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Sha Mo  

Time-Travel Novels《江山》
《权臣》

Desert defined
  Desert (also known as sand desert) is a sandy desert, one-third of Earth's land is desert. Because very little water, generally thought desolate desert without life, the "Huang Sha," said. Compared with other regions, the desert life is not much, but a closer look, you will find a lot of plants and animals hidden in the desert, especially the animals come out at night.
  Most of the beach or a desert sand dune area, the sand under the rock often appears. Very thin soil, plants are few. Some desert salt flats, there is no vegetation. Generally aeolian desert landscape.
  Desert sometimes valuable deposits, also found a lot of modern oil storage. Few residents of the desert, resource development easier. Dry desert climate, it is also an archaeologist of music home, can be found in many human artifacts and fossils earlier.
  Deserts around the world share a percentage of the land: the world's land area is 1.49 million square kilometers, accounting for 29% of the total area of ​​the earth, of which about 1 / 3 (48 million square kilometers) in arid, semi-arid desert land, and the annual 60,000 square kilometers with the speed of expansion. The desert area accounted for 10% of the total land area and 43% of the land are facing the threat of desertification.
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Desert Category
  Most rainfall in the desert classified according to the number of days per year, total precipitation, temperature, humidity classification. In 1953, Peveril Meigs dry areas on the earth desert caravans are divided into three categories: special area is completely dry zone of plants (100 mm less annual precipitation throughout the year without rain, rain no periodicity), the area of ​​the 4.2% of global land; dry areas is the seasonal growth of trees and grass but not the zone (evaporation than precipitation of large, annual precipitation 250 mm or less), the global land area accounts for 14.6%; semi-dry areas with 250-500 mm rain, is low and can grow grass and trees area. Extra Dry and dry areas as deserts, semi-dry grassland area is named.
  But only enough to dry and not all of the standard desert areas, such as the Brooks Range, Alaska (Brooks Range) to the north slopes of the following 250 mm rainfall a year, usually not for the desert.
  2.1 The trade wind desert
  Trade wind (ie, the trade winds trade wind) emanating from the subtropical high pressure zone to the equator, the wind convergence, from the land of the trade winds blowing more hot. Very dry bulk trade wind clouds, allowing more sunlight, drying heat the earth. The world's largest desert, the main causes of the Sahara desert is hot, dry trade winds (locally known as Hamadan winds) the role of daytime temperatures can reach 57 ° C.
  2.2 The mid-latitude desert
  Mid-latitude desert (or temperate desert, see temperate desert climate), located in the latitudes between 30 ° to 50 °. Sonoran Desert in southwestern North America and China are in the Tengger Desert latitude desert.
  2.3 rain shadow desert
  Rain shadow desert edge of the desert in the mountains. Because the mountain is too high, resulting in the rain shadow effect, in the leeward side of the mountain formation of the desert, such as Israel and Palestine, Judean Desert.
  2.4 Coastal Desert
  Usually in coastal desert near the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn mainland West Bank, due to cold flows, cooling lower humidity in winter, the fog from the large, covered the sun. Reasons for the formation of the coastal desert: Land-based marine influence and weather system. South America's coastal desert, the Atacama Desert (Atacama Desert), is the world's driest desert, often the next 5-20 years before exceeding 1 mm of rain. Africa's Namib Desert (Namib Desert) there are many crescent-shaped sand dunes, often windy.
  2.5 Cactus Park
  Arizona desert climate because of the relationship, a considerable number of cacti, especially the great tree cactus (En: Saguaro), so _set_ up in 1994 (En: Saguaro National Park) Cactus Tree National Park, garden As many as 1,000 kinds of cactus from around the world different. In addition, in Japan, Okinawa, there are cactus plants park.
  2.6 Ancient Desert
  Geological archaeologists found many of the Earth's climate changes, some time in geological history than it is now dry. 12,500 years ago, about latitude 30 ° south latitude 30 ° to 10% of the land between the desert widespread. 18,000 years ago, 50% of the region is desert, including the now tropical rainforest.
  Many fossils have been found in desert sediments, the oldest of 5 billion years. Nebraska Sand Hills in the United States the largest ancient sand sea in the Western Hemisphere. It now has 500 mm of annual precipitation, sand plant has been stabilized, but still can see the sand dunes up to 120 meters.
