In ancient China, because there is no standard Pinyin, people in teaching vocabulary, often use two common words for tangential or direct spell the pronunciation of this vocabulary. This approach is clearly too cumbersome and difficult to read standard. Since ancient times there is no standard spelling program, resulting in many ancient pronunciation of Chinese characters and the pronunciation is completely different now. To the rise of the Chinese nation has played a certain impediment. Who invented the pinyin it? Interestingly, a foreigner. Most of the pronunciation of Chinese characters used in ancient China, "the word tangent" in the pronunciation methods, such as "East" (all the cage-cut). This approach is clearly too cumbersome and difficult to read standard. AD 1610, the French have called Jinnigelai missionary to China, he is a China hand. In 1626 he wrote an "eyes and ears of the West in the Confucian capital" of the book, the first accurate record of the alphabet with the Latin pronunciation of Chinese characters. He met in China during the Han Yun, Wang Zheng and others, and their help in the missionary Matteo Ricci and other Western books of Chinese phonetic "West word miracle", based on the preparation of China's first Latin-based alphabet every word exchange. "Chinese National Common Language Law," Article 18 states: "" Pinyin "is a Chinese place names and Chinese literature, the unity of the Roman alphabet spelling norms, and can not be used for any inconvenience or character areas." According to this _set_ of specifications written symbols called pinyin. Pinyin is the internationally recognized standard Mandarin Latin transliteration. International Standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling) wrote: "National People's Congress (February 11, 1958) formally adopted by the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, used to spell Chinese. Transliteration in the text by those who Mandarin reading to record its pronunciation. " Whether China's own standards or international standards are clear that the nature and status of Hanyu Pinyin, the Chinese Mandarin, Latin spelling or transliteration system, rather than Mandarin Chinese orthography or writing system. Phonetic alphabet Latin alphabet used in the program only individual title, does not mean that pinyin is a phonetic system (all phonemes text). Hanyu Pinyin in mainland China using a very wide range. Overseas Chinese communities, especially Chinese-speaking regions such as the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, is also currently teaching Chinese language education in the Hanyu Pinyin.
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Pinyin Sports
汉语拼音运动
Chinese national standard language in the late nineteenth century, the rise of the Chinese nation's social, scientific and cultural development of the language had a huge impact on modern movement gradually built up. Language modernization movement originally referred to Hanyu Pinyin movement (then called "Qieyin word movement, simple word movement"), Mandarin movement and vernacular movement. End of the Qing's three language movement has a common goal, that is by reforming language, education, social development and time to meet the needs of the development of science and culture, then Fuguojiangbing revitalize the Chinese nation. Mandarin Campaign is to establish and promote the Chinese national standard spoken language of movement, and promote the use of vernacular movement is to replace the classical expression of spoken vernacular as the official written language of movement. Three sports have their own pursuits, but the intrinsic relationship is very close. On the relationship between history, said Qieyin word Movement and led the first national language movement. Subsequently, Mandarin ring clear and true established phonetic alphabet development until the 1950s the Chinese standardization movement, the generation of Hanyu Pinyin, is this the same strain, complement each other. Therefore, our discussion has thus start. Pinyin prelude to the history of sport can be traced back to the late Ming, but the resulting massive Pinyin Chinese society movement, the direct reason is that Chinese people are still Mingxinkegu "Jiawu" national humiliation. This QIAN the "phonetic alphabet and the sounds of modern country" (1929), a text made it clear: "1894 (Jiawu), China to Japan to fight a losing battle, so the country in the insight, know that non-reform politics, education, not self-existence in the world, but that universal education, there is a problem that occurs, the physical difficulty of knowledge of Chinese characters, is also difficult to write To solve this problem, another system of non-phonetic word is not new ... .... " Thus, "The implementation of simple words to seek education movement, increasing prevalence of day ...." In fact, the text in the field of thought before this innovation has already begun, thousands of Chinese characters to the lofty status of sanctity has been shaken. Sino, the Qing Government Shimonoseki in Japan, signed the humiliating "Treaty of Shimonoseki," in addition to compensation for huge military, but also to cede Taiwan and the Pescadores and other places. The time, government and shocked, inspired community of people, especially those with entrepreneurial spirit of the intellectual class of the patriotic conscience, we deducing the failure of China, agreed that "the revolution of Chinese characters, then education must not be popular, rich and powerful country can not be broken." At that time , known as the "intellectual of the Comet" and Tan called for the repeal on the lead characters, use a phonetic system. All walks of life rallied together to respond, have them create simple and easy "Qieyin new words." Qing Dynasty Qieyin word movement, such movement is in full swing Pinyin carried up. However, Lu Zhang stupid design a variety of Latin-based phonetic spelling of the program is still a broad dialect of Fujian. He later submitted to the Faculty of the Qing government, "China Qieyin letter" will therefore be considered "impassable provinces", "not a unified dialect of the provinces" and refuted. Soon after, a reflection of national trends Qieyin common language development program - the king according to the "Mandarin chorus letter" immediately come to the fore. It was the most influential spelling "Beijing Mandarin tone," the letter characters of the radical form completely. "Mandarin chorus letter" wide passage, over half of China, "by Beijing and Tianjin and Mukden, and Nanjing, Mandarin letters throughout the 13 provinces." Wang Zhao at the time I can be described as fully grasp the development trend of the national language, he "Mandarin chorus letter" order on the clearly stated: "Language must return the uniform should be taken here, then ... ... Beijing, then promote the most will be, twenty years Mandarin. officers who the public is, the public of the case, since the appropriate choice of its accounting link with the number of more than those. "Precisely because of this, his" Mandarin chorus letter "was the Imperial Academy (formerly Peking) chief teacher Wu Rulun support and management science with Minister Zhang and Zhang Baixi together petitioned the court in the" charter school "provides that" in Chinese within a subject, attached to the Mandarin