushroom rich in lysine, and the lack of cereals, lysine is conducive to the physical and mental development of children. Mushrooms contain a variety of vitamins and mineral elements with physical activity. If vb1, vb12, vc, vk, vd and phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and many trace elements, you can add other foods deficiencies. Mushroom has high medicinal value of health care Mushroom contains biologically active substances such as: high scores on the polysaccharide, β-glucose and rna complex, natural organic germanium, nucleic acid degradation products, camp and triterpenoids, which are important for the maintenance of value to human health. Medicinal mushroom health value are: ① anti-cancer effects: mushroom polysaccharides, can stimulate the formation of antibodies to improve and adjust the body's internal defenses. Some substances can reduce the incidence of induced tumors, and a variety of chemotherapy drugs have a synergistic effect. In addition chestnut mushroom rich in organic selenium, selenium can be used for food, if the long-term consumption, almost all cancer can be prevented. ② antibacterial, antiviral activity. ③ lowering blood pressure, lowering blood pressure, anti-thrombotic, anti-arrhythmia, cardiac and so on. ④ stomach to help digestion. ⑤ cough and asthma, expectorant effect. ⑥ gallbladder, liver detoxification. ⑦ hypoglycemic. ⑧ laxative diuretic. ⑨ immune regulation. Nutritious mushroom: First, the fungus Fungus, also known as white fungus, nature, sweet and light, with a strong brain and kidney, strong fine Yin, refreshing, camp blood, strong, heat lungs, fluid, cough, intestines and stomach, qi cardiac and other effects. Containing protein, fat, calcium, and polysaccharides, crude fiber. Tremella polysaccharides have A, B, C are three were inhibited tumor growth, in which the polysaccharide C best. Other ingredients such as crude fiber and calcium have cancer preventive effects. It was confirmed that the fungus preparations can improve immune function, enhance macrophage phagocytosis, increased coffee immunoglobulin levels, thereby inhibiting the growth of cancer cells for therapeutic purposes. Second, the fungus Fungus, namely black fungus, nature, sweet, cooling blood, blood, bleeding, stomach, moistening effect. Contains protein, fat, sugar tip, vitamins and trace elements, minerals and so on. Also has anti-cancer effects, and to treat diabetes, is now made of tablets for oral administration. Its anti-cancer properties and mechanism needs further study. Third, mushrooms Mushrooms, also known as champignon, mushrooms, etc., nature, sweet, non-toxic, there is Yin, lungs, stomach, blood qi, physical brain and other effects. Is a highly nutritious low-fat health food. Contains protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. There are more than 30 kinds of the most important enzymes and seven kinds of essential amino acids the human body. There mushroom polysaccharide contained 1,3-β-glucosidase, according to the experiments to enhance the role of cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, improve the body's ability to fight cancer. Lentinan inhibition of murine sarcoma rate of 98%. Fourth, Hericium Hericium, also known as monkey mushroom. Natured, sweet, favorable internal organs, aid digestion, complement deficiency effect. Hedgehog delicious, nutritious, containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, crude fiber, 16 kinds of amino acids, minerals and vitamins. The hedgehog amides substances extracted peptides, polysaccharides, and aliphatic, inhibition of sarcoma, now has produced Monkey Mushroom pharmaceutical tablets, clinical observation of gastric cardia cancer and esophageal cancer are valid. Mushroom chemical Preservation Act Mushroom chemical preservation method is simple, low cost and extent of preservation advantages. Sodium chloride (table salt) fresh new mining mushroom, Pleurotus, etc. After finishing dipped 0.6% salt water for about 10 minutes, drain into a plastic bag storage, preservation can be 5 to 8 days. Sodium metabisulfite fresh mushroom harvest Spreading the new concrete floor in a clean, spray 0.15% to Guti aqueous sodium metabisulfite, while Guti flip side spray to spray evenly. After the spray into a plastic bag, seal immediately stored in a cool place, at 10 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ can be fresh 8 to 10 days. To serve, use clean water rinse. Fresh thin film with rice rice rice made when adding 1% or 5% soda ash, and cooled to room temperature. The fresh mushrooms picked immersed rice lye, 5 minutes, remove and place in a cool dry place. At this point in the surface layer of mushroom soup film, can be isolated from the air, fresh three days. After ascorbic fresh mushroom, mushroom, mushroom harvesting, etc., to the mushroom spray 0.1% ascorbic acid solution, into the non-ferrous containers, can be fresh 3 to 5 days, its freshness, color and basically does not change. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride mixed with 0.2% preservative and 0.1% calcium chloride mixed into the soaking solution. The freshly picked mushroom soaked in the mixture, cover and add a heavy bamboo with a grate, so Guti dipped below the surface for 30 minutes at 15 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ can be fresh for about 5 days, 5 ℃ ~ at 10 ℃ can be fresh for more than 10 days. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid mixture cling to 0.05% and 0.02% citric acid solution dubbed mixed preservation, preservation of the mushroom soaking liquid in 10 to 20 minutes, remove and drain, with a plastic bag sealed. Daminozide (B9) preservation daminozide is a plant growth retardants. Compared with 0.1% aqueous solution of a long soak fresh mushrooms 10 minutes, remove and drain bag sealed at 5 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ under preservation, preservation can be more than 15 days. Suitable for mushroom, mushroom, mushroom, fresh mushroom and other fungi. Maifanite preservation of fresh straw mushrooms into plastic boxes to Maifanshi flooding did Guti, placed below 0 ℃ cryogenic preservation, preservation of up to 70 days. And not very different amino acid content and fresh mushroom, color, taste are good. Mushroom cultivation Chapter I: Introduction I. Overview 1, What is mushroom? Narrowly huge mushroom is the fruiting body, the meat or edible gum Macrofungi. Commonly known as mushrooms. 2, the nutritional value of edible fungi: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fiber, vitamins, minerals 3, mushroom health functions (1) anti-tumor activity (2) to enhance immune function (3) blood lipid (4) Liver detoxification (5) hypoglycemic effect (6) other effects Second, our mushroom cultivation resources, the status and history 1, the status quo of China's edible mushroom cultivation (1) mushroom production value behind grain, cotton, oil, fruit, vegetables, ranking No. 6 in the growing industry. (Two to three mushrooms currently dominated the international market, namely Agaricus mushroom, mushroom, mushroom. 2, our resources mushroom cultivation About 2000 kinds of edible fungi in nature, 938 kinds of edible fungi known, belonging to 166 genera and 54 families, 14 orders. Third, the status of international mushroom business The world's largest mushroom mushroom, the second largest edible fungi as mushrooms, Chinese mushrooms ranks first in the world also ranks first in the world; followed by Japan, South Korea ranked third. Chapter 2: mushroom morphology and classification A mycelium Source 1, silk body Reproductive spores are tiny units, germination under suitable conditions to form tubular filaments, each filament called hyphae. Mycelium usually colorless or colored, the top growth, extending the matrix spread repeatedly branched, the group consisting of mycelium, mycelium known. 2, dual-core of mycelium and fruiting body formation Produce a single nuclear spore germination hyphae, namely primary hyphae, hyphae begin when this is multi-core, but soon produce membrane, so that each cell, each with a nucleus, also known as monocyte hyphae. After mononuclear hyphae not form normal fruiting bodies, must be made by a dual-core dual-core technology development hyphae. Single-core dual-core technology is the mycelium through the "clan bonding" or "different cases of bonding" manner. ------- Clan engaging means when the same germination hyphae grow mononuclear engage each other between the plasma and nuclear combined with each other in the same cell (mass distribution) binuclear mycelium formed, such mononuclear mycelium is hermaphrodite, said self-compatible. This type of mushroom is a minority, such as mushrooms, mushrooms and so on. ------- Means different cases qualitative bonding between two spores with different gender arising mononuclear hyphae. Never pro-homosexual and can not form fruiting bodies, a phenomenon known as self-sterile. Most edible mushrooms are of this type. Primary hyphae formation of secondary hyphae, namely dual-core technology, compared with the primary hyphae: with two nuclei, coarse mycelium length, can be used as propagation material can form fruiting bodies, the presence of the longest. ------- Like joint locks is a special form of dual-core hyphae breeding, through this association, growing mycelium growth. The process is: the first between the two nuclear birth of a hook-like protrusions, one nozzle-shaped nuclei move at a base to stay in the cell, while the two nuclei divide to produce four sub-nuclear, then hook-like projections two nuclei, one remains in the hook in front of another cell nucleus into hyphae, hyphae cells remain in the original two nuclei, one moves forward, another stay at base, this time, the hook bending down like protrusions contact with mycelium cell wall, cell wall contact at the melt into a bridge, while the base of the hook-like protrusions birth to a membrane, and finally, the hook-shaped cells in the nucleus into the hyphae from mycelial walls melting point, in Endogenous bridge side of a diaphragm, the mycelial cell divides into two daughter cells. Lock shaped joint so that each daughter cell contains the nucleus from parents, continue to move forward when the mycelium tip elongation, the new lock-like joint and started. Form fruiting bodies: the single-core dual-core mycelial hyphae ----- ----- tertiary hyphae (organization) --- fruiting bodies. 