  Kalahari (Kalahari Desert) is an ancient desert.
  2.7 saline desert
  Are a variety of saline-alkali soil under natural conditions in some form, the main essence of the formation of various soluble salts in the ground for horizontal and vertical re-distribution, so that the salt in the _set_ of salt to the soil surface gradually build up. Such as the United Arab Emirates and other countries.
  2.8 alien desert
  Mars is the only shape the landscape of wind found in the non-Earth planet. Sand dunes on Mars. If you look at dryness, almost all of extraterrestrial objects that are now covered by desert.
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Desert Features
  3.1 soil
  There are many dry areas of the soil minerals, very little organic fertilizer. Repeated accumulation of water and some soil into the salt layer. Salt solution in the precipitation of calcium carbonate sand and gravel can be dipped into 50 m thick "cement."
  Nitrate layer is reddish-brown desert soils common to the white layer. Saltpeter layer generally into pieces, or wrapped in mineral particles outside by water and carbon dioxide in the interaction between the complex formation. Carbon dioxide from plant roots, or by-product of decaying organic materials.
  3.2 Plants
  Most of the desert tamarisk plants are drought or salt desert plants. Some of the roots, stems and leaves in storage; some with large root systems can reach the water table, stop soil erosion; some have more stems and leaves, can reduce wind speed, save the sand.
  Comparing the distribution of plants on the desert thin, but there are many varieties. The southwestern United States desert cactus column can live 200 years, grow to 15 meters, 10 tons, a desert trees. Column cacti grow very slowly, only 15 cm after 9 years, 75 years Caifen the first branch. Because a large body, looks like a lot of desert cactus. In fact, peas and sunflower plants classes can also survive in the dry hot regions. Haloxylon desert is a unique shrub, with an average of up to 2-3m, some as high as 5m, known as the "king of the desert vegetation," life expectancy of up to more than a century. General cold desert spring grass or bushes.
  3.3 Water Oasis
  Occasionally, the desert rain, it is often the storm. Sahara have had in 3 hours 44 mm of precipitation records. This time, the river will soon dry usually filled with water, easy to floods.
  Although little rain within the desert, desert mountains often out of the river from the nearby water. Soil with a lot of these rivers generally, in the desert to flow from one or two days to dry. Circulation of the world, the desert only a few rivers, such as the Nile in Egypt, China, Yellow River, and the United States, the Colorado River.
  If the water enough to form seasonal lake in the desert, usually lighter than the salty. Because the lake is flat, the wind blew several dozen square kilometers of the lake will. After the small lake will leave a dry salt flats. In the U.S. there are hundreds of these salt marshes, most of the ice age 12,000 years ago, the relics of the Great Lakes, most notably Great Salt Lake in Utah. Salt Beach is a flat car, aircraft runway and spacecraft landing a good place.
  3.4 mineral deposits
  The formation of some minerals in the dry area. Ground water dissolved minerals, and then concentrated in the water table near it as easy to develop storage.
  There are many salt water evaporates after the beach to stay on the surface of minerals such as gypsum, salts (including sodium nitrate and sodium chloride, and borate. From borax and other borate refining out of boron, glass, ceramics, enamel , agricultural chemicals, water softener and a basic component of western medicine.
  In Sayles Lake (Searles Lake) produced minerals worth 10 million U.S. dollars.
  South America's Atacama desert (Atacama Desert) produced a lot of sodium nitrate, 19th century mining, for explosives and fertilizer. World War II produced a more than 3 million tons.
  United States, Chile, Peru and Iran produced copper. Australia produced iron, lead, zinc ore. Turkey produced chromite. Australia and the United States, gold, silver, and uranium deposits.
  Non-metallic material beryllium, mica, lithium, clays, pumice, and metal slag also appear in dry areas.
  The world's largest oil reserves mostly in desert areas, but these reserves are not made because the dry climate. Before becoming deserts in these areas, they are shallow, the formation of oil-sea plants.
