Buddhist glossary : traditional Chinese painting : brushwork > pen and ink (=pen-and-ink)
Contents
No. 1
　　Text or other means of Painting and Calligraphy ~ smooth Your beautiful scenery of West Lake, not by ~ can describe.
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bǐ mò
　　Text or article that
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No. 3
　　Our mood is difficult to describe how
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No. 4
　　Hearty ink
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No. 5
　　Tears and ink the same time. - Qing Lin Chueh people "with his wife and the book"
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Pen and ink
　　Pen and ink. Refers to stationery. "Han Yang Xiong pass down the": "on" Yang Fu, "into the chat due to ink the article, so that by the Imperial master, sub-ink for the Keqing to the wind." Cao Yu "Peking Man" Scene: "case on stood ink painting ink stone, porcelain, antiques, are extremely quaint and elegant. "
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No. 7
　　Means the text or paintings, poetry and works. Kingship as a "disorder Lun Heng Long": "sub-Jun Han, think tanks, ink deep sea." Profession Chan Song, "the senator had written": "no further cited an ink set, straight to the eyes and ears Institution who has Qingli Ming Seoul. "Qing Yuan Mei," as parks Poetry "Volume II:" Han Celebrity ink are there, and Huainan Wang Liu An official script most workers, since Cao Zijian the following, a little bell near King style. "heard more than one" on Confucianism, Taoism, bandits ": "Magical blend of Confucianism and Taoism, it is really not hard to describe the."
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No. 8
　　That writing, painting, making a fuss. Kingship as a "Lun Heng Chao Qi": "View Taninaga of Chen said, the Declaration Tang Lin, LIU Xiang of the proposed cut to knowledge based, the works of Man, will the send to." Qing Shen Fu "Fu Sheng Liu Kee Kee rough Sorrow ":" Wu Fu said: 'daughter both pen and ink, Rumu letters from home, he paid the Secretary.' "Cao Qinghua" Comrade Zhou Enlai fly set Huai ":" During this period, I live in the outskirts of Chongqing, each Wed-day in the city, dealing with affairs; three days at home, in pen and ink work. "
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笔和墨的发明
　　在牍简上刻写成文的书写体系远在殷商时期就已经非常完善了。刻写的牍简经较长时间阅读后，刻划之处自然就积满汗泥尘土，而比牍简表面颜色深一些，反而容易识读。古代刀笔吏们注意到这个现象，有意找些墨粉或墨块之类涂在牍简表面，染黑字迹，提高阅读性能。
　　很可能用墨涂抹刻写文字的方法早在殷商时期就已经被普遍采用。殷商时就已有墨刑，在人面额上刻字并用墨涂抹刻痕，以示惩戒。春秋以前一种墨定制度，君王用墨圈定刻有法令或计划的牍简，然后付诸实施，墨定也就是君王批准执行的法定程序。我怀疑，所谓墨定也就是君王用墨涂抹刻写的文字内容。商周时期，我国南方民族盛行断发文身习俗，文身就是用针刺破皮肤，再用染料涂抹刺孔，以达到颜色永驻的效果，其过程也类似于墨涂刻痕。墨刑和文身两种现象可以佐证，在毛笔发明前，存在以墨涂抹刻写字迹的可能性。
　　用墨涂抹刻痕需要专用工具，最现成的工具显然就是当时刷漆用的毛刷子，以毛端把墨粉涂在刻痕中，再擦去牍简表面的余墨就完成涂墨过程。为了更好地把墨涂在细细的刻痕之内，古人会把刷子做得窄一些，甚至故意留出毛锋，变成笔尖。这样，最原始的毛笔也就应运而生了。考古发现，在殷商时期的甲骨上发现有用红漆写成的文字，意味着当时已经出现毛笔。另外，在甘肃、青海发现的四千多年以前的彩陶上，有些图案的图划内有类似于书法中“飞白”的现象，飞白是毛笔尖中墨汁接近枯干时写字导致笔画中出现无墨的现象，说明是用类似于毛笔的工具涂画而成。
　　在刻写过程中，可能有一位聪明的刻写匠人想到，与其刻好之后再用毛笔涂抹墨粉，为何不用笔直接涂画出文字呢？可能他也确实这样做了，但由于墨粉直接涂抹在牍简上无法长期保留墨迹，即使用水把墨粉调成汁再涂，干后也容易被抹掉。好在那时我们的祖先已经拥有完善的刷漆技术，所以那时的书吏，特别是那些不爱墨守成规、极想找到省力快捷的书写方法的书吏们，自然想到用漆来书写，结果是任何人都会想象的。所以自那时起有很长一段时间，书吏们是用漆做墨进行书写的。推测笔的出现并广泛用漆书写的年代大约始于春秋早期，盛于春秋未期。因为那时战争频繁，国家之事多而杂，书吏们的书写工作越来越繁杂，以刀刻写的方法已难以满足需要。但是由于漆存在不易干燥、花费大两大弊端，促使书吏们不得不考虑用墨书写，改造墨的性能，并通过漆有胶粘性的性质，试着在墨和水的调剂中加入胶类物质，以代替漆用。可能这种方法也已在木工中使用，书吏们仅是借来再加以改造。战国中期的庄子就已经记载有墨绳之法，推测在战国时期已发明出专用于书写的墨。
English Expression
  1. n.:  pen and ink (=pen-and-ink),  words or writing,  pen and ink,  words,  writing
French Expression
  1. n.  pinceau et encre, composition littéraire
  2. n.  pinceau et encre / composition littéraire
Related Phrases
cultureartbrushworkpainting and calligraphy