Class sizes range from between bacterial and rickettsial organisms. The smallest independent metabolism prokaryotes. No cell wall, shape changing. And some animals the mouth, throat and the urinary system are mycoplasma parasitism. Some people plant and animal pathogens.
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Definition
Mycoplasma (mycoplasma): also known as Mycoplasma, for the smallest found so far the most simple cells, is the only prokaryotic cells without cell walls. Mycoplasma cells are the only visible organelle ribosomes.
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Found
Mycoplasma was found in 1898, is a simple prokaryotic cells. Its size ranged between bacteria and viruses. Structure is relatively simple, the majority of spherical, there is no cell wall, only a three-tier structure of the cell membrane, it has a large variability. Mycoplasma can be inoculated in a special growth medium, this method with the clinical diagnosis. And the urinary and reproductive tract infections is mainly related to decomposition of urea and Mycoplasma hominis Mycoplasma two, about 20-30% of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis is caused by the above two mycoplasma, non-gonococcal urethritis and cervical Yan's second largest pathogens. In adults, the decomposition of urea urogenital Mycoplasma hominis infection primarily of activities, that is, with the number of sexual intercourse, related to the number of sexual partners, whether men and women alike. According to statistics, more women in higher mycoplasma infection, indicating that the female reproductive tract more than the growth of the male reproductive tract mycoplasma. In addition, the decomposition of urea Mycoplasma hominis infection rate than the rate of infection is high.
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Characters
* Form and Structure The size of mycoplasma 0.2 ~ 0.3um, bacteria can pass filter device, often to the cell culture has caused pollution problems. No cell wall, unable to maintain a fixed shape and showed polymorphism. Gram stain color is not easy, it is common giemsa be dyed purple stain. Higher cholesterol content in cell membranes, accounting for about 36%, maintaining the integrity of the membrane has a certain role. Who can function in cholesterol substances (such as amphotericin b, saponin, etc.) can cause damage to the membrane of Mycoplasma Mycoplasma leaving death. Mycoplasma genome of a ring to double-stranded dna, molecular weight is small (only one-fifth of E. coli), synthesis, and metabolism is limited. Mycoplasma pneumoniae at one end of a special terminal (terminal structure), can make mycoplasma respiratory epithelial cells adhere to the surface, and pathogenicity. * Cultural characteristics Higher than normal nutritional requirements of bacteria, in addition to adding basic nutrients needed outside the 10 to 20% human or animal serum cholesterol required to provide the mycoplasma. Optimum ph7.8 ~ 8.0, below 7.0 deaths, but the optimal Ureaplasma urealyticum ph6.0 ~ 6.5. Most facultative anaerobic, some strains isolated in the early growth when added 5% co2 better. Slow growth, low content in the solid agar medium incubated for 2 to 3 days the typical "fried egg-like" colonies: round (diameter 10 ~ 16um), the core part of the thick, long down into the medium surrounding the a thin transparent layer of granular zone. In addition, the mycoplasma but also in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane or the growth of cultured cells. Reproduction diverse, mainly binary fission reproduction, as well as fracture, branching, budding, etc., owed much to the lack of cell walls that divide all the time due to the size of two daughter cells. Meanwhile, the mycoplasma division and its dna replication is not synchronized, the body can form a multi-core filament. * Biochemical reactions and classification Mycoplasma generally break down the glucose can not use arginine, can take advantage of arginine can not break down glucose, whereby mycoplasma can be divided into two categories (see Table 19-1). Ureaplasma urealyticum can not use glucose or arginine, but can use urea as a source of energy. Mycoplasma has a variety of specific surface antigenic structure, there is little cross-reaction with type-specific. By growth inhibition assay (growth inhibition test, git), metabolic inhibition test (metabolic inhibition test, mit) and other support of the original antigen can be identified, were classified. Table 19-1 major biological properties of human Mycoplasma name needs to break down cholesterol and glucose absorption tetrazolium reduction decomposition of red blood cells Mycoplasma Mycoplasma hominis Mycoplasma saliva Mycoplasma fermentation Mycoplasma pneumoniae Oral mycoplasma Mycoplasma genitalium Urealyticum is Ureaplasma urealyticum +++++++--++-+-++--+--------+---+-±----++-+ * Resistance Mycoplasma and bacterial resistance to heat similar. Sensitive to environmental osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure can cause mutations in cells rupture. Heavy metal salt, carbolic acid, to Sur and some surfactant sensitive than bacteria, but thallium acetate, crystal violet and sub-chem major resistance than bacteria. Affect cell wall synthesis is not sensitive to antibiotics such as penicillin, but erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and other effects of antibiotics on mycoplasma ribosome, inhibit or affect protein synthesis, there is the role of mycoplasma killing. * Pathogenicity and immunity Mycoplasma does not invade tissues and blood, but in the respiratory tract or urogenital epithelial cell adhesion and _set_tled in, the cell damage caused by different mechanisms, such as access to the cell membrane lipids and cholesterol on the membrane damage caused by the release of nerve (external) toxins, phosphatase and hydrogen peroxide. Macrophages, lgg and lgm had some of Mycoplasma in vitro. The slga respiratory mucosal antibodies has demonstrated the role of preventing mycoplasma adsorption. In children, sensitized lymphocytes can enhance the body's resistance to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