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World's top ten desert
  1, the snow-covered desert: Taklimakan Desert
  Taklimakan Desert is the world's major deserts of the club members, from the area point of view, it is among the numerous non-polar desert in the 15th. It is located in the Tarim Basin, the desert covers an area of ​​270,000 square kilometers. Taklimakan Desert and southern margins of both the northern branch of the Silk Road through.
  In 2008, this "Desert of the most" experienced the biggest snowfall and lowest temperature, a fall of snow for 11 days. The entire stretch of desert are covered by ice, such a large scale in the desert of snow is still very rare.
  2, has a blue lake in the desert: Brazil, La Bois - 马拉赫塞斯
  Brazil has the world's largest tropical rain forest, 30% of global fresh water resources are reserves in this. In such a country we actually can find the desert, it is incredible. Mubarak AES - 马拉赫塞斯 National Park is located in northern Brazil Mullen capacity states, covers an area of ​​300 square kilometers, the park across the white sand dunes and deep blue lake, called the world a must.
  But why would a blue lake in the desert it? Unusual in this desert rainfall in it, although looks like the desert, but its up to 1600 mm annual rainfall is 300 times the Sahara desert, the rain filled potholes between sand dunes, the formation of the clear blue lake . In the dry season, the water completely evaporated. After the rainy season, the lake has no lack of variety of fish, turtles and mussels, if they had not left like. In this regard, there are two hypotheses: One theory is that their eggs or the eggs buried in the sand below, the rainy season comes to hatch out; in another way, is the "trouble" of birds or their eggs egg Yitang Tang zone is over.
  3, the world's largest salt desert: Bolivia, Uyuni salt of the original
  Shiobara can be regarded as iconic of Bolivia. Located at the plateau among the vast deserts and almost flat, and sky seamless. The desert, there are several lakes, the role of a variety of minerals, water and an odd color.
  Four years ago, this area was a giant prehistoric lake part of Lake Ming. After the lake dried up, leaving two large saltwater lake: Lake and Ulu Ulu Pubo Lake, and two major salt deserts, the Uyuni salt, salt of the original and the original Khoi Pasadena, where the former is larger. From the area point of view, Uyuni Salt Bonneville Salt Flats was originally the United States 25 times. It is estimated that large amount of 100 million tons of salt here, at present, less than the annual extraction of 25,000 tons.
  4, Egypt's "white desert"
  Farah Farah oasis travel to Egypt, can not miss a great landscape is the "white desert." Desert is located 45 kilometers north of Farah Farah. Here the sand was creamy white as snow, and the surrounding desert, in stark contrast to the yellow.
  5, the flowers bloom in the desert: The Atacama Desert in Chile
  Atacama Desert is located in latitude 29 degrees north of the line, accounting for a large part of the territory of Chile. Desert in the west of the Andes and along the South American continent's Pacific coast elongated strips. However, in the Antofagasta area near the Tropic of Capricorn, the sea fog has brought a lot of water for desert plants to provide the necessary conditions. Thanks to the fog and the "storage" of skills, many plants survived. In the drought year, in order to survive, reproduction, growth will be delayed.
  6. Namibia's Namib Desert: the desert elephants
  Namib Desert in southern Africa, it is not large area north of the Sahara desert, but even more impressive.
  Fossils of ancient trees has become a stand in the Namib desert, the valley of death, which is behind the red sand dunes. Namibia is the country than in the desert named Yin Nami. Namib Desert in South Africa's west coast line, known as the Skeleton Coast (Skeleton Coast), this desolate coastline full of wrecked ships. Namib Desert is considered the world's oldest desert, it also has the world's highest sand dunes, some as high as 300 meters to the sand dunes around the Suosu Wei (Sossusvlei) around.
  In addition, if lucky enough, you can see the elephant in the Namib Desert, it is also the only one able to see the desert elephants.
  As the world's oldest desert, the Namib desert region has many animal and plant fossils. Over the years, like the Namib Desert as a magnet attracts geologists, but until today, people still know little about it.
  7. Australia's Simpson Desert: the red desert
  Australia's Simpson Desert is famous for its bright red. This is due to the long-term weathering of iron material, so that a layer of iron oxide coated sand coat, then, an oasis in the desert has become a fire, the sun shining, look magnificent exception.
