The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian: Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика [РСФСР], transliterated as Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika [RSFSR]), also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Soviet republics of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It was by far the largest sub-national entity in the world by area and 2nd in population after the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The capital was Moscow, also the capital of the Soviet Union.
Chinese: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics English: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics French: Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques As the Soviet Union is made up of 15 republics, each republic has its own body language of the nation, the Soviet national emblem on the ribbon text is written in the 15 republics of the USSR State motto: "The world proletariat , Unite! "(English: Worker and Proletarian all world, unite! Russian: Вокруг Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!). Full name of the 16 countries of the Soviet Union, "Soviet Socialist Republics" is written as follows: Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Ukrainian: Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік Belarusian language: Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік Lithuanian: Tarybinių Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga Latvian: Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienība Estonian: Noukogude Sotsialistlike Vabariikide Liit Georgian: საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი Armenian: Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն Azeri: Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqı / Совет Сосиалист Республикалары Иттифагы Kazakh: Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы / Keṅestîk Socialistîk Respublikalar Odaġy / Советтік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы / Sovettîk Socialistîk Respublikalar Odaġy Uzbek: Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi / Совет Социалистик Республикалари Иттифоқи Kyrgyz: Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу Tajik: Иттифоқи Республикаҳои Советии Сотсиалистӣ / اتفاق ریسپوبلیکههای ساویتی ساتسیلیستی Turkmen: Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік Moldovan: Uniunea Republicilor Sovetice Socialiste / Униуня Републичилор Советиче Сочиалисте In addition, Karelia - Finland was one of the Soviet Union. Karelian language (Finnish) is written as: Finnish: Sosialististen Neuvostotasavaltojen Liitto
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Basic information
Soviet Union Emblem The Soviet Union more than 100 nationalities, of which 51% of Russians, Ukrainians 15%, Uzbek 6%, Belarus 4%, the other for the Kazakhs, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Moldovans, Tajiks, Lithuanian, Turkmen, German people, the Kyrgyz people, Jews, Latvians, Estonians and other accounts for about 24%. The official language is Russian, there are 200 different ethnic languages and dialects, of which 75% of the Slavonic family, in addition to other Indo-European Slavic than 8%, 12% Altaic languages, Uralic, 3%, accounting for Caucasian languages 2%. Main religion for the Russian Orthodox Church, the other for Christianity, Judaism, Islam and so on. Map of the whole territory of the Soviet Union in the Soviet Union and the lowland plains about 60% of the total area, mountains and plateaus account for 20%, respectively. Yenisei River west of the main Russian Plain, West Siberian Plain and Turan plains, mainly in the east Siberian Plateau and the East Siberian mountains. 80% of the area is a temperate, 16% are cold, 4% is a subtropical. The main features of the climate: The winter is long, cold, dry, summer is short, warm, spring, fall short, the temperature of less large. According to the Soviet Union "Constitution", the Soviet Union is a federal state, the equal rights of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) formed in accordance with the principle of voluntary association. The capital is Moscow. Head of State President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, after 1990, Soviet President. Government is the President of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union after 1990. Motto: world proletariat, unite! (Вокруг Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!) Currency: ruble Official language: Russian Capital: Moscow Area: 22.403 million sq km in 1939, 1970; 22,402,200 square kilometers Population: Total population of 293,047,571 (July 1991); Population density: 13 .08/km ² (1991 年 7 months) National Day: November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) Breakup of the official time: December 25, 1991 Currency: ruble (SUR) Time zone: UTC +3 to +11 National Anthem: "The Internationale" (the first and fourth sections only) (1917-1944) "Unbreakable Union" (also known as "Soviet Song") (1944 - disintegration) International Domain abbreviations:. USSR, CCCP (still in use)
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History
Lenin period During World War I, the Russian Empire, the February Revolution broke out, leading to czar to step down, the Russian Empire disintegrated. Hierarchy emerged from the public and workers in the interim government soldiers on behalf of Lenin, the Soviet (Russian meaning "the Assembly") coexist. Finally, Lenin, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, led by left-wing (Bolsheviks) in combination with other left-wing political parties launched the uprising in St. Petersburg, seized power from the hands of the interim government, known as the October Revolution. After the revolution was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Russia, referred to as the Soviet Union and later signed a peace treaty with Germany and its allies, exit the First World War. After the end of World War I, Britain, France, Japan, Poland, the United States and other countries because of dissatisfaction with the Soviet Union unilaterally withdraw from the war against Germany and Tsarist Russia debt problem, the Russian Revolution were armed intervention. Domestic forces loyal to the Tsar and rich peasants, landowners and the bourgeoisie organized the White Army forces launched a war against the Soviet regime. After the Russian Civil War, the Soviet Red Army defeated the White Army and the joint armed intervention in many countries to consolidate the regime. December 30, 1922, from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and South Caucasus, composed of the Federal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR) was established. National Day for the annual November 7. January 1924, Lenin died, Stalin, the highest power. Soviet Union entered the Stalin period. Stalin Stalin to consolidate his position, through brutal means against political opponents, the name of the revolutionaries to start a big cleaning. Millions of people were sent to the Gulag (camps), and even massacres. Cleaning within the armed forces of which the large number of outstanding military officers killed, a direct result of the early Soviet-German war, the Soviet army defeated. Although, under the leadership of Stalin, the Soviet Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union conducted a major economic transformation of production methods, and successfully transformed into a Soviet heavy industry and military power, but Stalin's brutal massacre committed by the West offense Most people regarded as part of the Soviet dictatorship butcher. 1932 to 1933, the Stalin's agricultural collectivization campaign led the implementation of the Great Famine of Ukraine, so 2500000-480 million deaths. Ukraine's independence, many Ukrainian politicians and scholars believe that the great famine of 1932 -1933 in the Soviet Ukraine of ethnic cleansing and genocide. Stalin, 30, began the 20th century, the Western use of "appeasement policy" to appease Hitler and appeasement of Nazi Germany annexed Austria, Czechoslovakia, agreed to Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe and Central and Southern Europe freedom of movement, making the Soviet Union that Western countries attempted to fascism "troubles Dongyin" . The Soviet Union and the Anglo-French alliance many times without results, but Britain and France have been published with a non-aggression with Germany and the nature of the "Anglo-German Declaration" and the "Franco-German Declaration"; In contrast, German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop was repeatedly expressed the hope that improving the relationship between the Soviet Union. Since then, in 1939, the Soviet Union to take "troubles the West to push" strategy and Germany signed a secret alliance, "the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty." After the outbreak of World War II, according to the sphere of influence by the treaty, the Soviet Union to "_set_ up to prevent German invasion of the Eastern front" in the name carved up Poland and Germany to send troops, attacked and occupied parts of Eastern Europe, Finland. