Guanguang, (1868 ~ 1940) the word constitution, Yichang (sound chǎng), the Chinese botanist. Is the first extensive use of scientific methods of plant taxonomy scholars of modern Chinese scholars of the first plant specimens collected, but also a pioneer of modern botany. September 19, 1869 was born in Ningbo Zhenhai Yao Chaiqiao riverbank village (this is Beilun District of Ningbo City), where a beautiful, fertile land, is the hometown of the famous kumquat. When he was studying at the private school is like home to a wide variety of flowers and trees. Guanguang childhood love of learning, intelligent and diligent, he joined the town, Mr. Haiming Shi Yu Dan studying classical round speech. He pursued, poetry writing, words and made Italy, Japan has been into, in order to suppress their hyperactivity, and often put their hands to help in the on the legs. 17 years of age had mastered the verse, poetry, Fu, chap. Thirteen years the Qing dynasty (1887) obtain a scholar, local people are ridiculed as "tie pin scholar." Comprehensive examinations scholar in 1887. Did the Court of corruption, foreign aggression by Diego, the young against foreign aggression Guanguang think it necessary to develop scientific and industrial establishment, to seek the revitalization of China. To make up for lack of knowledge of natural science, 1899 (twenty-five years of the Qing dynasty), Guanguang and fellow friends Yuzu Hui, Yu and Chin together, holding the patriotic enthusiasm, in the absence of information and financial resources in overcoming difficulties in Zhenhai home Chaiqiao founder of "real Siming learn" to learn of the gradual introduction and further spread knowledge of physical and chemical museum. First they try to buy Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau physical and chemical translated books, studying with great concentration, according to the method described in the book hands physical and chemical experiments, though often in the experiment suffered a _set_back, the clothes are therefore acid splash, resulting in stains Giocondo, and thus have some people laughed. But the failure of the experiment, other people's cynicism, does not make this a number of energetic, ambitious young man to yield, they repeated exploration, research, and finally a more solid grasp of the correct knowledge. In order to keep abreast of new technological advances abroad, so they self-Guanguang Japanese, and Trustee of the acquisition of Japan's new book published in Physics and Chemistry, which opened up the knowledge. For the sake of a better learning and research environment to further expand its influence, "four out real Society" soon moved to Ningbo city, they already have some basic theoretical knowledge and experimental skills, based on the manufacturing test _set_ P, after several trial success. In 1900, Guanguang so designed, self-financing, founded in Shanghai Pudong Emmanuel made phosphorus plant, sent by the then Commerce Minister Sheng test measurement, was "manufacturing well, let oceanic" and comments on, and to allow the patent 15 years. 1901 Guanguang pioneered scientific instruments in Shanghai Museum, founded in 1903 and "scientific world", the establishment of the Shanghai Museum of Scientific Instruments. On the development of modern science and technology has made important contributions. In 1902, the developed countries to study science and technology, education and Guanguang east to Japan to study the industry. 1900 Chair of any chemical Jiangsu Higher Education, founded in 1903 presided over Cai patriotic girls, 1915, he served as associate professor of natural history of Hunan Higher Normal School, 1916 Associate Professor of Biology Department of Peking University, Associate Professor, University of Zhejiang in 1927 and the Zhejiang Provincial Museum Director of Nature, 1930, he served as Research Professor of Natural History, Academia Sinica. Chung died of lung cancer in 1905, left Shanghai to Hangzhou West Lake resort. West Lake, year round, flowers and bright, rich plant resources, so that his study of botany had a keen interest in the sickbed, he carefully read the well-known scientists in China and the United Kingdom Wei Lian Li Shan-Ian Morrison common translation of "Botany" and read a lot of books on botanical knowledge introduced to enrich their knowledge in this area. When his condition improved, he is to samples collected in the field, serious production to begin exploration and research, was put on the "Green Road." 1911, appointed minister of education seasonal Cai Yuanpei's invitation, Mr. Chung served as Counsellor, Ministry of Education, the Department of Biology, Peking University was not yet established, Chung without teaching, the main focus to be placed around the plants investigated. He comes with dry food, sometimes dozens in the mountains on foot, Zhou Li Jing inside and outside the mountain, looking for plants, careful research in botany. Weiqiao his colleagues have been recalled: "In case holiday, more than some other travel Cai Yuan Ming Yuan, Mr. (Guanguang) rely on reference books, hiking through the line, just like teachers, students, Almost forgotten is that it is too long. Yuan Pei Pei acquisition cylinder, lightweight portable crushing device Wieczorek, a total line of the country, looking for new species. into the park is registered Longevity Hill, and wandering around Jingri the back. " 1908 after teaching at Beijing University during the Guanguang began to study plants, conducted a systematic study of plant specimen collection. Have _set_ "To possess the feeling of a thousand who would climb the mountain. Collection interested, do good to complete," the oath. In 1914 after 4 years, Guanguang