World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated WWII or WW2), was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy million people, the majority of whom were civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.
The start of the war is generally held to be September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by most of the countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth, and by France. Many countries were already at war before this date, such as Ethiopia and Italy in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Nationalist China and Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and many who were not initially involved joined the war later, as a result of events such as the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa), and the attacks on Pearl Harbor and British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia.
In 1945 the war ended in a victory for the Allies. The Soviet Union and the United States subsequently emerged as the world's superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. The United Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The acceptance of the principle of self-determination accelerated decolonization movements in Asia and Africa, while Western Europe itself began moving toward integration.
Germany, Italy, Japan and other fascist countries, launched an unprecedented scale in human history a world war. War first in the September 1931 outbreak in Asia, Japan occupied Northeast China. In 1937, Japan has launched an all. September 1939, the Germans to attack Poland, followed by Britain and France declared war on Germany, World War broke out. In 1940, the German occupation of northern and western Europe. June 1941, the German raid on the Soviet Union, Soviet-German War broke out. With the end of the year, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan, the Pacific War. In 1942, the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia. In the same year the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, China, France and other countries formed the anti-fascist alliance. In 1943, the Soviet Army to counterattack, the United States, the British forced the surrender of Italy. The following year, the United States, the British in France, opening a second front, the Soviet Army after the liberation of local cross-border operations. May 1945, the Soviet capture of Berlin, Germany surrendered unconditionally. In August, the United States in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs dropped, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, China to counterattack phase of Sino-Japanese War. 15, Japan surrendered in September signed a surrender, the war ended. The war has had more than 60 countries and regions, more than two billion people involved.
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dì èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn
From 1939 to 1945 in the fascist Axis powers Germany, Italy, China, Japan and the Allies, the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and other countries for the world-scale war
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WWII States
Fascist state: Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Finland. Anti-Fascist State: United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, China, Poland, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Greece, India, France and other 47 countries.
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Second World War
(World War II) Referred to as the Second World War. 1 September 1939 15 August 1945, with Germany, Italy, Japan and France Axis (and Finland, Hungary, Romania and other countries) as a party to the anti-fascist alliance and the world anti-fascist forces on the other The second war of global scale. From Europe to North Africa, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, there have been 61 countries and regions, more than two billion population is involved in the war, combat area of 22 million square kilometers. According to incomplete statistics, a total military and civilian casualties in the war, more than 90 million, four trillion dollars down the drain. Finally defeat in World War II Germany, Italy, Japan, three fascist countries to the United States, Russia, China, Britain and other countries and peoples of the world anti-fascist victory over the fascist invaders win world peace and progress in the end.
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简介
September 3, 1943, Italy surrendered unconditionally.
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战争的起源
The First World War, the Italian central government can not control the place, the country faced with anarchy, the Communists and the Socialists control the union, many people worried that a Bolshevik-style Communist revolution swept through Italy. After several free government can not address these threats, King Victor Love Mai Yu Aye III invited right-wing politician Benito Mussolini and his fascist party led by the October 30, 1922 to form a government. Fascist partisan after taking office, still retain their own armed irregulars to fight against the anarchists, communists and socialists. Within a few years, Mussolini had consolidated his autocratic position, Italy is also reduced to a police state.
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Chinese Anti-Japanese War
