history of philosophy : The three kingdoms-wei, shu han and wu Characters ell : czar : book titles : Fantasy novel : science of public relations : functionality : Shaoxing : Xiaoshan District [Show all] > civilisation
Contents
唐睿宗李旦文明
唐睿宗李旦文明
  文明(684年2月27日—684年10月18日),是唐睿宗李旦第一次在位时所使用的第一个年号,使用时间共计8个月不到。由于该年号使用期间皇太后武则天临朝称制,掌握实际大权,所以有些史书把它作为武则天的年号,不过大部分史书还是把它作为唐睿宗的年号。该年号才使用8个月不到(即文明元年九月初五,公元684年10月18日),武则天便以自己的名义发下敕令,改元光宅,并改革官制、旗帜、服色等,“文明”年号随之废止。
  
  “文明”年号的废止和“光宅”年号的建立,标志着一个新的时代——武则天时代正式开始了。
  
  嗣圣元年二月初六戊午日(公元684年2月26日),皇太后武氏(即武则天)废唐中宗李哲为庐陵王。第二天,即嗣圣元年二月初七己未日(公元684年2月27日),太后下令立小儿子、豫王兼洛州牧(治所在今河南省洛阳市)李旦为皇帝,是为唐睿宗。大小政事取决于太后,让睿宗在别殿居住,不得干预朝政。同一天,大赦天下,改元文明
  
  大事记
  
  告密之风起
  唐睿宗即位的当天(公元684年2月27日),有参与前一天废黜唐中宗的飞骑十多人在坊曲聚会饮酒。正饮间,其中一人说:“早知道没有什么功劳赏赐,还不如侍奉庐陵王(即废帝唐中宗)。”另外一人听到后离开座位,直奔东都洛阳(今河南省洛阳市)皇宫(即洛阳宫)的北宫门——玄武门的羽林军驻屯地向上司告发他们。饮酒的军士还未散去,全部被前来的羽林军士兵捕获,关入羽林军的监狱。结果,说话的人被斩首,其余的人因知道谋反而不告发,被判处绞刑,告发的那个人被授予五品官。告密之风自此兴起。
  
  肃清废帝势力
  睿宗即位的第二天,即文明元年二月初八庚申日(684年2月28日),武太后把废帝李哲的长子、皇太孙李重照废为庶人,这么做是为了断绝臣民们对废帝一家的希望。
  
  同一天,太后命令西京副留守刘仁轨专门主管西京长安(今陕西省西安市)的留守事务,以接替被解职的前西京留守、废帝庐陵王次子李重福。太后写信给刘仁轨,信中说:“从前汉朝的刘邦把关中的事情委托给萧何,现在我委托你也是同样的用意。” 刘仁轨上疏太后,以年老体衰、不能胜任留守之职而推辞,并乘机陈述汉朝吕后惹祸败亡的事实,以申明对太后的劝诫之意。太后派她的侄儿、秘书监武承嗣带去用太后的玺印密封的文书抚慰并告诉他:“如今皇帝因守丧不说话,我暂时代他亲政;有劳你从远方带来对我的劝诫,又以年老体衰推辞职务。你又说‘吕氏为后代所讥笑,吕禄、吕产在汉朝造成祸害’,引用的比喻很深刻,使我感到惭愧和安慰交加。刘公你的忠贞的节操,始终不变,刚直的作风,古今很少有人能比得上。初始时听到你的话,不能不感到迷惑不解,但冷静思考,实在可作借鉴。况且刘公你是先朝德高望重的老臣,为天下人所瞻仰,希望以匡复正义、解救苍生为怀,不要以年老之由而推却。”
  
  太后还把废帝皇后韦氏的父亲、前豫州刺史韦玄贞流放到钦州(治所在今广西钦州市东北),完全肃清了废后娘家的势力。
  
  同年四月廿二癸酉日(684年5月11日),太后下令把废帝庐陵王李哲赶出东都洛阳,迁到房州(治所在今湖北省房县),四月廿六丁丑日(5月15日),又把庐陵王迁到均州(治所在今湖北省丹江口市),软禁在以前唐太宗软禁濮王李泰的住宅中。至此,废帝势力完全被肃清。
  