  8. Egyptian desert black: black rock desert
  The black desert in Egypt to the white desert in the northeast Fraser Farah 100 kilometers away, it is in the region is formed by volcanic mountains, covered with black pebbles. However, the color of these stones is not that people think black, brown orange.
  9. Antarctica: it is also the world's driest wettest "desert"
  Antarctica has the world's most extreme climate, a long time, it has been uninhabited continent, where it is cold. In 1983, scientists recorded the extreme low temperature there: minus 129 degrees Fahrenheit (about minus 89 degrees Celsius). Antarctica is the driest place in the world, but also the most "wet", and it is not wet because of its high rainfall, but because it is 98% of the area have been covered in ice. The annual rainfall in Antarctica is less than 5 cm, so it can be called a "desert."
  10, the world's largest desert: Sahara
  Sub-area of ​​860 square kilometers, is the world's largest desert, account for most of North Africa. About 4 million people live here. Sub-covering Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Mali and Mauritania, most of the region.
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Desertification
  5.1 can not be cultivated land desertification caused by use of the land is not even reverse the desertification is a door can be used more in-depth study issues. Main reason is due to natural causes of desertification factors and the dry land can be through water or man-made climate change over the livestock and crop farming is not caused by cold storage intolerance desertification.
  Desertification Desertification reversed 5.2
  Keep the land moist, strengthen land moisture, the humidity is greater than the desertification reversal due to dryness of the most critical factor. A lot of water sources and to maintain should be the key to reversing desertification. The most effective method of land for the moisture to provide water resistance to cold storage plants and trees planting.
  5.3 The provision of water
  ① Natural factors: river, lakes and groundwater to maintain the maintenance, extension, expansion, maintaining water; water-resistant plant trees planted cold water area of ​​land conservation and humidity.
  ② human factors: the construction of underground water network, underground water network is not easy for the dry air to the water loss; groundwater at creating artificial rivers, lakes and the planting of trees resistant to cold storage plants protect the soil and soil moisture. Oasis can also follow the reversal method.
  Cold-resistant plants planted 5.4
  Plant resistance to cold wind-resistant trees in the main, and water plants or trees can be stored for a long time, will retain moisture in the soil and planting of trees in the surrounding. As I mentioned above, from its source, extension or expansion of man-made source of water.
  5.5 Advantages of desertification reversal
  ① increase the availability of land, adequate soil moisture and nutrients.
  ② large area of ​​forest can provide a source of trees to maintain tree growth rate is greater than the development rate.
  ③ trees to provide more oxygen to function and help reduce the use of biological warming.
  ④ wind protection makes some trees in areas of desertification can be reversed to build buildings, to increase the volume and utilization of land.
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Strange phenomenon in the desert
沙漠里的奇怪现象
  ① mirage in the desert: in the desert, due to the sunny hot sand during the day, close to the fast increase of the sand layer of air, forming the lower the temperature distribution of hot upper cold, resulting in lower air density than the phenomenon of the upper density . At this time the scene in front of the light by the air density to the density of air refraction, to form the next looming. Viewed from afar, like a reflection in the water. Travel long distances in the desert people, hot thirst, see the next looming, often mistakenly thought to have reached the cool lake, but a burst of wind rolled over, still a vast expanse of the desert, this scene is just a mirage.
  ② stone circle: It is a large expansion and contraction of rock again after several hundred years after fragmentation, on the ground formed a circle round the stone, very much like the arrangement of the works of man, in fact, is a natural formation.
  The ancients said: "The surprising, its fearfulness," the desert all the "strange" phenomenon, that you could use scientific reasoning to explain.
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The other interpretation of the desert
  ② hot desert and cold desert: hot desert is the desert located in tropical areas, mainly due to the strong solar radiation, evaporation severe, long-term control by the formation of the dry desert monsoon. The difference is that with this cold desert, cold desert areas because its name is more cold, cold desert of think of that continental climate control major areas of little rainfall, long-term by cold, dry monsoon. The cold desert are large and small stones on the ground, this is due to dramatic changes in desert temperature, and after intense weathering of rock into small, into pieces.
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France Kidd "desert"
  About the French writer Andre Gide is the most important writers of the twentieth century, one representative of a novel "coins maker" "Pastoral Symphony", essay "world of food", etc.