Chinese Anti-Japanese War as part of the world anti-fascist war, the victory of the world anti-fascist war made tremendous national sacrifices and important historical contribution. China torn apart in the 1920s, is the individual control of local warlords, the central government can not control most parts of the country. In this case, to influence Japan to sign the unequal treaties in the form of China. 1926 onwards to Chiang Kai-shek as commander of the National Revolutionary Army began the Northern Expedition. Expedition successfully defeated the old warlords central and southern China, and the national government is about to reach a _set_tlement agreement with the northern warlords. In the past, with the pro-Japanese Manchurian warlord Chang Tso background delays in Japan and Japan signed able to bring more income inequality treaties, and showed signs of the cooperation with the Chiang Kai-shek. Thus, the Japanese Kwantung Army in 1928 launched the Young Turks "Huanggutun incident", the assassination of Chang Tso-lin, and persecuted the son of Chang Tso-lin, heir Zhang (Northeast Army General Executive) continue to cooperate with Japan. However, Zhang was therefore more biased in favor of cooperation with the Chiang Kai-shek government. After the military and political situation in the northeast Zhang completely under control, declared that "the Northeast Banner" to accept the leadership of the Nanjing National Government. After losing control of local warlords in northeastern China, Japan launched on September 18, 1931 Mukden Incident, the occupation of China's three northeastern provinces, and _set_ up a puppet in the local: "Manchukuo," Pu Yi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty placement for the emperor of Manchukuo. Because the ROC does not recognize the legitimacy of Manchukuo, the so called "Manchukuo." December 12, 1936, Zhang Xueliang and Yang launched the Xi'an Incident, Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an detained, forcing it to "stop the civil war, in resisting the Japanese," Chiang Kai-shek was forced to accept. Marco Polo Bridge incident in the Japanese army manufacture July 7, 1937, resulting in the Sino-Japanese War (the War) broke out. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the establishment of the Kuomintang, the Communist anti-Japanese national united front cooperation, Chiang actively deploying and commanding the Chinese army marched north and Songhu front to resist the invading Japanese army, he has commanded the Battle of Shanghai, Taiyuan battle, the Battle of Xuzhou, Wuhan Battle other major battles. To October 1938, 45 million people make the Japanese casualties, the Japanese imperialists attempt to smash the quick, rapid demise of China's strategic plan. Chiang Kai-shek made a number of promises in the political democratization, the release of political prisoners, the National Political Council to convene such a united anti-Japanese national moment appear new atmosphere. However, due to the implementation of the strategy and tactics Chiang Kai-sided war and the purely military defense line, but also fantasy and waiting for the international "mediation" to stop the Japanese invasion, and therefore can not represent a significant advantage against the Japanese invaders, north, east and central China have occupied large tracts of land. After the December 1941 outbreak of the Pacific War, Chiang active diplomatic activities with the United States, Britain alliance, he became supreme commander of the theater, has been America's material and financial assistance. He sent Chinese expeditionary force to go to Myanmar, and the Anglo-American coalition joint operations, opened the India roads. United States, Britain, Japan for joint Chinese joint fight, promising to repeal the provisions of the unequal treaties privileges in China, signed the Sino-US, Sino-British "New Testament." November 1943, Chiang Kai-shek attended the Cairo meeting with U.S. President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill talks strategy and joint operations against Japan after World War peace terms. June 1945 sent to the Soviet Union and other Soong talks, in August the two countries signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" and the relevant agreements.
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Blitzkrieg in Poland, the outbreak of World War II
September 1, 1939 morning, the outbreak of the Polish campaign, the German army use the cover of darkness, in support of more than 2,300 aircraft, launched a surprise attack on Poland, Bode and Chinese Anti-Japanese War broke out war, means a worldwide War - World War II broke out. When combined aviation and armored forces, the world's first witness "blitzkrieg." September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, though Britain and France have pledged before will ensure the safety of Poland, but the Polish army struggling to resist the British and French did not get any effective military support. Final Polish army or be well-equipped to defeat the Germans. September 6, the Polish government fled to Warsaw. September 17, Battle of Warsaw began, almost on the same day, the Soviet Red Army entered eastern Poland. September 27, the Germans occupied Warsaw. Poland was carved up again. Zionist Poland 20 years later, and again disappeared. At the same time the Franco-German border west line but nothing happened, Britain and France and other countries violated his promise of "if Germany invaded Poland dare Empire, British and French forces would destroy the Ruhr Valley" promise, but hiding in Tuen heavily reinforced concrete behind fortifications, watched a Don Quixote-style small country to resist the invasion of powerful neighbors, instead only condemned the diplomatic only. From the outbreak of war in September 1, 1939 until May 10, 1940, the German Empire and the British and French before the outbreak of the formal conflict peace during this period by the Germans called "sit-war", the West is called "fake war . " After Hitler's occupation of Poland, appeasement of the West gave away: "For this outcome, the Poles should thank their friends the British and French."
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入侵北欧
April 9, 1940 German commence the Wiesel exercise "(Weserübung) plans to attack Denmark and Norway. The German claimed that this is in order to prevent the British and French first occupation of Norway, was originally a neutral country, thereby cutting off the path of Germany's mineral imports from Sweden. The British navy to blockade the ports of Norway, and landed in Norway. German retreat to the hinterland of Norway and accordingly adhere to. British troops can not eliminate the Germans, coupled with the outbreak of war in the west line on the subsequent retreat, Norway was occupied by Germany.
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镰刀割取，征服西欧
Surrender of West line of attack to France from Germany experienced only six weeks, the power of the Blitz French experience the shame of subjugation. France's defeat in the United Kingdom must be left alone to face Germany.