found in every corner of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shanxi, Hebei and other 11 provinces, travel thousands of miles, north to make Youyan, south Yunnan and Guizhou, in the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River three plant specimens collected more than 16,000 kinds of leaf wax, a total of over 150,000 number; seafood, 500 kinds of animal specimens; wood, fruit, roots, 300 kinds of bamboo, which lasted four years of study tours to obtain fruitful results. Variety of nature, plants, fruit of the vast treasure of wood plants in the world, made him realize that the motherland is an inexhaustible treasure trove of plants, all greatly broadened his horizons, an increase of knowledge and rich practical experience. During the inspection activities, he experienced the hardships and dangers, camped, went through the dark clouds of training, for new plant specimens collected, scraped quiet he is poor, with climbing ivy, painstaking work. Mr. Zhong Guanguang not only established the Herbarium of Beijing University, and scholars created their own collection and production of samples for taxonomic studies of the new era. And discover many new species. In modern plant classification, tourism Magnoliaceae wood is (tsoongiodendron) and Jun wooden clock Verbenaceae genus (chuntsoongia), is his name and names named. Plant taxonomy in the world, is also extremely rare. He collected a large number of specimens have been identified for future research work to bring a lot of convenience. China in the world, known as the "Kingdom of Plants", but it lacks depth study of plant systems, since the beginning of the 18th century until the early 20th century, China the plant is to get foreigners to collect specimens to study abroad herbarium. Mr. Zhong Guanguang produced a large number of specimens in the collection, based on careful Liquidating, Bianqi generic, generic revision, so that a wide variety of plants have systems to follow, this pioneering work, for the study of plant taxonomy opened new era. Guanguang 1927 in Hangzhou of Zhejiang University (then known as the Third Zhongshan University) Associate Professor of Agronomy, 1927, Mr. Chung of Zhejiang University in teaching during the Chung and sixty have to go in the Tiantai Mountains, Mount, Hill collecting plant specimens and other places, a total of over seven hundred numbers, the creation of the Agricultural College of Zhejiang University Herbarium. He also founded the first botanical garden in China. This bamboo fence enclosed botanical garden, an area of about 30-40 acres of good grass Jane gather wood branches, area cultivated, and has a greenhouse, based in the suburbs of Hangzhou as the majority of the bridge, so the majority of the bridge, also known as College of Agriculture Botanical Garden Botanical Garden. Majority of the birth of the bridge for China Botanical Garden Botanical Garden Science career and wrote a new chapter. At the time, it is not only to the Agricultural college students, but also to the nearby botanical study and research students to bring the convenience of the Department. If the year is senior agricultural vocational school in Hangzhou Department of Agronomy, studying Wu Zhonglun, whenever you come to botanical gardens, spectacular plants got into this world, devote themselves to observe the morphological characteristics of various plants and ecological habits, and forged a puzzled botany the edge, and later became a famous botanist, foresters. Guanguang lifetime pursuit of progress. Cai initiated early to participate actively in the "China Education Association," Sun Yat-sen and later led the League to participate. Revolution, he worked against Shanghai Arsenal, leading comrades of the bomb making. His life lived a simple life, the money used in the collection of specimens, buy the book on. 1937 Japanese invasion of China, Mr. Chung was forced to leave Peking Institute of Botany. Written articles and only some of the information carried by Mr. Zhu Sheng escort, foot pass Mentougou, Ningbo return home, leaving many important books in the Peking data are significant losses in the war. To flee, he did not lose personal property, while retaining a wealth of information and specimens under. In the home, Mr. Chung regardless of advanced age, travel fatigue, still focus on the botany of his favorite cause, added to the written manuscript collated. July 1940, the Japanese landed in Zhenhai, native also caught opponents. 30 September the same year, the love of the motherland and dedicate themselves to the well-known scholar of science and education, the end result of the extreme obsession with nostalgia and grief passed away, aged 73 years. Unfortunately, even after he wrote most of the lost manuscripts. Mr. Zhong Guanguang have been in the Jiang Su Nanjing High School, established by the Shanghai Science Museum's Science Instrument Training Institute, Women and patriotic Patriotic Society, Peking, Hunan Normal University, Zhejiang University, etc. taught a lot of scientific training for the motherland personnel. Mr. Chung is responsible for the Department of Biology, Peking University, the preparatory work, the creation of a herbarium. Department of Biology was formally established in 1925, he served as the education practicum botany, in the first session of training of the Department of Biology, Peking University graduates, which later become a famous botanist Hao Jingsheng et al. Mr. Zhong Guanguang knowledgeable, rigorous style of study, willing footsteps. Mr. Jia Zuzhang famous science writer in his "Atlas of Chinese plants," a book came out, full of deep feeling, wrote: "the most grateful for the National Peking Institute of Botany, Mr. Zhong