3, dormant body (1) Concept Stop activities during adverse environmental or stop a bacterial assimilation, usually dormant spores, mycelium or sclerotia way to achieve group. Type (2) dormant body Sleep body including resting spores, sclerotia, etc. rhizomorph Dormant spores: eg straw mushroom chlamydospores. Sclerotia: the mycelium mycelium are closely intertwined hyphae from body tissue. Rhizomorph: mycelium into a rope-like tangles. Second, the fruiting bodies 1, the fruiting body type If toadstool type, ear fungus type, type, etc. Ascomycetes 2, fruiting body composition By the cap, gills, stipe, fungus ring, volva several components. (1) cap Edible mushroom in the main part. (2) Stipe With plant stem function, can transport nutrients and moisture. (3) gills as a place spores produced. Gill and stipe of the student relationship: From the students: If mushrooms, mushrooms and so on. Curved or concave Health Health: such as mushrooms. Nobu or vertical Students: If ear. Direct health or adnate: If scales ears. (4) loopful Part of the mushroom has, is the bacteria remaining on the stipe curtain rings. (5) bacteria care Edible portion having the outer screen of bacteria left in the base of the stalk of the pouch or collar. Third, morphogenesis The spores germinate, after the secondary stage of newborn monocytes mycelium to dual-core dual-core of the mycelium, and finally reached physiological maturity dual-core hyphae (mycelium juniors) to form fruiting bodies. Among the Basidiomycetes, the fruiting body development mode can be divided into four types: bare fruit is fruit, fake fruit type is semi was fruit. A bare fruit such as ear class, mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. 2, is fruit such as Mabo case, bald Mabo case 3, fake fruit, such as the tiger was mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, red mushroom and so on. 4, fruit in half is very common mushroom heads Fourth, large-scale classification of fungi Worldwide there are more than 2000 kinds of edible fungi known, known in China reached more than 600 kinds, are ascomycetes Amon sclerotiorum classes (including truffles mesh, Sclerotinia head), Basidiomycotina (containing layer bacteria Gang, Gang abdominal strain). Fifth, toadstool and recognition 1, class and species identification (1) Amanita toadstool: Multi toadstool is Amanita species. Common spore print is white, gill from the students, bacteria care, often bacteria rings. Amanita phalloides: gray-brown to dark gray cap green surface, the upper ring of bacteria, fungus great care, bud shape. 2, toadstool toxin (1) puree toxin (2) nerve hallucinogenic toxin (3) blood toxins (4) gastrointestinal toxins Chapter III: mushroom physiological and ecological First, the physiological basis of edible fungi 1, nutrients Fungi are a class has no chlorophyll heterotrophic eukaryotes, Fungal growth process in two phenomena: the anabolic and catabolic Mushroom nutrient absorption characteristics: ① various elements are to be a lot of elements in the form of a compound of absorption and utilization. ② Carbon mushroom nutrition is through biodegradation, the residues of plants to degrade after use. Widely used carbon source is glucose. Nitrogen and carbon utilization of nutrients similar. After the body was decomposed plant and animal residues microbial metabolites which can be generated between the mushroom use. Nitrate nitrogen is widely available. ③ vast majority of fungi are aerobic in nature. ④ fungi micronutrients (such as vitamins, growth hormone, hormones, etc.) is important, primarily due to the trace elements and the activation of the enzyme, and the biosynthesis of essential metabolic pathways. ⑤ certain fungal secondary metabolites, such as citric acid and amino acids, with chelation in fungal cells, the stability of the ph value of the dampening effect, thereby allowing the validity of certain trace elements in play. Frequent use of lime or gypsum Edible growth, both calcium metabolism, but also can adjust the acidity. 2, growth characteristics and environmental conditions ① mushroom life cycle Mushroom life cycle can be roughly divided into two areas: vegetative and reproductive growth. Spore germination ------- ---- mononuclear dual-core mycelial hyphae ------- ------- -------- three hyphae fruiting - ----- spores (intermediate process analysis) ② environmental conditions on growth and development of the role of bacteria Factors affecting mushroom: nutrients, pH, temperature, moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide, light and biological factors. a, nutrients Utilization of nutrients through the hyphae secrete enzymes lignin, Generally, fungal hyphae grow rapidly during its matrix c / n ratio, tends to favor the synthesis of fat in the early spore germination c / n ratio, low late, generally speaking: the fruiting body differentiation Growth, c / n is too high, not forming bacteria bud; c / n is too low, so that many of the primordia and mortality. Mycelial growth stage c / n is about 20:1; fruiting stage of differentiation, c / n is about 18:1. b, PH Most fungi are hi acidic matrix, generally able to adapt to the ph range of 3-8, mushrooms of 4.0-5.4, 5.0-5.4 fungus is, Agaricus mushroom is 6.8-7.0, mushroom is 5.4-6.0, Hericium is 4.0, straw 7.5. Adding an appropriate amount of hydrogen and potassium phosphate buffer substances, so that the medium ph stable when excessive acid production, you can add the right amount of calcium carbonate c, Temperature Hi there is low or low temperature solid mushroom and nameko; hi temperatures have mushrooms, About the relationship between temperature and the mushroom growth of points: a mushroom mycelium more resistant to low temperatures. b, colonies on the agar plate temperature fastest growth rate is not necessarily the optimal physiological temperature. c on mushrooms, the diurnal temperature amplitude increases, can stimulate the formation of primordia mature mycelium. d, moisture and humidity Substitute cultivation of mushrooms and mushroom, the water content of the material culture of 1.8-2.6 times the dry material, the best mycelial growth. But in the differentiation and development of the fruiting body, then the water is 2.6-3.4 times the weight of the dry material is most appropriate. Suitable for the cultivation of mushroom growth of approximately 60% water content of the total weight of the wet material. Relative humidity is generally controlled between 80-90%. e, oxygen and carbon dioxide Edible fungi are aerobic, and mushroom and straw mushroom, when co2 concentration exceeds 0.1%, on the fruiting bodies produce toxic effects. When co2 concentrations below 1000ppm, mushroom fruiting body formation can still be normal, but when its concentration exceeds 1300ppm, fruiting deformity. f, light For light mushroom fruiting body differentiation and development at stake, on the mycelial growth almost does not matter. Only Agaricus mushrooms and big fat mushroom can grow normally under conditions of total darkness Second, ecology edible fungi The vast majority of edible fungi are saprophytic nature. Group of microorganisms is very complex social relationships, a relationship between the two competing neutral 3 4 partial benefit parasitic relationship symbiotic relationship 5. Symbiotic relationship Chapter 4: edible fungi and bacteria to save seed Strains of bacteria depends on the merits of the original species of seed and the level of technology. Edible mushroom species by artificial means and expand the breeding and cultivation for the production of mycelium. According to sources of bacteria, algebra breeding and production purposes, usually bacteria into the original species, three parent species and cultivars. Original species means the spores, fruiting body tissue, wood mushroom mycelium or matrix separation and purification, and in vitro propagation medium mycelium, spores and culture medium. Refers to the original parent species allograft on solid or liquid media reproduction mycelium. Reproduction means for expanding cultivated mycelia allograft from mother to the solid or liquid media. First, the bacteria produce basic equipment 1, mushroom spawn production process Training materials and pre-reserve ------- containers, washing ------ ingredients tools, media production ------ ------ sterilization cooling ----- - inoculation training ------- ------ Storage 2, the basic facilities ① plant: ② ③ raw material pretreatment library space ④ washing room: 5 Ingredients chamber sterilization chamber ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ laboratory inoculation chamber ⑨ ⑩ storage room training room Second, purebred separation Strains separation methods are: spore separation, organizational separation, separation and substrate mycelium mycelium soil separation. A spore separation: the case of sexual reproduction. For the mushrooms, mushroom combination of mushrooms were different, for the avoidance of single spore infertility phenomenon must be multi-spore separation. Single spore isolation method is mainly used for research crossbreeding. ⑴ planting mushroom _select_ion and processing Planting mushroom _select_ion criteria: Must be pure, with the strain of traits, thrive, no pests, maturity appropriate. After planting mushroom _select_ed first remove debris attached to the surface of the fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms, straw mushrooms soaked in disinfectant available 0.1% mercuric chloride for 2-3 minutes, then rinsed three times with sterile water to wash the drug attached to the surface in addition to Finally, dry the moisture with sterile gauze. Mushrooms, mushroom available in 75% alcohol for surface disinfection. (2) multi-spore separation ① whole mushrooms seeding method ③ ② hanging hook attached to France four gill rubbed take spores spore print separation method ⑤ ⑥ air spore trapping method (3) single spore separation Commonly used methods: plate dilution method, serial dilution method, capillary method. 