Also writing chaos, the ancients imagined world is not a group to open up previously vague state of the universe. Corresponds to the English word chaos. Taoism known as the "vitality status", "Huainanzi • Akikoto": "hole with the world, chaos for the Park. Is not made and for things, that's too one." Wang Chong, "Lun Heng • talk": "to say" easy "Zheyue: 'strength is not divided, chaos is a'" post-subtle way to describe the vague: the lights on this chaos, the infiltration of faction pure, it was a miracle. Also described as naive confused: the kind of chaos with the ignorant people, really hard nut to crack. "Modern Chinese Dictionary" in the explanation: 1) China's Legend of the middle finger before the formation of the universe a mass of blurred vision. 2) describe the ignorant look. This interpretation does not include the use of foreign, not covering all the chaos of modern Chinese usage. 3) confused, ignorant look.
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Chaos significance in Chinese culture
Chaos word usage in Chinese culture is not like in other cultures, as is often the only derogatory. On the contrary, Chinese people often use the chaos as a commendatory term used to express a fascinating realm of aesthetics or Dao Munetomo state of mind. This is the history of Chinese mythology, Chinese philosophy has a lot to the final with a unique way of thinking Chinese people have a great relationship. "Ci source" close the "chaos", "mixed Mountain," "chaos," "muddy perish", "Hun Tun" and other articles. Chaos in a variety of changes in Chinese sounds, such as Kunlun, ravioli, confused, wholeness, Wen Dun, asshole, gourd, etc. Examine the question of meaning in the chaos literally can not only where and how to use the chaos, but also synonymous or near contact with it meaning vocabulary. However, there is no need to include everything. 1. Mythology Chaos "Mountains and Seas" in the earlier account of the chaos myth, particularly worthy of serious analysis. "Shan Hai Jing" Volume II "by the Western Hills," goes: "they said Tianshan West three hundred and fifty years, more than Jin, a blue realgar, the British water out of Yan, while the streamer in the southwest valley soup there Bird, its like a yellow capsule, red like crimson fire, six feet four wings, no muddy face of London, is the knowledge of dance, but the Royal River is also real. "Hun Tun is chaos, chaos is the image of the Bird song and dance knowledge. Some of the book is "God Yan," traditional "bird" and "Yan" written similar, there may be errors in the private copies, but all makes sense. Obviously, the "Hun Tun" refers to the sun. So how chaotic they linked it with the Royal River? Royal River that Emperor Hung, ancient tones, "River" and "hung" pass. The Emperor Hung that the Yellow Emperor - the legendary ancestor of the Chinese nation. Yuan Mei (1716-1798) and "Inherit • loafing," also said: "Chu who are lazy, like class Royal River, no eyes and ears nose and claws, but the mouth its square shape, such as meat locker, muddy muddy the line , that had to do at the dry vegetation. "this text the Royal River, the snake (dragon)," Chuang Tzu • be king "in the chaos together, is no accident. In addition, the sun god regarded as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, is more reasonable. In human perception of what the original than the day and night, light and darkness with the sun and moon the contrast more evident it? Ancient sun god called the chaos, the beginning of its meaning, because the only sun with a packet of satisfied that everything, all handling, all-encompassing big light. London is also seen in conjunction with the muddy I "moral": "London Come, if its Park; ... ... mixed (muddy) Xi, which if the cloud." Linked to the Yellow Emperor and chaos there are many other evidence. 2. "Zhuangzi" in Chaos "Zhuangzi • be king" in the "chaos" a great impact, Mr. Hao Bolin was the English "chaos" had a lead on the title page; "turbulent Kam" (TurbulentMirror) in the foreword to the book cited over the whole (with the is Watson (Burton Watson) English translation). This text is: "Emperor of the South China Sea is prosperous, the Emperor of the North Sea suddenly, the Emperor of the Central chaos. Prosperous and suddenly in chaos when the phase of the case, the chaos until the Shenshan, prosperous and suddenly seek report chaos of Germany. said: 'Everyone has distributed to them, audio-visual and food information, this alone is no there, try cutting the' chisel on an awakened, seven dead and chaos. " Taoism obvious tendency to miss the ancient society, I feel poorer than before, a generation as a generation. This is not necessarily unique nature of Chinese culture, Ovid also advocated the ancient "Golden Age." However, Chinese culture, "love the ancient complex" too serious. Traced back to the hierarchical Confucian feudal system to meet the Western Zhou Dynasty, the degree is less than Taoism, Taoism have to go back to equal, ignorant of the original _set_ of social production - the social chaos. 