  正式临朝称制
  文明元年二月十二甲子日(684年3月3日),皇太后武氏驾临东都洛阳宫的东便殿——武成殿,睿宗皇帝率领亲王、国公以下的大小官员正式给武氏加上“皇太后”的尊号。二月十五丁卯日(3月5日),太后来到殿前的平台上,派侄儿、礼部尚书武承嗣正式册封李旦为皇帝。从此,太后常常驾临紫宸殿,坐在皇帝宝座上,座前垂挂淡紫色的帷帐,正式开始临朝称制,这也是她在高宗时期以皇后(后改称天后)身份垂帘听政的继续,但从幕后走到了台前,再也没有人可以制止她,她已经是事实上的女皇帝了。
  
  二月廿五丁丑日(3月16日),太后任命太常卿、检校豫王府长史王德真为侍中;中书侍郎、检校豫王府司马刘祎之为同中书门下三品。这两人是睿宗皇帝即位前在王府的幕僚之长,这一次同升为宰相之列。
  
  三月初五丁亥日(3月26日),太后改封杞王李上金为毕王,鄱阳王李素节为葛王。四月初十辛酉日(4月29日),太后又改封毕王李上金为泽王,授任苏州刺史(治所在今江苏省苏州市);葛王李素节为许王,授任绛州刺史(治所在今山西省新绛县)。
  
  杀废太子贤
  文明元年二月初九辛酉日(684年2月29日),太后命令左金吾将军丘神勣前往巴州(治所在今四川省巴中市巴州区),检查自己的第三子、原废太子、庶人李贤的住宅(被称为“巴州公馆”)以防备意外,实际上是暗示丘神勣杀死他。
  
  丘神勣到巴州后,把李贤幽禁于巴州公馆的别室(不是主室),并于二月廿七己卯日(3月18日)逼他自杀,李贤死时年仅三十一岁(虚岁,按周岁计算则年仅30岁)。李贤死后太后便归罪于丘神勣。三月十六戊戌日(4月6日),太后率领百官在显福门举行哀悼祭奠之礼,并把丘神勣贬为叠州刺史(治所在今甘肃省迭部县)。第二天,即文明元年三月十七己亥日(684年4月7日),太后下诏追封李贤为雍王。丘神勣不久又回洛阳担任左金吾将军。
  
  归葬天皇大帝
  五月十五丙申日(6月3日),睿宗率领百官扶着大行皇帝李治的灵柩向西返回西京长安,太后则依旧镇守东都洛阳。
  
  闰五月(684年6月、7月之间),太后任命侄儿、礼部尚书武承嗣为太常卿(九卿之首)、同中书门下三品(宰相之列)。
  
  八月十一庚寅日(9月25日),大行皇帝李治正式下葬于乾陵,群臣上谥号为天皇大帝,庙号为高宗。
  
  献瑞之风兴
  武则天为高宗皇后时,大小祥瑞的出现就已经渐多,例如嘉禾、瑞木、庆云、白龙、石龟、芝草等。等到武则天为太后,废中宗、立睿宗后,有飞骑聚众饮酒、口出怨言,被人告密而被诛杀,不久就有人声称有庆云出现,于是百官上表向太后表示庆贺,以为是“天人合德,宗社降休”,上天示意让“紫宸永固”,也就是说,群臣认为连上天也觉得太后杀得对,所以出现祥瑞以表嘉许。这是高宗驾崩、太后称制以后第一起献瑞事件,用天意来彰显太后肃清敌对势力的正确性,以巩固太后的权威。
  
  当初,尚书左丞冯元常被高宗所信任。高宗晚年多病,各部门奏事时,常说:“朕身体不好,可先与冯元常商量再奏报给朕听。”冯元常曾经私下对高宗说:“中宫(指当时的天后武氏)威权太重,应该稍加抑制。”唐高宗虽然不能采纳,但认为他说得很对。及至天后成为太后而临朝称制时,各地争相报告吉兆祥瑞。高宗下葬之后不久,嵩阳县(今河南省登封市)县令樊文进献一块祥瑞之石,太后命在朝堂上向百官展示,冯元常不以为然,上奏道:“这种献石的行为涉及谄媚和欺诈,不可以欺骗天下人。”太后听了之后很扫兴,调冯元常出东都任陇州刺史(治所在今陕西省陇县)。
  