one, "because" all return the same national language, "Qing should be the" official voice of the unifying language. " They petitioned the court to get approval soon. Thus, Mandarin Pinyin movement led unification movement, and movement into one unified and Mandarin at the same time, be among the government from the private. After the Qing government in the Faculty of the "national language education" (1911) provides Pinyin "simple words" There are two purposes: First, put together Mandarin, and second, Fan Zhenghan word pronunciation, and adopted a "unified national language means the case" which requires In 1911 eight years (1916) popular Mandarin. I did not expect this year in October, the Wuchang Uprising, 1911 Revolution broke out, the Qing government was overthrown. Thus, the referendum and through the "unified national language means the case" will become a dead letter. Determine the country sound, the development of letters, a unified national language movement, is actually from the next national government in society and up. From the above brief review, we can see that from the late nineteenth century developed pinyin movement, from the start with the unity of language, social development, national unity and close together. Proof of historical facts more than once, no matter what kind of phonetic design, contrary to the language consistent trends, doomed to fail. Lu stupid system _set_ up the first chapter of the Latin alphabet program to spell Min-wide dialect-based "China Qieyin letter", because of "impassable provinces", "not a unified dialect of the provinces" is refuted. Subsequently, there wen Chin, Zhaotingmingguan labor is declared almost designed for use in the major dialects of the provinces' full spectrum of simple word "(a type of phonetic character strokes)," full spectrum "includes" Beijing sound spectrum. " , "I would rather sound spectrum" (Nanjing, then), "Wu sound spectrum", "Min broad-spectrum", etc., covering almost the majority of dialects, and he also proposed a "go north south cited" idea: "Southern Man first on the South Sound of the spectrum to learn, to apply, your studies, to learn Beijing sound to go unified. "labor is declared Empress I have been summoned, he was into" Jane spectrum recorded word "also Royal Assent, so that" faculty meeting played. " Even so, the Qing Government Division also continued to suffer from "split language is not conducive to unity", and always hold the shelf, without discussion is not playing, and the community has made him sharp criticism, that according to his means, "will make China more far with the text of the rule, "calling him a" language split the chief culprit. " Control movement in the late Qing Qieyin word chapter stupid Lu played the leading role, labor is declared, the king according to three people, in particular, labor is declared and for participating in the "Hundred Days Reform" and be wanted, "Qin Fan," according to both of them the king of spelling program fate, it is sobering enough.
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Pinyin history
In 1912, after the founding of the Republic, the Government continued to implement Mandarin. Upsurge in the implementation of Mandarin, Mandarin standard pronunciation after "Beijing (sound) country (sound) problem" great debate, by the "Beijing-based sound, both north and south" amendment to Beijing for the pure subject of the new country sound audio, and its also renamed after the phonetic alphabet phonetic symbol and a tool for the implementation of Mandarin, the Mandarin language teaching into primary school teacher and, in radio, film, drama and other areas to establish a solid position. From the academic point of view, different historical periods in Chinese pinyin movement emerged Mandarin phonetic symbols, Mandarin Romanization, so north of the new Latin text, until the late fifties the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, apparently inherited the same strain develop relations. Hanyu Pinyin is designed to fully absorb the past, many phonetic design, especially Romania and North and Latin America countries valuable experience, and widely listened to their opinions. While the program has its imaginative place. But more is learned and developed many of the history of phonetic design strengths. Here we have several major aspects from the talk about Chinese Phonetic Alphabet and phonetic symbols, the country Romania, North and Latin alphabet designed to inherit and develop other relationships. No ancient alphabet, the use of tangential, that is, knowledge will be read with two words, take the first consonant, take the second of the finals, put together up on the line. From the direct cause, the modern Japanese aggression against China is leading cause of Hanyu Pinyin appear. Chinese + Japanese kana own rules, and the invention of the missionary James Curtis Hepburn (Japanese) black this type Pinyin (Roman-style flat text word), is the modern pinyin source of creativity. Because the Japanese invasion, when an internal study of Japan's great fashion, this concept of the alphabet with a lot of Japanese vocabulary with the introduction of Chinese characters From now on Hong Kong and Taiwan still use the phonetic alphabet (Pinyin equivalent) can be found ¢ Gt po mo ㄈ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ someone now ㄍ ㄎ ㄏ ㄐ ㄑ ㄒ ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ Clearly the impact by Kana Can say that this is the culture of Japan, between China> Japan> China's one typical example
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Hanyu Pinyin came out
汉语拼音方案的出笼
Pinyin dates back 1906 Chu Wen Xiong's "Jiangsu New letter 'and 1908 Liu Mengyang' Chinese phonetic word book", also the 1926 and 1931 Mandarin Roman Latin-oriented Chinese word. All of these characters are Latin-based program provides the basis for the development of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. In 1949, Wu Yuzhang wrote to Mao Zedong put forward in order to effectively eliminate illiteracy, the need for rapid reform of the writing. Approved the letter to the Guo Mao Zedong, Mao Dun, who study in October 1949 _set_ up the reform of Chinese characters Association, one of the tasks is to study the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. In 1954, the Society for the Reform of Chinese characters into Chinese characters directly under the State Council Reform Commission, during which all received more than 1,600 Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Generally have several forms: Chinese stroke type, Latin type, Cyrillic-style, mixed in the form of several letters, shorthand style, design style, in digital form. The final decision to adopt the Latin alphabet as the Hanyu Pinyin system of signs, in order to facilitate international exchange and cooperation. 1958 First National People's Congress announced formal approval of the fifth meeting of the Latin-style "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet." In 1977, the Third United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names "name from the owner 'principle, decided to adopt the Hanyu Pinyin romanization for the Chinese letters spelling the international standards. In 1982, the International Organization for Standardization document issued by ISO7098, the international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling).