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union, a move to accelerate its neighboring countries to move closer to the fascist axis, but also make the Soviet Union early in World War II quite unpopular. (See article: Winter War, Katyn massacre) June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union, the Soviet Red Army a serious loss early in the war, the Soviets suffered heavy military losses, a Zhousu Jun during the first nine hundred aircraft on the loss of thousands of artillery pieces , more than a thousand tanks and dozens of formal divisions. After the Soviet-German war became the main battlefield of the European continent. In early 1943, after Soviet troops fought bloody battles to obtain the victory of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet grasp the initiative on the battlefield. To May 1945, including the allied forces captured the Soviet Red Army throughout Nazi Germany, the European war ended. August 8, 1945, the Soviet Red Army declared war on Japan, Northeast China and North Korea sent troops to the north, to wipe out the Japanese Kwantung Army. Autumn 1941, Germany's northwest suburbs Jungong to Moscow, when the Soviet government and foreign ambassadors to the south of the city of Samara is now. November 7 the same day, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin arrived in the besieged city of Moscow and held a grand Yuebingdianli, all Review troops marched to the battlefield immediately after the ceremony. This event inspiring. The Government of the Soviet Union made into a documentary this solemn ceremony, playing in various places in the united States when World War II played an extremely popular effect for the final victory of the Soviet Union laid a solid foundation. October 1944, the Soviet annexation of northwest China's Tang Nu Wu Lianghai Mongolia region. In 1945, representatives of the Soviet Union and the Republic of China signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", resulting in Outer Mongolia independent. After the war, the Soviet Union feel that the establishment of NATO threats, so diametrically opposed to the establishment of the Warsaw Pact. Cold start. Khrushchev Khrushchev Period In 1953, Stalin died. Between the top leaders of the Soviet Communist Party a few years of political struggle, the final overthrow Khrushchev in Beria, Malenkov and other political opponents and became the top leaders of the Soviet Union. Since then, the Soviet Union into the Khrushchev period. Khrushchev's secret report used in the form of Stalin purges exposed the atrocities in the end to police terror, the release of millions of political prisoners, for the nearly 2,000 people rehabilitated. Ordinary people open to the Kremlin, Khrushchev, and the elimination of the central leadership of the "special supply" and bureaucratic cadres of the various privileges and the "special allowance", popular, but also incur the dissatisfaction of many officials. Khrushchev criticized Stalin but also was full of socialist allies in Eastern Europe triggered a political upheaval. (See article: Prague Spring, Hungary October Incident, Poland October events) Khrushchev advocated East-West detente, in order to avoid nuclear war. External advocates the "three and routes", that peaceful coexistence, peaceful competition, peaceful transition. His many visits to the United States and other Western countries, but his foreign policy led to the US-Soviet nuclear confrontation remains, had planned a second Berlin crisis, the Cuban missile crisis and other events. Khrushchev, the Soviet Union made in the field of aerospace achievements attracting worldwide attention. (See entry: Gagarin, Vostok 1) Brezhnev In 1964, Khrushchev stepped down as supreme leader Brezhnev, the Soviet Union into the Brezhnev period. Power in the late Brezhnev, Soviet-style welfare policy since the national economy and the huge decline in military spending, especially in agricultural production declined year by year, the Soviet Union control of the Eastern European countries rapidly weakened, the Soviet Union to become weak, the national treasury, national decline . Brezhnev vigorously nepotism, corruption within the party intensified, senior cadres have become privileged. He had the classic famous sentence: "who rely on wages is also not survive," the implication of its influence, corruption within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as the proliferation of cancer cells, planted the seeds of the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party. During Andropov November 10, 1982, the Soviet Union, Leonid Brezhnev ruled the death of long-term, the successor to the KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov, the top leaders of the Soviet Union, Andropov power in one year and three months, were bold reforms, carried out sweeping personnel changes, for the development of national economy and improving people's welfare services has contributed to the progress made. In the consolidation of labor discipline and sound economic mechanisms made of test results more significant, the measures taken in this regard the Soviet Union won the support of the masses. However, due to health reasons did not allow him to accomplish this task. February 9, 1984, Andropov due to chronic kidney disease, died 69 years old. Chernenko period After the death of Yuri Andropov, the Soviet Union take over as leader of the 73-year-old Chernenko Gorbachev period See: Soviet Union, eight hundred and nineteen events In 1982, Brezhnev's death, followed by Andropov and Chernenko his successor in office less than two years before they both died. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union into the period. 1988 Mikhail Gorbachev announced the Soviet Union would abandon the Brezhnev Doctrine, to reduce interference in the internal affairs of Eastern European countries (especially to stop the military intervention), his spokesman jokingly called this policy "Sinatra Quzhu Yi." This policy led to the socialist countries in Eastern Europe occurred in 1989 during a series of violent "political earthquake" (mostly peaceful revolution took place in Romania but violence) Gorbachev's reforms in the economic _set_back, the case of slow progress to political reform, economic reconstruction in the country and open implementation of the policy errors of the history of the liquidation. But his reforms brought about unintended consequences. With the devolution of central authority, the leaders of the republics began to seek greater autonomy. With the "open" more in-depth, history and history of the Soviet Union's crimes will be exposed at the same time, gradually lost popular support. With the collapse in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union's Eastern European countries to follow the Government have the intention of independence from the Soviet Union. August 24, 1991, the Soviet republics Ukraine, the second declaration of independence. The Soviet Union began to disintegrate. Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered the declared an illegal organization and limit its activities in Russia. In late 1991, he, together with Belarus and Ukraine in Belarus capital Minsk, the President signed, the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth from establishing a similar framework to replace the Soviet Union. Other countries have responded to join the Soviet Union, left the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union in the time existed in name only. December 25, 1991, Soviet President Gorbachev announced his resignation, the state transfer of power to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. December 25 evening, the Soviet flag over the slowly lowered from the Kremlin. December 26, the Supreme Soviet of self-dissolution of the Soviet Union no longer exists marks. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, marking the world's largest collapse of the socialist countries.