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Infection
Pathogenic mycoplasma in Mycoplasma pneumoniae from pneumonia, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and genital mycoplasma major urinary and reproductive tract infection. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, also known as primary atypical pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, all year round disease, more common in winter, may have little popular. Mycoplasma Encephalitis is a common pre-school children and young people pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, mainly through droplets, the incubation period is longer, up to 2 to 3 weeks. Although the longer course of mycoplasma pneumonia, severe lung disease, inflammation, slow absorption, but the vast majority are good prognosis, complications are less. Genital mycoplasma infection is clear in recent years, a new sexually transmitted diseases. Transmitted mainly through sexual contact adult, newborn from the mother during delivery of reproductive tract infections. Adult male urethral mucosa at the site of infection, the site of infection in the cervix of women. The main cause neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia.
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Diagnosis
Mycoplasma laboratory tests are: morphology, mycoplasma culture, antigen detection, serology and molecular biology methods. Determination of serum Mycoplasma antibody test method, there are specific serological test mycoplasma and non-specific serological tests: serological detection of Mycoplasma specificity, the most commonly used complement fixation test, while indirect immunofluorescence staining method, growth inhibition tests, metabolic inhibition test, indirect hemagglutination test, enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and so on. Mycoplasma serological methods are non-specific agglutination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus mg agglutination test, the diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia can play a supporting role. Method of detection of specific antibodies igg still can not achieve the purpose of early diagnosis, antigen detection is the development direction of future research. At present, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence labeling antibodies, Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane protein monoclonal antibodies and reverse indirect hemagglutination method to directly detect mycoplasma antigens in secretions and body fluids reported, with high specificity and sensitivity. After being infected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, to produce specific antibodies igm and igg class. igm class antibodies appeared earlier and 1 week after infection usually appear 3 to 4 weeks of the peak, then gradually decreased. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in the incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks, symptoms and treatment when patients when, igm antibodies have reached a very high level, so igm antibodies can be used as diagnostic indicators of acute infection. If igm antibody negative, you can not deny the Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, a test is required igg antibodies. igg igm occur over night, to be dynamic observation, such as recent infection was significantly higher tips, significantly lower that in the late stage of infection. Igg and igm which prompted the simultaneous determination of rates can improve the diagnosis, to guide treatment and improve efficacy purposes. savyon provide mycoplasma igm, igg and iga elisa antibody test kit. Mycoplasma detection methods of molecular biology gene probes and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and other methods. Gene probe nucleic acid hybridization, although the sensitivity and specificity are high, but commonly used isotope-labeled gene probe, radioactive hazards large and cumbersome equipment requirements difficult to promote high, pcr technology developed in recent years, making the detection of Mycoplasma become simple, rapid, sensitive and specific for detection of mycoplasma and experimental research has opened up a broad prospect. tu1 antibodies in serum samples of mp board coated with the antigen binding mp tu2 anti human igg / igm / iga-hrp and board combination of antigen-antibody complexes tu3 adding enzyme substrate is the product of decomposition of the color depth and proportional to the concentration of antibodies in samples seromp elisa kit Mycoplasma This kit is to detect the third generation of mycoplasma pneumonia, which the board through the completion of elisa method in human serum enzyme igm, igg and iga antibodies. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection with cell culture, direct antigen detection, molecular biology and serological methods. Direct antigen detection method to obtain samples (drawn at the site of infection) more difficult, the results are not strong reliability. The kit used in the serological test to serum samples could be detected in all periods and all parts of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, and a symbol of a certain type of antibody disease in a certain stage of development.