  其他大事
  文明元年秋天的七、八月是多事之秋,其间天灾人祸不断。
  
  七月初九戊午日(8月24日),广州(治所在今广东省广州市)都督路元睿被昆仑人杀死。路元睿昏暗懦弱,属下的幕僚恣意横行,有商船到达,他们就侵夺吞没商人的财物而不知休止。胡商告到路元睿处,他反要取枷锁,将人家治罪。胡商们愤怒,其中有几个昆仑人袖里藏剑直入办公之地,杀死路元睿和他身边的十余人而后扬长而去,没有人敢靠近。他们登船入海,追捕他们的人没有赶上。
  
  路元睿被杀的同一个月,温州(治所在今浙江省温州市)发大水,冲走四千多户人家。
  
  祸不单行,也就在这一个月,突厥(指东突厥灭亡后在其故地兴起的后东突厥)可汗阿史那骨笃禄和谋臣元珍等侵扰朔州(治所在今山西省朔州市),太后命左威卫大将军程务挺率兵抵抗。
  
  八月,彗星在天空西北方出现,彗尾长二丈余,过了三十三日才消失不见。这次出现的彗星就是著名的哈雷彗星,每76.1年“光临”地球一次,而684年正好是它的回归年,所以史书上的记载和科学计算完全吻合。这一年的哈雷彗星光顾地球的确切日期是10月2日,即文明元年八月十八日。但是古代中国人认为彗星出现不吉利,称之为“扫把星”。
  