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Hanyu Pinyin content
Voice Pinyin uses the Latin alphabet, consonant and vowel points. Pinyin is a system of symbols that pronunciation should not be treated as separate letters. Initials Mandarin Pinyin initials, 21: Plosive fricative affricate nasal lateral sound Voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced Unaspirated aspirated unaspirated aspirated Bilabial b [p] p [p '] m [m] Labiodental f [f] Tongue tenor d [t] t [t '] n [n] l [l] Tongue tone z [ts] c [ts'] s [s] After the tongue sound zh [tʂ] ch [tʂ '] sh [ʂ] r [ʐ] Palatals j [tɕ] q [tɕ '] x [ɕ] She Genyin g [k] k [k '] h [x] In addition, there are some Mandarin consonants rather than vowels at the beginning of syllables, such as "case" (an), this is not consonant The zero initial call. Finals Mandarin Pinyin in a total of 39 finals. Are: Vowels vowels iu ü a ia ua o uo e ê ie üe (S-) i, (sh-) i er Complex vowel vowels ai uai ei uei ao iao ou iou With nasal vowels an ian uan üan en in uen ün ang iang uang eng ing ueng ong iong Of these, only one yuan a vowel or a nasal consonant tape case, the vowel rhyme called belly, brought the nasal consonant as coda. Two vowels of the vowel, it is open to a greater degree of abdominal rhyme, rhyme rhyme abdominal called before the first vowel or medial, called vowel rhyme after rhyme abdominal tail. Three vowels or two yuan tape a nasal consonant, the vowel is the rhyme of the middle abdomen, the first vowel is the first rhyme, rhyme ventral nasal consonant or vowel after the end of the rhyme. It has been also put under the head rhyme vowels are divided into four categories, called the four calls, that is open, Qi tooth (i), heal up (u), Cuokou (ü). Pinyin vowel table is arranged according to this. Tone Mandarin has four tones, four tone symbols are: First Sound, (IA, or a lateral transfer, "ˉ"); Second tone, (Hinata, or rising tone ,""); Third tone, (rising tone, or the sound ,""); The fourth tone, (falling tone, or to sound ,""); Chinese, there is also a special tone, called softly, sometimes called the "fifth voice" in Hanyu Pinyin is not marked in tone. Some scholars believe that "fifth voice" is not exact. Although it can serve to distinguish soft-role semantics, but usually not included in the Chinese "four tones" one, because the tone is a normal form of the pitch accented syllable. In the pitch, the light tone only sound area characteristics, there is an arch tone characteristics. Each character with the vowels and consonants to form a syllable form. Vowels should be marked in the upper tones, for the convenience can also be omitted. Pinyin rules for winning tone position is as follows: If two vowels, and the first vowel is i, u, or ü, the tone will be marked on the second vowel. The remaining conditions are tone in the first vowel should be marked on top.
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Articulation
汉语拼音 发音方法
汉语拼音 发音方法
汉语拼音 发音方法
汉语拼音 发音方法
a: natural lips pronounce Zhang, flat tongue, the tongue among micro-lung, vocal cords vibrate. o: pronunciation lips into a round, slightly cocked, tongue backward shrink, swell the tongue back, tongue middle, the vocal cords vibrate. e: pronunciation of half-open mouth, tongue on the list, the mouth expands to both sides of the flat, the vocal cords vibrate. i: pronunciation, the mouth slightly open into a flat, under the tongue against the gums, tongue elevation, close to the palate, vocal cords vibrate. u: pronunciation, the rope round his lips, protrudes from the hole, the rear tongue swell, the vocal cords vibrate. ü: pronunciation, the lips into a circle, close off the rope, under the tongue against the gums, tongue in front of uplift, the vocal cords vibrate. b: pronunciation, the lips closed, impeding air flow, and lips suddenly let go, let air out, the pronunciation of light is short. p: pronunciation, the lips closed, impeding air flow, and then suddenly release the lips, air bursts into sound. m: pronunciation, closed lips, tongue retraction, airflow out from the nose, open mouth, vocal cords vibrate. f: pronunciation, the upper teeth touch the lower lip form a slit to allow air squeezed out from the cracks and friction into the sound. d: pronunciation, the tongue against the upper gum, choked air and suddenly release the air from the mouth, Flaring, exploded into sound. t: pronunciation, the tongue against the upper gum, choked air, the sudden departure, air from the mouth Flaring. n: pronunciation, the tongue against the upper gum, air from the nasal cavity through, and rushed to open the obstruction tongue, vocal cords vibrate. l: pronunciation, the lips slightly open, tongue against the upper gum, the vocal cords vibrate, the air flow from the tip of the tongue on both sides. g: pronunciation, the base of the tongue against the soft palate to obstruct the front air flow, air break to tongue base obstruction, exploded into sound. k: pronunciation, the base of the tongue front, against the upper palate, impeding air flow, air break to tongue base obstruction, burst into sound. h: pronunciation, tongue elevation, close to the soft palate to form a narrow, air from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. j: pronunciation, the tongue against the lower incisors, in front of the Department close to the palate, tongue, the airflow out from the slit in the friction into the sound. q: pronunciation, tongue stick in front of the Ministry of the hard palate, tongue base obstruction break air friction into the sound. x: pronunciation, the tongue against the lower incisors, in front of the Ministry of elevation near the palate, tongue, forming narrow, flow out from the cracks and friction into the sound. zh: pronunciation, the upturned tip of the tongue, the front against the hard palate, a weak air impulse to open the tip of the tongue obstruction, from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. ch: pronounced, the upturned tip of the tongue, the front against the hard palate, there is a strong impulse to open the tip of the tongue obstruction of airflow from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. sh: pronunciation, the upturned tip of the tongue, palate, near the front, leaving a narrow, air from the slit in the extrusion and friction into the sound. r: pronunciation, the upturned tip of the tongue, palate, near the front, leaving a narrow, hard voice sounds, airflow from the slit in the extrusion and friction into the sound, the vocal cords vibrate. z: pronunciation, the tongue against the teeth come back, obstruct air flow, so that weak impulse to open the tip of the tongue obstruction of airflow from the slit in the extrusion and friction into the sound. c: pronunciation, the tongue against the teeth come back, obstruct air flow, so that a strong flow from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. s: pronunciation, the tongue close to the gear back home, stay out of the slit, the slit in the air out from the tip of the tongue, rubbing into the sound. y: pronunciation, the mouth slightly open into a flat, under the tongue against the gums, tongue elevation, close to the palate, vocal cords vibrate. w: pronunciation, the rope round his lips, protrudes from the hole, the rear tongue swell, the vocal cords vibrate. ai: pronounced when starting a sound, then slide i, air flow is not interrupted, the pronunciation of light is short. ei: pronunciation, the first-mover e sound, and then slide i, air flow is not interrupted, both sides of the mouth to start. ui: pronunciation, u pronunciation of light is short, and then slide into ei, mouth shape from the round to flat. ao: pronunciation, the first made a sound, and tongue retraction, tongue lift up, mouth shape rope into a circle, gently slide o. ou: pronunciation, the starting o sound, gradually Shoulong lips, tongue elevation, from the mouth to the small round circle. iu: pronunciation, the first issue i, and then slide to the ou, from the flat to a round mouth. ie: sounds when starting i, and then send e, air flow is not interrupted. üe: pronunciation, starting ü sound, and then slide to the e, round to the flat from the mouth. er: pronunciation, the highest in the tongue send e sound, and then roll up the tongue to the palate, two letters of the same pronunciation. an: pronunciation, the first made a sound, and then gradually lift the tongue, gums hair stand up on the n sound. en: pronunciation, the first-mover e sound, and then raise the tongue, the tongue against the upper gum, nasal air escape from, hair n sound. in: pronunciation, the first issue i sound, and then tongue against the lower incisors back, getting to the palate, tongue, nasal air escape from, hair n sound. un: pronunciation, the first made u sound, and tongue against the upper gum, then made n sound, air escape from the nasal cavity. ün: pronunciation, starting ü sound, then the tongue elevation, against the upper gum, nasal air escape from, hair n sound. ang: pronunciation, the first made a sound, and then on the base of the tongue against the soft palate, nasal air escape from, issued after the end of nasal ng sound. eng: pronunciation, the first-mover e sound, and then under the tongue against the gum, tongue against the soft palate after the hair ng sound reduction, air escape from the nasal cavity. ing: pronunciation, under the tongue touch the gums, tongue swell to the palate, nasal resonance as the sound. ong: pronunciation, the starting o sound, against the soft palate and tongue retraction, tongue swell, rope round his lips, nasal resonance as the sound.
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Some changes in modern Pinyin
Now that has entered the e-era, a lot of entry work is completed using a computer in order to improve efficiency, modern pinyin with some changes. The main change is the tone symbols, as symbols of input alphabet with tone and time-consuming, which is now behind the use of superscript numbers in the phonetic approach to the standard tone, which is 1 IA, Hinata 2, 3 rising tone, falling tone 4, softly 5, for example, we - wo3 men5 buildings - lou2 fang2 Excellence - zhuo1 yue4 and so on. In addition, when the vowels ü and n, l fight (ie, 2 points above can not be omitted), written v, because the speed of the input v ü much higher than the input speed, such as green lv4 se4 ignored - hu1 lve4 etc. . After using the Pinyin input changes, can greatly improve the entry speed.
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Pinyin role
Hanyu Pinyin for universal literacy and primary education played an important role. It also is learning Chinese language and other languages source of comparison provides a very important tool. The past other than the rules of the Latin language, it's the law simpler, more standardized pronunciation in Mandarin pronunciation. It reflects the Mandarin pronunciation system of rules. With the proliferation of computers, pinyin is a very popular Chinese input method. As the only writing Hanyu Pinyin is a system of pronunciation can not replace Chinese characters. Pinyin written entirely in the article is difficult to understand, therefore, it is not a formal way of writing, but rather a reading help.
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Pinyin of
As the complexity of Chinese characters, learning takes time and input into the computer as directly as English, Chinese activists to change the text in order to develop a Latin text of the Hanyu Pinyin, Hanyu Pinyin is based on the research and writing for word homonym differentiation stereotypes and other issues. Chinese Language Institute in China to achieve modernization of the phrase double-Wen has done a lot of work. Since the early 1980s, abolition of the second batch of simplified characters, the Chinese Government has adopted in order to maintain the status quo, the language used in the pursuit of continuity and stability-oriented language policy, has abandoned the "Latin character" of the plan. 1955 -1957 received during the reform years, the text of more than 1,600 Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Generally have several forms: Chinese character stroke-type Latin style Cyrillic type Several letters mixed Shorthand style Pattern type Digital form
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Pinyin Input Method
汉语拼音 拼音输入法
汉语拼音 拼音输入法
The early five-stroke input method mainly based, and spelling due to the high-weight code, enter the yard and other weaknesses of the constraints, the advantage is not known. The 21st century, with the Windows operating system has experienced several major upgrades, VC programming tools along with the appropriate upgrade. More and more people learning and using VC program, the production input and intelligent exercise program can improve the overall VC and other programming skills, so there are more programming enthusiasts are input into the intelligent production. A variety of smart pinyin input method have appeared, of which, there have been many excellent phonetic input methods, such as violet Pinyin, Pinyin Gaga, etc. In a variety of smart pinyin, driven Pinyin input method interface with Windows visibility, coupled with its entry simple, no dorsal root, without professional training are more new features more and more new computer users.
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Pinyin input with tone of the program
带声调的汉语拼音输入方案
Broad Pinyin tones should be added a phonetic alphabet, which is widely used in teaching language, Mandarin is a great universal tool. Started by a variety of input methods have ignored this problem, resulting in a long time the input method to input Chinese characters added Pinyin Pinyin tone seems difficult, this is somewhat a sense of imperfection. To solve this embarrassing situation, the five elements input method the inventor has invented a flat with silver tone Pinyin input programs, and the five elements 1.0 Beta Gaga input method was first introduced. Five Gaga defined Pinyin input method of the four tone controls, which first tone for the Q key, second tone for the W key, the third tone of the R key, the fourth tone for the T key. To enter the addition of the Pinyin phonetic tone is very simple, to enter Chinese characters pinyin, and then supplemented with the corresponding characters in the back of the phonetic tone control key on the line. Such as "on" and "phonetic" as "shang", its tone is the fourth tone. You enter the "shang", then later added a fourth tone up tone controls "t", which entered "shangt", you can see in the word candidate bar "shàng" the.