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东线苏德战场
When the Germans occupied most of the Soviet Union and Eastern part of the land, the greatest tragedy of this war began: the siege of Leningrad. When the troops of the German Empire and Finland, respectively, from the South and the North arrived in Leningrad peripheral, Hitler ordered to be "Leningrad cleared from the earth," the entire population of the command to destroy the city. Germans began to surround Leningrad to rescue supplies cut off from the outside, while the shelling and air force bombing. The siege lasted 900 days, the atmosphere of hunger, cold and fear, about one million civilians were killed - of which 80 million died of starvation; but the Leningrad always no to the Nazi yield. Shostakovich, famous musicians for this creation of the world famous "Seventh Symphony" (also known as the "Leningrad Symphony") to the performance of the heroic struggle of the Soviet army in the battle of Leningrad which this end the enormous sacrifice.
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The battle for the Atlantic Transport Line
Whether it is the Eastern European theater or Western fronts, both with the United States and Britain and Germany compete in the Atlantic shipping lanes smooth or not there is a close relationship. And this transport route which Youyi some of the highest importance to the American continent, the United Kingdom and continental Europe. American continent to the UK transport line combat forces responsible for maintaining continuous Britain, as well as the cumulative return of all resources operations in continental Europe needs. Surfaced German submarine U-Navy Throughout the war, the German navy implementation of "unrestricted submarine warfare" of the overall strategy. Always German Navy submarine as a top priority, the German submarine rely greatly compensate for the German Navy and the Royal Navy surface ships compared disadvantage. German submarine tactics: "Wolves tactics." Mediterranean part of the battlefield of World War II, from 10 June 1940, Italy declared war officially began, until September 10, 1943 the Italian naval fleet surrendered to the British in Malta ended. Which lasted 3 years and 3 months. Mediterranean naval mainly Anglo-American Allies, led by Italy, Germany launched around the Mediterranean sea lines of battle. Italian and German navy lost a total of 389 vessels, tonnage of 306,423 tons; merchant losses 132, 2,106,521 tons. Anglo-American allies Navy lost 349 ships tonnage 506,061 tons.
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Italian battlefield
July 1943, the Allies landed in Sicily forced the collapse of Mussolini's fascist government, the composition of the new government of Badoglio began secret negotiations with the United States and Britain, but on whether the "unconditional surrender" issues of bargaining repeatedly delayed, so that Hitler got plenty of time to strengthen its forces in Italy. Hitler after the fall of Mussolini in the next day he ordered the occupation of Germany, Italy and France and Italy border border all pass the Alps, and quickly assembled eight German divisions from the south of France and Germany, said the Army Group B by Rommel Marshal any commander, good preparation to enter Italy. In early August, Rommel led his troops across the border into northern Italy to support stationed in southern Italy Marshal Kesselring's eight German divisions. Allies on August 17 after seizing Sicily, decided to attack the Italian mainland. Ground attack British troops commanded by General Alexander 15th Army Group, under the jurisdiction of Montgomery's British Eighth Army and Clark commanded the 5th U.S. Army. September 3, representatives of Italy and the Allies signed the armistice agreement on behalf of the secret day morning, the British 8th Army took from the Strait of Messina in Sicily through a narrow gorge, landing in the Italian peninsula, rapid advance into southern Italy. September 8, the BBC broadcast the official proclamation of the Italian surrender. September 9 morning, Clark commanded by the U.S. 5th Army landed at Salerno Bay. The Germans have been hearing the alert immediately disarm 800,000 Italian Army, arrested a large Italian Army officer, on September 10 and occupied Rome, Naples controlled the south of the Italian mainland. Meaning, such as the King and Badoglio fled in panic submarine ride the southern end of the Allied occupation. September 13, Hitler sent SS commandos will be imprisoned in the Gran Sasso hilltop hotel rescued Mussolini, then Hitler Mussolini in support, in northern Italy established the "Italian Social Republic" puppet Government, with the Badoglio government confrontation. October 13, Badoglio government officially quit "axis" allies, declared war on Germany. Meanwhile, Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union government also issued a declaration recognizing the Italian side for the common fight. Early 1944, Alexander commanded the 15th Army Group in order to break the deadlock, the process of speeding up the