3. Pangu and Chaos Pangu and chaos on the relationship between this point of view the proliferation of different opinions. In civil society, epoch-making, says that women and children, often with "Pangu" linked. "Inherit" will be chaotic, open, Pangu together, and the emergence of many. Such as 1) "Heaven shell": "The celestial globe, said: Heaven and Earth, such as chicken eggs, the eggs of the yellow and white are not points, is also chaotic. Both yellow and white egg in the points, is to open up also." 2) "into the case to pursue first Pangu": "king of the gods to know the text of wood, and prayed seeking naturalization Wang Gu Wei courtiers, saying: 'Take the first Pangu emperor into the case, a check for him' Man of wood taken aback and lay prostrate, saying: 'Pangu Emperor few Down? WANG Yue: 'world without beginning or end, a dozen years, there will be a Pangu. overturned this to those who, Pangu never been more than I can remember that the number of security? but the element will be delivered the World is said, has been Sung Shao Yao-fu said the break, but unfortunately always open, always adhere to the first opening of a case, no one to say it. so the wind Nilai, also say that breaking this so as to dawn the world ear. "Wenmu understand the so-called . " 3) "Pangu previous day": "I suspect this person is a former ancient world when people will be chaos." 4) "Jia Shifang": "Jia Yun encountered or Taoist named Wang Zi real name, especially with supernatural powers. Pengcha Dr. Jia taste perspective, refers to the saying: 'the beginning of cooking time, floating tea chaos, voicing, this chaos, as also . awhile, the water on the leaves in the next, is to open up like men. twelve years, but that Yi Sha ear '. " Even so, "Pangu" words, but not seen in the pre-Qin classics. Some scholars see it, "Pangu" pronunciation, it seems that something special, whether the system of Chinese creation myth, is also questionable. Lu Xun, China's opening up of the world that has been envisaged higher, and the beginning of people's character is not visible. Some scholars have also a little more sure, that can be Tan of China before the Han Dynasty some creative certainly had spread the myth of the beautiful world opening up. Many experts noted that a situation is possible with Pangu "candle dragon" on the candle image of the dragon is also similar to the "Hun Tun" and "Yellow Emperor." 4 four ancient evil beasts, "Chaos" Han Dongfang Shuo • "• West Mystic by Wu Jing": "Kunlun Xi Yan with animals, its like a dog, long-haired, four-legged, like brown bear (sound skin) without the claw, have head and gone, the line does not open, have ears and not hear, it was intellectual, there is no abdominal Wu Zang, intestinal straight and not spin, water trails off. people virtuous and to contradict it, is to have relied upon the fierce German. name of chaos. " Also as "chaos", a saying that chaos is like a dog or a bear-like animals, humans can not see it, can not hear it, it is often bite its own tail and giggle; if they are noble people, chaos will will greatly violence; If you encounter evil, chaos will follow his command.
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Chaos significance in Western culture
The term chaos in English, French, German, both written chaos, in Russian writing xaoc, are derived from the Greek ΧΑΟΣ. 1 Greek mythology Chaos In the Western in general on the definition of chaos can be traced back to peasant poet Hesiod (Hesiod) book "Theogony" (Theogony). Hesiod on Ka Esi (ie chaos) description of far-reaching. Aristotle once very simple and certainly the tone of the "Theogony" view: "Hesiod in the proposed 'original chaos' when the words seem right, he said:' all things first, muddy chaotic, then had a Chest of earth '. " What at first heaven and earth from chaos appears, its probably not the general details of the myth can describe, in fact, so far this is still a significant unresolved scientific issues, or compelling philosophical questions. Or the problem itself to mention wrong. Hesiod said he took the earth produced chaos, hell and love, but the context can be logically introduced him think so. Historically this is what most people understand. Roman poet Ovid (PubliusOvidiusNaso, before 43 - after about 17) written description of Greek and Roman myth of the masterpiece "The Metamorphosis" (Metamorphosis), played a Hesiod's description of the chaos. "Heaven is not shaped, enveloped all those who filled Universe is indeed a phase, this name, called chaos. Its like not technology, invisible aggregation; as natural kinds, Zada is not harmonic, then living in a dry." Here Chaos has been described as heaven and earth did not open up across the universe when things like "Theogony", but much more than the specific. Hegel evidently not in favor of the ancient Greek concept of chaos. In his "little logic • Essence" 128 section devoted to an analysis of ancient Greek myth of chaos. 2. "The Bible" in Chaos Hebrew nation's ancient culture, through the "Bible" and the related impact on the whole almost religious, modern Western society's legal, political and scientific concepts. Carefully examine the "Bible" of the chaos of view, the basic sciences for the study of the rise of chaos in today's historical and cultural background of heat and chaos of natural philosophy, there are very important. "Bible" the most important description of chaos in "Genesis" in the back of the "Job", "Isaiah", "Jeremiah" and "Bible • New Testament" in the "John book "The chaos of the many discussions related to this. In the "Old Testament" in the chaotic writing tohu (English meaning confusion, vain), often with bohu (English meaning void) once, writing tohuwabohu, Greek writing χαοσ, the English translation of a variety of translations, usually translated as chaos. "The Bible" by trying to a system of theology, cosmology clarify the genesis of the world, this process is that in the non-ultimate sense, God co-exist with the original chaos, and then at some point, God decided to open our day world, then God from chaos (disorder) to bring order (order). Regardless of the original "Chaos" is