[Chinese name]: baiji [Latin name]: lipotes vexillifer (miller, 1918 year) [Common name]: the baiji, or white flag short white cum [English name]: yangtze river dolphin [National key protected animal level: a [World Conservation Union (iucn)]: Endangered [Endemic]: Yes [Endangerment]: Endangered [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (cites)]: Appendix i [Environment]: the intersection of freshwater and brackish waters [To risk factors]: migration is cut, over-hunting, pollution [Protection]: ex-situ conservation [Domestic distribution: the Yangtze (yangtze river), the Qiantang River (qiantang jiang) [Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River] [Taxonomy]: Animal kingdom animalia Chordates chordata Mammalia mammalia Cetaceans cetacea Toothed whale suborder odontoceti Baiji Division lipotidae Baiji is lipotes Baiji species l. Vexillifer
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Shape characteristics
Dolphin's body was spindle, body length of about 2-2.5 meters and weighing up to 200 kg or more. Back pale gray or blue, pure white ventral, dorsal fin shaped like a small triangle, two hands like pectoral fins, tail fin flat, middle fork, good swim at speeds up to about 80 kilometers. Due to the long life of the muddy river, dolphin audiovisual organ has been degraded. It is as small as a blind eye, ears like the eye of a needle, located below the eyes. But the brain developed, extremely sensitive sonar systems, there is a head ultrasound features, the sound of the tens of thousands of meters of the river can quickly pass the brain. The event of an emergency situation, they immediately dive for cover. Dolphin cold, the temperature is usually around 36 ℃.
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Distribution
Baiji live mainly in the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake and its connectivity, Poyang Lake, Qiantang River and other waters, usually in pairs or more than 10 heads together, like in the water flow needs of the activity. Quantity scarce, estimates only about 300, is facing extinction.
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Habits
Sociable, especially in the spring mating season, collective behavior is even more pronounced. Each group is generally 2-6 head. Its wide range of activities, but the higher requirements of hydrological conditions, often staying for some time in a fixed area, upon hydrological conditions change, they moved to another area. To fish for food. Like to live in the deep water of rivers, rarely close to the shore and boats, but it is often cruising to shallow waters, chasing fish to eat. Its wide elongated snout, jaw length of more than 130 pieces have the same type of conical teeth, it can not bother to chew, just swallow mouth fish food, digestion strong. Together in pairs or small groups often dolphin activity, but people rarely have the opportunity to see it, only when it is out of the water to catch a glimpse of a breath. The section of the river dolphin distribution in the Yangtze River to the Yangtze River in Hubei Zhicheng population of about 1600 kilometers, to fish for food, hi knot group activities, small group of about 2 to 3, a group of about 9 to 16. Baiji are aquatic mammals breathe with lungs, when each breath, head and breathing holes first surfaced, and then exposing the back and low triangular dorsal fin, water breathing for about 1-2 seconds, the dive time each about 20 seconds long submersible up to 200 seconds. Maximum length mature individuals, females 2.5 m, 2.3 m male, weighing 100 to 150 kg, has a constant body temperature is always around 36 degrees Celsius.
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Breeding habits
Baiji breed once two years, Aberdeen 1 per child, born about 80 cm in length. Newborns slightly darker in color. Adult baiji generally pale gray back and belly were clean white, shining in the sun, especially bright. Flippers and tail fin horizontally extending upper and lower sides and back, respectively, and the ventral surface of the same color, so that exactly match the color distribution and environmental colors. When looking down from the surface of the water, and the river back gray mixed into one very difficult to distinguish; When looking up from the bottom, white belly and surface reflection of light color similar it is difficult to find. This makes the baiji in the escape predators, prey closer, with a natural covert barrier. Baiji life span of 30 years, females generally reach sexual maturity at the age of six, four-year-old stallion. Adult baiji estrus twice a year, respectively, in March to May, August to October. Pregnancy is 10-11 months, a fetus a young, sometimes two earners. The wild, adult male and female baiji ratio of 1:1, but females typically only 30% pregnancy rate, low rate of natural reproduction. Dongmochunchu annual dolphin is mating, the female dolphin pregnancy for up to a year or so, so most of the spring calving in the coming year. After the birth of the little dolphin feeding by the mother's milk until the five-year-old is considered mature; general life of 30 years.
