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No. 1 　　即non-linear 是指输出输入既不是正比例也不是反比例的情形。如宇宙形成初的混沌状态。 　　自变量与变量之间不成线性关系，成曲线或抛物线关系或不能定量,这种关系叫非线性关系。 　　“线性”与“非线性”，常用于区别函数y = f (x)对自变量x的依赖关系。线性函数即一次函数，其图像为一条直线。 其它函数则为非线性函数，其图像不是直线。 　　线性，指量与量之间按比例、成直线的关系，在空间和时间上代表规则和光滑的运动；而非线性则指不按比例、不成直线的关系，代表不规则的运动和突变。如问：两个眼睛的视敏度是一个眼睛的几倍？很容易想到的是两倍，可实际是 6－10倍！这就是非线性：1＋1不等于2。 　　非线性关系虽然千变万化，但还是具有某些不同于线性关系的共性。 　　线性关系是互不相干的独立关系，而非线性则是相互作用，而正是这种相互作用，使得整体不再是简单地等于部分之和，而可能出现不同于"线性叠加"的增益或亏损。 　　激光的生成就是非线性的！当外加电压较小时，激光器犹如普通电灯，光向四面八方散射；而当外加电压达到某一定值时，会突然出现一种全新现象：受激原子好像听到“向右看齐”的命令，发射出相位和方向都一致的单色光，就是激光。 　　迄今为止，对非线性的概念、非线性的性质，并没有清晰的、完整的认识，对其哲学意义也没有充分地开掘。 　　线性：从相互关联的两个角度来界定，其一：叠加原理成立；其二：物理变量间的函数关系是直线，变量间的变化率是恒量。 　　在明确了线性的含义后，相应地非线性概念就易于界定： 　　其—，“定义非线性算符N(φ)为对一些a、b或φ、ψ不满足L（aφ+bψ）=aL(φ)+bL(ψ)的算符”，即叠加原理不成立，这意味着φ与ψ间存在着耦合，对（aφ+bψ）的*作，等于分别对φ和ψ*作外，再加上对φ与ψ的交叉项(耦合项)的*作，或者φ、ψ是不连续(有突变或断裂)、不可微(有折点)的。 　　其二，作为等价的另—种表述，我们可以从另一个角度来理解非线性：在用于描述—个系统的一套确定的物理变量中，一个系统的—个变量最初的变化所造成的此变量或其它变量的相应变化是不成比例的，换言之，变量间的变化率不是恒量，函数的斜率在其定义域中有不存在或不相等的地方，概括地说，就是物理变量间的一级增量关系在变量的定义域内是不对称的。可以说，这种对称破缺是非线性关系的最基本的体现，也是非线性系统复杂性的根源。 　　对非线性概念的这两种表述实际上是等价的，其—叠加原理不成立必将导致其二物理变量关系不对称；反之，如果物理变量关系不对称，那么叠加原理将不成立。之所以采用了两种表述，是因为在不同的场合，对于不同的对象，两种表述有各自的方便之处，如前者对于考察系统中整体与部分的关系、微分方程的性质是方便的，后者对于考察特定的变量间的关系(包括变量的时间行为)将是方便的。 　　非线性的特点是：横断各个专业，渗透各个领域，几乎可以说是：“无处不在时时有。”确实如此。 English Expression :  non linearity Related Phrases culture science math philosophy Wikipedia Daquan physics vibrate engineering chiasm science control system System abstract russia Software Multimedia video Editor chaos time series equation More results... 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