battle, decided to strengthen frontal attack while in Rome, part of the troops in the southern town of Anzio landing operations implementation, break through the German defense from behind. Kesselring learned that Allied landing at Anzio, immediately from the French, German and Yugoslav troops deployed to support, to the 28th, there are four divisions facing the United States and the 6th Army, and ready to fight back. To February 16, there are 10 German divisions surrounding the security of its Austrian ally. February 28, the Germans launched a massive counter-attack, trying to catch the sea to the Allies in one fell swoop, but was massive Allied air raids, and Kesselring had ordered on March 4 to stop a counterattack, maintain U.S. military surrounded. June 4, 1944 liberation of Rome. April 1945, the Western Allies and the Soviets launched a massive offensive against Germany at the same time, the Germans faced total collapse of the crisis, the Italian battlefield active again. April 9, the British 8th Army and U.S. Fifth Army has launched an offensive from the east and west wings, German morale, unable to resist, retreat. Then, the Allies through the natural barrier of the Po, in the 26th attack Kemantuya and Verona, the 27th to occupy Genoa. Lake Como guerrillas seize the day in an attempt to flee to Germany, Mussolini and his mistress, the Americans have not yet arrived before they put them shot. The next day their bodies were transported to Milan, upside down in the town square for public display. April 29, the U.S. Fifth Army stationed in Milan, the British 8th Army stationed in Padua. On the same day, representatives of the German Army Group commander Feitinghuofu C in Caserta signed an unconditional surrender, and took effect on May 2. So far, Italy battles all over. Allied campaign in Italy in the whole of casualties 320,000 people, 65.8 million Germans wiped out, and has been pinned down a German army group of troops, which the Allies from other battlefield combat with a powerful role. === Allied strategic bombing in Western Europe === February 1942, Harris will take over the British Royal Air Force bomber force commander. Advocate for the implementation of a thorough German cities, a large area of the bombing, to defeat Germany and morale of the people, forcing the German surrender. Thus, Harris started studying new tactics. In the past, the Royal Air Force, the German air raids, the approach taken is divided into multiple batches, a small fleet attack. Harris believes that this approach, the surface is too scattered bombs, bombing weakened the effect. This is the strategic bombing. United States from 1943 to the German occupation launched in Western Europe strategic bombing operations, it can be said is the first sustained and large-scale implementation. DuHei air power theory in his writings which concept. Due to the scale of the Soviet Air Force, as well as technical issues, for the destruction of German industry and the impact of production capacity is very limited, the Soviet Union did not have the opportunity to carry out strategic bombing in World War II. Also in the process of strategic bombing strength of the German Air Force conducted among irreparable hit, and finally to the entire western part of the east of the line and hand over control of the air.
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1944-1945年的欧洲西线战场
For the liberation of northwest France, the Allies focused on four Army [including 24 infantry divisions, 11 armored divisions and four Airborne Division, 4000 tanks and 6500 aircraft]. July 5, 1944, the U.S. First Army spearheaded the attack, to push to break through the German lines, 50 km, arrived in the Seine region. August 1, Barton command of the Third Army in France guerrillas with the Brittany peninsula to promote the weak German resistance, the U.S. main force moved eastward advance, turned to the surprise of the south of Paris the Seine.
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太平洋战争
The eve of Pearl Harbor, Japan actively implement the policy of diplomatic peace talks, the implementation of the conspiracy of false peace talks, true war. Japanese combined fleet commander Admiral Yamamoto is an obsessive gambler, gambling, military either victory or crushing defeat. Yamamoto on an inspection tour in the United States, well aware of the strong U.S. economic strength and military industry, already Yamamoto do not agree with the rush to war with the United States, but was informed that the Tojo arbitrary order was given, they obey orders. As a soldier, Yamamoto believes that when the war was inevitable, it should come up with the spirit of Bushido, the same old enemy the United States to fight to the death, his own way to gamble a with the United States. Diplomatic negotiations, kept in the dark of the U.S. government refused the Government of Japan, "A case" and "Yi An, a complete breakdown of negotiations. Immediately, Japan declared war on the United States, at the same time, Japan ahead to dispatch the army had attacked Pearl Harbor base in the Philippines and Hawaii.