  Body:
  How many times at dawn, facing the Rays ten thousand, than the halo is also splendid oriental - how many times to the edge of the oasis, where the last few withered palm. Life no longer can not beat the desert - how many times ah. I put my desire to stretch you, bathed in the hot desert sun, just as prone to these very strong bright light ~ ~ ~ ~ excited to pay tribute to what, how strong love can overcome the hot desert it?
  Barren; cruel place; warm ride in the land; Prophet fascinating place - ah! Suffering in the desert, desert glory, I have loved your enthusiasm.
  Mirage appeared at that time the North Salt Lake, I saw the same as the white surface layer of salt. - I know, the lake released according to the blue sky - blue like the sea salt. But why - there will be clusters of rushes, stood a little distance but also the shale cliffs are landslides - Why are there floating palace of vessels and distant vision? - All these have changed the landscape shape suspended in deep water on top of this imaginary.
  I have seen in the slanting sun, the Amar Kakadu Hill rosy, like the burning of a substance.
  I have seen the horizon of the wind roar, Feishazoudan, so Oasis breathless, like a storm suffered panic attacks the ship; Oasis is the wind overturned. In the small village streets, the emaciated men naked, rolled the body, hot parched endure the torture.
  I have seen the desert journey, the camel's bones Biye, better camels due to fatigue, hard to hurry, to be businessmen abandoned, then the body decay, bite full of flies, emitting a stench.
  - I would also like to talk about the desert,
  Stipa desert growing thin neck, wild snakes everywhere, green field wind ups and downs.
  Random rocks in the desert, barren land. Shale shining; insects flying dance to; rush dried up. Under the scorching sun exposure, all features are given the sound of crackling.
  Clay desert, as long as the trickle of water here, everything will be full of life. As long as there is rain, everything will be lush. Although the land is too dry, revealing a rare smile, but clusters of grass after the rain seems to be more tender and more fragrant than elsewhere. Not be strong fear of sun drying was dry, the grass is flowering rush, pollination broadcast incense, their love is the rapid short-lived. But the sun came out again, the earth cracking, weathering, water from the various cracks in the escape. Earth crack crack beyond recognition; Despite heavy rain, torrents poured into the ditch, scouring the earth; but unable to retain water in your land, still dry and desperate.
  Long in the desert sand - the sands like waves, like the pyramids in the distance a caravan guide, boarded a dune, we see that the peak of the horizon of the other dunes.
  Blowing wind, the caravan stopped, camel in the camel's side who will escape. Extinction of life here, only the wind and the heat pulse. Rain rain. Desert, soft like velvet, the sun, like a burning flame; By morning, are also deemed to ashes. Dunes between the white valleys, we rode by, the dust of each footprint are covered immediately, as tired, every one dune, we always find it difficult to span.
  Ah long desert sand! I should have fervent love you, I wish you the smallest dust particles in its tiny space. Also reflect the universe as a whole is now! Dust ah! You remember what kind of life, love what you are separated from it? Dust also want human praise.
  My soul, you have to see what is in the sand?
  Bones of the dead - an empty shell. . . . .
  One morning, we came to a seat to avoid at the foot of the tall dunes. We sat down; there pretty cool, quiet long the rush.
  As for the night, the vast night, I can talk about?
  Sand dunes have lost one-third of blue waves.
  Worth a sky light
  - I know this night seems to think out one particularly bright star.
  Appreciation:
  "Desert" can be regarded as a beautifully crafted pictures, the opening in the saying that "the suffering of the desert, the brilliant desert" when the image outline with rich desert powerful, tragic, sad, painting Figure group structure sequence is: a mirage in the desert, desert storms Feishazoudan, desolate road with a body count, the solitude of silent desolately desert, living and non living in the desert and the desert are thinking.
  On the singer to the image of fanatical appeared solemn thinker to the end of the image of the article. "I know this night seems to think out one particularly bright star", "thinkers" of the image in the night under the stars is particularly clear, it is this image in the final conclusion to follow the "singer" avid readers of cool down and think about life, think about life's origins.