as created by God, "order" is certainly as created by God, God is often "order" in disguise. "Before declaring the Creator's command, the exact state of chaos in the end what matter, not clear, but shortly after passing the water of the Spirit of God, a beautiful and orderly world come to the fore immediately." Since the order God created the day after tomorrow, it has a certain vulnerability, and orderly return of the universe always face the danger of chaos before creation. Once the people against the "about" against the will of God, terrorism will come. "Old Testament Bible •" Creation Story on the "chaos" in describing the expression of at least three meanings: (1) heavens (the heavens) and earth (the earth) are mutually exclusive, although the Bible to say that they are created by God. God and the angels of the heavens is the home; the earth is the original sin of the people guilty of the residence, but also the destruction of God's covenant with the people "about" the birthplace of all evil. (2) chaos is "invisible", "empty", "no order", and "visible", "full", "order" On the contrary. "The Bible" English translation often writing "without any order" (no order), "a place of disorder" (of the disorder), "the state of formless, of utter disorder and confusion" (the invisible, the extreme disorder and chaotic state), "the condition of emptiness, unreality, and desolation" (empty, no reality, barren situation), "a meaningless existence" (meaningless existence); (3) chaos is an early stage it ever existed, may perpetuate, but it is a noble and God's will is not consistent. "Genesis" does not explicitly say that chaos is created by God, according to logical reasoning, there are two possible explanations: one is that God is in some kind of "primal ground" on the beginning work of creation, the original basis undifferentiated mixture, that is chaotic; the other is that when only the spirit of God's Spirit, the material of heaven and earth are all God's chance creation or later bound to create. It can be seen, Genesis contains many contradictions, on the one hand God created an orderly world is to make it, the people placed in a prominent position, and allowed fruitful, and on behalf of the management on the ground of all things of God, God made everything according to the forward planning; the other hand, put up against the side of God's existence, guilty of original sin, the murder of biological brothers, the desecration of the Lord God, worship idols, and so on. Perhaps he deliberately created the opposite, in order to run the world's rich and varied, the power of God may not be sufficient to destroy his hated disorder, chaos and evil. But God is omnipotent, although this may be said from the truth is quite possible, but from the perspective of religion is not allowed. 3 Egyptian mythology, Chaos In Egypt, there are several creation myths, no matter what kind of system in the world have their origins in water. According to the literature on the city, emerged from the flood in a hill, mountain sat Atum, also said that this hill is Atum, he created from the air (female) and water vapor (male), they created the earth (male) and Sky (female). At first days, linked together, until the sun will separate them. 4 Scandinavia's Chaos
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Mathematics of "chaos"
Chaos is a deterministic system in the seemingly random irregular movement, a theoretical description of deterministic systems, their behavior was presented as the uncertainty - not be repeated, unpredictable, and this is chaos. Further study showed that chaos is inherent characteristic of nonlinear dynamic systems is a common phenomenon in nonlinear systems. Newton's deterministic theory can adequately deal with the multi-linear system, linear system are caused by a non-linear system is simplified to the. Therefore, in real life and practical engineering problems, chaos is everywhere. December 29, 1972, Massachu_set_ts Institute of Technology professor, to create a Chaos EN Lorenz, one of the scientific development in the Society of American meeting on the first 139 delivered a speech entitled "The Butterfly Effect," the paper put forward a seemingly absurd thesis: a butterfly's wings in Brazil can beat Texas in the United States to produce a tornado, and thus can not be made accurate forecasting of weather. Today, this assertion is still talked about and, more importantly, it inspired people to Chaos interest. Today, with the rapid advances in computer technology, Chaos Theory has developed into a far-reaching, rapid development of cutting-edge science. In general, if a realistic and there is no inherent randomness of the model is still a seemingly random behavior, we can call this a real physical system is chaotic. A time-deterministic random change or a slight change in the system, known as the power system, its state can determine the value of one or several variables. Some power system, the two almost exactly the same state after a sufficient time will become quite the same, just as randomly _select_ed from a long sequence of two states, as this system is known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. While the sensitive dependence on initial conditions can be used as a definition of chaos. We usually study with different linear science, chaos is the study of a nonlinear science, nonlinear science always seems to bring people to the "normal" things "normal" understanding of the phenomenon shifted to the "abnormal" things "abnormal" phenomenon to explore. For example, the solitary wave propagation is not a periodic