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Politics
Article VI of the Constitution according to the Soviet Union, the Soviet Communist Party and its 20 million members is the country's center of government. Factories and collective farms, each party must establish a branch. Heart of the system of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee. After the Stalin era, in order to avoid concentration of power in the hands of the Soviet Communist Party to implement the principle of collective leadership, who can control a majority of the Central Committee, who will be able to control the party and state leadership. Belong to the state party's Political Bureau member of the privileged class. They enjoy specialized medical care, can go to special stores for duty-free imports of cheap Western luxury goods, live on state-provided apartments and villas, a dedicated team and a dedicated fast lane in the middle of the road, as well as private hunting forest area and the resort beach. Their children can easily join the party, into the International Relations Institute of prestigious universities such studies, and in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade Ministry and the embassies where to find the best job. This class also includes the military, the KGB's chiefs, and leading officials of the former republics. Inferior class to the factory director, bank manager, branch secretary of such local leaders and figures. They control the distribution of goods and local privileges. The living standards of ordinary people the lowest in the Stalin era. This is the situation at home and abroad, and then the Soviet Union. Khrushchev, the Soviet Union and the United States launched a peace, improving living standards of the competition, began to improve people's lives. Brezhnev proposed a "National Party", "national state" concept, the domestic political struggle to the general public is no longer involved, and raising people's living standards. To provide free medical care and free education. Rent is very cheap, only a few rubles a month, which also includes the heating, telephone and water bills. Many people can go to the Black Sea resort, or in nursing homes led government subsidies rest. This is the Soviet model of the welfare state concept. Although there is little consumer goods to sell, but the price is relatively low. However, different with the Nordic welfare state, the Soviet Union's welfare policy has not a strong economic foundation for financial security, and therefore the post-Brezhnev era of economic difficulties. Constitution of the Soviet Union has provided a guarantee for employment, so people think do not have to go back to work. Corruption, theft, and the country is widespread appropriation of property, bribery was rampant, and the production efficiency is low. The second half of the Brezhnev era known as the Soviet "stagnation" and "stuck on." Struggle within the party after Stalin adopted a more civilized way. Failure is no longer executed, but Zuoqian to remote areas as insignificant positions. The dissidents are no longer physical elimination of the measures taken, but depending on the level of its influence, to take off into exile abroad or special psychiatric hospital punishment. Political prisoners in the general population is the same as the criminals in jail and labor camps. KGB terror synonymous with the Soviet Union, it has more than 70 million employees, and almost an equal number of informants. KGB infiltration of the forces in the country to all levels and in all sectors. In fact, the "KGB" The word has now become synonymous with secret police terror. With the Soviet Union, Gorbachev's political reforms ultimately failed, but it marked the final out of the Soviet Stalinist Communist Party of the shackles, and for other political reforms in the socialist countries can learn from the lessons learned.
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Military
During its existence the Soviet Union, a strong military is the only World War II in the world compete against countries and the United States, 1988, the total strength of the Soviet Red Army reached 5.13 million (excluding security and internal security forces.) The highest leadership of the Soviet armed forces is the CPSU Central Committee, the Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers. Introduction of universal compulsory military service, the Navy 3 years, other branches of the military for 2 years. Soviet military parade in Red Square is divided into five military services: Army Navy Air Force Air defense forces SMF Soviet border guards and Interior Ministry forces and another establishment. Warsaw Convention, the Soviet Union was a founding member of the former East Germany, Poland, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Hungary, Mongolia and other countries have troops there. In Vietnam, Cuba and some other Asian, African, Latin American countries also have troops stationed in the military advisers and technical consultants or staff.
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Territorial disputes
China Tangnu Wuliang Hai district Outer region Heixiazi Island Abba Cover Figure Zhouzhu Iron 列克提 Sixty-four Tuen Jiangdong Outside the Northeast Sakhalin Japan Southern Kuril Islands
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Leaders
The Soviet Communist Party leader 1. Ulyanovsk Vladimir Ilyich (Lenin) October 6, 1917 -1922 on April 3 Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) Central Committee Political Bureau, member of the Communist International Executive Committee 列夫达维多维奇 Trotsky in October 1917 on August -1927 (Bolshevik) Central Committee Political Bureau, member of the Communist International Executive Committee 2. 约瑟夫维萨里奥 Norwich Stalin April 3, 1922 -1953 on March 5 (Bolshevik) Central Committee General Secretary (large end of the nineteenth CPSU), the CPSU Central Committee a secretary (the Soviet Communist Party after the end of nineteenth Large) Gregory 利马克西米 Malenkov in 1946 with Norwich on 14 March -1953 CPSU Central Committee 3. 尼基塔谢尔盖耶 Popovich Khrushchev September 7, 1953 -1964 on October 14, first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee 4. Leonid Brezhnev Doe Ridge October 14, 1964 -1982 on November 10th CPSU Central Committee General Secretary, October 14, 1964 to April 8, 1966 as the Soviet Union first secretary of the Central Committee were 5. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov November 12, 1982 -1984 on February 9 CPSU Central Committee General Secretary 6. 