Guanguang, being in the middle of summer, as the book Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae Branch, Campanulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, blue flower subjects, and some other Valerianaceae detailed Review, with its plants in China forty years of experience, correcting many errors, and the author gave a lot of encouragement and Zheng Yan. chung and sincere feelings, so that authors suffer moved beyond words to describe the real non-event. commentators every move Darwin, Wallace behavior of the two biologists, a model of morality as a scientist, and now Bell such a serious academic, Mr. and others of the sincerity, comparable chronological and worthies. " Chung diligently, assiduously, self-taught, all the energy will be dedicated to the country's science education, is the modern taxonomy of the founder. In recognition of his research achievements in botany in 1918, the International Organization of plant taxonomy, the Chung found "Verbenaceae" one is, the name "Zhong Jun wood is." South China Institute of Botany to be China's only a relic of a species unique to one of the orchid flowers, fruits, the highest subjects, as a "tourist wood." Although Mr. Chung left us over 60 years, but his fame with "Zhong Jun wood is" and "tourist tree" together forever. Guanguang rich writing life, the "science-pass card", "travel collection in mind," "Mountains and Seas Plants", "Modern Plant Solutions Mao", "Ji Gong things a little," "Plant a Case Note Books", "Chinese Botany, "" Ben Cao Shu Zheng, "and so on, by the United States, Japan plant researchers hold in esteem. Death after the plant is named after his name has minutes of the genus, this is a variety of sightseeing. After the founding of new China, and his son Chung seeking to fill a book manuscript and retained the old home of 16 cabinet wax leaf samples in 1955 was donated to the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Guanguang hometown of Beijing Institute of Botany and Chaiqiao school alma mater, are the provision of "tourist court" commemorative.
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Introduction
Guanguang (1868 ~ 1940), the word constitution, Yichang (sound chǎng), the Chinese botanist. Is the first extensive use of scientific methods of plant taxonomy scholars of modern Chinese scholars of the first plant specimens collected, but also a pioneer of modern botany. September 19, 1869 was born in Ningbo Zhenhai Yao Chaiqiao riverbank village (this is Beilun District of Ningbo City), where a beautiful, fertile land, is the hometown of the famous kumquat. When he was studying at the private school is like home to a wide variety of flowers and trees. Guanguang childhood love of learning, intelligent and diligent, he joined the town, Mr. Haiming Shi Yu Dan studying classical round speech. He pursued, poetry writing, words and made Italy, Japan has been into, in order to suppress their hyperactivity, and often put their hands to help in the on the legs. 17 years of age had mastered the verse, poetry, Fu, chap. Thirteen years the Qing dynasty (1887) obtain a scholar, local people are ridiculed as "tie pin scholar." Comprehensive examinations scholar in 1887. Did the Court of corruption, foreign aggression by Diego, the young against foreign aggression Guanguang think it necessary to develop scientific and industrial establishment, to seek the revitalization of China. To make up for lack of knowledge of natural science, 1899 (twenty-five years of the Qing dynasty), Guanguang and fellow friends Yuzu Hui, Yu and Chin together, holding the patriotic enthusiasm, in the absence of information and financial resources in overcoming difficulties in Zhenhai home Chaiqiao founder of "real Siming learn" to learn of the gradual introduction and further spread knowledge of physical and chemical museum. First they try to buy Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau physical and chemical translated books, studying with great concentration, according to the method described in the book hands physical and chemical experiments, though often in the experiment suffered a _set_back, the clothes are therefore acid splash, resulting in stains Giocondo, and thus have some people laughed. But the failure of the experiment, other people's cynicism, does not make this a number of energetic, ambitious young man to yield, they repeated exploration, research, and finally a more solid grasp of the correct knowledge. In order to keep abreast of new technological advances abroad, so they self-Guanguang Japanese, and Trustee of the acquisition of Japan's new book published in Physics and Chemistry, which opened up the knowledge. For the sake of a better learning and research environment to further expand its influence, "four out real Society" soon moved to Ningbo city, they already have some basic theoretical knowledge and experimental skills, based on the manufacturing test _set_ P, after several trial success. In 1900, Guanguang so designed, self-financing, founded in Shanghai Pudong Emmanuel made phosphorus plant, sent by the then Commerce Minister Sheng test measurement, was "manufacturing well, let oceanic" and comments on, and to allow the patent 15 years. 1901 Guanguang pioneered scientific instruments in Shanghai Museum, founded in 1903 and "scientific world", the establishment of the Shanghai Museum of Scientific Instruments. On the development of modern science and technology has made important contributions. In 1902, the developed countries to study science and technology, education and Guanguang east to Japan to study the industry. 