oscillation of rules; "multimedia" technology for information storage, compression, transmission, conversion and control process encountered a large number of "unconventional" phenomenon of the use of "unconventional" new method; Chaos broke the strict conditions of deterministic equation to determine the system by the initial movement of the future, "General", the so-called all kinds of "strange attractor" phenomena. Chaos from a nonlinear dynamic system, power system and describes the development of any process of change over time, and such a system arises from all aspects of life. For example, ecologists on the long-term state of a species of interest, given some of the observed or experimental variables (such as the number of predators, the harsh nature of the climate, food availability, etc.), the establishment of mathematical models to describe changes in population. If Pn n generations of the species that limit the percentage of the number, the famous "Roger Stephen mapping": Pn +1 = kP (1-Pn) (where k is a constant dependent on ecological conditions, "n +1" is subscript) can be used in a given Po, k conditions, forecast the number of long-term state groups. If the constant k treated as variable parameters k, when k value increases to a certain value, "Roger Stephen mapping" posed by the power system into chaos. The most common meteorological model is an example of a giant power system: temperature, pressure, wind direction, speed, and rainfall are the system variables change over time. Lorenz (ENLorenz) Professor in 1963, "Atmospheric Science" magazine published a "decisive non-periodic flow," a text, the climate can not be accurately described in the repeated and long-term weather forecasts are powerless there must be a link between this is aperiodic and unpredictable relationship. Lorenz used the computer simulation he created the climate change when the differential equations, initial conditions entered accidentally discovered a very subtle difference can cause great changes in simulation results. Lorenz called metaphor, that we first mentioned in the text on a place in the southern hemisphere, Brazil's chance of a butterfly's wings flapping caused by tiny air, swept across the northern hemisphere a few weeks after the United States may become a Texas tornado, this is the weather, "the butterfly effect." Chaos is not accidental, individual events, but exists in the universe, a variety of macro-and micro-systems, everything, everyone chaos. Chaos does not exist independently of science, with the other science and promote each other, rely on each other, which derived many cross-disciplines, such as chaos meteorology, economics, chaos, chaos mathematics. Chaos is not only great research value, but also practical application value, directly or indirectly create wealth. Chaos (Chaos) has made a chaos, refers to the generation of a deterministic system with sensitive dependence on initial conditions, the response of non-periodic motion. Chaos and fractal (fractal) and the soliton (soliton) is a non-linear three most important science concepts. Chaos theory belongs to nonlinear science, nonlinear system can only produce chaos movement. According to the 1991 publication of "chaos literature Head" Statistics have been collected to have a direct relationship with the chaos of the book 269, paper 7157. The end of 1996, there have also been new research published chaos. Only the history of science tackling quantum mechanics can be comparable enthusiasm. Talking about the chaos of modern science, its basic meaning can be summarized as follows: everything is the law, not perilous weeks OK, reply not closed. This means that the chaotic orbit of the motion completely dominated by the law, but the orbital motion in phase space will not be suspended, in a limited space is always in motion, do not intersect nor closed. Chaos is a disorder of movement is on view, produced a class of randomness, also known as the intrinsic randomness. Chaos model to some extent, the traditional science update cycle model, with the view to see the original chaos was seen as the object of periodic motion, tend to have a new understanding. The mid-1980s, chaos theory has been used to study social issues such as economics, sociology and philosophy. Nature is not the lack of chaos, a chaos of modern science to rediscover. To chaos theory as a symbol of the nonlinear nature of science emphasize the self-organizing mechanisms, emphasizing the integrity of the principle of looking at things, and the ancient philosopher said, "now before the chaos" are inextricably linked, which is often after modernist good. Explore the scientific definition of chaos, recourse to the ancient meaning of chaos, chaos is considered semantics, non-linear history of science, post-modernist view of science and research must be taken seriously in a science. The face of vast and ancient universe and the strange people today face the complex macro-phenomena, is probably the same scenario. In ancient times, to capture the outside world, almost all of the nation's chaotic structure of their natural philosophy; today, in order to understand the complexity of the macro, scientists around the world fighting side by side, the creation of a revolutionary new science of chaos. This new science shows a grand picture of the scientific world, but also suggests a new natural philosophy. From a larger perspective, the chaos of complexity science is a new natural philosophy in the entire complex is bound to establish a scientific basis. Now hurry on the overall comprehensive overview, too early.