  八月廿七丙午日(10月11日),太后之侄、太常卿、同中书门下三品武承嗣在担任宰相三个月之后便被免职,依旧任原官礼部尚书。
  
  同月,括州(治所在今浙江省丽水市)发大水,冲走二千多户人家。
  
  改元曰光宅
  高宗下葬一个月后的文明元年九月初五甲寅日(684年10月18日),太后颁布《改元光宅敕》,大赦天下,改元光宅,“文明”年号随之废止。
后土御门天皇文明
后土御门天皇文明
  文明是日本的年号之一,在应仁之后、长享之前。指的是1469年到1486年这段期间,此时期的天皇是后土御门天皇,室町幕府的将军是足利义政、足利义尚。
  应仁三年四月二十八日(1469年6月8日),因战乱而改元。
  文明十九年七月二十日(1487年8月9日),改元为长享。
  三年7月27日(1471年8月13日):莲如在越前建筑吉崎御坊。
  三年9月18日(10月31日):伯耆守护山名丰之、谋反失败在伯耆国由良岛被杀死。
  六年2月16日(1474年3月4日):一休宗纯就任大德寺住持,对应仁之乱后的大德寺复兴有所贡献。
  九年11月20日(1477年12月25日):自应仁元年(1467年)以来持续不断的应仁之乱终告平息。
  十四年2月4日(1482年2月21日):足利义政开始建筑慈照寺观音殿(银阁寺)。
Civilization
Author: Niall Ferguson
Source:中信出版社
  In 1500, nearly 70 million people live in Beijing, London, only 50,000 population;
  400 years later, in London to more than 6 million of the population to become the world's mega-cities;
  In 1990, the average American is 70 times wealthier Chinese people.
  Short period of 500 years, the West how to get a huge advantage in development? Today's crisis in the West frequently, its dominance has ended? The future and what will be the new world order?
  One of Britain's most important financial historian Niall Ferguson in the book delves into the Eastern and Western civilizations development model. Ming Dynasty in the 15th century when China was undoubtedly the world's greatest civilizations, its naval expedition to the coast of Africa had. After this, China embarked on the road of the overall decline, while Western civilization flourishing. What is the reason for this reversal? Today, Western civilization is losing its vitality, while other civilizations rise is booming. East West learned how secret weapon? In this book the author profound analysis of the Eastern and Western civilizations collide, that the world balance of power is shifting from the West to the East, the remainder of this century will show us how to accomplish this transformation. Profound changes in the pattern of this world point, read this book will help you understand the delicate process of power transfer side of things, but from the perspective of a large history of the world understand China's role in the revival of the historical process.
Translated by Google
文明
Author: Zhi Chi
  22世纪初,人类的文明进入鼎盛时代——从230年前以内燃机机械代替人类体力劳动的机械化革命,到130年前的以电脑辅助人类脑力劳动的人工智能革命,再到90年前以信息传播共享为目标的网络革命,直至50年前的以宇航技术为主的太阳系革命,一次次的知识爆发风起云涌,300年的积累使人类逐渐看到了一个文明的顶峰——以超光速移动跨越无尽的银河为目标的空间革命浪潮再度席卷而来……
  然而,宇宙的规则是无常!突如其来的
词语解释
  Listen: material civilization and spiritual civilization
Translated by Google
游戏介绍
  Piece of information:
  All Game Guide: 5/5
Translated by Google
Don Ruizong reign
  Civilization (684 Feb. 27 -684 years Oct. 18), was the first reign when Li Dan Tang Ruizong first reign being used, the use of time totaling less than 8 months. As the Queen Mother during the reign of Empress Wu Lin Chao said the use of the system, to grasp the actual power, so some history books it as Wu Zetian's reign, but most of the history books, or use it as Don Ruizong's reign. The reign of less than eight months before use (ie, the first year of civilization fifth day of September, AD 684 October 18), Wu has sent its own name under the decree, Gaiyuan light house and reform the Bureaucracy, flags, clothing color etc., "civilization" reign along abolished. Abolished and the establishment of the "light house" reign of "civilization" reign marks a new era - the era of Empress Wu officially began.
Translated by Google
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Congress Secretary General
  Male, Han nationality, born in November 1951, Nanning people, joined the Communist Party of China in June 1977, September 1969 to work in the Chinese Department of Guangxi University for Nationalities Chinese graduate, postgraduate degree, senior engineer. The current members of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Party Committee of the Ninth, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Congress Secretary General.
  CV study
  1972.08-1975.08, Guangxi University for Nationalities Department of Chinese Chinese professional learning,
  1998.03-1998.07, at the Central Party School;
  1997.09 - 2000.07, Guangxi University Business School postgraduate study political economics classes,
  Job resume
  1969.09-1972.07, Leye County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region educated youth
  1970.12-1971.12, willow branches participated in the Battle of railway construction, even the Department of any instrument),
  1972.07-1972.08, Leye County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Fun commune agricultural machinery cashier,
  1975.08-1980.05, Leye County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Bureau of Cultural Affairs, head of creative, artistic team captain,
  1980.05-1982.06, Leye County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, first deputy director of cultural centers,
  1982.06-1984.06, Leye County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, deputy director of Cultural Affairs,
  1984.06-1984.10 CPC Guangxi Leye County Committee, Publicity Department,
  1984.10-1990.08 CPC Guangxi Leye County Committee, deputy governor,
  1990.08-1990.11, deputy director of the Department of Cultural Affairs Baise area,
  1990.11-1993.09, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Bureau in Baise, deputy party secretary,
  1993.09-1996.08, the CPC Guangxi Tiandong county party secretary,
  1996.08-2000.07 CPC Baise Prefectural Committee, the Administrative Office of the Deputy Commissioner
  2000.07-2001.05 CPC Guangxi Liuzhou Municipal Committee,
  2001.05-2003.04, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Government Deputy Secretary-General, Deputy Director General, party members,
  2003.04-2007.04, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Department of Water Resources, party secretary,
  2007.04-2007.12, party secretary of the CPC Guangxi Yulin,
  2007.12-2009.01, the CPC Guangxi Yulin Municipal Committee, Municipal People's Congress Chairman,
  2009.01, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Congress elected Secretary General.
  Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Party Committee member of the Ninth. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the Tenth, Eleventh People's Congress.
Translated by Google
Yangling Demonstration Zone, Shaanxi Province, assistant director of the CMC