1900 Chair of any chemical Jiangsu College in 1903 presided over the founding of the Patriotic Girls Cai, 1915, he served as associate professor of natural history of Hunan Higher Normal School, 1916 Associate Professor of Biology Department of Peking University, 1927, he served as associate professor of Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Provincial Museum Director of Nature, 1930, he served as Research Professor of Natural History, Academia Sinica. Chung died of lung cancer in 1905, left Shanghai to Hangzhou West Lake resort. West Lake, year round, flowers and bright, rich plant resources, so that his study of botany had a keen interest in the sickbed, he carefully read the well-known scientists in China and the United Kingdom Wei Lian Li Shan-Ian Morrison common translation of "Botany" and read a lot of books on botanical knowledge introduced to enrich their knowledge in this area. When his condition improved, he is to samples collected in the field, serious production to begin exploration and research, was put on the "Green Road." 1911, appointed minister of education seasonal Cai Yuanpei's invitation, Mr. Chung served as Counsellor, Ministry of Education, the Department of Biology, Peking University was not yet established, Chung without teaching, the main focus to be placed around the plants investigated. He comes with dry food, sometimes dozens in the mountains on foot, Zhou Li Jing inside and outside the mountain, looking for plants, careful research in botany. Weiqiao his colleagues have been recalled: "In case holiday, more than some other travel Cai Yuan Ming Yuan, Mr. (Guanguang) rely on reference books, hiking through the line, just like teachers, students, Almost forgotten is that it is too long. Yuan Pei Pei acquisition cylinder, lightweight portable crushing device Wieczorek, a total line of the country, looking for new species. into the park is registered Longevity Hill, and wandering around Jingri the back. " 1908 after teaching at Beijing University during the Guanguang began to study plants, conducted a systematic study of plant specimen collection. Have _set_ "To possess the feeling of a thousand who would climb the mountain. Collection interested, do good to complete," the oath. In 1914 after 4 years, Guanguang found in every corner of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shanxi, Hebei and other 11 provinces, travel thousands of miles, north to make Youyan, south Yunnan and Guizhou, in the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River three plant specimens collected more than 16,000 kinds of leaf wax, a total of over 150,000 number; seafood, 500 kinds of animal specimens; wood, fruit, roots, 300 kinds of bamboo, which lasted four years of study tours to obtain fruitful results. Variety of nature, plants, fruit of the vast treasure of wood plants in the world, made him realize that the motherland is an inexhaustible treasure trove of plants, all greatly broadened his horizons, an increase of knowledge and rich practical experience. During the inspection activities, he experienced the hardships and dangers, camped, went through the dark clouds of training, for new plant specimens collected, scraped quiet he is poor, with climbing ivy, painstaking work. Mr. Zhong Guanguang not only established the Herbarium of Beijing University, and scholars created their own collection and production of samples for taxonomic studies of the new era. And discover many new species. In modern plant classification, tourism Magnoliaceae wood is (Tsoongiodendron) and Jun wooden clock Verbenaceae genus (ChunTsoongia), is his name and names named. Plant taxonomy in the world, is also extremely rare. He collected a large number of specimens have been identified for future research work to bring a lot of convenience. China in the world, known as the "Kingdom of Plants", but it lacks depth study of plant systems, since the beginning of the 18th century until the early 20th century, China the plant is to get foreigners to collect specimens to study abroad herbarium. Mr. Zhong Guanguang produced a large number of specimens in the collection, based on careful Liquidating, Bianqi generic, generic revision, so that a wide variety of plants have systems to follow, this pioneering work, for the study of plant taxonomy opened new era. Guanguang 1927 in Hangzhou of Zhejiang University (then known as the Third Zhongshan University) Associate Professor of Agronomy, 1927, Mr. Chung of Zhejiang University in teaching during the Chung and sixty have to go in the Tiantai Mountains, Mount, Hill collecting plant specimens and other places, a total of over seven hundred numbers, the creation of the Agricultural College of Zhejiang University Herbarium. He also founded the first botanical garden in China. This bamboo fence enclosed botanical garden, an area of about 30-40 acres of good grass Jane gather wood branches, area cultivated, and has a greenhouse, based in the suburbs of Hangzhou as the majority of the bridge, so the majority of the bridge, also known as College of Agriculture Botanical Garden Botanical Garden. Majority of the birth of the bridge for China Botanical Garden Botanical Garden Science career and wrote a new chapter. At the time, it is not only to the Agricultural college students, but also to the nearby botanical study and research students to bring the convenience of the Department. If the year is senior agricultural vocational school in Hangzhou Department of Agronomy, studying Wu Zhonglun, whenever you come to botanical gardens, spectacular plants got into this world, devote themselves to observe the morphological characteristics of various plants and ecological habits, and forged a puzzled botany the edge, and later became a famous botanist, foresters. Guanguang lifetime pursuit of progress. Cai initiated