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Body structure
Baiji are carnivores, population about 130 sharp teeth, the teeth of the same type. Often swim in the twilight shore shallows carried predation, generally swallowed whole body length of less than 6.5 cm of freshwater fish mainly eat small amounts of aquatic plants and insects. When breathing, the water head first, then all out of the water, swimming in the water two meters after the re-entry of water. Baiji vision is almost zero, relying on echolocation to understand the situation of environmental change, with a wide range of scientific value in terms of biology, bionics and physiology. But baiji timid, easily frightened, generally away from the vessel, difficult to reach, coupled with a small number of its population, the active area is wide, so the dialogue in the wild dolphin research is very limited. Baiji skin smooth and delicate, rich a special flexible, principles and the use of race-style swimsuit with a flexible woven nylon material identical to reduce turbulence in the water body to produce fast swimming around. It's divided into two forks flat tail fin, pectoral fins on both sides flattened palm-shaped, triangular dorsal fin. The four fins to baiji direction and control provided an excellent balance of water when swimming, plus highly elastic skin smooth and streamlined body, the baiji in the case of 60 per hour to escape a dangerous one thousand meter swimming speed. It maintains the usual 10-15 kilometers per hour speed tour. Long-term survival of the baiji in the Yangtze Cho, so it's both visual and auditory serious degradation in the water main to transmit the received signal sonar to identify objects. Upper respiratory tract baiji has three pairs of unique shape of the balloon with a goose's throat, but because the pronunciation of survival in the water by the water, and there is no land animal vocal pronunciation needed in the air. With a special hydrophone, you can hear the "answer" baiji issued a "quack" and dozens of different voices. Baiji dolphin sounds emitted often twice a right, will quietly wait for the sound of the echo, which distinguish themselves and hinder produce echoes distance and size, and to consider whether travel to the target. It will issue a new pair of voices echo shortly after receipt, wait and quiet while waiting for the echo. After the second echo is received, it will be able to analyze the direction and speed of the target walks, such as the baiji is like a man-made sonar echolocation. With this unique sonar system, which often can also catch food in the river bottom mud, you can also emit high frequency inaudible sound waves, with a dozen kilometers away companions contact. The surface area of the brain than the baiji large, accounting for 0.5% of the weight of the brain's overall volume of dolphins, which average a weight of 95 kg male dolphin brain weight 470 g. It has been nearly equal weight gorillas and chimpanzees in brain weight, and even some scholars believe that the baiji smarter than gibbons and chimpanzees.
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Population status
According to the fossil record, the baiji at 25 million years ago, migrating from the Pacific to the Yangtze River. Two thousand years ago in ancient China, "Ya", the white-flag dolphin is also described it as the river god. Baiji was widespread in the Yangtze River Dongting and Poyang Lake, located in the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges area Gezhouba farthest to 35 kilometers upstream, near the mouth of the Yangtze to Shanghai have had to find. Historically there have been estimates as many as 5000. For a long time, as the impact of human activities, its declining population, the distribution area is gradually shrinking. Baiji (bái jì tún), about life in the Yangtze River dolphin 2,500 million years, is the extension of the Miocene and Pliocene deposits since ancient relic species. Baiji is a family of small cetaceans individual members, is the world's existing five species of freshwater dolphin (pull blowfish, puffer Asia, Platanistidae India blowfish, dolphin) in at least one of the first few to survive. As the number of odd little dolphin was listed as China is not only a