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Brutal consequences of war
Decide the fate of mankind in this great struggle of life and death, there have been more than sixty countries and regions entered the war, spread two billion population (representing eighty percent of the world's population at the time), and the flames of war in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Oceania and the Pacific, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean. Combat zone area twenty-two million square kilometers, the warring parties to mobilize the troops of one hundred and ten million people, soldiers and civilians died because of the war over fifty-five million direct military spending totaled about 1.3 trillion, accounting for sixty percent to seventy percent of GNI belligerent, belligerent total loss amounted to four trillion U.S. dollars worth of materials. In Asia, China against Japanese invaders battlefield bears the main task. In Europe, the Soviet-German front as the main battleground. China is the main battlefield against Japanese aggression. According to incomplete statistics, in the Japanese aggression army knife, Chinese casualties amounted to 35 million deaths attributable to World War II belligerent total number of 42%. Among them, the death toll reached twenty-one million, only the Nanjing Massacre on more than thirty million people died. By parity calculation in 1937, the direct economic losses caused by the Japanese invaders to the ROC one hundred billion U.S. dollars, indirect economic losses five hundred billion U.S. dollars. Chinese people's victory in World War made tremendous national sacrifices and important historical contribution. The Soviet Union was the main battlefield of the fight against Germany and France, all the losses suffered in World War II belligerent 43 percent of First Soviet losses. According to material published in Russia, the Soviet Union during the 1941 to 1945 Patriotic War, 27 million deaths due to war, in which the Soviet Red Army at the expense 866.84 million; substance losses in accordance with the 1941's prices up to six hundred seventy-nine billion rubles. United States and Britain is a core member of the World Anti-Fascist League, they also paid a heavy price for the victory of the anti-fascist war. According to the history of war material, the United States a total of more than forty million people lost their lives in World War II, there are two hundred and seventy thousand British soldiers were killed in the war. And France at least, about twenty people were killed. Germany, Japan and Italy in World War II was launched culprit, was the anti-fascist state and the people severely punished. Germany, Japan, Italy and war of aggression also makes these countries the domestic populace suffer. It is due to the brutality of World War II, in order to maintain international peace and security, in the Anglo-American Allies, led by the Soviet law in October 24, 1945 initiated the establishment of the United Nations, the British rule in the Soviet Union became a permanent member of the Security Council. People of the world after years of bloody fighting, and finally defeated Germany, Italy, Japan and other fascist Axis. Among them, the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War played an important role in the anti-fascist war. November 20, 1945 Nuremberg Tribunal trial of war criminals after World War II, according to the "Potsdam Proclamation", the victors were war criminals were tried, and the establishment of the Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunal for the two of Class A war criminals to trial, in which there are a few who escaped sanctions. Some people's whereabouts: Japanese Emperor Hirohito, who died in 1989; former commander Okamura the Japanese invasion of China by the Nationalist government of harboring, escaped trial; Mussolini, the Italian Fascist leader, fascism instigator, 1943 Italy After declaring war on the Axis powers was arrested after Hitler sent rescued, finally captured guerrillas and exposed dead on the streets; Hess, Nazi deputy heads of state, in 1941 secretly flew to the British "peace talks", the British government has long detention ; Shimura Kikujiro, soldier, since July 7, 1937 "disappeared", leading to an excuse to launch the Japanese Marco Polo Bridge Incident, and then launched an all-out war of aggression after the Japanese government to cover up the truth, to repatriate and finally died in Myanmar ; Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Pearl Harbor, the event planner, died in 1943 the Allies 'revenge'; Reichsmarschall Goering, SS commander Heinrich Himmler, the Nazi central figure, 1945 were betrayed Hitler, Hitler was expelled from the Nazi Party, committed suicide after being captured by the Allies; Tojo, the Japanese fascist dictator, the Pacific war planners, Class A war criminals, sentenced to be hanged in 1948; Hitler and the Third Reich heads of state, World War II, the number one culprit, after April 30, 1945 wedding with Eva Braun committed suicide in the Chancellery bunker; Karl Doenitz, Hitler's successor, the former imperial chief submarine officer, Navy chief, the post-war trial, the After _set_tling the federal prison in Germany.
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Stands of the Berlin Wall
After the war, the Soviet Union began the Cold War between the two countries, Japan and the United States to accept the transformation, the supremacy of the Emperor and Shinto began to shake, the United States actively help economic recovery in Japan, Japan to become a strategic partner of the United States. Germany was British, American, French and Soviet occupation were Soviet occupied zone established democratic Germany, and Britain, the United States and France occupied territories merged into West Germany, the Berlin Wall divided East Berlin and West Berlin in Berlin, two German division begins. The establishment of the Berlin Wall, is the division of Germany after World War II and the Cold War's major landmarks. Built in 1961, demolished in 1990, the two Germanys return to unity.
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二战的深远影响
The United States as the number one power in the capitalist world, the establishment of a currency in U.S. dollars as the center of the capitalist world system - Bretton Woods system.
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百科辞典
Second World War
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Causes of World War II
Root cause As the war in Germany after the First World War can not be reconciled, "Versailles" punish and restrict their vanquished secretly stepped up to restore strength; victors Italy for failing to get the British and French territory promised to heart; another victors Japan to Washington limit its treaty also full of resentment, in the Asia-Pacific region and the Anglo-American to start a new race, ready to Chinese aggression and expansion. Britain and France the United States and other major victors then there are serious differences on how to deal with the German problem. In fact, capitalism is the imbalance caused by the economic and political development. Direct cause The rapid rise of the fascist regime. The basic characteristics of fascist totalitarian regime is internal, external aggression and expansion, hegemony in the world. German, Italian, Japanese fascist rulers to achieve re-divide the world in an attempt to expand their sphere of influence, at the launch of the largest in human history, World War II.