early to participate actively in the "China Education Association," Sun Yat-sen and later led the League to participate. Revolution, he worked against Shanghai Arsenal, leading comrades of the bomb making. His life lived a simple life, the money used in the collection of specimens, buy the book on. 1937 Japanese invasion of China, Mr. Chung was forced to leave Peking Institute of Botany. Written articles and only some of the information carried by Mr. Zhu Sheng escort, foot pass Mentougou, Ningbo return home, leaving many important books in the Peking data are significant losses in the war. To flee, he did not lose personal property, while retaining a wealth of information and specimens under. In the home, Mr. Chung regardless of advanced age, travel fatigue, still focus on the botany of his favorite cause, added to the written manuscript collated. July 1940, the Japanese landed in Zhenhai, native also caught opponents. 30 September the same year, the love of the motherland and dedicate themselves to the well-known scholar of science and education, the end result of the extreme obsession with nostalgia and grief passed away, aged 73 years. Unfortunately, even after he wrote most of the lost manuscripts. Mr. Zhong Guanguang have been in the Jiang Su Nanjing High School, established by the Shanghai Science Museum's Science Instrument Training Institute, Women and patriotic Patriotic Society, Peking, Hunan Normal University, Zhejiang University, etc. taught a lot of scientific training for the motherland personnel. Mr. Chung is responsible for the Department of Biology, Peking University, the preparatory work, the creation of a herbarium. Department of Biology was formally established in 1925, he served as the education practicum botany, in the first session of training of the Department of Biology, Peking University graduates, which later become a famous botanist Hao Jingsheng et al. Mr. Zhong Guanguang knowledgeable, rigorous style of study, willing footsteps. Mr. Jia Zuzhang famous science writer in his "Atlas of Chinese plants," a book came out, full of deep feeling, wrote: "the most grateful for the National Peking Institute of Botany, Mr. Zhong Guanguang, being in the middle of summer, as the book Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae Branch, Campanulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, blue flower subjects, and some other Valerianaceae detailed Review, with its plants in China forty years of experience, correcting many errors, and the author gave a lot of encouragement and Zheng Yan. chung and sincere feelings, so that authors suffer moved beyond words to describe the real non-event. commentators every move Darwin, Wallace behavior of the two biologists, a model of morality as a scientist, and now Bell such a serious academic, Mr. and others of the sincerity, comparable chronological and worthies. " Chung diligently, assiduously, self-taught, all the energy will be dedicated to the country's science education, is the modern taxonomy of the founder. In recognition of his research achievements in botany in 1918, the International Organization of plant taxonomy, the Chung found "Verbenaceae" one is, the name "Zhong Jun wood is." South China Institute of Botany to be China's only a relic of a species unique to one of the orchid flowers, fruits, the highest subjects, as a "tourist wood." Although Mr. Chung left us over 60 years, but his fame with "Zhong Jun wood is" and "tourist tree" together forever. Guanguang rich writing life, the "science-pass card", "travel collection in mind," "Mountains and Seas Plants", "Modern Plant Solutions Mao", "Ji Gong things a little," "Plant a Case Note Books", "Chinese Botany, "" Ben Cao Shu Zheng, "and so on, by the United States, Japan plant researchers hold in esteem. Death after the plant is named after his name has minutes of the genus, this is a variety of sightseeing. After the founding of new China, and his son Chung seeking to fill a book manuscript and retained the old home of 16 cabinet wax leaf samples in 1955 was donated to the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Guanguang hometown of Beijing Institute of Botany and Chaiqiao school alma mater, are the provision of "tourist court" commemorative. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
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Biography
Guanguang (1868 ~ 1940), botanist, educator. Pioneer of modern botany in China, is the first extensive use of modern scientific methods of plant collection in the investigation. Engaged in teaching biology, plant surveys and Ancient historical records relating to plants, research, writing a number of historical books and manuscripts Tomb of botany. Created in the herbarium of Peking University, is the earliest one _set_ Herbarium, followed by China at Zhejiang University was founded early Herbarium and Botanical Gardens. To promote research and development of modern botany has made important contributions. Guanguang, word constitution Yichang (chàng), 1868 年 9 Zhenhai County, Zhejiang Province, Chai Qiaozhen was born in a small dye family, his father, rather leaders of the former Bell Green, a virtue in the village, his mother died in his 7 years old . Guanguang childhood into the private school to study, diligent eager to learn. Products and to rigorously enforce the London school, without Gou Johnson. Late Qing Reform Movement, the wealthy and strong country for the sake of Guanguang to resist foreign aggression of the Road, Contact patriots in 1899 organized the "real Siming Society," and take the road of scientific salvation. In 1900 he first founded in Shanghai Pudong area, "Emmanuel phosphorus factory-made", in Shanghai in 1901, the