Sponge the animal's body from tiny to two meters long, often a thin cover layer formed on the substrate attached to the other sponges are of various shapes, in blocks, tubular, forked, umbrella, goblet, fan-shaped or unshaped. They or a single color or very beautiful, this color from carotenoids, mainly yellow to red. All sponges are very similar to the structure; their simple body wall comprising an epidermal (epithelial), connection (connected together) and various tissue cell types, including the flow through the plasma to move (motion deformation) cells (modified cells). These deformed cells wavering in its internal organization, the tensile hard sponge spicules and produce silk protein. Sponges not totally moved by moving the body are subject to a limited myocyte activity, but in general, they are often fixed motionless at the same location. Sponge body is soft to the touch but many very well, because their endoskeleton is composed of a calcium-containing or silicon-containing hard, bone rod or pin star and / or mesh sponge protein fibers that is hard protein consisting of, for example, is the case sponge bath. Some species of sponge spicules may penetrate its surface, once people touching them can cause skin infections. Sponges are filter feeders, they filter water in a small gravel and bacteria for food, oxygen and organic matter decomposition in which the waste will drain away. Sponges surface water through the pores into the ditch line, and move along the ring to the cell or cells lapel flagellated cells arranged in such a small room; Central cellular uptake of food particles through the pass between the deformed cell, and finally often through the drainage holes on the surface of the water like its volcanic excreted; water main under the action of the ring flagellated cells through the body sponges.
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Sexual reproduction
Sponges through asexual budding, producing a new individual, that part of their body to divide and grow into new sponges; certain freshwater sponges will grow shoots the ball to a special breed, these shoots the ball is released and before the fall, has been located in the sponge animals. Freshwater sponges in high latitudes will die in winter, but they shoot the ball very able to withstand adverse environments, such as extreme cold climate quarter; fact, unless experiencing cold weather, otherwise they would not shoot the ball out of the germination . In sexual reproduction, the same individual at different times to produce eggs by the deformation of cells, or cells from the deformation of the ring deformation produce sperm cells. These sperm flowing into the water, and the eggs are retained in the mother, and in this fertilization. After the resulting larvae may be solid (solid embryo) or hollow (bipolar blastocyst), many larvae swimming in the water for up to seven days, can be fixed and deformed as feeding or growth of individuals or groups; other individuals before the deformation is prostrate in the matrix. Some mature Antarctic sponges can not grow in the last decade.
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Environment and Conservation
In all the world's oceans, the number of sponges are very great; in a hard substrate, which is more than amazing; relatively speaking, very few sponges can adapt to unstable sandy or mire habitat. Their vertical field of life when tidal effects from the lowest point of the waterfront, and to extend to 8,600 meters deep under the ocean abyss; siliceous sponges freshwater sponge families can survive even in the world's freshwater lakes and rivers. Standard room in the intertidal habitat in the sponges are usually confined to a part of the coast region, which exposed that part of the coast a short time in the air. Some sponges also appeared above the coast somewhere, but only in the sun perched on rocks in shaded areas or away. Some sponges once exposed to the air a little longer time will die, so in the shallow waters of the continental shelf, sponge species and number of individuals are maximized. Cavern sponge habitat is often smaller animals, these small animals as part of the sponges harmless, while the other part is the parasitic animals. Many sponges can contain photosynthetic unicellular algae (green algae worms), blue-green algae and sponges provide nutrition for the symbiotic bacteria. Sea slug (Aplysia), stone turtle, starfish (especially Antarctica), sea turtles and tropical fish are part of sponge animals. In those exposed to the air instead of hiding under a rock, tropical sponge species, usually more than half of all toxic to fish. Scholars believe that this is a high-density sponges fish predation on an evolutionary response, Nature chose harmful toxic substances to prevent predatory fish for sponges. Part of the toxic sponges great size, such as the huge Caribbean cotton (cribochalina vasculum); while others touch up sponges very dangerous, such as the Caribbean fire sponge (neofibularia noltangere) ╠ ╠ they tend to cause serious human feeling burning, and continued for several hours . Toxins can avoid animal larvae and plant spores attached to the surface of the sponge animals may therefore beneficial to maintain its clean surface; sponge toxin also prevents some invertebrates around too long and cause suffocation sponge. Sponge toxin has been used in the transmission of nerve stimulation; they show a clear decline of biological agents enormous potential, and as a matter repel sharks. There absorbent sponge bath in a hard sponge and maintaining complex protein fiber structure on its own role; these fibers also have the flexibility to make the water squeezed out of the sponge animals. Many people sponge animal species can be collected (particularly the coast of Florida and Greece), such as bath sponges and angular bone skeleton rough sponge has a fine horse skeleton network. They grow from the low tide at the bottom of the deep sea rocks, can be obtained through the ship's claw or divers. Sponges simple processing methods include placing it in the sun to dry, making it soft tissue decay, after leaving his beat and cleaning sponge hard bone protein. Sponges by cutting cultivation methods have been successful, although the feasibility of this approach is not stronger than synthetic. Sponges contain a wide range of antibiotics, pigments, steroids like the unique chemicals, toxins, and even anti-inflammatory compounds such as rheumatism. Hairuo Lo Beihai Branch of wear cotton oyster shells will become weak, resulting in economic losses. These sponges can burrow through chemical and mechanical two ways.
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Data Card
Sponges Sub-sector: Protozoa Asian community Door: Door sponges About 5,000 species, 790 are classified into 80 families. Distribution: was distributed worldwide, from freshwater to marine, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea. The fossil record: Origins so far 5.7-5 million years ago in the Cambrian; which 390 have been identified from the Cretaceous genus (1.35-0.65 million years ago). Body size: from small to 2 m long; One of the biggest species distribution in Antarctica and the Caribbean. Features: different patterns; single or Qun; This porous filter-feeding organisms are mostly "sessile" directly attached to the substrate; they have no organs, no clear organization, but its cell type is very complex; their either no calcium or bone spicules silicon, or organic sponge no hard protein fibers; usually hermaphrodite, capable of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Siliceous glass sponge or sponge Six shot sponge classes (six to put the sponge) About 600 species of sea life, general habitat beneath the tide line, but is more common in the deep sea. Its skeleton is complex siliceous spicules, put six basic form was shaped. Genus and species include: foam sponge, Venus flower basket (euplectella aspergillum), holascus, contour sponge. Calcareous sponge calcareous sponges Gang About 400 species. Haisheng. Calcareous skeletons such as bone needles or needle-shaped put three or four. The genus includes: acyssa, clathrina, leucilla, white sponge sticks, bottles sponge. Unusual unusual sponge sponge Gang About 4,000 species. Marine and freshwater. Its skeleton or no siliceous spicules, or without organic sponge hard protein fibers, or both, no. When the presence of bone needles, no place for the sixth form. Genus and species include: real sponge, cotton wear Beihai, Caribbean sponge (cribochalina vasulum), dials sponge, orange sponge, bath sponge (hipposongia communis), the Caribbean fire sponge (neofibularia nolitangere), tubes finger sponge, bath sponge bone angle ( spongia officinalis), needle sponge. Hard coral sponge sponge Gang About 15 species. Haisheng, in shallow or deep hole or a hole under a tropical coral. With calcium-based skeleton containing siliceous spicules and organic fibers; formed overlying the base of a thin layer of calcareous sponges. The genus includes: ceratoporella, stromatospongia. Mesoderm reversal phenomenon sponges exist in reproductive development.
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English Expression
: sponges
Related Phrases
organism
Hexactinellida
(of husband and wife) to live to old age together Points are the same