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The main events of World War II
October 29, 1929, the U.S. stock market crash on Wall Street, this is called the "Great Depression" of the economic crisis sweeping the entire capitalist world. It is against this background that fascism began to rise. September 18, 1931, Japan launched the Mukden Incident, offensive Shenyang, China, followed by the full annexation of northeast China, to prepare for a future war of aggression against China. January 30, 1933, German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. After August 2, 1934 Hindenburg died, Hitler presidential successor, became the Third Reich only really have real power supreme leader, known as the "head of state" in German. July 7, 1937, the outbreak of Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Japan began full-scale invasion. March 15, 1939, Hitler announced that German troops would rearmament and military conscription, openly challenged the "Versailles" and Versailles - Washington System. Followed by Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Third Reich, also in the Czech Republic shortly after the rest of the German occupation. May 4, 1939 至 9 16, Menhan battle, the Japanese Kwantung Army and the Soviet Red Army represent the puppet "Manchukuo" and the Mongolian People's Republic at war. Battle of the Japanese Kwantung Army's defeat results in the end. This war, Japan's basic death battles with the Soviet Union, the heart, indirectly led to the outbreak of the Pacific War. August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the "Soviet-German non-aggression treaty." September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. September 5, the U.S. issued a "declaration of neutrality," the official outbreak of the Second World War. In 1940, Germany launched the "Lightning" offensive. (April 9 capture of Denmark and Norway, May 10 captured the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and then attack.) May 10, 1940, the Germans decided to adopt "Manstein Plan" completed in Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, France and other Western European countries aggression. In order to conquer the Soviet Union then, Hitler planned a "treaty of alliance in Germany, Italy and Japan." In the September 7, 1940 in Berlin signed completed. June 10, 1940, Italy declared war on the British and French, the war to the Mediterranean and Africa. June 22, 1940, June, Germany launched a general offensive, the French surrender. July 16, 1940, Hitler issued instructions regarding the invasion of Britain (sea lions plan). August 1940, the German air force began an intensive assault on British cities. June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union to tear up the treaty, the Soviet-German war. December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Pacific War, the United States declared war on Japan, there are more than 20 other countries simultaneously declared war on Japan, World War II broke out. January 1, 1942, the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and other 26 countries signed the "Declaration by United Nations", the world anti-fascist united front eventually formed. September 8, 1943, Italy surrendered unconditionally. May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally. July 26, 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan. August 9, 1945, the United States dropped the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan. August 15, 1945, Japan's unconditional surrender. September 2, 1945, representatives of the Government of Japan signed an unconditional surrender on the deck of the U.S. battleship "Missouri" number. Thus, the Second World War.
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The origins of the war
The rise of Nazi Germany By the leadership of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers Party (referred to as the Nazi Party [Nazi]) is one of them, he declared that the root causes of the plight of post-war Germany from the harsh terms imposed on Germany, the Weimar Republic and the cowardly is alleged to hold the country's economic lifeline of the Jews. His theory has been supported by more and more people in Germany, the Nazi Party in 1933 has grown from a small insignificant party became the largest party in the parliament. January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor Marshal officially the Republic. Shortly after Hitler government gives the president special powers in emergency situations through the exercise of their official duties to the Constitution, these powers across the federal parliament can make Hitler actual dictatorship. At this point, the Weimar Republic went to the end of its political life, replaced by the Third Reich. Britain and France and other countries to get rid of the shackles of the German Reich, Hitler took office on account of armament program is limited and in October 1933 announced its withdrawal from the League of British and French control. After August 2, 1934 Hindenburg died, Hitler and his successor President according to the Constitution, became the Third Reich only really have real power supreme leader, known as the "head of state" in German. Pre-war situation in Europe Hitler is not only politicians clamoring to shout empty, quickly rebuilt the order after he came to power in Germany, plus he has the vision, so that the bottom of the working class society can enjoy the benefits of the past that are not, so the Germans supported Hitler rate increased dramatically. Germany has political stability within the Empire, the Nazis began to focus into the diplomatic front, and take a number of adventure action. March 16, 1935, Hitler announced that German troops would rearmament and military conscription, thus breaking the limit "Versailles Treaty". Austria and the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Third Reich, also in the Czech Republic shortly after the rest of the German occupation, a part of Slovakia's