road planning to _set_ up four "scientific instruments museum," a training in the science museum dedicated personnel, "a teaching that" his heart teaching, as he explained to understand, to spread the reputation of the Quartet, with Xu Xilin, ZHANG, Cai, Zou Haibin other famous Magi have also come to listen to his lectures. Guanguang honest, rigorous scholarship, "to cut the utility of science" as the motto, and a strong national integrity and patriotism, so he became close friends with Cai, and participated in the launch of the China Education Association Cai, also adhering to the Sun Zhongshan revolutionary purpose, joined the Chinese Alliance. In 1905, Cai Fan Hu from Qingdao, the Chinese Society of Education re-election, was elected vice president Guanguang. This year, he will explain the school properly, Ningbo Normal School should be invited, come home pregnant with the local gentry Chen Qi, Zhang Shen The, who tried to promote local education. To promote the revolution Guanguang that arouse the people, must start from education and personnel training, after several struggles, Lo ditch public school built. Since then, he advocated encouraging learning, put foot motion, the New Culture Movement flourished, but he has to build their own schools and liabilities of more than 3,000 silver dollars, into trouble. 1909, ill and recovered after Guanguang went to any public school in Shanghai and Ningbo, museum staff, and Chief Commercial Press "science communication" The Animals editing. During this period, his patient the basics of botany, Professor of Modern and often led the students out of plant visits and specimen collection. Back to school after the plant organs according to identity and characteristics of habitats, plants and anatomical analysis, naming and classification. Even be new species, detailed examination of its name, Suye examination of a few forgotten eat or sleep. In scholarship, he asked himself a very rigorous, meticulous, hard hard drill, the students Insider. Few years has created hundreds of primary and secondary school teachers museum. In 1912, the interim government _set_ up the Republic of China, Cai returned from Europe to any minister of education, the Ministry of Education Chair Guanguang counselor. At that time, North and South hurried retreat, political instability, the newly established Ministry of Education, have nothing to do, but the drafting of curricula, textbook editors, there is free time to go to Nanjing famous far and wide looking for inside and outside the plant on Sunday with the Ministry of Education colleagues Weiqiao walk together in the mountains, and from dozens of years, from morning to evening, music very islands. After the government changed hands in the Yuan, the Ministry of Education moved north, with the Department of Guanguang north. He is still more than busy, collecting the north plant, was on leave at the event, with the Cai-yu, toting sample clip, hand-held records, and to the country were investigated plants will come back later adopted into a specimen plant, carefully and with Southern species comparison and classification of botany for a more in-depth study. Soon, the Cabinet disputes, Guanguang resign his post, determined never to enter career. South to the lakes study education. Higher Teacher Education School in Changsha was employed care staff, Sapporo humble gift, sent to meet long Guanguang education, was appointed professor of natural history. In 1917 the school was forced to close down, Guanguang home, its balance pension of silver, in addition to repayment of debt, building bridges and roads, but also built a collection of books used for teaching and specimens of the "Tibetan Master House." Zhenhai County specifically for this purpose he made a "Music Education for" hanging in the break and the large plaque. In 1956, his youngest son, plant taxonomists, called the Royal Gardens, Kew authority Pedicularis world - the clock seeking compensation "hidden floor division" in the possession of precious wax leaves a dozen cabinet specimens, manuscripts and Books dedicated to all free of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Recognition by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The contribution of Chinese modern botany In 1918, Cai president of Peking University, appointed Associate Professor Guanguang Foundation for the management, specializing in the collection of plant specimens and botanical work practicum and teaching botany. He had the opportunity to continue in-depth study, research botanist excited. To meet the Cai of his trust, he decided to start investigation immediately investigated. Time when in February, the cold climate in the north, he plans from the Fujian and Guangdong began Guanguang At this time fifties age, who led the acquisition line 5, the first Denver built Gushan, Fang Guang Shan, Guanxi went, head, tail, WANG Hu and other coastal country. May to Xiamen, collected between the rocks of seafood, algae specimens, type and quantity of very considerable, for the study of algae later laid a good foundation. August Teng Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain, Dinghushan, and went to collect the new street between Shaoguan and found a new genus Verbenaceae. Lingnan University, he was on an academic lecture, Department of Agriculture in Manila, Philippines Academy of Sciences E. D. Dr. Murrill (Merill) meet. Murrill Guanguang order to express the memorial, in 1932 the plant will be called the clock wood (Tsoongia axillariflrra merrill), namely: Callicarpa like Jing or false. Oct. originally planned to go Luo Fu Shan, because Gufei rampant, siege swept burning, helpless Gordon Feilaixia turn, then go to spring out of Xiangshan