protected species, is one of the 12 most endangered animals in the world. Dolphin, also known as the white dolphin, dolphin, white flag. Formerly freshwater dolphin Branch, the late 1970s, on the recommendation of Professor Zhou Kaiya Chinese scientists, and _set_ up a separate division baiji. Cetaceans Branch baiji dolphin species unique white cum genus. January 1980, Jiayu County, Hubei Province, fishermen caught the world's first head of live male baiji in the Yangtze River near the mouth of Dongting Lake, which was sent to the Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan, Hubei Research Institute in captivity. July 14, 2002, that the first baiji died. 1986 to capture a female calves, two and a half later, the first female dolphin died of pneumonia. In 1995, the first stone section of the river to catch a head of Hubei mature female dolphin, it will be stocked in the Swan Island Yangtze river dolphin Oxbow Nature Reserve. Yangtze River flood in the summer of 1996, that the first dolphin died due to OCS. November 6, 2006 - December 13, nearly 40 scientists from China, USA, UK, Japan, Germany and Switzerland, the six countries of Yichang - Shanghai River 1,700 km river section of the Yangtze River were investigated, not find a baiji. 1997 to 1999 was the third consecutive year the Ministry of Agriculture organized a massive white dolphin monitoring operations, three found baiji were 13, 4, 4. The results of the inspection is 0. 1979: China announced that the baiji as endangered species 1983: Legislative provisions are illegal dolphin hunting 1986: The remaining 300 1990: The remaining 200 1997: Less than 50 (found 23) 1998: the number of only seven found 2004: July found the bodies of stranded dolphin deaths in the Yangtze River in Nanjing 2006: 0 2007: Yangtze River baiji August 8 officially declared extinct 2007: August 19, a citizen of Anhui Tongling National Nature Reserve in the section of the river dolphin stumbled across one end of Tongling freshwater dolphin, and filmed with a digital camera.
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Chinese river dolphin rescue Memorabilia
1978: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences was founded dolphin research group. Started dolphin scientific research. The State Council promulgated the "Regulations on the Protection of Water Resources breed", "on strict orders to protect precious and rare wild animals," dolphin regarded as a key object of protection; 1978. 1980: Hubei provincial government issued "on the protection of rare animals dolphin's notice." 1986: freshwater dolphins held in Wuhan International Conference on Conservation Biology, scientists at home and abroad baiji become the subject of concern. 1992: Ministry of Agriculture approved the establishment of Hubei Swan Island and Honghu, Hubei section of the river dolphin two national nature reserves, and approved the establishment of Jianli, Chenglingji Hunan, Jiangxi Hukou, Anqing, Anhui, Jiangsu Zhenjiang 5 Protection Station . 1993: An international conference was held in Nanjing dolphin protection. 1996: December 25, Wuhan Baiji Conservation Foundation was formally established. 1996: February, the Ministry of Agriculture held an emergency meeting on the protection of dolphin discuss protection measures. 1997: In June, China Wildlife Conservation Association and other units experts and some students from Peking University People's Congress initiative in 1997 to save endangered wildlife - dolphin years. 1997: August, "the Yangtze River dolphin treasure exhibition" held in Beijing Museum of Natural History. 2000: In April, Beijing launched the "love whitetip" website. 2002: In March, the CPPCC National Committee and other pottery Awaken the CPPCC meeting presented a proposal to intensify the protection of the dolphin.
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Conservation value
The baiji is the study of the evolution of whales precious "living fossil", it bionics, there is a very important scientific value physiology, zoology, and military science. Baiji river dolphin is a whale, animal protection at the national level, for the rare aquatic mammal endemic to China, the "water panda," said the world has been included in the list of endangered species.