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Encyclopedia
  Desert
  sand desert
  Golmud desert corner
  Yang - thereupon photo
  Mobility, observation, fire has an impact. ③ dune,
  15% of vegetation cover, high hill varies more
  Located in the heart of the desert and desertification seriously peripheral
  Area. Feng Sha activities that we have a strong, dune mobility, shape
  Constantly changing shape and position. Usually active in spring, stream
  Sand sometimes Yanmai rural roads, destroyed houses, and even
  Engulfed the entire village; less dust events in summer and autumn,
  More stable sand dunes. Rare deserted area, water-poor,
  Few roads, traffic barriers, traffic and logistics support pole
  Is difficult.
  Desert, mainly in North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia
  And Australia. Saharan Africa, notably
  Desert, the Arabian Peninsula Lubo Harry desert, South Asia
  Thar Desert, Central Asia 克孜勒库姆 desert. China
  Desert area of ​​about 71 million square kilometers, mainly distributed in
  Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places, notably the thousands of Tucker Rama Sha
  Desert, the Gurbantunggut Desert, Badan Jaran Desert, Teng
  Sand dunes and Mao Wu Susha land.
  ShQIT10
  Desert (sand desert) a large flow of ground cover
  Sand dunes widespread variety of areas. Is distributed in the desert
  A widely. Such areas strong sunshine, day and night temperature
  Large, low rainfall, sparse vegetation short, frequency of dust events
  Fan, contains a certain amount of mineral and water resources, is to be
  Further development and utilization of the region, but also to military action
  Weapons and logistical support to use special effects
  Area.
  The product of the desert is a dry climate, in the south, north latitude
  15. A 35 "between the subtropical high and the inner middle and high latitudes
  Basin, the plateau region, due to scant few clouds rain, dry weather
  Dry, sparse vegetation, the drastic changes in temperature, weathering strong
  A lot of weathering and accumulation of deposits from the other. Desert
  Detrital material in the Phoenix force after the formation of a variety of sand dunes.
  Degree by mobile sand dunes and vegetation cover is divided into three categories:
  ① fixed sand dunes, the vegetation coverage rate of 40% or more, Qiu
  Height is 10 to 30 meters, slope 200, into the soil
  Points more soft soil, summer and autumn weed bush
  Students, often relatively flat dune or a small area of ​​marsh meadow
  Ze, no significant wind event, part of the meadow in wells.
  Residents less and less scattered nearby residential land,
  And a rural road connectivity. Fixed sand dunes are located in the desert
  Crossing the river edge or near the impact of military action by the wind
  Sound small, is easy to implement
  Shi interludes, split, move
  Back and surrounded the area.
  ② semi-fixed sand dunes, vegetation
  Was 15% coverage -
  40%, with local wind
  Activities, hill height is
  10 to 40 meters, the slope
  Above 200 degrees. Weed
  Sub-shrubs and more into small pieces
  Cloth, often with the shape of sand dunes
  Wind part of the change, there
  Some soil components, the next
  Depression force is small, residential areas,
  Very few roads. Semi-fixed
  Are distributed in the sand dunes
  The surrounding area, the military
  Distribution of the world's major deserts
  Open desert terrain, horizon, of fire is good, but
  Bad weather, drastic temperature changes. Soft ground, Feng Sha
  Large, widespread sand dunes, sparse vegetation. Troops in the desert area
  Action, concealment, camouflage, determine the position and difficulties to build fortifications
  Difficult; easy passage of vehicles, weapons and equipment wear faster, Sagittarius
  Action physical exertion, and easy to heat stroke or frostbite; place
  Supply and water supply problems, and logistics task is arduous; on
  Protective capacity is relatively small nuclear attack, and radiological agents
  Substance widely spread than the general terrain, the lack of water, eliminating
  Contaminated and sanitation is also very difficult. Distribution in the desert edge
  Edge of oases on both sides of border rivers or other water sources
  Area, desert combat, the two sides is often a major battle areas.
  (Qian Zhen)
    
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English Expression
  1. :  sha mo
  2. n.:  cactus,  caravan,  desert,  sahara,  sand,  waste
  3. v.:  barren land, with very little water and vegetation, often sand-covered
French Expression
  1. n.  désert
Thesaurus
hungriness, wold, no man's land
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Containing Phrases
desertificationShamosaurussemidesertdesert