2, tissue separation (1) fruiting separation (2) sclerotia separation (3) rhizomorph separation: for some difficult to find fruiting bodies of fungi and sclerotia 3, the substrate mycelium separation For fruiting bodies appear only in certain seasons, usually easy to adopt, or fruiting body was small and thin or gelatinous state (1) mushroom wood (or ear wood) separation Strong period in mushroom breeding (2) generation of material matrix separation Before separation, _select_ a number of fruiting occurs early, high yield, Guti is still young and strong life without pests cultivation bags, to be nearly mature fruiting body, remove the fruiting body, then with 75% alcohol culture bags After disinfection, in culture medium at 1.5cm 0.3cm picked a small box of tissue culture medium, the medium access central tube, placed in incubation. 3, soil mycelium separation: for collecting mushrooms growing in the soil mycelium Third, seed technology Using spore separation, separation and organizational separation of substrate mycelium mycelium isolated pure cultures obtained through expanded training and parent species, cultivars produced the original species, can be used as an edible fungus production strains. 1, the type of bacteria Parent species, the original species, producing species 2, the type of media Natural medium, a synthetic medium, semi-synthetic medium 3, the production of the original species Isolation and culture of spores or fruiting bodies directly from tissue obtained original species or the introduction of the original species 4, the parent species and production of seed production Mycelium original species migrate to the manure, grass, wood chips, cottonseed hulls or grain and other raw materials formulated into the culture medium, and strain into said parent species. Further expansion of the parent species breeding strains made, called cultivars or production types. 5, the medium was sterilized (1) high-pressure steam sterilization 1.05kg/cm2 agar medium using a pressure, temperature 121 ℃, sterilized for 20-30 minutes; parent species and cultivars 1.2-1.5kg/cm2 solid medium using a pressure, temperature 123-129 ℃, sterilization 1-1.5 hours . (2) pressure steam sterilization 6, inoculation chamber sterilization (1) fumigation method: Formaldehyde fumigation mixed with potassium permanganate (2) UV disinfection: (3) phenol sterilization 7, vaccination Under sterile conditions, the original colors of the parent species, or to the bacteria move through the strict sterilization medium, known vaccination. 8, strain culture (1) stock culture Original species after inoculation tube placed about 25 ℃ cultured in incubators, after 2-3 days to check growth, pure strain after 7-15 days of culture, the original species can be covered with mycelium slant culture base. (2) the parent species and cultivars culture Cultivars inoculated into culture incubation about 25 ℃. When 1/3 bottle mycelium spawn stretching the medium, the temperature of the culture chamber can reduce 2-3 ℃, in order to avoid strengthening the mycelial growth and metabolism, the material temperature rise caused by the high temperature barrier. To maintain the cultivation room air relative humidity 60-70%. Usually after 20-40 days of culture, the proliferation of mycelium to grow throughout the media, and then after 7-10 days to develop a high-quality strains. Fourth, the Culture Collection Methods and Rejuvenation 1 Culture Collection Methods The basic means is the use of low temperature culture collections, freezing, drying, and other methods to reduce the amount of oxygen to terminate the reproduction, metabolism decreased strength, so that in the sleep state. (1) slant cryopreservation method: preservation time is not long. (2) Liquid paraffin preservation law: preservation period of up to 3-5 years. (3) paper preservation law: preservation period of up to 2-5 years. (4) preservation of vacuum freeze-drying method: save time up to several years (5) liquid nitrogen cryogenic preservation law: In recent years, the international popular new technology. 2, strain rejuvenation technology Purification and rejuvenation. The main methods of organized separation and mycelium rejuvenation.
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No. 2
Mushroom (edible fungi) Macrofungi human consumption. China has more than 350 kinds of edible fungi known, many of which are basidiomycotina common are: mushrooms, mushroom, mushroom, fungus, white fungus, hedgehog, bamboo fungus, pine mushroom (matsutake), mushroom, red mushroom and porcini mushrooms, etc.; minority belong to Ascomycetes Amon, including: morels, saddle bacteria, block monocytogenes. These fungi are grown in different regions, different ecological environments. Large type and quantity grown in the mountain forests, such as mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, hedgehog, pine mushroom, red mushroom and porcini mushrooms and so on. On farms, roadside, grassland and hay, straw mushroom growth, mushroom and so on. South is growing more high-temperature solid fungi; alpine regions, more cold northern zone growth is low seed fungi. Its white or light-colored mushroom mycelium growing in places rich in organic matter. When conditions are suitable for the formation of fruiting bodies, become human eating the best. Mycelium and fruiting bodies are generally two main stages mushroom growth. Is based on a variety of mushroom fruiting bodies form as: mushroom-shaped, mushroom caps, gill or Hymenium body, mushroom spores and two features, combined with differences in ecology, physiology, etc. to classification (see layers of bacteria Gang Wood eyes and ears, the eyes and ears of silver, Agaricales). When empirically distinguish wild mushroom and poisonous mushrooms, but also to the fruiting body shape and color as the basis. Some mushroom grows in dry dead trees or wood segments, such as mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, mushroom, hedgehog, mushroom and nameko; Some grow on stems and livestock, poultry manure herbs, such as mushrooms, grass mushrooms, etc.; well together with the growth of plant roots is called mycorrhizal fungi (see mycorrhiza), such as pine mushroom, porcini mushrooms and so on. The above characteristics also determine the distribution of a variety of wild edible mushrooms in natural ecological conditions. Mushroom mycelium growth stage in wet conditions is not strictly required, but at the time of eggplant or the ears, the environment relative humidity above 85% is required, and the need for a suitable temperature, ventilation and lighting. Such as mushrooms, mushroom, mushroom, slippery mushrooms, pine mushroom, etc. fit in the cooler spring and fall, or at low temperature zone (about 15 ℃) fruiting; mushrooms, edible fungus, Pleurotus, etc. are suitable for use in the summer or the tropics, Under conditions of high temperature solid subtropical regions. Mushroom is not only delicious and nutritious, it is often called healthy foods, such as mushrooms not only contains a variety of essential amino acids, also have lower blood cholesterol, high blood pressure treatment effect in recent years, also found mushrooms, mushroom, mushroom, Hericium contains the ability to enhance the body's anti-cancer substances. China's resource-rich edible fungus, mushroom is also one of the earliest cultivated. 1100 years ago, has been documented cultivated fungus. At least in the cultivation of mushrooms have started 800 years ago in southwestern Zhejiang Province. Straw mushroom is the first in Fujian and Guangdong area 200 years ago to start cultivation. These techniques have been spread so far. In recent decades, people gradually realized the mushroom growth of law, improving the ancient rely spores, hyphae natural spread of production. Cultured mycelium cultivated species, accelerate the speed of mushroom breeding possibilities and get productive. Some countries have also built a factory with an annual output of more than one thousand tons of fresh mushroom. In 1950, a large area of cultivated mushroom worldwide about 5 classes, production of about 70,000 tons, a number of Western European countries produce mushrooms, the average yield per square meter of cultivated area is about 2000 grams. By 1980, more than 12 types of cultivated species, yield about 121 million tons of production per square meter in some countries has been increased to 27 kg. In recent years, also developed both for food and for family viewing and the use of planting mushroom mycelium liquid fermentation technology to produce food additives. China is widely cultivated mushroom mushrooms, mushrooms, mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, mushroom, nameko seven categories, in 1982 the total output of about 150,000 tons in mastering breeding improved varieties, improved seed production and cultivation techniques Based on the pace of development is rapidly improving mushroom. Scientists have predicted that the 21st century will become one of the main mushroom protein foods humans. In 2005, China's total output of 12 million tons of edible fungi, ranking first in the world in the mushroom industry has become an important industry of farming. Although China is the largest country in mushroom production, but less than the annual per capita consumption of 0.5 kg per capita in the U.S. is 1.5 kilograms per capita in Japan is 3 kg, the national per capita consumption compared with some countries in the world, a large gap. According to data provided by Customs, 2001, 2002, 2003 mushroom exports were 476,000 tons, 380,000 tons, 430,000 tons, respectively, $ 600 million swap, $ 460 million, 6. $ 200 million, and the total export volume was nearly as compared twentieth, annual per capita consumption of edible fungi abroad at a rate of 13 per cent increase, there is a large space for foreign markets open up. Per capita consumption of edible fungi is less than one-tenth of Hong Kong, the mainland, so the domestic market has great potential. A survey shows; Beijing mushroom production is 150,000 tons per year, calculated according to a fixed population of 15 million people, only eat about 10 kg