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Training
Cell culture (in particular, passage cells) were mycoplasma contamination is a worldwide problem. Domestic and international research shows that more than 95% of the following four Mycoplasma: oral mycoplasma (m.orale), arginine mycoplasma (m.arginini), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (m.hyorhinis) and Levin's original body of free cholesterol (a. laidlawii), the bovine origin. These are the most common mycoplasma contamination of cell culture bacteria, but can contaminate many types of cells, mycoplasma, and foreign surveys show that about two dozen of mycoplasma contamination of cells, some cells can simultaneously two or more contaminated Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma contamination sources, including the work of environmental pollution, contamination of the operator itself (some Mycoplasma is a normal flora in the body), medium pollution, pollution caused by mycoplasma cells cross-contamination, laboratory equipment and used by the pollution caused by cells, tissues or organs of the pollution source. Tissue and cell culture work, mainly from the following aspects to the prevention of mycoplasma contamination: control of environmental pollution; rigorous experimental operation; cell culture media and equipment to ensure sterility; in cell culture by adding an appropriate amount of antibiotics. Mycoplasma contamination cells, especially important cell lines required the removal of mycoplasma commonly used antibiotics, treatment methods, anti-serum treatment, antibiotics, anti-serum and complement plus combined treatment. The most prominent structural features of mycoplasma is no cell wall, in general, acting on the cell wall biosynthesis of antibiotics, such as the - lactam, vancomycin, and so completely insensitive; of polymyxin (polymycin), rifampin, generally resistant to sulfa drugs. Inhibitory activity against Mycoplasma and the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasma infection are tetracyclines, macrolides and some fluoroquinolones; other antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, smaller inhibitory effect on the mycoplasma, so often do not Mycoplasma infections as a chemotherapeutic agent. invivogen company research and development of a new generation of m-plasmocin mycoplasma antibiotics can effectively kill mycoplasma does not affect the cell's own metabolism, and treated with m-plasmocin cultured cells, not re-infected with mycoplasma. Mycoplasma bacteria are sometimes referred to as type plasmid. No cell wall, with irregular spherical, filamentous, can branch, camp or saprophytic parasitic symbiosis. Generally targeted against animals and plants, can cause many diseases. Mycoplasma (mycoplasmal) is currently available can be found in the absence of growth and reproduction of life and Prudential in the smallest micro-organisms. Mycoplasma body diversity, basically spherical, also was club-like or filamentous, the colonies were pinpoint size, it is also known as small mycoplasma. Mycoplasma-free cell wall and the former is characterized by the body, few organelles. dna of g + c content is low, the body has a very small bacterium genome, the molecular weight of about 45 × 108, bacterial cell size is about 0.2-0.3μm, rarely more than 1.0μm. Composed of three proteins and lipids from the membrane-like structure and a layer of similar structure and composition of hair. Mycoplasma by the binary fission reproduction, morphology and diverse. Mycoplasma stain easily with normal color, very light staining with Giemsa, Gram stain was negative. Mycoplasma in the chick chorioallantoic membrane or cell culture growth. With culture medium. Higher nutritional requirements than bacteria. Because it is not the cell wall, thus affecting cell wall synthesis of antibiotics such as penicillin, which are not sensitive, but erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and other antibiotics acting on the ribosome, inhibit or of mycoplasma protein synthesis, anti-mycoplasma effect of mycoplasma on the thermal resistance is low, usually 55 ℃ for 15 minutes after the treatment can inactivate. Phenol, Lysol children and easy to kill. Into urea in the medium and in manganese sulfate as an indicator to easily identify with other mycoplasma. It is widely distributed in nature, there are more than 80 species. Human mycoplasma pneumonia related to Mycoplasma (m-pneumonie, mp), Mycoplasma hominis (m.humenis, mh), UU (ureaplasma urealyticum, uu Mycoplasma decomposition of urea) and genital mycoplasma (m.genitalium, mg), etc. . Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes pneumonia. Has been isolated from the human urogenital tract 7 out of mycoplasma, including higher rate of separation with the urogenital tract diseases, is UU, followed by Mycoplasma hominis. Mycoplasma hominis (m.humenis, mh), UU (ureaplasma urealyticum, uu) and genital mycoplasma (m.genitalium, mg) can cause urinary and reproductive tract infection. UU (ureaplasma ure-alyticum) is a prokaryotic microorganism, was club-shaped, the size of 125-250 nm, the molecular weight of 4.5 * 108, a high degree of polymorphism, there is no rigid cell wall, bacteria in culture without in the proliferation, can produce enzymes break down urea, urea decomposition. Specific antibodies can inhibit its growth, because of the lack of hard membrane, resistant to penicillin, have affinity for cell membranes, growth and reproduction material need steroids. Tetracycline, erythromycin, spectinomycin on the force. Baby or no sexual contact, not found in the female genital tract ureaplasma urealyticum. The sex life more chaotic, the higher the positive rate of this mycoplasma. mc donald 1982 report of 587 cases of patients with acute urethritis symptoms, 209 patients (36%) isolated from urine in the UU. Mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis) Mycoplasma weak resistance to the external environment, 45 ℃ 15min can be killed. Of soap, alcohol, tetracycline, erythromycin sensitive.