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Pinyin weakness
No matter how smart pinyin, the Chinese characters has never been able to solve two problems: Can not adapt to the globalization of Chinese pinyin ① ② Pinyin can not cover all of the characters, the user can not fully identify the pronunciation of many Chinese characters Many characters, Chinese characters in different word homonym phenomena particularly large, we say nothing about character as much as how to create a high rate of re-spelling, the pronunciation of Chinese characters alone, but not everyone can know their pronunciation, and in our lives , the regular encounter some do not read or do not know the word is indispensable. Thus, the real problem to solve the input of Chinese characters, Pinyin input method can not completely rely on their quest to eventually develop in the direction of the input method. Only in-depth analysis of the content and structure of Chinese character strokes, well-designed keyboard layout, produce brought on by the input method is the symptoms and cure of the law. ③ Pinyin phonetic symbols as their consonants (initials) impure We all know that the voice of a language can be divided into vowel and consonant phonemes phonemes. Vowel is simply when the air is almost unhindered through the mouth, oral form of articulation (including the tongue, lips, teeth, palate) can sustain. The opposite is consonant airflow through the mouth when using hindered and pronunciation, and therefore oral form of articulation (including the tongue, lips, teeth, palate) is instantaneous, and can not sustain. From this we can know the pinyin pronunciation of consonants in a separate consonant phonemes always in the back laden with a vowel phoneme, not a pure consonant, and when we made a complete syllable is only made when the initial consonant consonant phonemes. ④ "W" and "V" of the problem "W" is the Hanyu Pinyin initials, but when we made a complete syllable such as "wan bend" the hair is "van", that is on the front teeth should touch the lower lip. Understand the vocal skills of people know when the singing voice made "W" for the consonant syllables such as "wan bend" when it is to be strictly in accordance with "W" sounds, that is, under the lip on the front teeth do not touch it round the lip This issue (sang) the sound more mellow sounds. ⑤ Chinese to English transliteration of the direct use of Hanyu Pinyin is not enough scientific
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Utility
An alphabet letter Name Aɑ ㄚ Bb ¢ Gt ㄝ Cc ㄘ ㄝ Dd ㄉ ㄝ Ee ㄜ Ff ㄝ ㄈ Gg ㄍ ㄝ letters Name Hh ㄏ ㄚ Ii ㄧ Jj ㄐ ㄧ ㄝ Kk ㄎ ㄝ Ll ㄝ someone now Mm ㄝ mo Nn ㄋ ㄝ letters Name Oo ㄛ Pp Po ㄝ Qq ㄑ ㄧ ㄡ Rr ㄚ ㄦ Ss ㄝ ㄙ Tt ㄊ ㄝ Uu ㄨ letters Name Vv ㄞ ㄝ Ww ㄨ ㄚ Xx ㄒ ㄧ Yy ㄧ ㄚ Zz ㄗ ㄝ V is used only to spell foreign words, minority languages and dialects. The handwritten letter in accordance with the Latin alphabet writing habits.
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Introduction
February 11, 1958 the National People's Congress approved the release of the program. In 1982, an international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling). Some regions such as Singapore, overseas Chinese teaching Chinese language used in the Hanyu Pinyin. September 2008, China Taiwan to determine the policy by the Chinese transliteration of "universal alphabet" to use "Pinyin", involving the English translation of part of the Chinese, will require the use of Hanyu Pinyin, started since 2009. Pinyin is a complementary tool to the pronunciation of Chinese characters. In ancient China, because there is no standard Pinyin, people in teaching vocabulary, often use two common words for tangential or direct spell the pronunciation of this vocabulary. This approach is clearly too cumbersome and difficult to read standard. Since ancient times there is no standard spelling program, resulting in many ancient pronunciation of Chinese characters and the pronunciation is completely different now. To the rise of the Chinese nation has played a certain impediment. Who invented the pinyin it? Interestingly, a foreigner. Most of the pronunciation of Chinese characters used in ancient China, "the word tangent" in the pronunciation methods, such as "East" (all the cage-cut). This approach is clearly too cumbersome and difficult to read standard. AD 1610, the French have called Jinnigelai missionary to China, he is a China hand. In 1626 he wrote an "eyes and ears of the West in the Confucian capital" of the book, the first accurate record of the alphabet with the Latin pronunciation of Chinese characters. He met in China during the Han Yun, Wang Zheng and others, and their help in the missionary Matteo Ricci and other Western books of Chinese phonetic "West word miracle", based on the preparation of China's first Latin-based alphabet every word exchange. "Chinese National Common Language Law," Article 18 states: "" Pinyin "is a Chinese place names and Chinese literature, the unity of the Roman alphabet spelling norms, and can not be used for any inconvenience or character areas." According to this _set_ of specifications written symbols called pinyin. Pinyin is the internationally recognized standard Mandarin Latin transliteration. International Standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling) wrote: "National People's Congress (February 11, 1958) formally adopted by the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, used to spell Chinese. Transliteration in the text by those who Mandarin reading to record its pronunciation. " Whether China's own standards or international standards are clear that the nature and status of Hanyu Pinyin, the Chinese Mandarin, Latin spelling or transliteration system, rather than Mandarin Chinese orthography or writing system. Phonetic alphabet Latin alphabet used in the program only individual title, does not mean that pinyin is a phonetic system (all phonemes text). Hanyu Pinyin in mainland China using a very wide range. Overseas Chinese communities, especially Chinese-speaking regions such as the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, is also currently teaching Chinese language education in the Hanyu Pinyin.