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Endangered Status and Protection
The mid-1980s survey of the Yangtze River baiji total head count has dropped to 200 or less, of which 50% are located in Stone County, Hubei Province, Wuhan City, the first section of the river upstream, mainly found in the curved or bent braided river Reach large backwater area. Due to increased human activity or improper activities, so that the baiji accident fatalities increased. According to statistics, from 1973 to 1985, a total of accidental death 59 of which were fish jig or other fishing mortality 29 (48.8%); was lethal river blasting operations 11 (18.6%); being ship propellers killed 12 , 20%; stranded six deaths, accounting for 10%; mistakenly intake 1, accounting for 1.6%. According to statistics, the waters of the Yangtze River dolphin deaths in the accident, a third was killed by ship propellers. November 4, 1997 to 10 days by the Ministry of Agriculture, more than 200 scientific research, fishery workers from Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other six provinces and municipalities, respectively, in the starting Hubei Zhicheng , next to Shanghai Yangtze Delta, the total length of over 1,600 km of the Yangtze River, the implementation of the largest since the founding of our country, "the Yangtze River baiji survey plan of action." After seven days of hard observations show that the number of existing baiji is not optimistic, has been less than 100. Distribution is also greatly reduced, Jiang Zhicheng section above, the following section of the river in Nanjing, the Dongting and Poyang Lake, has been difficult to see baiji figure. Ten years time, the sharp drop in the number of baiji nearly 100, can not but arouse people's shock. Experts analyzed that the main reason for the white dolphin cum another sharp drop in the Yangtze River water pollution is worsening rapidly declining fish stocks, so that the baiji depend increasingly scarce food resources for survival. The current situation to tell people, regardless of when the Three Gorges Project is completed, we must act with urgency to adopt comprehensive measures to rescue the baiji. ? After the Three Gorges Reservoir, the dry season in the Yangtze River flow increases, the water depth increases, the white-flag dolphin is extremely beneficial winter, stranding deaths is expected to avoid; strengthen management, accidental deaths caused by fishing activities can be greatly reduced; However, due to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River development of the shipping industry, midstream section of the river dolphin was killed by ship propellers events will increase, should step up research baiji chase boat propellers cause and take practical measures. To protect the baiji, the best approach is to establish a strict management, advanced equipment Nature Reserve. ? The new section of the Yangtze River dolphin snails by the Ministry of Agriculture approved the establishment of nature reserves. Luoshan to play under the new section of the river mouth beach, length 135 km, the area open river, the river twists and turns, a depth of about 25 meters, a flow rate of about 0.3 to 0.8 meters per second, shallows, dotted riverbank, is the distribution of the baiji densest waters. Dongting Lake area immediately upstream of the outlet, and Honghu, Huang Gai lake, Lake Western Liang, Wu lakes, reservoirs and other land and water import revetment along the coast Angeles, San Mao, Rocky, Rocky Cliff and other prominent in the river in the Rocky head , controls the flow of water and the flow pattern. Combined effect of these natural conditions, so many deep grooves formed in protected areas and large backwater area, the baiji ideal living environment. Nature Reserve, the main task is to: ① To protect the object to provide a more superior natural habitat, to avoid human interference, protecting rare species live and multiply; ② resolutely ban harmful fishing is prohibited within a certain range of protected areas and protected areas outside the fishing operations, investigate and correct the illegal maneuvering the ship sailed, illegal discharge of "three wastes" and other acts of destruction of the living environment; ③ rescue the injured, bycatch, stranding rare aquatic animals; ④ regularly observe and record the activities of the protected area of rare aquatic law, population changes, etc.; ⑤ publicize relevant laws, regulations and the protection of knowledge, so that the protection of rare species to become the conscious action of the masses; ⑥ for the study of rare aquatic animals, especially the establishment of the experimental base for reproductive biology research. Related Stories The baiji is our unique rare aquatic mammals, located in the Yangtze River, the number of rare, endangered, and its beautiful form, known as the "Goddess of the Yangtze." It is China's most endangered animals, is one of several of the most endangered animals in the world. To some extent that more precious than the giant panda. "Qiqi" Yes "goddess" one, in January 1980 from the mouth of Dongting Lake fishermen caught, sent to the Wuhan Institute of Chinese Academy of aquatic organisms in captivity, becoming the world's only captive dolphin. October 1997, a Guiyang from "China Youth Daily" know "Qiqi" after they forged a bond with them. The Guiyang pseudonym "Love Ki", since 1997, Wuhan Baiji Conservation Foundation established monthly adhere to the "Qiqi" send money, never stopped, until July 2002, "Qiqi" quietly died, and the month 10, "Love Ki" give "Qiqi" remittances, became human to "Qiqi" final gift. "Love Ki" has not allowed the media to reveal his real name, he said: "Love" is a natural, who has the right to choose their own love, he has no intention by their behavior after the publicity in the newspaper to influence others, so maybe Love is more real, more eternal.