County, Yangjiang. Is uncertain when the squat gang infested Luckily the help of Yangjiang, the safe arrival of secondary school principals "scales mediated the production of the island" - zhapo. AIDS fan here Nepenthes of the premises for its rare, sun, moon shell, the nautilus was zhapo specific. December back to Guangzhou, rent house in the sand, placed in the opposite Lingnan University, easy to order samples, and often with Lingnan University Agricultural seniors Gloria fee (Groff) with the discussion. Preferential treatment because Zhucai Chen donated passport, was passed Guanguang side road to reach Yunnan and Vietnam in Kunming, Yunnan. Kunming, more than a thousand meters above sea level and plant species is clearly different. In the same year in August, Gordon Dianchi Guanguang large Mountain, west by Lu Feng, Chuxiong and other places and arrived in Dali Diancang. He ignored that they have fifty years old, boarded the 3,450-meter Chu Shiji. Was born to see the majority of the weathering of the cliffs above the tundra, intermingled with the singular of alpine plants such as Meconopsis fight for wins Xuan Cai, Chromic tempting. However, where difficult terrain, it will fall a little careless themanpower. And the tabernacle was the lack of equipment, not climbers poor mining, it was late had to down the mountain, and lived off the Gyejoksan Deng Binchuan, obtained a Cordyceps sinensis, rue macrophylla leaves and other valuable ingredients, after which he intended for the nose Yang go to Simao, Yunnan-Burma border inspection of plants, due to travel ineffective, limited to Yang nose. Way back in the late-night work will take every residential treasures acquired anatomical records, and personally seized possession of, highly valued, resulting in banditry coveted track the chase, not only the day, and finally the red cliff is five miles Xiangyun slope, is highway bundles of robbery, banditry are all due to the search box in the firewood, disappointed, but otherwise the suspect hiding, Lee Feng threats, intimidation critical speech. The Guanguang still Shenseziruo, calmly deal with, the man angry, stripped of his clothes, and his possession of a pocket watch and study only the time away with the compass, and finally have survived. As time, funding constraints, unable to penetrate Guanguang Fingers. Fanhu in January 1920, due to all the way over the mountains, secluded Zhi poor risk, and camped my whole body was pneumonia, Credit goes to Dr. Yu Yunxiu help, concentrate on healing, to heal. In the same year in August, they start and from Hangzhou, Fuchun River and on the reverse, the Fuyang, Lanxi to the country, across all Xianxialing to Fujian twenty-eight, went back to Quzhou, the more even the ridge by the Shek Mun, Huangshan Tunxi the board. Huangshan mountainous Qixiu, clouds often stay, landscape Li Wei, a wide variety of plants ... .... The visit to the witch hazel adopted, 154 species of higher plants such as magnolia, bergamot flowers subfamily, subfamily Guanzhong Haizhou bone, fern subfamily and other 49 genera, and lichens, algae, fungi and other plants distribution and characteristics of the ecological environment, Guanguang are documented in his "travel stories" in the. February 1921, Guanguang big bang, a flock Ling, Tang Jiuhuashan, and turn the banks of Jiujiang, Poyang Lake, collected in the stars along the shoes and other places, in May to reach Lushan. And then up river, over into the Three Gorges in Yichang. Xi Deng Emei he tried high spirits, but since the value of Sichuan, Hubei and sudden war, had to divert Daba advance. Unexpectedly encountered bandits blocking the way to rush off via wusheng, Tang Kai Kung Shan, Henan into the situation, the more so the line and arrived in Shanxi, folding to by the Longhai Kaifeng, Beijing-Hankou Road Back. September, once again beyond the bounds of Taiwan, Hill, nearly the twelfth lunar month when Fanhu. 1924 Guanguang specimens collected in their own based on creating the auspices of North herbarium. Department of Biology, Peking University was established in 1925, stayed to organize Guanguang specimens. On the specimen room, fern experts have praised Mr. Qin Renchang said: "The North is not the true value of specimens distinction of any kind in the amount of new species, and in the majority by the regions, various types of packages Luohong Fu, in fact, the most comprehensive study of the ecological distribution material cloud. " This study collected during 4 years of activity, Guanguang in the "Journal of places," posted on the 10 "travel collection in mind," he recorded Youyan north to south Yunnan and Vietnam, extensively in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan , Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shanxi and other 11 provinces, travel long distances, poor Noir secluded Zhi insurance, climbing Fu Ge, going through difficult and perseverance, but also repeated bandits attacked a detailed record of robbery and other things . "Collection Records" published for future generations to leave an extremely valuable scientific heritage, but also lead to the close attention of scholars and attention. Zhejiang University, he established a herbarium, also established a botanical garden (the Botanical Garden is the first botanical garden in China, an area of about 30-40 acres). Park Forest Ran, flowers Zhengyan, are hung on each plant plant written in Chinese, Latin literature names and their respective family name signs, to facilitate teaching and research, praised the visitors to see them all working. Botanical gardens established the scientific development of our country played a strong role in promoting. Painstaking research, painstaking dying In 