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Pinyin History
Pinyin Sports Chinese national standard language in the late nineteenth century, the rise of the Chinese nation's social, scientific and cultural development of the language had a huge impact on modern movement gradually built up. Language modernization movement originally referred to Hanyu Pinyin movement (then called "Qieyin word movement, simple word movement"), Mandarin movement and vernacular movement. End of the Qing's three language movement has a common goal, that is by reforming language, education, social development and time to meet the needs of the development of science and culture, then Fuguojiangbing revitalize the Chinese nation. Mandarin Campaign is to establish and promote the Chinese national standard spoken language of movement, and promote the use of vernacular movement is to replace the classical expression of spoken vernacular as the official written language of movement. Three sports have their own pursuits, but the intrinsic relationship is very close. On the relationship between history, said Qieyin word Movement and led the first national language movement. Subsequently, Mandarin ring clear and true established phonetic alphabet development until the 1950s the Chinese standardization movement, the generation of Hanyu Pinyin, is this the same strain, complement each other. Therefore, our discussion has thus start. Pinyin prelude to the history of sport can be traced back to the late Ming, but the resulting massive Pinyin Chinese society movement, the direct reason is that Chinese people are still Mingxinkegu "Jiawu" national humiliation. This QIAN the "phonetic alphabet and the sounds of modern country" (1929), a text made it clear: "1894 (Jiawu), China to Japan to fight a losing battle, so the country in the insight, know that non-reform politics, education, not self-existence in the world, but that universal education, that there is a problem occurs, the body of the hard knowledge of Chinese characters, is also difficult to write To solve this problem, another system of non-phonetic word is not new ... .... " Thus, "The implementation of simple words to seek education movement, increasing prevalence of day ...." In fact, the text in the field of thought before this innovation has already begun, thousands of Chinese characters to the lofty status of sanctity has been shaken. Sino, the Qing Government Shimonoseki in Japan, signed the humiliating "Treaty of Shimonoseki," in addition to compensation for huge military, but also to cede Taiwan and the Pescadores and other places. The time, government and shocked, inspired community of people, especially those with entrepreneurial spirit of the intellectual class of the patriotic conscience, we deducing the failure of China, agreed that "the revolution of Chinese characters, then education must not be popular, rich and powerful country can not be broken." At that time , known as the "intellectual of the Comet" and Tan called for the repeal on the lead characters, use a phonetic system. All walks of life rallied together to respond, have them create simple and easy "Qieyin new words." Qing Dynasty Qieyin word movement, such movement is in full swing Pinyin carried up. However, Lu Zhang stupid design a variety of Latin-based phonetic spelling of the program is still a broad dialect of Fujian. He later submitted to the Faculty of the Qing government, "China Qieyin letter" will therefore be considered "impassable provinces", "not a unified dialect of the provinces" and refuted. Soon after, a reflection of national trends Qieyin common language development program - the king according to the "Mandarin chorus letter" immediately come to the fore. It was the most influential spelling "Beijing Mandarin tone," the letter characters of the radical form completely. "Mandarin chorus letter" wide passage, over half of China, "by Beijing and Tianjin and Mukden, and Nanjing, Mandarin letters throughout the 13 provinces." Wang Zhao at the time I can be described as fully grasp the development trend of the national language, he "Mandarin chorus letter" order on the clearly stated: "Language must return the uniform should be taken here, then ... ... Beijing, then promote the most will be, twenty years Mandarin. officers who the public is, the public of the case, since the appropriate choice of its accounting link with the number of more than those. "Precisely because of this, his" Mandarin chorus letter "was the Imperial Academy (formerly Peking) chief teacher Wu Rulun support and management science with Minister Zhang and Zhang Baixi together petitioned the court in the" charter school "provides that" in Chinese within a subject, attached to the Mandarin one, "because" all return the same national language, "Qing should be the" official voice of the unifying language. " They petitioned the court to get approval soon. Thus, Mandarin Pinyin movement led unification movement, and movement into one unified and Mandarin at the same time, be among the government from the private. After the Qing government in the Faculty of the "national language education" (1911) provides Pinyin "simple words" There are two purposes: First, put together Mandarin, and second, Fan Zhenghan word pronunciation, and adopted a "unified national language means the case" which requires In 1911 eight years (1916) popular Mandarin. I did not expect this year in October, the Wuchang Uprising, 1911 Revolution broke out, the Qing government was overthrown. Thus, the referendum and through the "unified national language means the case" will become a dead letter. Determine the country sound, the development of letters, a unified national language movement, is actually from the next national government in society and up. From the above brief review, we can see that from the late nineteenth century developed pinyin movement, from the start with the unity of language, social development, national unity and close together. Proof of historical facts more than once, no matter what kind of phonetic design, contrary to the language consistent trends, doomed to fail. Lu stupid system _set_ up the first chapter of the Latin alphabet program to spell Min-wide dialect-based "China Qieyin letter", because of "impassable provinces", "not a unified dialect of the provinces" is refuted. Since then, there wen Scholars, declared Zhaotingmingguan labor is almost designed for use in the major dialects of the provinces' full spectrum of simple word "(a type of phonetic character strokes)," full spectrum "includes" Beijing sound spectrum. " , "I would rather sound spectrum" (Nanjing, then), "Wu sound spectrum", "Min broad-spectrum", etc., covering almost the majority of dialects, and he also proposed a "go north south cited" idea: "Southern Man first on the South Sound of the spectrum to learn, to apply, your studies, to learn Beijing sound to go unified. "labor is declared Empress I have been summoned, he was into" Jane spectrum recorded word "also Royal Assent, so that" faculty meeting played. " Even so, the Qing Government Division also continued to suffer from "split language is not conducive to unity", and always hold the shelf, without discussion is not playing, and the community has made him sharp criticism, that according to his means, "will make China more far with the text of the rule, "calling him a" language split the chief culprit. " Control movement in the late Qing Qieyin word chapter stupid Lu played the leading role, labor is declared, the king according to three people, in particular, labor is declared and for participating in the "Hundred Days Reform" and be wanted, "Qin Fan," according to both of them the king of spelling program fate, it is sobering enough. Pinyin history In 1912, after the founding of the Republic, the Government continued to