  Civilization, male, Han nationality, Guang'an people, the Chinese Communist Party, in 1981 to work. In 1987 graduated from the Party School of the CPC Hunan Provincial Politics. Master of Sociology, Nankai University, Fudan University and the National Hitotsubashi University, Japan joint PhD in Economics, Business Management, Fudan University, postdoctoral fellows, the Central Organization Department, the Central Committee, "Dr. services group" members in 2001, the Ninth National Youth Committee. Former Qiyang County Agricultural Bureau of technical expertise dry, Qiyang launched commune Youth League secretary, Communist Youth League Qiyang county propaganda department, the Minister Qiyang county organizations and CPPCC Standing Committee, Fudan University School of Management, Master Instructor, director of Shaanxi Lijun Pharmaceutical Corporation, Vice general manager. Department of the last session of the "Sino-Japanese joint training," Ph.D. in economics, business management in east China first postdoctoral outbound direction. Japan has been studying and training at Hitotsubashi University and Oregon State University, study visits over 14 countries and regions.
  The current assistant, Northwest A & F University, and a part-time professor at the national level, such as Chang'an University, Yangling Agricultural High-tech Industries Demonstration Zone, director.
  Comrade Zhang in charge of assisting investment work.
Translated by Google
长安大学导师
  Research areas or directions
Translated by Google
The birthplace of the world's greatest civilizations
  Four ancient civilizations is the first to enter the world of civilized society ancient history four countries. The order was Babylon, ancient Egypt, ancient China, ancient India. Today, humans have extensive knowledge of philosophy, science, literature, art, etc., are all derived from their classical civilization.
  Four ancient civilizations are built on the plateau near the river likely to survive. Thus almost the same latitude in the northern hemisphere of the Nile, Mesopotamia, the Indus River and the Yellow River have produced the world's four ancient civilizations.
  -4000 Ancient civilizations dating back 7,000 years ago, have entered the Neolithic Bronze Age, Iron Age and then entered. Social systems have adopted slavery. Noam ancient Egypt is by far the earliest civilizations known to the world.
  Four ancient civilizations have their own myths and legends. They use the myth to enhance their autocratic rule. Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh claimed to be "the son of the sun god," Babylonian Hammurabi himself "a descendant of the Moon", China's sovereign claim to the emperor.
  Four ancient civilizations has its own calendar, all of 12 months a year and there is a leap month. Various civilizations have created their own text. Indian River, Yellow River, Mesopotamia civilization using the potter's wheel pottery, Egypt and Mesopotamia are calculated pi, Babylonian and Chinese have invented the Pythagorean theorem, India invented the Arabic numerals.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
  wenming
  Civilization
  civilisation
  Social progress and human civilized state flag; sum of human transformation of the material and spiritual achievements of the world. Ancient Chinese books in the "civilized world" ("Book · dry · Classical"), "Ruizhe civilization" ("Book Shundian") said, represents the face of the civilized state and society, bright, full of literary talent. The term "civilization" in the West comes from the Latin "civilis", meaning citizen, national, social, and to indicate the progress of the state of the country and society. Including spiritual civilization and material civilization.
  Humans from the animal kingdom, is the originator of civilization. With the development of social productive forces, human civilization has experienced from lower to higher development process. Savagery and barbarism of primitive society, rely mainly on the acquisition and operation of natural products readily available raw animal husbandry, agriculture, and to increase the natural product. During this period no specialized human spirit production, spiritual production included in the original material production activities, civilization in its infancy. With the development of the productive forces, people learned to natural products processing, handicrafts and produce a commercial to promote the social division of labor, the separation of mental and physical labor, mental production began independently play an increasingly prominent role, there a form of political and legal ideology, ethics, philosophy, religion, literature, art, science and other social consciousness.
  Human civilization from civilization bud primitive society into the "civilization", the turn developed from slavery to feudalism civilized civilization, and further development to the capitalist civilization. Development of various civilizations that class society is a historical process of progress, but it has been built on the broad masses of working people exploiting classes implement the rule of brutal and cruel exploitation basis. Only under socialism, civilization, to get rid of the exploiting class domination and monopoly ownership of the fruits of civilization in the creation of its working people, the overall development of society and its members became possible, the real history of mankind has now entered the era of highly civilized .
  (HAO Xia Jun)
    
Translated by Google
English Expression
  1. n.:  civilisation,  civility,  civilization,  culture,  civilization; culture,  civilized
  2. adj.:  enlightened,  modern,  bright
French Expression
  1. n.  civilisation
Thesaurus
enlightened, kaimingshou, enlighten, enlighten, put across/over, definition, allowance, apperception, take, absolve, angel, awakening, apprehension, appreciate, condone, across, abound, foresee, apercu, entry, notion, filter, sheet, diffusion, beneficence, charity, marble, excuse, spare, penetrate, from, bear, take, abroad, advisability, good judgement
Wenming Village
model community
Civilisation Juweihui
Wenming Town
wenming Township
Related Phrases
networkvocabularyrestrict
lawaeroplanearm
armcyclopediamovie
coeducationcommunityhistory
country with a long historymankindhuman culture
artlessnessastronomyuniverse
scienceWikipedia Daquanart
sculpturedecorative design and handicraftculture
mankind Sociogenetic consequentialnessreligionbaggage
GreeceEuropeMore results...
Containing Phrases
civilisationWenming Townmodern dramacivilwalking-stick in western style