1930, with Tanxi Hong Guanguang left in Nanjing, Zhejiang University Museum of Natural History Professor Ren Yanjiu Academia Sinica and the Chinese Science Foundation ranking of members carry out the ranking of plant names. In the fall, Peking Institute of Botany Guanguang they should be careful-e Liu Institute for the invitation to any full-time researcher at the Institute. Although Nianyuhuajia Guanguang, but Laojifuli high aspirations, he still lose all the time and opportunity to Dishuichuanshi spirit, bit by bit, gathering documents, the "Book of Songs," "Book of Changes", "Let Min technique "," Meng Xi Bi Tan "," plant name, map test "and other classics of the plant, according to the original foreign agricultural botany, gardens, forests, sericulture, pharmaceutical classification method, the minutes, belonging to retrieve, but also the literature cited, geographical distribution and ecological environment, one by one to research, modify, add and comments, organize sub-series into a book, write a "modern plant solutions Mao", "Shan Hai Jing Plants", "Kitayama Huapu order", "material Minutes Gong "," The interpretation of cases of ancient plants, annotated bibliography "," name, map test the school record "and 52, about 150 million words of brush manuscript, which embodies the Guanguang lifelong effort. He also "Mao", "Ya," "Lament" in the records of 146 families of higher plants and lower plants in detail the research, writing a "plant in the name of research," a book manuscript, Total 14 (book) more than 2700 pages for botanists study, reference and reference. After years of study Guanguang that China has an economic value although there are many trees, but not blindly cutting and reclamation, must pay attention to protection of vegetation, properly to be mined. In 1936, nearly seventy years of age went to the mountainous area of study Guanguang economic trees, and from the plants and the environment, forest structure and layout, etc. to write a comprehensive paper "Forest Survey of Hunan." Studies in both old and new knowledge Guanguang, the Department of the vegetable kingdom The future of the people, Institute of Plant Research Institute of Peking Liu Shen-e and Hao Jingsheng, who has called him "the old days, the last one, a new era of the first one." Guanguang life clean, I do not know that only dedicated business requirements, economize the remainder of the _set_ up education. He did not carry too high school, no post-graduate studying abroad, but he was to rejuvenate the Chinese nation, study hard, self-taught. His meticulous scholarship, do not avoid the difficult years of danger, in the botanical collection, study and research, has accumulated a wealth of knowledge and experience. But he is always modest and prudent, careful study, the total of new discoveries to be repeated to check the plant, due to objective conditions and information on the history of the limitation of his life written many articles, but the official publication of the article relative to his work is not much. Guanguang for the development of China's science and research education in botany and worked hard all his life, for our pioneering and development of modern botany has made important contributions. Guanguang life is glorious life, his research in botany done a lot of solid work, and his rigorous style of study, a strong national integrity, then people will always inspire, and climb the prosperity of the motherland of the science the peak and work hard. (Author: Chung Chan Kam are either under construction)
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Biography Chronology
1868 Chaiqiao County, Zhejiang Province, Yao was born in the village river bank. 1899 founder of "real Siming Society." Founded in 1901, Shanghai Scientific Instrument Museum. Jiang Yin Nanjing in 1902-1903 teaching at the College (later renamed the Jiangsu Higher School). Shanghai Scientific Instruments was founded in 1904 the Taichung Science Museum and the Museum teaches physics and chemistry knowledge. He taught at the Normal School 1904-1908 Ningbo. Office 1906 Chaiqiao Xing Lu ditch public school. Taught in Shanghai in 1908 the Taichung Science. 1908-1909 West Lake in Hangzhou convalescence. 1909-1911 taught at Public School in Shanghai and Ningbo Natural Museum room. 1911 Art Museum through the creation of real learning. 1912-1915, he served as counselor of Nanjing Provisional Government, Ministry of Education. 1916-1917, he served as professor of Hunan Higher Normal School museum. 1918-1926, he served as associate professor of Peking University. 1927-1930, he served as professor of Zhejiang University College of Agriculture, Nature and the Zhejiang Provincial Museum Department. 1930 appointed Research Professor of Natural History, Academia Sinica. 1930-1940 Institute of Botany, was appointed full-time researcher at Peking. September 30, 1940 died in his home town.
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Mainly on the
1 Guanguang. Travel collection in mind. Journal of Earth Science, (1920-1921) 11 (7) :24-38. (8-9) :45-63. (10) :33-55. (11) :47-69. (12) :23-30. 12 (1) :10-23. (2) :26-40. (3) :9-17. (4) :12-23. (5) :31-41. Guanguang 2. "Should refer to the map on botanical membership", "Zhejiang Agriculture Week" 1928,1: (27-29). 3 Guanguang. Critisms and Corrections of the Botanic Terms as appeared inthe third Report of the General Committee on Scientific Terminology. 1914. Sinensia ,1932-1933 (a), 3 (1-12) :9-25. 4 Guanguang. On the Importance of Chinese Names for plant with suggestionsfor a proper System of Nomenclature. Sinensia ,1932-1933 (b), 3 (1-12) :1-8. Guanguang 5. Chinese and Japanese botanists of interest. Science in China, 1933 (a), 1 (4) :5-7.