per person per year of edible fungi, can not meet people's needs. Affected by the global financial crisis, so the domestic market but also to strengthen publicity and industry consolidation, expansion of consumer groups, to improve the total consumption, in order to boost production; international market, the key is to improve product quality at all levels, has been seeking to increase international market share. The country's largest edible fungus production base is Gutian County, the county mushroom production volume, the export volume of the country's highest, is the Chinese mushroom all. Especially fungus (fungus) production accounted for 90% of the country. Mushroom has high food value Protein content of mushrooms is generally 1.5-6% fresh mushroom, dried mushrooms 15-35% higher than ordinary vegetables, and its amino acid composition is more comprehensive, most mushrooms contain eight essential amino acids, including mushrooms, straw mushrooms , mushroom rich in lysine, and the lack of cereals, lysine is conducive to the physical and mental development of children. Mushrooms contain a variety of vitamins and mineral elements with physical activity. If VB1, VB12, Vc, Vk, VD and phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and many trace elements, you can add other foods deficiencies. Mushroom has high medicinal value of health care Mushroom contains biologically active substances such as: high scores on the polysaccharide, β-glucose and RNA complexes, natural organic germanium, nucleic acid degradation products, cAMP and triterpenoids, which are important for the maintenance of value to human health. Medicinal mushroom health value are: ① anti-cancer effects: mushroom polysaccharides, can stimulate the formation of antibodies to improve and adjust the body's internal defenses. Some substances can reduce the incidence of induced tumors, and a variety of chemotherapy drugs have a synergistic effect. In addition chestnut mushroom rich in organic selenium, selenium can be used for food, if the long-term consumption, almost all cancer can be prevented. ② antibacterial, antiviral activity. ③ lowering blood pressure, lowering blood pressure, anti-thrombotic, anti-arrhythmia, cardiac and so on. ④ stomach to help digestion. ⑤ cough and asthma, expectorant effect. ⑥ gallbladder, liver detoxification. ⑦ hypoglycemic. ⑧ laxative diuretic. ⑨ immune regulation. Nutritious mushroom: First, the fungus Fungus, also known as white fungus, nature, sweet and light, with a strong brain and kidney, strong fine Yin, refreshing, camp blood, strong, heat lungs, fluid, cough, intestines and stomach, qi cardiac and other effects. Containing protein, fat, calcium, and polysaccharides, crude fiber. Tremella polysaccharides have A, B, C are three were inhibited tumor growth, in which the polysaccharide C best. Other ingredients such as crude fiber and calcium have cancer preventive effects. It was confirmed that the fungus preparations can improve immune function, enhance macrophage phagocytosis, increased coffee immunoglobulin levels, thereby inhibiting the growth of cancer cells for therapeutic purposes. Second, the fungus Fungus, namely black fungus, nature, sweet, cooling blood, blood, bleeding, stomach, moistening effect. Contains protein, fat, sugar tip, vitamins and trace elements, minerals and so on. Also has anti-cancer effects, and to treat diabetes, is now made of tablets for oral administration. Its anti-cancer properties and mechanism needs further study. Third, mushrooms Mushrooms, also known as champignon, mushrooms, etc., nature, sweet, non-toxic, there is Yin, lungs, stomach, blood qi, physical brain and other effects. Is a highly nutritious low-fat health food. Contains protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. There are more than 30 kinds of the most important enzymes and seven kinds of essential amino acids the human body. There mushroom polysaccharide contained 1,3-β-glucosidase, according to the experiments to enhance the role of cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, improve the body's ability to fight cancer. Lentinan inhibition of murine sarcoma rate of 98%. Fourth, Hericium Hericium, also known as monkey mushroom. Natured, sweet, favorable internal organs, aid digestion, complement deficiency effect. Hedgehog delicious, nutritious, containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, crude fiber, 16 kinds of amino acids, minerals and vitamins. The hedgehog amides substances extracted peptides, polysaccharides, and aliphatic, inhibition of sarcoma, now has produced Monkey Mushroom pharmaceutical tablets, clinical observation of gastric cardia cancer and esophageal cancer are valid. Mushroom chemical Preservation Act Mushroom chemical preservation method is simple, low cost and extent of preservation advantages. Sodium chloride (table salt) fresh new mining mushroom, Pleurotus, etc. After finishing dipped 0.6% salt water for about 10 minutes, drain into a plastic bag storage, preservation can be 5 to 8 days. Sodium metabisulfite fresh mushroom harvest Spreading the new concrete floor in a clean, spray 0.15% to Guti aqueous sodium metabisulfite, while Guti flip side spray to spray evenly. After the spray into a plastic bag, seal immediately stored in a cool place, at 10 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ can be fresh 8 to 10 days. To serve, use clean water rinse. Fresh thin film with rice rice rice made when adding 1% or 5% soda ash, and cooled to room temperature. The fresh mushrooms picked immersed rice lye, 5 minutes, remove and place in a cool dry place. At this point in the surface layer of mushroom soup film, can be isolated from the air, fresh three days. After ascorbic fresh mushroom, mushroom, mushroom harvesting, etc., to the mushroom spray 0.1% ascorbic acid solution, into the non-ferrous containers, can be fresh 3 to 5 days, its freshness, color and basically does not change. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride mixed with 0.2% preservative and 0.1% calcium chloride mixed into the soaking solution. The freshly picked mushroom soaked in the mixture, cover and add a heavy bamboo with a grate, so Guti dipped below the surface for 30 minutes at 15 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ can be fresh for about 5 days, 5 ℃ ~ at 10 ℃ can be fresh for more than 10 days. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid mixture cling to 0.05% and 0.02% citric acid solution dubbed mixed preservation, preservation of the mushroom soaking liquid in 10 to 20 minutes, remove and drain, with a plastic bag sealed. Daminozide (B9) preservation daminozide is a plant growth retardants. Compared with 0.1% aqueous solution of a long soak fresh mushrooms 10 minutes, remove and drain bag sealed at 5 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ under preservation, preservation can be more than 15 days. Suitable for mushroom, mushroom, mushroom, fresh mushroom and other fungi. Maifanite preservation of fresh straw mushrooms into plastic boxes to Maifanshi flooding did Guti, placed below 0 ℃ cryogenic preservation, preservation of up to 70 days. And not very different amino acid content and fresh mushroom, color, taste are good. Mushroom cultivation Chapter I: Introduction I. Overview 1, What is mushroom? Narrowly huge mushroom is the fruiting body, the meat or edible gum Macrofungi. Commonly known as mushrooms. 2, the nutritional value of edible fungi: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fiber, vitamins, minerals 3, mushroom health functions (1) anti-tumor activity (2) to enhance immune function (3) blood lipid (4) Liver detoxification (5) hypoglycemic effect (6) other effects Second, our mushroom cultivation resources, the status and history 1, the status quo of China's edible mushroom cultivation (1) mushroom production value behind grain, cotton, oil, fruit, vegetables, ranking No. 6 in the growing industry. (Two to three mushrooms currently dominated the international market, namely Agaricus mushroom, mushroom, mushroom. 2, our resources mushroom cultivation About 2000 kinds of edible fungi in nature, 938 kinds of edible fungi known, belonging to 166 genera and 54 families, 14 orders. Third, the status of international mushroom business The world's largest mushroom mushroom, the second largest edible fungi as mushrooms, Chinese mushrooms ranks first in the world also ranks first in the world; followed by Japan, South Korea ranked third. Chapter 2: mushroom morphology and classification A mycelium Source 1, silk body Reproductive spores are tiny units, germination under suitable conditions to form tubular filaments, each filament called hyphae. Mycelium usually colorless or colored, the top growth, extending the matrix spread repeatedly branched, the group consisting of mycelium, mycelium known. 2, dual-core of mycelium and fruiting body formation Produce a single nuclear spore germination hyphae, namely primary hyphae, hyphae begin when this is multi-core, but soon produce membrane, so that each cell, each with a nucleus, also known as monocyte hyphae. After mononuclear hyphae not form normal fruiting bodies, must be made by a dual-core dual-core technology development hyphae. Single-core dual-core technology is the mycelium through the "clan bonding" or "different cases of bonding" manner. ------- Clan engaging means when the same germination hyphae grow mononuclear engage each other between the plasma and nuclear combined with each other in the same cell (mass distribution) binuclear mycelium formed, such mononuclear mycelium is hermaphrodite, said self-compatible. This type of mushroom is a minority, such as mushrooms, mushrooms and so on. ------- Means different cases qualitative bonding between two spores with different gender arising mononuclear hyphae. Never pro-homosexual and can not form fruiting bodies, a phenomenon known as self-sterile. Most edible mushrooms are of this type. Primary hyphae formation of secondary hyphae, namely dual-core technology, compared with the primary hyphae: with two nuclei, coarse mycelium length, can be used as propagation material can form fruiting bodies, the presence of the longest. ------- Like joint locks is a special form of dual-core hyphae breeding, through this association, growing mycelium growth. The process is: the first between the two nuclear birth of a hook-like protrusions, one nozzle-shaped nuclei move at a base to stay in the cell, while the two nuclei divide to produce four sub-nuclear, then hook-like projections two nuclei, one remains in the hook in front of another cell nucleus into hyphae, hyphae cells remain in the original two nuclei, one moves forward, another stay at base, this time, the hook bending down like protrusions contact with mycelium cell wall, cell wall contact at the melt into a bridge, while the base of the hook-like protrusions birth to a membrane, and finally, the hook-shaped cells in the nucleus into the hyphae from mycelial walls melting point, in Endogenous bridge side of a diaphragm, the mycelial cell divides into two daughter cells. Lock shaped joint so that each daughter cell contains the nucleus from parents, continue to move forward when the mycelium tip elongation, the new lock-like joint and started. Form fruiting bodies: the single-core dual-core mycelial hyphae ----- ----- tertiary hyphae (organization) --- fruiting bodies. 