implement Mandarin. Upsurge in the implementation of Mandarin, Mandarin standard pronunciation after "Beijing (sound) country (sound) problem" great debate, by the "Beijing-based sound, both north and south" amendment to Beijing for the pure subject of the new country sound audio, and its also renamed after the phonetic alphabet phonetic symbol and a tool for the implementation of Mandarin, the Mandarin language teaching into primary school teacher and, in radio, film, drama and other areas to establish a solid position. From the academic point of view, different historical periods in Chinese pinyin movement emerged Mandarin phonetic symbols, Mandarin Romanization, so north of the new Latin text, until the late fifties the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, apparently inherited the same strain develop relations. Hanyu Pinyin is designed to fully absorb the past, many phonetic design, especially Romania and North and Latin America countries valuable experience, and widely listened to their opinions. While the program has its imaginative place. But more is learned and developed many of the history of phonetic design strengths. Here we have several major aspects from the talk about Chinese Phonetic Alphabet and phonetic symbols, the country Romania, North and Latin alphabet designed to inherit and develop other relationships. No ancient alphabet, the use of tangential, that is, knowledge will be read with two words, take the first consonant, take the second of the finals, put together up on the line. From the direct cause, the modern Japanese aggression against China is leading cause of Hanyu Pinyin appear. Chinese + Japanese kana own rules, and the invention of the missionary James Curtis Hepburn (Japanese) black this type Pinyin (Roman-style flat text word), is the modern pinyin source of creativity. Because the Japanese invasion, when an internal study of Japan's great fashion, this concept of the alphabet with a lot of Japanese vocabulary with the introduction of Chinese characters From now on Hong Kong and Taiwan still use the phonetic alphabet (Pinyin equivalent) can be found ¢ Gt po mo ㄈ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ someone now ㄍ ㄎ ㄏ ㄐ ㄑ ㄒ ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ Clearly the impact by Kana Can say that this is the culture of Japan, between China> Japan> China's one typical example Pinyin of Youyu complex Chinese characters, learning takes time and input into the computer as directly as English, Chinese activists to change the text in order to develop a Latin text of the Hanyu Pinyin, Hanyu Pinyin is based on the research and writing for word homonym differentiation stereotypes and other issues. Chinese Language Institute in China to achieve modernization of the phrase double-Wen has done a lot of work. Since the early 1980s, abolition of the second batch of simplified characters, the Chinese Government has adopted in order to maintain the status quo, the language used in the pursuit of continuity and stability-oriented language policy, has abandoned the "Latin character" of the plan. 1955 -1957 received during the reform years, the text of more than 1,600 Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Generally have several forms: Chinese character stroke-type Latin style Cyrillic type Several letters mixed Shorthand style Pattern type Digital form Hanyu Pinyin came out Pinyin dates back 1906 Chu Wen Xiong's "Jiangsu New letter 'and 1908 Liu Mengyang' Chinese phonetic word book", also the 1926 and 1931 Mandarin Roman Latin-oriented Chinese word. All of these characters are Latin-based program provides the basis for the development of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. In 1949, Wu Yuzhang wrote to Mao Zedong put forward in order to effectively eliminate illiteracy, the need for rapid reform of the writing. Approved the letter to the Guo Mao Zedong, Mao Dun, who study in October 1949 _set_ up the reform of Chinese characters Association, one of the tasks is to study the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. In 1954, the Society for the Reform of Chinese characters into Chinese characters directly under the State Council Reform Commission, during which all received more than 1,600 Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Generally have several forms: Chinese stroke type, Latin type, Cyrillic-style, mixed in the form of several letters, shorthand style, design style, in digital form. The final decision to adopt the Latin alphabet as the Hanyu Pinyin system of signs, in order to facilitate international exchange and cooperation. 1958 First National People's Congress announced formal approval of the fifth meeting of the Latin-style "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet." In 1977, the Third United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names "name from the owner 'principle, decided to adopt the Hanyu Pinyin romanization for the Chinese letters spelling the international standards. In 1982, the International Organization for Standardization document issued by ISO7098, the international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling).
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Articulation
a: natural lips pronounce Zhang, flat tongue, the tongue among micro-lung, vocal cords vibrate. o: pronunciation lips into a round, slightly cocked, tongue backward shrink, swell the tongue back, tongue middle, the vocal cords vibrate. e: pronunciation of half-open mouth, tongue on the list, the mouth expands to both sides of the flat, the vocal cords vibrate. i: pronunciation, the mouth slightly open into a flat, under the tongue against the gums, tongue elevation, close to the palate, vocal cords vibrate. u: pronunciation, the rope round his lips, protrudes from the hole, the rear tongue swell, the vocal cords vibrate. ü: pronunciation, the lips into a circle, close off the rope, under the tongue against the gums, tongue in front of uplift, the vocal cords vibrate. b: pronunciation, the lips closed, impeding air flow, and lips suddenly let go, let air out, the pronunciation of light is short. p: pronunciation, the lips closed, impeding air flow, and then suddenly release the lips, air bursts into sound. m: pronunciation, closed lips, tongue retraction, airflow out from the nose, open mouth, vocal cords vibrate. f: pronunciation, the upper teeth touch the lower lip form a slit, to let air out from the cracks and friction into the sound. d: pronunciation, the tongue against the upper gum, choked air and suddenly release the air from the mouth, Flaring, exploded into sound. t: pronunciation, the tongue against the upper gum, choked air, the sudden departure, air from the mouth Flaring. n: pronunciation, the tongue against the upper gum, air from the nasal cavity through, and rushed to open the obstruction tongue, vocal cords vibrate. l: pronunciation, the lips slightly open, tongue against the upper gum, the vocal cords vibrate, the air flow from the tip of the tongue on both sides. g: pronunciation, the base of the tongue against the soft palate to obstruct the front air flow, air break to tongue base obstruction, exploded into sound. k: pronunciation, the base of the tongue front, against the upper palate, impeding air flow, air break to tongue base obstruction, burst into sound. h: pronunciation, tongue elevation, close to the soft palate to form a narrow, air from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. j: pronunciation, the tongue against the lower incisors, in front of the Department close to the palate, tongue, the airflow out from the slit in the friction into the sound. q: pronunciation, tongue stick in front of the Ministry of the hard palate, tongue base obstruction break air friction into the sound. x: pronunciation, the tongue against the lower incisors, in