波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那(Bosna i Hercegovina/Босна и Херцеговина,簡稱波黑),巴爾幹半島西部的多山國傢。其為組成前南斯拉夫的六個聯邦單位之一,首都為薩拉熱窩。此國是在1990年代期間,南斯拉夫戰爭時獨立,並且根據《岱頓協定》,它目前是國際社會的受保護地區,由歐洲議會所選出的高級代表所管理。該國在行政及管理上被分成兩個實體,其一為波斯尼亞和赫塞哥維那聯邦(又譯穆剋聯邦),另一為塞族共和國。2000年處於國際監護的布爾奇科鎮成為波斯尼亞第三個政治實體——布爾奇科特區。
根據1995年11月21日所簽署的岱頓協定,波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那區分為兩個政治實體:波黑聯邦(Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH)與塞族共和國(Republika Srpska, RS),雙方各自統領一半的國土,擁有自己的首都、政府組織、旗幟、臂章、領導人、議會等。
Bosnia and Herzegovina (pronounced /ˈbɒzni.ə ænd hɜrtsɨˈɡoʊvɨnə/ (Speaker Icon.svg listen) or /ˈbɑzni.ə ænd hɛrtsəgoʊˈvinə/ (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in South-East Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the south, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for 26 kilometres of Adriatic Sea coastline, centered on the town of Neum. The interior of the country is mountainous in the center and south, hilly in the northwest, and flat in the northeast. Bosnia is the larger geographic region of the modern state with a moderate continental climate, marked by hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Smaller Herzegovina is at the southern tip of the country, with a Mediterranean climate and topography. Bosnia and Herzegovina's natural resources are highly abundant.
The country is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples": Bosniaks, the largest population group of three, with Serbs in second and Croats in third. Regardless of ethnicity, a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often identified in English as a Bosnian. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the distinction between a Bosnian and a Herzegovinian is maintained as a regional, rather than an ethnic distinction. The country is politically decentralized and comprises two governing entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with District Brčko as a de facto third entity.
Formerly one of the six federal units constituting the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina gained its independence during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. Bosnia and Herzegovina can be described as a federal democratic republic that is transforming its economy into a market-oriented system, and it is a potential candidate for membership in the European Union and NATO. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 24, 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment on July 13, 2008.