3, dormant body (1) Concept Stop activities during adverse environmental or stop a bacterial assimilation, usually dormant spores, mycelium or sclerotia way to achieve group. Type (2) dormant body Sleep body including resting spores, sclerotia, etc. rhizomorph Dormant spores: eg straw mushroom chlamydospores. Sclerotia: the mycelium mycelium are closely intertwined hyphae from body tissue. Rhizomorph: mycelium into a rope-like tangles. Second, the fruiting bodies 1, the fruiting body type If toadstool type, ear fungus type, type, etc. Ascomycetes 2, fruiting body composition By the cap, gills, stipe, fungus ring, volva several components. (1) cap Edible mushroom in the main part. (2) Stipe With plant stem function, can transport nutrients and moisture. (3) gills as a place spores produced. Gill and stipe of the student relationship: From the students: If mushrooms, mushrooms and so on. Curved or concave Health Health: such as mushrooms. Nobu or vertical Students: If ear. Direct health or adnate: If scales ears. (4) loopful Part of the mushroom has, is the bacteria remaining on the stipe curtain rings. (5) bacteria care Edible portion having the outer screen of bacteria left in the base of the stalk of the pouch or collar. Third, morphogenesis The spores germinate, after the secondary stage of newborn monocytes mycelium to dual-core dual-core of the mycelium, and finally reached physiological maturity dual-core hyphae (mycelium juniors) to form fruiting bodies. Among the Basidiomycetes, the fruiting body development mode can be divided into four types: bare fruit is fruit, fake fruit type is semi was fruit. A bare fruit such as ear class, mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. 2, is fruit such as Mabo case, bald Mabo case 3, fake fruit, such as the tiger was mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, red mushroom and so on. 4, fruit in half is very common mushroom heads Fourth, large-scale classification of fungi Worldwide there are more than 2000 kinds of edible fungi known, known in China reached more than 600 kinds, are ascomycetes Amon sclerotiorum classes (including truffles mesh, Sclerotinia head), Basidiomycotina (containing layer bacteria Gang, Gang abdominal strain). Fifth, toadstool and recognition 1, class and species identification (1) Amanita toadstool: Multi toadstool is Amanita species. Common spore print is white, gill from the students, bacteria care, often bacteria rings. Amanita phalloides: gray-brown to dark gray cap green surface, the upper ring of bacteria, fungus great care, bud shape. 2, toadstool toxin (1) puree toxin (2) nerve hallucinogenic toxin (3) blood toxins (4) gastrointestinal toxins Chapter III: mushroom physiological and ecological First, the physiological basis of edible fungi 1, nutrients Fungi are a class has no chlorophyll heterotrophic eukaryotes, Fungal growth process in two phenomena: the anabolic and catabolic Mushroom nutrient absorption characteristics: ① various elements are to be a lot of elements in the form of a compound of absorption and utilization. ② Carbon mushroom nutrition is through biodegradation, the residues of plants to degrade after use. Widely used carbon source is glucose. Nitrogen and carbon utilization of nutrients similar. After the body was decomposed plant and animal residues microbial metabolites which can be generated between the mushroom use. Nitrate nitrogen is widely available. ③ vast majority of fungi are aerobic in nature. ④ fungi micronutrients (such as vitamins, growth hormone, hormones, etc.) is important, primarily due to the trace elements and the activation of the enzyme, and the biosynthesis of essential metabolic pathways. ⑤ certain fungal secondary metabolites, such as citric acid and amino acids, with chelation in fungal cells, the stability of the pH value of a dampening effect, thereby allowing the validity of certain trace elements in play. Frequent use of lime or gypsum Edible growth, both calcium metabolism, but also can adjust the acidity. 2, growth characteristics and environmental conditions ① mushroom life cycle Mushroom life cycle can be roughly divided into two areas: vegetative and reproductive growth. Spore germination ------- ---- mononuclear dual-core mycelial hyphae ------- ------- -------- three hyphae fruiting - ----- spores (intermediate process analysis) ② environmental conditions on growth and development of the role of bacteria Factors affecting mushroom: nutrients, pH, temperature, moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide, light and biological factors. A, nutrients Utilization of nutrients through the hyphae secrete enzymes lignin, Generally, fungal hyphae grow rapidly during its matrix C / N ratio, tends to favor the synthesis of fat in the early spore germination C / N ratio, low late, generally speaking: the fruiting body differentiation developmental stage, C / N can not be too high bud-forming bacteria; C / N is too low, so that many of the primordia and mortality. Mycelial growth stage C / N of about 20:1; fruiting stage of differentiation, C / N is about 18:1. B, pH Most fungi are hi acidic matrix, generally able to adapt to the pH range of 3-8, mushrooms of 4.0-5.4, 5.0-5.4 fungus is, Agaricus mushroom is 6.8-7.0, mushroom is 5.4-6.0, Hericium is 4.0, straw 7.5. Amount of hydrogen was added potassium phosphate buffer substances, the pH of the medium is stabilized when excessive acid production, an appropriate amount of calcium carbonate can be added C, the temperature Hi there is low or low temperature solid mushroom and nameko; hi temperatures have mushrooms, About the relationship between temperature and the mushroom growth of points: a mushroom mycelium more resistant to low temperatures. b, colonies on the agar plate temperature fastest growth rate is not necessarily the optimal physiological temperature. C on mushrooms, the diurnal temperature amplitude increases, can stimulate the formation of primordia mature mycelium. D, moisture and humidity Substitute cultivation of mushrooms and mushroom, the water content of the material culture of 1.8-2.6 times the dry material, the best mycelial growth. But in the differentiation and development of the fruiting body, then the water is 2.6-3.4 times the weight of the dry material is most appropriate. Suitable for the cultivation of mushroom growth of approximately 60% water content of the total weight of the wet material. Relative humidity is generally controlled between 80-90%. E, oxygen and carbon dioxide Edible fungi are aerobic, and mushroom and straw mushroom, when CO2 concentration exceeds 0.1%, on the fruiting bodies produce toxic effects. When the CO2 concentration below 1000ppm, mushroom fruiting body formation can still be normal, but when its concentration exceeds 1300ppm, fruiting deformity. F, light For light mushroom fruiting body differentiation and development at stake, on the mycelial growth almost does not matter. Only Agaricus mushrooms and big fat mushroom can grow normally under conditions of total darkness Second, ecology edible fungi The vast majority of edible fungi are saprophytic nature. Group of microorganisms is very complex social relationships, a relationship between the two competing neutral 3 4 partial benefit parasitic relationship symbiotic relationship 5. Symbiotic relationship Chapter 4: edible fungi and bacteria to save seed Strains of bacteria depends on the merits of the original species of seed and the level of technology. Edible mushroom species by artificial means and expand the breeding and cultivation for the production of mycelium. According to sources of bacteria, algebra breeding and production purposes, usually bacteria into the original species, three parent species and cultivars. Original species means the spores, fruiting body tissue, wood mushroom mycelium or matrix separation and purification, and in vitro propagation medium mycelium, spores and culture medium. Refers to the original parent species allograft on solid or liquid media reproduction mycelium. Reproduction means for expanding cultivated mycelia allograft from mother to the solid or liquid media. First, the bacteria produce basic equipment 1, mushroom spawn production process Training materials and pre-reserve ------- containers, washing ------ ingredients tools, media production ------ ------ sterilization cooling ----- - inoculation training ------- ------ Storage 2, the basic facilities ① plant: ② ③ raw material pretreatment library space ④ washing room: 5 Ingredients chamber sterilization chamber ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ laboratory inoculation chamber ⑨ ⑩ storage room training room Second, purebred separation Strains separation methods are: spore separation, organizational separation, separation and substrate mycelium mycelium soil separation. A spore separation: the case of sexual reproduction. For the mushrooms, mushroom combination of mushrooms were different, for the avoidance of single spore infertility phenomenon must be multi-spore separation. Single spore isolation method is mainly used for research crossbreeding. ⑴ planting mushroom _select_ion and processing Planting mushroom _select_ion criteria: Must be pure, with the strain of traits, thrive, no pests, maturity appropriate. After planting mushroom _select_ed first remove debris attached to the surface of the fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms, straw mushrooms soaked in disinfectant available 0.1% mercuric chloride for 2-3 minutes, then rinsed three times with sterile water to wash the drug attached to the surface in addition to Finally, dry the moisture with sterile gauze. Mushrooms, mushroom available in 75% alcohol for surface disinfection. (2) multi-spore separation ① whole mushrooms seeding method ③ ② hanging hook attached to France four gill rubbed take spores spore print separation method ⑤ ⑥ air spore trapping method (3) single spore separation Commonly used methods: plate dilution method, serial dilution method, capillary method. 