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Mechanism
In animal experiments showed that peritoneal macrophages can kill mycoplasma, but not the role of neutrophils. In vitro, igg1 and igg2 antibody opsonization. Can enhance macrophage killing effect of mycoplasma.
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Comparison
l-type bacteria in antibiotics, such as under the action of lysozyme into a cell wall-deficient bacteria and mycoplasma like many of its features, useful in the identification of the need to distinguish between the two (see table below). Table 19-2 mycoplasma bacteria and the difference between l-type L-type bacteria Mycoplasma Growth in the most widespread in nature to be cholesterol Nothing to do with the bacteria at the genetic, and no matter under what conditions bacteria can not become Colonies smaller, 0.1 ~ 0.3mm natural growth does not necessarily require little presence of cholesterol Genetically associated with the original strain, and induction factors in the recovery after removal of the original strain Colonies slightly larger, 0.5 ~ 1.0mm Major pathogenic mycoplasma First, due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae (m.pneumonia) mycoplasma pneumonia in human pathogens. Mycoplasma pneumonia, the main pathological changes of the interstitial pneumonia, sometimes complicated by bronchial pneumonia, known as primary atypical pneumonia. Transmitted mainly through droplets, the incubation period 2 to 3 weeks, the highest incidence of young people. Mild clinical symptoms, or even asymptomatic, if only headache, sore throat, fever, cough and other respiratory symptoms in general, but there are also reports of individual deaths. Can occur throughout the year, but more in autumn and winter season. Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease first through the apex of the structure in the host cell surface adhesion, and out of intracellular micro tube into the draw nutrition, damage the cell membrane, then release the nucleic acid enzyme, hydrogen peroxide metabolism caused by the dissolution of cells, epithelial cells swelling and necrosis. Induce the body to produce antibodies may also be involved in the pathological damage. Respiratory secretions slga defense against reinfection has some effect, but not strong enough. Treatment of choice of erythromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol and so on. Mycoplasma vaccine and live attenuated vaccine death is still experimental. Second, Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma urealyticum (m.urealyticum) as urealyticum is the only one species is named for the growth needs of urea. Small colony diameter of only 15 ~ 25um, to be observed under the microscope at low magnification, old friends called t strains (tiny strain). Rough colony surface particles, under the right conditions can be transformed into a typical egg-like colonies. Growth needs of cholesterol and urea, decomposition of urea to its metabolic characteristics, producing ammonia, ph to medium rise, leading to their death. Ureaplasma urealyticum can cause urinary and reproductive tract infections, and is considered second only to non-gonococcal urethritis chlamydia (50%) of the important pathogens. Since 80% of pregnant women in the reproductive tract with Ureaplasma urealyticum, it can infect the fetus through the placenta and lead to premature delivery, stillbirth, or newborn infection during delivery, causing respiratory infections. In addition, Ureaplasma urealyticum can cause infertility. Treatment with erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline and other highly sensitive to antibiotics. Chlamydia on the reproductive system of Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Chlamydia major impact on the reproductive system reflected on the impact of male sperm-producing organ is, for women of sperm transfer organ, or organ damage eggs life. Organs of male sperm generated by the chlamydia mycoplasma after the attack, the glands produce less sperm, so the small amount generated by the other activity will also be affected, this will lead to male infertility. For women, endometrial inflammation after implantation of the egg does not work, can not be lived in the womb, there will be miscarriage, premature birth, if the fallopian tubes caused by inflammation, can cause congestion, the egg can not pass, we can not pregnancy. Chlamydia Mycoplasma effects on the reproductive system is also reflected in the quality of sexual life, such as sexual pain, sexual intercourse bleeding, it will hinder the extent of sexual pleasure may lead to fear.