康斯坦丁乌 Stephen Norwich Chernenko February 13, 1984 -1985 on March 10th CPSU Central Committee General Secretary 7. Gaiyeweiqi Mikhail Gorbachev, March 11, 1985 -1991 on December 25th CPSU Central Committee General Secretary Head of state 1. Out just waves Wlosowicz Kamenev November 9, 1917 -1917 on November 21 all-Russian Soviet Congress Chairman, Executive Committee 2. Yakov Mikhailovich 伊洛维奇斯 Virginia De Luofu November 21, 1917 -1919 on March 16th Congress of the All-Russian Soviet Executive Committee Chairman) 3. Mikhail Fyodor Duoluoweiqi Vladimir Kaczynski March 16, 1919 -1919 on March 30 (all-Russian Soviet Congress Executive Committee Chairman) 4. Mikhail Ivanovich 诺维奇加里宁 December 30, 1919 -1938 on July 19 for the All-Russian Soviet Congress Executive Committee, 30 December 1922 12 January 1938 date of the Executive Committee of the Soviet Union Soviet Congress President, January 17, 1938 to May 9, 1946 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 5. Nikola Mihajlovic Shiwei Ilnik May 9, 1946 -1953 on March 15 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 6. Clement leaves Ebro Mo Weiqi Voroshilov March 15, 1953 -1960 on May 7th President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 7. Leonid Brezhnev Doe Ridge May 7, 1960 -1964 on July 5th President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 8. Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan July 5, 1964 -1965 on December 9th President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9. Nicholas Victor Petrovich Pod Gore in December 9, 1965 -1977 on June 16 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 10. Leonid Brezhnev Doe Ridge June 16, 1977 -1982 on November 10 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR) 11. 瓦西里瓦西里耶 Abramovich Kuznetsov, November 10, 1982 -1983 on June 16 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 12. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov June 16, 1983 -1984 on February 9th President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 13. 瓦西里瓦西里耶 Abramovich Kuznetsov, February 9, 1984 -1984 on April 11 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 14. 康斯坦丁乌 Stephen Norwich Chernenko April 11, 1984 -1985 on March 5th President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 15. 瓦西里瓦西里耶 Abramovich Kuznetsov, March 5, 1985 -1985 on July 27 President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 16. 安德列安德列耶 维奇葛罗米 Ko July 27, 1985 -1988 on August 1st President of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR 17. Gaiyeweiqi Mikhail Gorbachev, August 1, 1988 -1989 on May 25th (May 25, 1989 to March 15, 1990 as President of the Supreme Soviet , March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991 as the Soviet President) Head of government Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanovsk November 8, 1917 -1924 on Jan. 23 People's Committee Chair Alexei Ivanovich Rykov January 23, 1924 -1930 on December 19 People's Committee Chair Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, December 19, 1930 -1941 on May 6 meeting of the People's Committee Chairman 约瑟夫维萨里奥 Norwich Stalin May 6, 1941 -1946 on 19 March (People's Committee chairman of the meeting, 19 March 1946 to March 5, 1953 as President of the Council of Ministers) Gregory 利马克西米 with Norwich Malenkov March 5, 1953 -1955 February 8 years President of the Council of Ministers Nicholas Alexandrovich Buer Jia Ning February 8, 1955 -1958 on March 27 President of the Council of Ministers 尼基塔谢尔盖耶 Popovich Khrushchev March 27, 1958 -1964 on October 15 President of the Council of Ministers Nicholas Alexyevitch Alexei Kosygin October 15, 1964 -1980 on October 23 President of the Council of Ministers Nikolay Alexandrovich Tikhonov October 23, 1980 -1985 on September 27 President of the Council of Ministers 尼古拉伊万诺 Weiqi Lei Luzhkov September 27, 1985 -1991 on January 14th President of the Council of Ministers Valentin 谢尔盖耶维奇帕 Fu Luofu January 14, 1991 -1991 Prime Minister on August 24
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Soviet Hero
April 16, 1934, the Soviet Central Executive Committee adopted a decision, in recognition of heroic national _set_ of individual and collective, for the officer to grant "the Soviet Union Hero" title. July 29, 1936, the Soviet Central Executive Committee passed the "Regulations on the title of Soviet Hero." August 1, 1939, the Bureau decided to establish the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, "Venus Medal", awarded to the state _set_ a heroic "Soviet Hero." Revised 1973, "Soviet hero Bill" provides for access to "the Soviet Union Hero" title issued by the Soviet Union were the highest award - the Order of Lenin, awarded the Special Merit "Medal of Venus", the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet issued the certificate. "Venus Medal" series with more than 90% purity of gold manufacturing. Star diameter 30 mm, weight 21.5 grams, the back engraved with "Soviet Hero" characters. Venus is _set_ off by a purity of more than 90% pure silver tray, weighs 12.186 grams, rectangular, _set_ off by the middle of a red silk cloth, a symbol of the red flag. The whole weight of 34.264 grams medals. The detachment "Venus award" has a number, and the Soviet Central Executive Committee or the number of certificates issued by the Supreme Soviet of the same. According to 1936 promulgated the "Regulations on the title of the Soviet Union Hero", a person can only get a "Soviet Hero" title. If the re-establishment of major contributions, Venus second gold medal awarded, but not awarded the Order of Lenin. Venus maximum of three medals. Venus wins the second gold medal, the Government built its bronze bust in his hometown. 1980 Soviet Union has revised the "Regulations on the title of the Soviet Union Hero," the abolition of the Order of Lenin award only once, Venus is not more than three medals requirements. CPA "Soviet Hero" title and Venus are awarded the Order of Lenin medal. Received the title of the first hero of the Soviet Union, mostly pilots. The first grant, "the Soviet Union Hero" is the title of April 20, 1934. Stoyanov Woduo Pi honor is led by seven Soviet pilot who successfully rescued a result of Arctic expeditions, and "cut to stay Chomsky" icebreaker crew and meritorious service. Eighth in the Soviet Union was an outstanding pilot hero Gromov for his 75 hours of continuous flight, range 12,411 km and in 1934 the award. In 1936, Rove and other three pilots due to Cheka from a continuous flight from Moscow to the Far East earned the title of hero. In 1936, in the Spanish civil war of the 11 Soviet Red Army commanders to become "Soviet heroes," they are pilots, of which there are three foreigners. Early 1940, there were 15 collective access to "the Soviet Union Hero" title. They are the "George. Sedov" icebreaker crew. From 1937 onwards, they are drifting ice in the Arctic Ocean 812 days, creating a record of human history. Entire unit or the collective honor of the thing all the crew members, is unprecedented. The first was "the Soviet Union Hero" title motorized infantry division of the Moscow Kelai Se, he is not out of gold for organizing the Battle River in 1941 while winning. Before World War II, a total of 626 people was "Soviet hero" title, including three women. To June 22, 1941, a total of 5 people twice, "Venus medal." In the "Soviet Hero" history, a total of 2 to obtain 4 "Medal of Venus", that is four times "the Soviet Union Hero" title. One was Zhukov and the other a Brezhnev. Zhukov was three, "Venus award" as the highest limits in effect when the exception has been granted the fourth gold medal of a hero. Brezhnev lover of vanity, he was awarded his four "Venus award" had enough "hero addiction." Vast majority of "Soviet Hero" are produced in the Great Patriotic War. A total of 11,635 people during the war was "the Soviet hero" title, to obtain the title accounted for 92% of the total number. Early World War II, the Soviet Union placed the acute problem of life and death in the face of the whole nation. However, in the first year of the war only a few dozen individuals acquire the title of hero, and all of July to October 1941. Later, the German city gates of Moscow, the decision-making departments even have time to consider the award. The city was under German defeat in Moscow, the prize-giving ceremony resumed. During the war years are heroes. Deputy head of the Soviet Air Force Division was shot down 62 hot Dubo enemy, the hero must go beyond its title. Legendary hero, full of wonders. 