2, tissue separation (1) fruiting separation (2) sclerotia separation (3) rhizomorph separation: for some difficult to find fruiting bodies of fungi and sclerotia 3, the substrate mycelium separation For fruiting bodies appear only in certain seasons, usually easy to adopt, or fruiting body was small and thin or gelatinous state (1) mushroom wood (or ear wood) separation Strong period in mushroom breeding (2) generation of material matrix separation Before separation, _select_ a number of fruiting occurs early, high yield, Guti is still young and strong life without pests cultivation bags, to be nearly mature fruiting body, remove the fruiting body, then with 75% alcohol culture bags will be After disinfection, in culture medium at 1.5cm 0.3cm picked a small box of tissue culture medium, the medium access central tube, placed in incubation. 3, soil mycelium separation: for collecting mushrooms growing in the soil mycelium Third, seed technology Using spore separation, separation and organizational separation of substrate mycelium mycelium isolated pure cultures obtained through expanded training and parent species, cultivars produced the original species, can be used as an edible fungus production strains. 1, the type of bacteria Parent species, the original species, producing species 2, the type of media Natural medium, a synthetic medium, semi-synthetic medium 3, the production of the original species Isolation and culture of spores or fruiting bodies directly from tissue obtained original species or the introduction of the original species 4, the parent species and production of seed production Mycelium original species migrate to the manure, grass, wood chips, cottonseed hulls or grain and other raw materials formulated into the culture medium, and strain into said parent species. Further expansion of the parent species breeding strains made, called cultivars or production types. 5, the medium was sterilized (1) high-pressure steam sterilization 1.05kg/cm2 agar medium using a pressure, temperature 121 ℃, sterilized for 20-30 minutes; parent species and cultivars 1.2-1.5kg/cm2 solid medium using a pressure, temperature 123-129 ℃, sterilization 1-1.5 hours . (2) pressure steam sterilization 6, inoculation chamber sterilization (1) fumigation method: Formaldehyde fumigation mixed with potassium permanganate (2) UV disinfection: (3) phenol sterilization 7, vaccination Under sterile conditions, the original colors of the parent species, or to the bacteria move through the strict sterilization medium, known vaccination. 8, strain culture (1) stock culture Original species after inoculation tube placed about 25 ℃ cultured in incubators, after 2-3 days to check growth, pure strain after 7-15 days of culture, the original species can be covered with mycelium slant culture base. (2) the parent species and cultivars culture Cultivars inoculated into culture incubation about 25 ℃. When 1/3 bottle mycelium spawn stretching the medium, the temperature of the culture chamber can reduce 2-3 ℃, in order to avoid strengthening the mycelial growth and metabolism, the material temperature rise caused by the high temperature barrier. To maintain the cultivation room air relative humidity 60-70%. Usually after 20-40 days of culture, the proliferation of mycelium to grow throughout the media, and then after 7-10 days to develop a high-quality strains. Fourth, the Culture Collection Methods and Rejuvenation 1 Culture Collection Methods The basic means is the use of low temperature culture collections, freezing, drying, and other methods to reduce the amount of oxygen to terminate the reproduction, metabolism decreased strength, so that in the sleep state. (1) slant cryopreservation method: preservation time is not long. (2) Liquid paraffin preservation law: preservation period of up to 3-5 years. (3) paper preservation law: preservation period of up to 2-5 years. (4) preservation of vacuum freeze-drying method: save time up to several years (5) liquid nitrogen cryogenic preservation law: In recent years, the international popular new technology. 2, strain rejuvenation technology Purification and rejuvenation. The main methods of organized separation and mycelium rejuvenation. 1, What is mushroom? Generally refers mushroom fungi can form large fruiting bodies or sclerotia species for food and energy. Generalized mushroom also include those with medicinal value, or other types of economic value, is sometimes referred to as "large economies fungus." 2, why mushroom has high food value? Protein content of mushrooms is generally 1.5-6% fresh mushroom, dried mushrooms 15-35% higher than ordinary vegetables, and its amino acid composition is more comprehensive, most mushrooms contain eight essential amino acids, including mushrooms, straw mushrooms , mushroom rich in lysine, and the lack of cereals, lysine is conducive to the physical and mental development of children. Mushrooms contain a variety of vitamins and mineral elements with physical activity. If VB1, VB12, Vc, Vk, VD and phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and many trace elements, you can add other foods deficiencies. 3, why mushroom has high medicinal value of health care? Mushroom contains biologically active substances such as: high scores on the polysaccharide, β-glucose and RNA complexes, natural organic germanium, nucleic acid degradation products, cAMP and triterpenoids, which are important for the maintenance of value to human health. 4, medicinal mushroom health value of what? ① anti-cancer effects: mushroom polysaccharides, can stimulate the formation of antibodies to improve and adjust the body's internal defenses. Some substances can reduce the incidence of induced tumors, and a variety of chemotherapy drugs have a synergistic effect. In addition chestnut mushroom rich in organic selenium, selenium can be used for food, if the long-term consumption, almost all cancer can be prevented. ② antibacterial, antiviral activity. ③ lowering blood pressure, lowering blood pressure, anti-thrombotic, anti-arrhythmia, cardiac and so on. ④ stomach to help digestion. ⑤ cough and asthma, expectorant effect. ⑥ gallbladder, liver detoxification. ⑦ hypoglycemic. ⑧ laxative diuretic. ⑨ immune regulation. 5, the common mushroom: Ear categories: black fungus, hair fungus, white fungus, golden ears, etc.; non-pleated mushroom: tongue fungus, hedgehog, fungus, Poria; scattered fungi: mushroom, mushroom, mushroom, mushroom , Agaricus bisporus, big fat mushroom, Coprinus, slippery mushrooms (Nameko), Pleurotus, small porcini mushroom, etc.; 6 What is the mycelium? Mushroom mycelium is the vegetative organs. The equivalent of green plants roots, stems, leaves. It grows in the matrix, the matrix decomposition, absorption of nutrients, absorb water from the matrix, inorganic salts and organic nutrients to meet their needs for growth and development. Mushroom production and use of "species" is mushroom mycelium. Its main function is to decompose organic matter from death, the absorption, transport of nutrients to meet the mycelial growth and fruiting growth and development needs, in mushroom production, mycelial growth was fully harvest the material basis. 7, what is the fruiting body? Mushroom fruiting bodies are the reproductive organs. Mushroom is actually the fruiting bodies grow in the substrate surface, available for human consumption part. 8, fruiting body is formed? After the dual core mycelium reached physiological maturity, began to form fruiting bodies kink, this organization is known as hyphae fruitfulness mycelial hyphae or three times, and its essence is still binding after dual-core hyphae, therefore, cut the fruiting body on any part of the organization, can be separated from the pure species. 9 What is Spore? Mushroom by asexual or sexual propagules produced by the process. 10 How mushroom breeding? In nature, mushroom spores propagules is rather dormant mycelium or body winter. When environmental suitability, mycelium can draw nourishment from the surrounding matrix, year after year, produces fruiting bodies, and release spores, this breed is called sexual reproduction. And then resume growing in conditions not timely, or produce asexual spores hyphae death, or to sleep through adverse environmental body, when the conditions are right, this breed is called asexual reproduction. Mushroom life cycle is determined by sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction of two parts. Fifth, the life history Like mushroom and plant life cycle, starting from seed, until then produce seeds. Mushroom spores germinate life cycle from start to generate primary hyphae → → then produce secondary hyphae fruiting → → → fruiting body primordia Tam spores from spore germination to produce secondary mycelium growth stage of nutrition at this stage is mainly an increase in the number of cells and in vivo nutrient accumulation process, which is what we often say that the hair of bacteria from the fruiting body primordia to produce spores as reproductive growth stages. shall we often say that the fruiting stage. First, depending on the number of fruiting mycelial growth is good or bad, and second, the external environment is particularly important, such as temperature, humidity, light, etc.. Mushroom growth and development needs of a variety of nutrients, are classified according to their chemical nature and function, mainly carbon, nitrogen, minerals and trace elements, such as biotin. 