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Endangered Status and Protection
The mid-1980s survey of the Yangtze River baiji total head count has dropped to 200 or less, of which 50% are located in Stone County, Hubei Province, Wuhan City, the first section of the river upstream, mainly found in the curved or bent braided river Reach large backwater area. Due to increased human activity or improper activities, so that the baiji accident fatalities increased. According to statistics, from 1973 to 1985, a total of accidental death 59 of which were fish jig or other fishing mortality 29 (48.8%); was lethal river blasting operations 11 (18.6%); being ship propellers killed 12 , 20%; stranded six deaths, accounting for 10%; mistakenly intake 1, accounting for 1.6%. According to statistics, the waters of the Yangtze River dolphin deaths in the accident, a third was killed by ship propellers. November 4, 1997 to 10 days by the Ministry of Agriculture, more than 200 scientific research, fishery workers from Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other six provinces and municipalities, respectively, in the starting Hubei Zhicheng , next to Shanghai Yangtze Delta, the total length of over 1,600 km of the Yangtze River, the implementation of the largest since the founding of our country, "the Yangtze River baiji survey plan of action." After seven days of hard observations show that the number of existing baiji is not optimistic, has been less than 100. Distribution is also greatly reduced, Jiang Zhicheng section above, the following section of the river in Nanjing, the Dongting and Poyang Lake, has been difficult to see baiji figure. Ten years time, the sharp drop in the number of baiji nearly 100, can not but arouse people's shock. Experts analyzed that the main reason for the white dolphin cum another sharp drop in the Yangtze River water pollution is worsening rapidly declining fish stocks, so that the baiji depend increasingly scarce food resources for survival. The current situation to tell people, regardless of when the Three Gorges Project is completed, we must act with urgency to adopt comprehensive measures to rescue the baiji. ? After the Three Gorges Reservoir, the dry season in the Yangtze River flow increases, the water depth increases, the white-flag dolphin is extremely beneficial winter, stranding deaths is expected to avoid; strengthen management, accidental deaths caused by fishing activities can be greatly reduced; However, due to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River development of the shipping industry, midstream section of the river dolphin was killed by ship propellers events will increase, should step up research baiji chase boat propellers cause and take practical measures. To protect the baiji, the best approach is to establish a strict management, advanced equipment Nature Reserve. ? The new section of the Yangtze River dolphin snails by the Ministry of Agriculture approved the establishment of nature reserves. Luoshan to play under the new section of the river mouth beach, length 135 km, the area open river, the river twists and turns, a depth of about 25 meters, a flow rate of about 0.3 to 0.8 meters per second, shallows, dotted riverbank, is the distribution of the baiji densest waters. Dongting Lake area immediately upstream of the outlet, and Honghu, Huang Gai lake, Lake Western Liang, Wu lakes, reservoirs and other land and water import revetment along the coast Angeles, San Mao, Rocky, Rocky Cliff and other prominent in the river in the Rocky head , controls the flow of water and the flow pattern. Combined effect of these natural conditions, so many deep grooves formed in protected areas and large backwater area, the baiji ideal living environment. Nature Reserve, the main task is to: ① To protect the object to provide a more superior natural habitat, to avoid human interference, protecting rare species live and multiply; ② resolutely ban harmful fishing is prohibited within a certain range of protected areas and protected areas outside the fishing operations, investigate and correct the illegal maneuvering the ship sailed, illegal discharge of "three wastes" and other acts of destruction of the living environment; ③ rescue the injured, bycatch, stranding rare aquatic animals; ④ regularly observe and record the activities of the protected area of rare aquatic law, population changes, etc.; ⑤ publicize relevant laws, regulations and the protection of knowledge, so that the protection of rare species to become the conscious action of the masses; ⑥ for the study of rare aquatic animals, especially the establishment of the experimental base for reproductive biology research.
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Containing Phrases
China Baijitun
Yangtze Deity Baijitun
Tongling tomb Baijitun Aging field
Hubei Yangtze Swan Zhoubaijitun Country cascade natural reserve
Hubei Yangtze Xinluoduanbaijitun Country cascade natural reserve