1944, has announced the award to the Air Force pilot Maj. Gulayefu third gold "medal of Venus," while several of the pilot returned to second gold awarded "Medal of Venus." But they did not get the award because the award the previous night's restaurant in Moscow mob. Presentation order was canceled. Acquired during the Great Patriotic War hero the title of the Soviet Union 35% of people who are soldiers and lieutenants, who is a lieutenant-colonel 61%, 3.3% of the people (380 people) was a general. During World War II, received the title of hero is not only the regular army soldiers, there are many guerrillas. Belarus first guerrilla hero "Red October" and the political commissar of the long guerrilla puma Cove. Zoya is a war hero during the 87 women in the Soviet Union first to get the title of hero. The new generation has long been indifferent to the things the war years, they have less respect for the hero, and even some do not understand. So sad that some people even theft or robbery Medal of the Soviet hero, and then sold on the market. A "Medal of Venus" often can sell thousands or even tens of thousands of rubles. Concept of this social change, the heroes seem helpless.
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Soviet economy
The main industrial zone focused on the Soviet Union in Moscow, Leningrad, Donets Basin, the Ural Mountains and other regions. Secondary industrial areas including the Baltic coast, western Siberia and the Volga River (Volga) River. Soviet centralized management of the industrial sector and the state regulation, plant products, types, specifications and prices under the central government and joined by the Council of Ministers Republic of national Commission. Times in Russia, Russia is Europe's major grain exporters. However, due to the implementation of the 20th century, 30's collectivization of agriculture and the eradication of "kulaks" policy on the destruction of agricultural production, the Soviet Union has been unable to self-sufficiency in food. The Soviet Union late in the second five-year plan to complete the collectivization of agriculture, agricultural production as the basic unit of collective farms, collective farm machinery through the station under the tractor, car and combines the implementation of mechanized planting and cultivation. Soviet Union, the major food crops of wheat, there are other important crops, sugar beet, cotton, potatoes, corn, tobacco. Caucasus, coffee and sugar cane and other cash crops. Through the CMEA, the Soviet Union the implementation of other socialist countries in Eastern Europe on its colonial predatory trade, cheap imports of raw materials, manufactured goods sold at high prices. This is also the leading people of the Soviet Eastern European countries have one important reason for dissatisfaction. Industry The Soviet Union is the world's major energy producers. 1983 energy production and consumption accounted for 23% of the world and 19%. Focus on the development of energy industry is the basis of Soviet industrial sector, from 1971 to 1984, accounting for 31.3% of total industrial investment. Energy production from coal-based 50's 60's gradual transition to both coal and oil, 70 oil and natural gas based. Structure of primary energy production in 1983 was: 43.4% of oil, natural gas accounted for 30.8%, coal 24.2%, other 1.6%. Coal industry is the traditional energy sector. In 1984 the national production of 712 million tons of coal, which accounted for 78% of hard coal. Mainly concentrated in the seven coal mining bases: Donbas, Kuzbass, Ekibastuz, Karaganda, Kan Sike - Achieng Intrinsic, Pechora and Moscow near Coal (1983 total accounting coal production 77.5%), which are the Donets Basin and the world's largest Kuzbass coal field, the country's total output of 27.7% and 20.5%. Oil, natural gas accounts for the Soviet Union 74.2% of primary energy production and consumption of 64.5% (1983). Oil and gas basins located in western Siberia, Russia, the former Caucasus, Tulane and East Siberian regions 5. 1984 production of 613 million tons of crude oil, natural gas production 587.4 billion cubic meters, respectively, ranked first and second. West Siberia is one of the Soviet Union's largest oil and gas areas and reservoir areas, oil and gas area of 170 square kilometers of crude oil proved reserves of 4.8 billion tons (1980), natural gas, 17.1 trillion cubic meters (1976), respectively, the country's total crude oil and natural gas proved reserves of 46% and 68%; from large-scale development since the mid-60s, oil, gas production increased rapidly in 1984, the country's total crude oil production to 61.7%, natural gas accounted for 55.2%. Volga - Ural oil province (the second Baku) in the mid 50s to mid 70s has been the biggest oil producing areas of the Soviet Union, due to the long mining, resource depletion, in 1984, the country's total crude oil production dropped to 24.3%. There are other major Caspian Sea oil and gas producing areas of the east coast of the peninsula and the West Bank 曼格什拉克 Baku and the surrounding area, Komi Autonomous Republic, North Caucasus, and Turkmenistan. Since the 50s, through the construction of large power plants, installation of large units, and vigorously develop the eastern region of the water resources and measures to accelerate the construction of power grid, the electric power industry has made significant development. In 1984, the national power installed capacity of 303.69 million kilowatts of total power generation volume of 1.4921 trillion degrees, ranking second in the world. The total power output, thermal power accounted for 79.5%, 14.1% hydropower, nuclear power accounted for 6.4% (1981). Generating capacity of the western region which accounts for about 71.5% (1983), more concentrated in the Ukraine, to Moscow as the center of the central region, the Urals, the Volga River basin, and the Baltic Sea coastal area around Leningrad, the thermal power-based, more than one million kilowatts larger proportion of large power plants. Eastern coal, oil, natural gas and hydro and other energy rich resources, and centralized distribution, development and higher economic efficiency. 