1, carbon: carbon is the core of all organic matter, is the skeleton structure of matter and energy substances constitute biological cells, trapped in this carbon is the largest mushroom requirement elements mainly from its source of organic matter such as cellulose, hemi. cellulose, lignin, starch and a small amount of sugar. specific number is sawdust, cotton seed skins, corn core, tree sticks, wheat bran. 2, nitrogen: Nitrogen is an essential part of the biosynthesis of proteins available organic nitrogen (protein and amino acids), inorganic nitrogen (ammonium nitrate and urea) in the cultivation process, should make more use of organic nitrogen, less use of inorganic nitrogen. Otherwise, inorganic nitrogen-cause deterioration of flavor and taste of the different stages of the different requirements of nitrogen, mycelium growth phase, C:. N = 25-40:1, the fruiting stage C: N = 20:1 But different mushroom varieties have different requirements for nitrogen as nitrogen mushroom requirements will be high, but you can not use hedgehog inorganic nitrogen and organic nitrogen. (3) Minerals: mushroom growing, need varying amounts of minerals requires constant mineral elements, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus is the genetic material necessary elements that potassium is a large number of cells. element. two major elements added with potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Usually a concentration of about 0.2%. Further part edible fungi growing need of trace elements such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, boron, etc. These elements improve the mushroom health value, such as zinc-rich mushroom, mushroom, etc. Se. (4) biotin categories: biotin Edible plant hormones and vitamins into the greatest demand is usually the parent vitamin B colors making process to add some vitamin B1, in addition, in order to promote and improve the yield strain. mycelium exuberant, GA and want to add some Triacontanol, but pay special attention to the different varieties of concentration. (5) pH (PH value), different types of mushroom, the requirements for the different pH. General mushroom is like slightly acidic fungi, mostly PH value 5-6.8, but mushrooms, mushroom, fungus planted you need to slightly alkaline environment. PH value of between 7.6-8 requirements. Fourth, the mushroom growth of the environmental conditions required for: (1) Temperature: First mushroom growth of most environmental conditions, different varieties, different growth stages, temperature requirements at different growth stages generally requires temperatures higher than mycelium degree, usually in the 20-26 ℃,. fruiting growth stage requires a lower temperature, generally between 13-18 ℃. low temperature effects spawn time, time and quality fruiting, so the temperature determines the success or failure of the production and economic benefits. people according to temperature requirements into high-temperature, medium temperature, low temperature mushrooms, but the same kind of bacteria also have high temperature, medium temperature and low temperature points. (2) Humidity: There are two meanings, that the water content of the matrix as a percentage calculated as follows: water content (%) = water weight wet weight training materials ÷ × 100, the other meaning is the relative humidity of the substrate with different varieties. requires the same amount of water, about 60% of the general requirements such as mushroom, mushrooms need 60 percent, mushroom requires 65-70% in the mycelial growth stage body, relative humidity below 75% to be appropriate, so bacteria infection is not easy in the fruiting stage, requiring air relative humidity above 90%, or affect the growth of fruiting bodies. (3) air and ventilation (oxygen and carbon dioxide) mushroom aerobic fungi, lack of oxygen can not develop properly. Mushroom spit life processes are oxygen carbon dioxide in the body of the mycelium growth stage, a certain concentration of CO2 stimulate hyphae growth of more than a certain inhibitory concentrations in the fruiting growth stage, the impact of increasing the concentration of CO2 in the growth of fruiting bodies, i.e., lower quality, and lower yields, and sufficient oxygen, is conducive to the differentiation and development of the fruiting body, improve quality and yield. (4) Light: Most mushroom mycelium growth stage of the body, no light, low light and no adverse glare affected the growth of mycelium growing in fruiting stage requires some scattered light, no direct light. . (5) the impact of other aspects, the mycelium and fruiting growth stage, such as gravity, the impact of harmful gases, etc. must be considered, otherwise it will cause failure of cultivation. Currently producing strains are still made using three methods, namely the parent species, the original species, producing species. Strains in order to produce qualified, you must first bred parent species, then the original species made by the parent species by original species into production models. then transfer into cultivation with the production of seed bags, then fruiting management. 1, the parent species: also known as one kind, prepared by 18-22cm diameter tubes with a common recipe: Peel potatoes 200 grams, 20 grams of glucose, 10-20 grams of agar, 1000 ml of water, first weighing potatoes, peeled , cut into small pieces cooked, filtered water to 1000 ml, agar and then cut into small pieces into the pot, and cook while stirring, until the agar dissolves after adding glucose, and then sub-bag test tubes, test tube mouth with cotton Sese live , into a small autoclave sterilization, when the pressure gauge reaches 1.5, and then sterilized for 30 minutes, remove the tube put into the slope, place 2-3 days after vaccination without bacteria infection and then placed inside the vaccination, then the species into culture tubes indoor cultivation temperature requirements around 25 ℃, relative humidity of 75% or less. 2, the original species: two kinds, the original species commonly used bottles and cans bottles filled with culture material should not be too full, filled to the bottle shoulder preparation of the original species to use more grain species, sawdust seed and cotton seed shell species. .. ① Valley material types: corn, wheat as raw material, after the _select_ion of boiled, soft seeds Serve, do not cook too familiar, flowering and then bottling, with a small or medium-sized autoclave sterilization, put to a temperature of about 25 ℃ Access parent species, put culture indoor culture. generally 25-30 days Serve. ② wood species: sawdust 78%, wheat bran 20%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1% Ingredients: water = 1:1.3, mix bottling, sterilization, inoculation training is generally 25-30 days Serve. ③ cotton seed skin: the skin due to a variety of nutrient-rich cotton seed, generally do not need to add other substances, only 1% of sugar and plaster, materials 1.3-1.5 times the water and mix well, then bottling, sterilization, inoculation training can be. Recommended generic formula: sawdust (or straw powder or cottonseed hulls): 80 kg bran Cardiff: 6 pounds of sugar: 0.5 pounds of mushrooms ear Zhuang: 1.6 two plaster: 1 kg 3, the production of species: Available sawdust, corn, cottonseed skins, fungus grass, wheat straw as raw materials, according to the cultivated species, using different formulations, polyethylene or polypropylene, a plastic bag loading 15-28cm in diameter, and then pressure autoclave sterilization, reached 100 ℃, maintained for 100 ℃ 8-10 hours upon pan cooler bags, bags that cultivation temperature was lowered to about 25 ℃ original species then inoculated into the culture chamber and then culture rack culture. Recommended recipe: ■ planted fungus recipe sawdust (or straw powder or cottonseed hulls): 80 kg Bran Husband: 5 pounds Soybean meal: 2 pounds Ear mushroom Zhuang: 1.4 two Lime: 1 kg ■ hedgehog mushrooms mushroom mushroom recipe Sawdust (or straw powder or cottonseed hulls): 80 kg Ear mushroom Zhuang: 1.4 two Bran Husband: 5 pounds Lime: 1 kg Prospects six, edible fungi China is a large agricultural development tricolor agriculture, namely green agriculture, blue and white agriculture agriculture. Green agriculture is how clever use photosynthesis science to improve the yield and quality of crops, vegetables, fruit trees and flowers. Blue Agriculture is the development of the ocean, use of science and technology from the ocean to produce more seaweed and seafood products. white microbial agriculture is agriculture, instant (drug) industry with bacteria and this little creature, big agriculture has broad prospects, it can not only solve people's lives need protein, but also for medicine, solving major disease problems associated with people's lives. We know the people in BC, 239 years earlier mushroom, and a book "Spring" documented the delicious mushroom, wild mushrooms 2,000 years ago has become a precious palace feast product. Mushroom cultivation has 1400 years of history In 960 BC, had "Wusan Gong" cut flowers cultivated mushrooms records. Ours is the oldest mushroom cultivation countries, "Qi Min Yao Shu", "Compendium of Materia Medica" and "spectrum of bacteria," have eaten records. Mushroom around the world more than 1000 kinds, and our only 700 kinds can be grown only 60 kinds of labor, accounting for about 2% of the general category of edible fungi, Luoyang massive planting of only 10 kinds of large number of edible bacteria cultivation or after the liberation in 1950, the total output of about 70,000 tons of edible fungus, mushroom varieties, to increase the total output of 916,000 tons in 1975 to 1986 to 2.182 million tons, but increased to more than 20 kinds of species, 1995 output reached more than 300 million tons of fungi, accounting for 52% of world production in 1996, the first one of the world's total production of mushrooms up to 54 tons, 1,000,000 tons of Agaricus, earning $ 300 million. mushroom the largest producing provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces. From a global perspective, according to the statistics, in 1939 only 10 countries on the development of plant cultivation .1954 to more than 100 countries, 1985 -1990 mushroom production in the world with 20% growth rate from 1990 to 2000 mushroom production growth rate of 13%, with a total discount of approximately 60 billion ten thousand yuan, of which Japan accounted for 270 million average annual growth rate of 70 one hundred million from the overall development trends, the future of the bacteria may become an independent industry sector from the perspective of a major agricultural point of view, the future should be divided into plants, animals and fungi from the value of the mushroom, the mushroom will become The main source of protein in the Third World. wind tail mushroom and beef, pork containing various ingredients are similar from the sales situation, a significant increase in sales of edible fungi, such as the consumption of nearly 20 years in Japan increased by 223 times. Therefore, the mushroom prospects, great. coupled with local governments for development seriously, rich cultivation of raw materials, technology easy to grasp, the future mushroom industry will become an independent industry, to be a good friend to become rich farmers project . According to the development of edible fungus, mushroom future will be several possible situations. 