independence under German protection; other parts of Czechoslovakia was divided. The situation in Europe from 1935 to 1939, the rapid rise of Nazi Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Third Reich in a wave of fanatical Nazi movement, also in the rest of the Czech Republic shortly after the German occupation (Slovakia remain independent), Lithuania Klaipeda region (Germany, said 默麦尔 region) into Germany; part of Slovakia's independence under German protection; Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the rest is divided up Poland; France and Italy in the unstable situation in Europe when occupied Albania; Spain is in a state of civil war, the result of the civil war with the pro-fascist rebels win in the end. March 16, 1935, Hitler announced that German troops would rearmament and military conscription, and thus the number of German troops broke through the "Treaty of Versailles" shall not exceed the prescribed maximum limit of 100,000 (in fact, when Hitler came to power has Limit the secret army of thousands of people extended to 30 million), the rapid expansion of the 100,000 to 600,000 army, but these actions was merely a formal protest against the British and the French (when Hitler declared that it is only asking for legitimate self-defense capability in Germany, making Public opinion was somewhat sympathetic countries are Germany, Britain and France could not have a big movement against). March 7, 1936, Hitler made an excuse for Franco-Soviet "mutual agreement", in violation of the provisions of the League of Nations, and therefore non-armed soldiers into the Rhine region (Hitler called only intended to strike an equal right to defend itself), and announced the abolition of "Locarno Pact "and the" Treaty of Paris. " According to the "Treaty of Versailles", the German coast within 50 km of the Rhine shall be fortified (which makes Germany the western door open ready to march into France, Germany fatal). But this action like last time, did not stop the British law was (France although there are some people advocate the use of military action against Germany, but it is caused by fear of a comprehensive war, coupled with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia at the time of making the hostility with Italy British against the French invasion of Germany), followed by Hitler to reject non-infringement of law with the signing of the Convention on the grounds of proposals to build strong fortifications in the west, then placed the rock of Germany's defense security has become a prerequisite for Hitler launched World War II Conditions. In addition, Hitler in his political views strongly opposed to communism, in February 1933, the Nazi Party Congress by making the arson to blame the German Communist Party and the Communist Party banned in Germany. November 25, 1936, Germany and Japan signed the "Anti-Comintern Pact", forming a "Berlin - Rome - Tokyo Axis." A year later, Italy joined the agreement, which is in opposition to an attempt to establish a political and military alliance on the basis of communism, have historians analyze, Germany pointed the finger of blame is mainly communist Soviet Union, Germany, Italy and Japan which is the axis of the preliminary formation.
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Pacific War
To suppress Japanese expansion momentum, the U.S. supply of oil to Japan, steel and other strategic materials greatly reduced resulting in deep Chinese Japanese Army battlefield more difficult. To this end, the Department of the Army and the Navy are not very strongly advocated a good fight to see who the Army's fool. Scarce supplies of Emperor Hirohito also tend to make the challenge to the United States. Tojo came to power, strongly advocates a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" policy, in order to plunder resources from Southeast Asia to support the front, making a vast, rich, a veritable "Great Japanese Empire." President Roosevelt declared war on Japan The eve of Pearl Harbor, Japan actively implement the policy of diplomatic talks, the implementation of a false peace talks, conspiracy true war. Japanese Combined Fleet commander Admiral Yamamoto was obsessed gambler, gambling is the same in the military, either victory or failure. Yamamoto inspection tour in the United States, well aware of the strength of the U.S. economy and powerful military industry, had hastily Yamamoto do not agree with the United States went to war, but after Tojo insisted that the order was given, they obey orders. As a soldier, Yamamoto believes that when war is inevitable, it should come up with the spirit of Bushido, fight to the death with the old enemy the United States, he wants to use his own way with the United States gamble. On the diplomatic negotiations, the United States government in the dark of the Japanese government rejected the proposed "a case" and "Yi An" a complete breakdown of the negotiations. Now, the United States declared war on Japan, meanwhile, the Japanese troops have been sent in advance attacked Pearl Harbor base in the Philippines and Hawaii. November 17, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor combined fleet left column Island anchorage; 26, 2009, attacks after leaving the fleet assembled single Kou Bay, via the North Pacific route marching to Pearl Harbor, the Pacific War prelude opened. December 7, the Japanese army in Pattani Malay Peninsula, north of Kota Bharu and Tynan and Songkhla landing. December 8, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the success of the Anglo-American air raid military facilities in the Far East. December 9, day United States and Britain declare war on each other, to follow suit by Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries Nianyu, the formal outbreak of the Pacific War. December 10, Britain's "Prince of Wales" number and "back" was sunk by Japanese naval aviation. December 25, the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, in connivance officer