50 years since the industrial development in eastern regional power faster rate than the western region, the country's total generating capacity in proportion of 9% in 1940 rose to 28.5% in 1983, especially in fast development of hydropower, accounting for the total installed capacity of hydropower 2 / 3 (1980), with seven more than 1 million kilowatts of large hydropower plants, which Krasnoyarsk and Bratsk hydropower installed capacity was 609.6 and 450 million kilowatts. Between eastern and western regions built by the late 70s the All-Union unified power grid connected. Metallurgical industry of the Soviet Union one of the major basic industries sector. Wide range, including the two sectors, steel and nonferrous metals industries. The latter can be divided into light, heavy, thin, expensive four categories, produce about 70 kinds of metal. Metallurgical industry rich in raw materials and fuel resources, the vast majority based on the home. Production of many metals play an important role in the world, most products Zijiyouyu. The Soviet Union is the world's largest steel producer. The total annual output of 154,238,000 tons of steel in 1984, about the world steel output of 1 / 5. Iron and steel industry needed iron, manganese, chrome ore and coking coal and other resources, large reserves, are more concentrated and mining conditions are better. 1984, 68% of iron ore from the South Ukraine's Keli Wo Rogge, the central area of the Kursk and the northwestern Kazakhstan Kusitanai, 3 / 4 or more coking coal produced in Donbas and libraries Ziba Si. Grade iron ore is not high (average 38%), high-grade ore only proved reserves of 1 / 6. Meanwhile, in addition to South Ukraine, the most areas of coal, iron on the combination of resources in the region well, the western ore more, but the lack of coking coal, coking coal east of the iron deficiency and more, between the Urals during the coal, iron are missing, lead to iron and steel industrial raw materials, fuel long-distance transport. Iron and steel industry are more concentrated, with Ukraine, the Urals, West Siberia, the central area and the five iron and steel industrial base in Kazakhstan, Ukraine and the Urals which is longer history, with many points, the larger of the old base, the country's total steel output 36.3%, respectively, and 28.4% (1980). The other three new base is still in the formative stages. Major center of iron and steel industry are: Magnitogorsk in the Urals, the next Taji Er, Chelyabinsk, Ukraine Zhdanov, Keli Wo Rogge, Zaporozhye, Dnepr Burrow Dzerzhinsk , West Siberia, Novokuznetsk, Northwest Cherepovets, Lipetsk and the central region of Karaganda Kazakhstan and so on. Bauxite lack of resources, lack of high-grade bauxite is more, self-sufficiency rate is less than half of each year a large number of high-quality bauxite and alumina imports. Aluminum industry, with the eastern part of the large-scale water resources development and rapidly develop. Annual output of 1.92 million tons of primary aluminum in 1982, after the United States. Concentrated mainly in large-scale hydropower stations of the East Siberia. Large aluminum center Bratsk in eastern Siberia, Krasnoyarsk, Sheliehuofu and West Siberia Novokuznetsk, and the Urals region and 克拉斯诺图林 Kamensk LANDesk. Copper is mainly distributed in eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Urals, Uzbekistan, Armenia and the Kola Peninsula and other places, including eastern Siberia Wu Duokan the country's total proven reserves of Copper, 1 / 5.1982 refined copper production of 1.52 million National tons. Ranks second in the world. Copper mining and smelting closely, the main center in Kazakhstan, Jerzy Katz Gan, northern shore of Lake Balkhash in Balkhash, the upper slope of the Ural pyshma, Lie Fuda, Kashmir tem, Uzbekistan Northeast Al Marek, Norilsk in northern Siberia, the East and so on. Lead and zinc resources in the main polymetallic Ore. Mainly in East Kazakhstan and South Sac Altai mountains, followed by Uzbekistan East, Ural, Great Caucasus Mountains and the Far East South. 1983, 65 million tons annual output of refined lead, zinc 875,000 tons of crude, the main refining centers in Kazakhstan Ust - kamen Nogo Magnitogorsk (lead, zinc), Shymkent (lead), 列宁诺戈尔 LANDesk ( lead, zinc), Ural Chelyabinsk (zinc), Central Asia's Al Marek (zinc), North Caucasus, Ordzhonikidze (lead, zinc) and so on. In addition, nickel, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, rare earth and gold, silver and platinum group metals production, ranking first in the world. Most of tractors and agricultural machinery manufacturing industry close to the major agricultural areas. The main center of Minsk, Kharkov, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Pavlodar, etc. (tractor) and Rostov, Taganrog, Tula and other large agricultural machinery. The Soviet Union since the late 20th century, made of 50 chemical industry and the implementation of accelerated development of the national economy since the overall chemistry of the principle of the chemical industry has made significant development, the annual average growth rate second only to the machinery industry. In 1984 production was 30.808 million tons of fertilizer (calculated by the active ingredient), ranking first in the world; sulfuric acid, soda ash, synthetic rubber production after the United States. However, late start of organic synthesis industry, the main product output and production levels were behind the United States, Japan and Western Europe, industrialized countries. In the layout, most of the old chemical base near the chemical or mineral raw materials of coal, metallurgical base combined. The former mining as a combination of potassium fertilizer industry (the Urals, Belarus) and with a combination of mineral salt, soda ash mining, chlor-alkali industry (the Volga River Basin, Donets Basin, the Urals); the latter is the same and the recovery of non-ferrous metallurgical coking industry industrial by-product of close, forming a comprehensive coal - Metallurgy - chemical industry base. Since the mid-60s, with the oil and gas industry, chemical raw materials from past coal, chemical minerals, food, gradual transition to the main timber, petroleum, natural gas, the formation of a new industry and a large number of organic synthesis New chemical industry base, and most of the major oil processing enterprises and the combination of chemical composition of the oil center (eg, Ufa, Kuibyshev, Gorky, Omsk, Angarsk, etc.), or the layout of the major oil processing center in Jiejin and Trunk oil and gas pipelines near (as Cam Trask, Togliatti, Kazan, Sarah Watts, Sterlitamak, etc.). Transportation As a vast territory, population, resources and uneven distribution of agricultural and industrial, so the development of transport on the Soviet economy is particularly important. In 1984 the country was 7.6821 trillion tons of goods km of the total turnover, which accounted for 47.4% of the railway, pipeline (only including crude oil, oil and gas pipelines) accounted for 30.8%, 12.1% for shipping, road 6.2%, river 3.5%, air a very small proportion of transport. 