1, by a single species to the development of multi-species in order to ensure a stable income mushroom, mushroom to adapt to market requirements, a variety of prices and sales is not good, you can add another species. 2, from the production because of labor costs will be higher and higher, coupled with difficult to guarantee the quality of the labor to mechanization, it is necessary to mechanization. 3, small-scale to large-scale development. Smaller scale difficult to adapt to market needs, is people often say "business to the pile", so as to attract a lot of customers to local acquisitions and sales. Market to ensure the product is not a backlog. 4, from production to quality and type of development. Mushroom produce not only a large number of products, and quality assurance, such as shiitake mushroom and thick mushroom to prolific, pesticides and other content can not be exceeded. Went from mushroom, the required level of Japan Mushrooms are not big and thick, but small and thick, only 5 cents RMB so great. 5, from seasonal to year-round cultivation type cultivated in order to improve the income year only mushroom season is difficult to ensure the effectiveness of the production, and a large number of idle machinery and equipment to relatively reduces the income that can take many varieties, multi-season cultivation methods to ensure each quarter, each year the world has mushrooms sold. 6. Gupeng not just planted on the ground from the plains to the three-dimensional cultivation, but to scaffolding layered planting in order to make full use of the space. 7, from wood, feeding on scraps of food and agricultural products to JUNCAO development. According to the National Forest Act, timber harvesting, and have a plan to be limited, it is also varieties of wood and sawdust as raw material to be replaced, the available agricultural byproduct waste and planting of grass to meet the production needs of fungi. As people's living habits, domestic market potential, coupled with China is a major exporter of edible fungi. Chinese mushroom eat 2 pounds per person per year, it can increase sales over 80 million, which the market will be watching mushrooms is a big market, but not every one has a great revenue mushroom producers in order to ensure the economic income mushroom, mushroom development must also be careful to do market research and analysis to determine your planting The variety and scale of production. should do the following several investigations. 1, good local market research and analysis: According to the local market capacity and eating habits, to determine the size and type of production. 2, good domestic and international market research. Domestic market according to your distance from the city, the variety and quantity required, the price in the international market to provide information based on foreign trade, customs, signed a contract to determine the type and scale of production. 3, the production factors and the investigation in doing market research, based on based on weather conditions, the ability to produce, and sources of raw materials, price, distance from markets, land and labor resources are sufficient to determine whether or not produced in Before mushroom production, need to do market research and surveys of production factors, then pooled analysis, cost accounting, market forecasts, calculate the costs and benefits before starting production.
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Wikipedia Encyclopedia
shiyongjun Mushroom edible fungi Fungi for human consumption. Refers specifically to narrow the large mushroom fungi edible mushrooms, edible mushrooms known. Toxic and not edible fungus called large poisonous mushrooms. Generalized mushroom also includes use of its fermentation for food processing fungus. Fungi contain chlorophyll, photosynthesis can not, it is through nutrition they produce extracellular enzymes that degrade complex soluble solid matrix simple organic compounds, and then be absorbed. Fungi sauce, cheese, bread and other food industry widely uses. Since the 1970s, some countries have used yeast and other single-cell micro-organisms, deep continuous culture system through the production of single cell protein, has opened up new avenues industrial production of proteins. But the meaning of this entry "mushroom" is limited to large fungi, mainly edible mushrooms. The importance mushroom nutritious, taste and unique, both therapeutic value. Fruiting body protein content of about 4% of its fresh weight or dry weight of 30 to 45%. Contains not only the full range of amino acids, and high levels of essential amino acids, typically 30 to 50 percent of its total. There are roughly 65 to 75% amino acid is present in combination with proteins, more than the free state. In addition, also contain more nucleic acids. Various vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and ergosterol (D original) and mineral content are more comprehensive. More particularly phosphorus quality, help regulate the body's physiology and metabolism. All major mushroom per 100 g dry weight of the heat energy value of approximately 320 to 410 kcal (1 card = 4.1855 coke). Fat content are more meat, eggs, 1 to 5 times lower. Mushroom fruiting body after a brief storage of fresh products and its amino acid content of about 5% increase; fresh shiitake mushrooms produce sperm after exposure or baking, make the rich flavor. Agaricus major soluble carbohydrate is mannitol, which accounts for about 20% of dry weight, the content is often used as indicators of the quality of canned mushrooms. In addition, white fungus, fungus, hedgehog fungus, bacteria and various false Honey nourishing specific medical purposes. Overview of the use and development of mushroom cultivation began in ancient civilized nations China and Italy has a long history. China is one of the first countries to start mushroom cultivation. Warring States era book "Lie Zi Tang asked" already "on the rotten soil, there are bacteria Chicago who was born in North Korea, died dark" record, "Lu" · The flavor also called "and the United States who, Yang □ of □, ...... more Luo of bacteria ", we can see that time known as the wild mushroom dishes. Since Song Zhiming, have had 陈仁玉 the "spectrum of bacteria," and Pan Hang "wide spectrum of bacteria" and other works come; Li in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" also take advantage of the experience of previous cultivation of edible fungi were described. Scientific mushroom cultivation and processing, post-industrial revolution, France, Germany, Britain and other European countries on the basis of mycology, genetics and physiology, biochemistry and other scientific development in the progressive realization. After World War II, some developed countries mushroom, Agaricus bisporus first production tends to be specialized, industrialized, mechanized and intensive. 1960s, Europe, North America, consumption of more than about 90% of world production of mushroom production. By the 1970s, developing countries and regions such as Southeast Asia, such as China (including Taiwan Province) and South Korea's growth rate exceeded the U.S. and Europe, and its production accounts for about 20 percent of world production. Chinese production is now in the world, but per capita consumption level is still low. Most species are edible fungi Basidiomycetes. Now the world's estimated about 500 edible species. China in the 1980s, the species has been reported at between 320 to 350 species. However, only about 20 cultivated species. All kinds of edible mushrooms in the proportion of total production is about: white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and big fat mushroom 69.0%, 14.2 mushrooms, single mushroom 4.3 percent, mushroom 4.1%, 3.4% class fungus, mushroom class 1.3 % tremella 0.6%, 0.6% slip mushrooms; rest wrinkled and black mushroom spore global cap mushrooms and other blocks totaling approximately 4.5%. In addition, there are available for domesticated species such as the Baikal soil saprophytes mushroom, mushroom, morel, Dictyophora; wood rot fungi in the mushroom, tongue bacteria; parasites in mushroom Armillaria and ferulic ; symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi in the mushroom, Boletus edulis, chicken □ bacteria and block bacteria. But more difficult domesticated symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. Morphology and life history compared with other fungi, mushroom fruiting bodies generally larger, about 3 to 18 cm and a width of 4 to 20 cm, so that a large fungus. Different forms, with an umbrella as much. Generally mycelium, stipe, cap 3 parts. Vegetative mycelium is