front of the Ministry of elevation near the palate, tongue, forming narrow, flow out from the cracks and friction into the sound. zh: pronunciation, the upturned tip of the tongue, the front against the hard palate, a weak air impulse to open the tip of the tongue obstruction, from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. ch: pronounced, the upturned tip of the tongue, the front against the hard palate, there is a strong impulse to open the tip of the tongue obstruction of airflow from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. sh: pronunciation, the upturned tip of the tongue, palate, near the front, leaving a narrow, air from the slit in the extrusion and friction into the sound. r: pronunciation, the upturned tip of the tongue, palate, near the front, leaving a narrow, hard voice sounds, airflow from the slit in the extrusion and friction into the sound, the vocal cords vibrate. z: pronunciation, the tongue against the teeth come back, obstruct air flow, so that weak impulse to open the tip of the tongue obstruction of airflow from the slit in the extrusion and friction into the sound. c: pronunciation, the tongue against the teeth come back, obstruct air flow, so that a strong flow from the gap of the extrusion and friction into the sound. s: pronunciation, the tongue close to the gear back home, stay out of the slit, the slit in the air out from the tip of the tongue, rubbing into the sound. y: pronunciation, the mouth slightly open into a flat, under the tongue against the gums, tongue elevation, close to the palate, vocal cords vibrate. w: pronunciation, the rope round his lips, protrudes from the hole, the rear tongue swell, the vocal cords vibrate. ai: pronounced when starting a sound, then slide i, air flow is not interrupted, the pronunciation of light is short. ei: pronunciation, the first-mover e sound, and then slide i, air flow is not interrupted, both sides of the mouth to start. ui: pronunciation, u pronunciation of light is short, and then slide into ei, mouth shape from the round to flat. ao: pronunciation, the first made a sound, and tongue retraction, tongue lift up, mouth shape rope into a circle, gently slide o. ou: pronunciation, the starting o sound, gradually Shoulong lips, tongue elevation, from the mouth to the small round circle. iu: pronunciation, the first issue i, and then slide to the ou, from the flat to a round mouth. ie: sounds when starting i, and then send e, air flow is not interrupted. üe: pronunciation, starting ü sound, and then slide to the e, round to the flat from the mouth. er: pronunciation, the highest in the tongue send e sound, and then roll up the tongue to the palate, two letters of the same pronunciation. an: pronunciation, the first made a sound, and then gradually lift the tongue, gums hair stand up on the n sound. en: pronunciation, the first-mover e sound, and then raise the tongue, the tongue against the upper gum, nasal air escape from, hair n sound. in: pronunciation, the first issue i sound, and then tongue against the lower incisors back, getting to the palate, tongue, nasal air escape from, hair n sound. un: pronunciation, the first made u sound, and tongue against the upper gum, then made n sound, air escape from the nasal cavity. ün: pronunciation, starting ü sound, then the tongue elevation, against the upper gum, nasal air escape from, hair n sound. ang: pronunciation, the first made a sound, and then on the base of the tongue against the soft palate, nasal air escape from, issued after the end of nasal ng sound. eng: pronunciation, the first-mover e sound, and then under the tongue against the gum, tongue against the soft palate after the hair ng sound reduction, air escape from the nasal cavity. ing: pronunciation, under the tongue touch the gums, tongue swell to the palate, nasal resonance as the sound. ong: pronunciation, the starting o sound, against the soft palate and tongue retraction, tongue swell, rope round his lips, nasal resonance as the sound. "W" and "V" of the problem "W" is the Hanyu Pinyin initials, but some people made a complete syllable such as "wan bend" the hair is "van", that is on the front teeth should touch the lower lip. Understand the vocal skills of people know when the singing voice made "W" for the consonant syllables such as "wan bend" when it is to be strictly in accordance with "W" sounds, that is, under the lip on the front teeth do not touch it round the lip This issue (sang) the sound more mellow sounds.
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Pinyin Input Method
Input Method Overview The early five-stroke input method mainly based, and spelling due to the high-weight code, enter the yard and other weaknesses of the constraints, the advantage is not known. The 21st century, with the Windows operating system has experienced several major upgrades, VC programming tools along with the appropriate upgrade. More and more people learning and using VC program, the production input and intelligent exercise program can improve the overall VC and other programming skills, so there are more programming enthusiasts are input into the intelligent production. A variety of smart pinyin input method have appeared, of which, there have been many excellent phonetic input methods, such as violet Pinyin, Pinyin Gaga, etc. In a variety of smart pinyin, driven Pinyin input method interface with Windows visibility, coupled with its entry simple, no dorsal root, without professional training are more new features more and more new computer users. Pinyin input with tone of the program Broad Pinyin tones should be added a phonetic alphabet, which is widely used in teaching language, Mandarin is a great universal tool. Started by a variety of input methods have ignored this problem, resulting in a long time the input method to input Chinese characters added Pinyin Pinyin tone seems difficult, this is somewhat a sense of imperfection. To solve this embarrassing situation, the five elements input method the inventor has invented a flat with silver tone Pinyin input programs, and the five elements 1.0 Beta Gaga input method was first introduced. Five Gaga defined Pinyin input method of the four tone controls, which first tone for the Q key, second tone for the W key, the third tone of the R key, the fourth tone for the T key. To enter the addition of the Pinyin phonetic tone is very simple, to enter Chinese characters pinyin, and then supplemented with the corresponding characters in the back of the phonetic tone control key on the line. Such as "on" and "phonetic" as "shang", its tone is the fourth tone. You enter the "shang", then later added a fourth tone up tone controls "t", which entered "shangt", you can see in the word candidate bar "shàng" the. Pinyin Input Method weaknesses Chinese Pinyin input method regardless of how intelligent, never able to solve its two characters in question: ① pinyin of Chinese characters can not adapt to globalization and unification ② Pinyin can not cover all of the characters, the user can not fully identify the pronunciation of many Chinese characters Many characters, Chinese characters in different word homonym phenomena particularly large, we say nothing about character as much as how to create a high rate of re-spelling, the pronunciation of Chinese characters alone, but not everyone can know their pronunciation, and in our lives , the regular encounter some do not read or do not know the word is indispensable. Thus, the real problem to solve the input of Chinese characters, Pinyin input method can not completely rely on their quest to eventually develop in the direction of the input method. Only in-depth analysis of the content and structure of Chinese character strokes, well-designed keyboard layout, produce brought on by the input method is the symptoms and cure of the law.