1984 national railway operating mileage of 144,100 kilometers, second only to the United States, which electrified railway mileage of 47,900 km. Railway distribution is very uneven, the western region accounted for about 70% of the total length of railways, including the European part of the central, southern and western railway network more dense. To Moscow as the center, the railway route through the East Urals, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East, north to the Arctic Ocean and the Baltic coast, south Crimea peninsula and the Transcaucasus, W access to Brest and Lvov Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania. Eastern part of the length of the railway only 30% of the national railway, road network density and the national average density of only 40%. In addition to the main lines running through Siberia, Far East, the southern Siberian railway, there are roughly parallel in the south of the Siberian railway in the South-Siberian Railway, and communication links in Siberia and Central Asia, west railway land. The mid-70s, the Soviet Union in Eastern Siberia and the Far East to build a second Trans-Siberian Railway (the Baikal - Amur Railway, full-length 4275 km), was built in 1985. This is to promote the development of the eastern region to strengthen its economic strength and strategic position in the Far East has an important role. 1984 National Highway length of 1.517 million km, of which 793,000 km hard surface road, road transport and short-distance passenger transport is mainly responsible. The passenger turnover accounted for 42.8% of the Soviet Union. Roads mainly in the western region, including the Baltic Region, Ukraine, the central area and outside the Caucasus, the hard surface road an average density of 100 km per 1000 km2. Most of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Northwest and northern part of West Siberia and East Siberia and the Far East, road less, an average density of hard surface roads only 10 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. Siberia and the Far East North Central, widely used in winter rivers, lakes, swamps formed after the seasonal frozen "ice highway" transportation. 30 years since the 20th century, the Soviet Union to the European part of the renovation of some rivers, and built a series of navigable canals and large-scale water control, communication of the Volga, Kama, Don, Dnieper, Moscow River, Neva, etc. six rivers, to achieve the White Sea, Baltic, Caspian, Black Sea and Azov Sea shipping five. Since the 60s, but also built a total length of 6600 km, water depth 3.65 m deep channel, the western region will be connected into a complete river waterway network. National Inland Navigation in 1984 reached 137,000 km mileage. Busiest inland waterway transport is the Volga River system, accounting for about 70 years later 55% of inland freight, passenger traffic 48%. Pipeline transportation of the Soviet Union since the 70's the fastest growing mode of transportation. 1984 Route pipeline across the country 78,300 km, 165,000 km trunk gas pipeline. The basic flow of the pipeline from east to west, from West Siberia to the western region, part of the pipeline leading to the Eastern and Western Europe and then to Western countries. In addition, there are a few from south to north or from north to south to the pipeline, such as access to the central area and the Central Urals gas pipeline and so on. Passenger air transport is mainly responsible. 1984 National Civil Aviation length 1.02 million km, of which 838,000 km long domestic routes, passenger turnover accounted for 18.6% of the country, Moscow is the country's largest airports, late 70s amounted to 2,000 million passengers, accounting for air passenger traffic 1 / 5. Other major airports are still Leningrad, Kiev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Tashkent, and so on.
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Culture
Soviet education coverage is very high, in the country and ten years of compulsory education and basically eliminating illiteracy. Soviet Union, Moscow State University renowned universities, the Russian People's Friendship University, Leningrad University, the University of Kharkov, Kiev University, Institute of International Relations and so on. Soviet literature, art, film, publishing work by the Soviet Communist Party control, to avoid the criticism of politics, work through the review of allowing creative freedom. But the so-called "negative", "decadence" of the work (the equivalent of the Western avant-garde art) restricted and prohibited. Despite a number of Soviet-era writers and artists still made great achievements, for example, the poet leaves Saining, Akhmatova, won the Nobel Prize novelist and poet Boris Pasternak, novelist Sholokhov, Directed by Tarkovsky, Shostakovich musicians, dancers Ulanova, etc., many of them not only in the Soviet Union, and enjoys a high international reputation. The Soviet Academy of Sciences Research Centre of the Soviet Union. Soviet Writers Association writers organization. For the Tass news agency. Pravda, the Communist party as the Soviet Union, there are other major newspapers Izvestia, Komsomolskaya Pravda, literature reports, labor reports, Red Star newspaper and so on.
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Science and Technology
In 1922, according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, the Soviet scientist Alexander • Friedman pointed out that the expansion of the universe is still in being. In 1934, Soviet scientist Pavel • Alexeyevich • Cherenkov discovered, running speeds approaching the speed of light particles, when it is liquid or semi-transparent objects through the light. This phenomenon is known as the physics community was "Cherenkov radiation." Then this principle is widely used in high energy physics, used to detect charged particles and measure its speed. In 1954, the Soviet Union 奥勃宁斯克 established the world's first nuclear power plant, marking the beginning of human peaceful use of atomic energy. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite, from marks of human activity in space. In 1959, the Soviet space probe "moon" Ⅱ number back to the first moon on the back of the picture. First understand the human side of the moon picture. In 1961, the Soviet hero Yury Gagarin • Take the "Oriental -1" spacecraft into space, becoming the first human into space. In 1962, the Soviet physicist Lev Landau • especially for condensed matter theory pioneer of liquid helium, was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1964, the Soviet physicist Nikolai Ye Weiqi • • Gennady Basov, Alexander Prokhorov • • Mihajlovic and U.S. scientist Charles • Townes won the Nobel Prize in Physics together. Were made in recognition of their independence maser, and led to the development of the laser. In 1978, the Soviet physicist Peter Kapitza • areas for research in cryogenics, won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1986, the Soviet Union launched the Mir space station in 2001 before the crash, it is humanity's greatest aircraft.