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Chaos in Nonlinear Science
Chaotic system has three key elements: First, the sensitive dependence on initial conditions; second, critical level, here is the point of non-linear events; third is the fractal dimension, it shows the unity of order and disorder. Chaotic systems are often self-feedback system, things will go back out again after changing out of the cycle, endless, any small differences in the initial value will exponentially amplified, leading to the system is not inherently long-term forecast. Chaotic system is to determine the three-body problem in the study of Poincare, when first discovered.
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Encyclopedia
hundun Chaos chaos A seemingly random movement, but also for the chaos. Nonlinear dynamic systems have some inherent randomness, its movement is highly sensitive to initial values, even if the system is deterministic external forces and suffered, that is _set_ (see vibration), the system has the appearance of movement is random. 1 sawtooth-shaped movement is a strong sensitivity to initial values of a simple mathematical example. □ □, □ □, □ □, ... is a series of mutually parallel, evenly arranged in the diagonal section, the inclination of the horizontal line are 45 °, and □ □ = □ □ = ... = 1. By the □ □ □ on the initial starting point for the 45 ° diagonal cross the horizon in □, □ for by the diagonal cross section of vertical lines in □ □ □, □ for 45 ° by the horizontal line on the diagonal cross □, and so on. That □ □ = □ □, □ □ = □ □, □ □ = □ □, ..., then □ □, □ □, ... and so depends only on initial □ □. This is a deterministic dynamic system, the sequence (□ □, □ □, □ □, ...) represent the movement, 0,1,2, ..., □, ... is time. Motion of the system depends only on the initial value, and a strong sensitivity to initial value. If the initial □ □ = □, then this sequence is □ □, when □ ≥ 2 时, □ □ + □ = □ □, movement is cyclical (periodic motion in Figure 2). If initial □ □ = □, □ □ is rational because, and it is an integer of 2 □ times when □ ≥ 3002 when, □ □ = 0, stop motion (Figure 3 campaign stop). If initial □ □ = □, □ □ is irrational because, movement never stops, and the non-cycle, which is similar to Figure 1 with an uneven jagged wave. The three initial value before the decimal number 900 exactly the same, but fundamentally different from the nature of sport. Because of this extreme sensitivity to initial values, if the calculation is not accurate enough in a limited number of operations after the campaign is actually random. This represents a chaotic motion. The earliest example of chaotic motion found 1963 EN Lorenz (1917-2003) in the study of weather problems in atmospheric convection proposed. He is represented by two-dimensional thermal convection partial differential equations, after a Fourier decomposition, _truncate_d, and the dimensionless, we reached a third-order ordinary differential equations: Where □ □, □, □ are the dimensionless physical variables, □, and the speed of the convection, □ and □ and temperature are related to the distribution; □ is the dimensionless time. Numerical integration of this _set_ of equations show that its solution in the (□, □, □) in the infinite space close to strange attractors in Figure 7, a "strange attractor" □, it □, □ two points back and forth around circling, circling turns seemingly no rules, so regardless of □ (□), □ (□) or □ (□), are only a random process with statistical regularity. Bibliography According to declare: nonlinear dynamics of chaos, "in Mechanics", Volume 14, No. 2, 129 - 146, May, 1984. (Zhu Zhao Xuan)