Takashi Sakai, violence lasted for three days. February 15, 1942, the British commander Percival signed a surrender of Singapore, Singapore abandoned. March 9, India Nihe army surrendered. Since MacArthur underestimate the enemy, resulting in the United States, the Philippine forces trapped Bataan Peninsula. March 11, from the Philippines to Australia, MacArthur became commander of coalition forces. April 18, the U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups to use B-25 medium bombers carrying the first bombing of Tokyo. May 6, due to the scarcity of drugs, disease prevalence, Wainwright will be forced to surrender to the enemy will Masaharu Homma, the Philippines fall. May 8, the end of the Coral Sea, the U.S. military losses "Lexington" aircraft carrier, but defeated the Japanese attempt to capture Port Moresby, hit two Japanese aircraft carriers. May 8, city of Myitkyina in northern Burma fall, the Chinese Expeditionary Force in full retreat, Myanmar fall into the hands of the Japanese. June 3 to 6, the Japanese defeat in the Battle of Midway, the loss of four main carriers, as a turning point in the Pacific War. August 1942 to seize the United States and Japan around Guadalcanal in six months after fierce fighting two forces, the Japanese Navy was the Battle of Guadalcanal drag, would then no longer be able to recover. Japanese defeat in the Battle of Guadalcanal offensive potential to make war in the Pacific interchangeable. So far the Japanese have started to fight a defensive war. April 18, 1943, the U.S. Pacific Fleet commander personally issued "'Revenge' action" combat command, the Japanese Navy Admiral Yamamoto landline joint ambush killed. November 22 to 26, in the Anglo-American conference was held in Cairo, and signed the "Cairo Declaration." On behalf of the Japanese surrender on the battleship Missouri January 31, 1944, the U.S. military offensive of the Marshall Islands. April-November 1944, the Japanese for "open lines of communication continent" in China launched "One battle" program, both Henan, Hunan, Guangxi campaign. June 15, 1944, the United States began the implementation of strategic bombing on the Japanese mainland. August 10, 1944, U.S. troops captured the Mariana Islands to complete the task. October 1944 23-25 day Battle of Leyte Gulf Japanese defeat.
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新式武器诞生
Since the era of Gustav Adolf, the U.S. Army in strengthening the development of artillery fire, meaning the most significant. Between the two world wars, the United States Field Artillery School in Fort Sill, Oklahoma State, developed a _set_ of fire shooting. Single shot command post in the wide positions quickly and accurately direct a lot of artillery or artillery battalion fire to be transferred, and thus the artillery fire effect is enhanced many times. The ability to fire the collective transfer of single target multi-gun playing concentration firing technology, the formation of a powerful destructive force of the collapse of morale. U.S. firepower superiority on the battlefield does not in other countries comparable, but the Soviet Union attaches equal importance to the fire, they charge in the number of quality, that the number of guns instead of the lack of technological improvements.
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Japan surrendered
March 4, 1945, Manila recovery. May 3, in the Anglo-American joint counterattack Myanmar victory. June 22, Japan lost Okinawa. July 16, the United States successfully tested the atomic bomb. July 26, published in the Anglo-American "Potsdam Proclamation." August 9, 1945 in the morning, Nagasaki atomic bomb explosion in the sky, rising up to a height of 60,000 feet (18 kilometers) of the mushroom cloud. In Iwo Jima, Okinawa and elsewhere fighting hard to make both sides suffered heavy casualties, but the outcome of these battles is slow retreat in Japan. As more and more senior pilots perished battlefield, Japan began to implement a direct impact on the team by a kamikaze important military targets, trying to slow the pace attack American troops. But at the same time, Tokyo and other cities in the U.S. was still bombing. In Chinese theater, the Japanese military in China and the U.S. to contain air support and bombing mainland supply line. Japanese intent to counter Western battle waged battle with the Hubei Province, China were defensive success. February 3, 1945, the Soviet Union agreed to intervene in the Pacific war. April 5, 1945, the Soviet government in the former "Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact" maturity, declared that "the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact" is no longer valid. Stalin speculation choose August 8 declared war on Japan, the Republic of China launched in August Storm scored the Northeast. Guojun also launched impatient operations in southern China, Guangdong and Hunan target. The same month, the United States were in Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9) dropped two atomic bombs rocked Japan. The face of the threat of nuclear weapons and the northeastern region of China lost, the Japanese Emperor Hirohito and the Cabinet to reconsider surrender. Empire of Japan in August 15 (the war against Japan in World War II Victory Day) officially surrendered. The final surrender was on September 2, 1945 in the United States, signed on the battleship Missouri, this 后麦克阿瑟 generals became responsible for rebuilding in Japan. This period is seen in the Japanese occupation of the U.S. military. U.S. President Harry Truman on December 31, 1946 officially announced, the U.S. and Japan is no longer a state of hostility.
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战争的残酷后果
The zero layer line of defense: 302 Lookout
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二战游戏
Online game "sea and air battle
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English Expression
n.: the Second World War, World War Ⅱof 1939-1945, World War 2