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Military
During its existence the Soviet Union, a strong military is the only World War II in the world compete against countries and the United States in 1988, the Soviet Army's total strength to reach 5.13 million (excluding security and internal security forces.) The highest leadership of the Soviet armed forces is the CPSU Central Committee, the Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers. Introduction of universal compulsory military service, the Navy 3 years, other branches of the military for 2 years. October Revolution in 1917 began to build a post-Soviet Russian army of the proletariat, and its name was designated as the "Red Army." The name has been used to in 1946. During this period, the Soviet naval forces than other, known as the Red Army, the Navy is called the Soviet Red Navy. Since 1946, the Soviet military was determined to be the official name of "Soviet Armed Forces", referred to as "Soviet." But people still customary to follow the Red Army, Red Navy's call. Soviet military parade in Red Square is divided into five military services: Army Navy Air Force Air defense forces SMF Soviet border guards and Interior Ministry forces and another establishment. Warsaw Convention, the Soviet Union was a founding member of the former East Germany, Poland, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Hungary, Mongolia and other countries have troops there. In Vietnam, Cuba and some other Asian, African, Latin American countries also have troops stationed in the military advisers and technical consultants or staff. Soviet system table Military service system Initial fee Age 18-year-old collection and demobilization time from May to June and November to December each year two (Remote areas and abroad in June and September) age of the soldiers serving the Army, Air Force, Navy anti-air force for 2 years 3 years 1 year higher education with the highest officers of the following 40 years of service age of Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel 45 years old 50 years old Major General, Lieutenant General of 55-year-old, 60-year-old reserve general officers and men of the highest military age soldiers, sergeant, lieutenant, lieutenant 50 years old Captain, captain, major, lieutenant colonel 55 years old, 60-year-old Colonel Major General, will be over the age of 65 will not provide military service before the ninth grade education in secondary schools have been carried out by the primary military education
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Encyclopedia
Sulian Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics / Sojuz Sovetskich Socialisti □ eskich Respublik The world's largest country in land area, full name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In eastern Europe and northern Asia. North of the Arctic Ocean, west and south-west coast of the Baltic and Black Sea, the eastern Pacific Ocean, across the United States of Alaska and Japan Sea. Coastline of about 43,000 km. Land o Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, □, China, Mongolia and North Korea in 12 countries. An area of 22,402,200 square kilometers, accounting for 15% of the world's total land area. Population 276.3 million (1985), after China and India. Moscow. The Soviet Union by the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan composed of 15 republics. Republics under the State and Territory, there are 129 states and 6 Krai. In some republics of the ethnic minority areas, according to the number of people of all ethnic groups _set_ up autonomous republic, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions, there are 20 autonomous prefectures and autonomous republics, and 8 (1985). Geographical terrain in the plain (including the lowlands, the low plains), accounting for about 60% of land area, mountains and plateaus of 20% each. Plain and mountain, plateau interspersed. Terrain of western and northern low, east and south high. Plain, mainly in central, west and north. From west to east are the Russian Plain, West Siberian Plain and Turan lowlands. Russian Plain in the west border, East Orchard Ralph Hill, North from the Arctic Ocean, the south Black Sea, Caspian Sea and the Caucasus mountains. Area of about 400 million square kilometers, accounting for an area of the European part of the Soviet Union 3 / 4. The basement of the ancient Precambrian crystalline rocks, the well-erosion, as undulating plains, with an average elevation of 170 meters. Plain elevation of 300 to 400 meters above sea level the hills and lowlands 100 to 200 meters interspersed. Due to the impact of Quaternary continental glaciers, the northern hill so many moraine Kong; erosion features throughout the Southern, gully, main channels of many. West Siberian Plain is located in the Ural Mountains and Yenisei River between the north, the Arctic Ocean, the south hills and the Altai mountains of Kazakhstan. Area of about 260 million square kilometers. Open terrain, low and flat, most areas only 50 ~ 150 meters above sea level. Ob River running through the whole dense river network, lakes, swamps contiguous. Tulane lowlands west and Kazakhstan in Central Asia, Southwest, the vast inland basin, an area of about 150 million square kilometers, the dry climate, dominated by aeolian landforms. Nearly half of the area is desert. Low and flat in most areas, elevation 100 to 300 meters. The east coast of the Caspian Sea Kara Audigier depression, 132 meters below sea level, is the lowest point. Located in the West Siberian Plain, the Ural Mountains Tulane between the lowland and hilly and turgay Kazakh plateau, mainly by well-erosion of the ancient low mountains and hills, plateaus peneplain composed of wavy plain. Elevation is generally 300 to 400 meters. Arctic Ocean in the east coast of Siberia, also distributed a series of low altitude of more than 100 to 200 meters below the marsh widespread. Mountain, plateau plains mainly in the periphery of these three. Southwest and the southern edge of the Carpathian Mountains, including Ukraine, Crimea and the Caucasus Mountains Mountain. Black Sea and Caspian Sea which is located in the Caucasus mountains between the largest, by the size of the Caucasus Mountains and the Piedmont hills and mountains of the composition and the Armenian plateau. Soviet topographic Arctic Ural Mountains north shore, south Ural River, about 2,000 km, Kuanjin 40 ~ 150 km, the Volga River and Ural River and the Ob River watershed. General elevation of 500 to 1200 meters. Western slope of more moderate, steep eastern slope. Na Luoda highest peak, 1,895 meters above sea level. Mainly by the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia (West) and the Pamir - Alai mountain system formed. There are many western Tianshan and its offshoot 4,000 to 5,000 meters above sea level peaks, alpine perennial snow, more glaciers, frequent earthquakes. Pamir - Alai mountain system between the Fergana Basin and the Amu Darya between upstream. The Pamirs in the Soviet Union the general elevation of 4,000 meters above the highest point 7495 meters above sea level Communism Peak, the highest peak for the whole Soviet Union. Central Siberian Plateau between Yenisey River and the Lena River between the south from the East Sayan Ridge, north to the North Siberian Lowland, an area of about 150 million square kilometers, an average altitude of 500 to 700 meters. Strong as the rivers
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English Expression
: SU USSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
n.: russia, soviet, ussr, the October Revolution, Red Square, the Soviet Union, Soviet Union