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Characters
* Form and Structure The size of mycoplasma 0.2 ~ 0.3um, bacteria can pass filter device, often to the cell culture has caused pollution problems. No cell wall, unable to maintain a fixed shape and showed polymorphism. Gram stain color is not easy, it is commonly used to dye Giemsa staining purple. Higher cholesterol content in cell membranes, accounting for about 36%, maintaining the integrity of the membrane has a certain role. Who can function in cholesterol substances (such as amphotericin B, saponin, etc.) can cause damage to the membrane of Mycoplasma Mycoplasma leaving death. Mycoplasma genome is a circular to double-stranded DNA, molecular weight is small (only one-fifth of E. coli), synthesis, and metabolism is limited. Mycoplasma pneumoniae at one end of a special terminal (terminal structure), can make mycoplasma respiratory epithelial cells adhere to the surface, and pathogenicity. * Cultural characteristics Higher than normal nutritional requirements of bacteria, in addition to adding basic nutrients needed outside the 10 to 20% human or animal serum cholesterol required to provide the mycoplasma. Optimum pH7.8 ~ 8.0, below 7.0 deaths, but the optimal Ureaplasma urealyticum pH6.0 ~ 6.5. Most facultative anaerobic, some strains isolated in the early growth of 5% CO2 was added better. Slow growth, low content in the solid agar medium incubated for 2 to 3 days the typical "fried egg-like" colonies: round (diameter 10 ~ 16um), the core part of the thick, long down into the medium surrounding the a thin transparent layer of granular zone. In addition, the mycoplasma but also in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane or the growth of cultured cells. Reproduction diverse, mainly binary fission reproduction, as well as fracture, branching, budding, etc., owed much to the lack of cell walls that divide all the time due to the size of two daughter cells. Meanwhile, the mycoplasma DNA copy of their division and are not synchronized, the body can form a multi-core filament. * Biochemical reactions and classification Mycoplasma generally break down the glucose can not use arginine, can take advantage of arginine can not break down glucose, whereby mycoplasma can be divided into two categories (see Table 19 - 1). Ureaplasma urealyticum can not use glucose or arginine, but can use urea as a source of energy. Mycoplasma has a variety of specific surface antigenic structure, there is little cross-reaction with type-specific. By growth inhibition test (Growth inhibition test, GIT), metabolic inhibition test (Metabolic inhibition test, MIT) and other support of the original antigen can be identified, were classified. * Resistance Mycoplasma and bacterial resistance to heat similar. Sensitive to environmental osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure can cause mutations in cells rupture. Heavy metal salt, carbolic acid, to Sur and some surfactant sensitive than bacteria, but thallium acetate, crystal violet and sub-chem major resistance than bacteria. Affect cell wall synthesis is not sensitive to antibiotics such as penicillin, but erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and other effects of antibiotics on mycoplasma ribosome, inhibit or affect protein synthesis, there is the role of mycoplasma killing. * Pathogenicity and immunity Mycoplasma does not invade tissues and blood, but in the respiratory tract or urogenital epithelial cell adhesion and _set_tled in, the cell damage caused by different mechanisms, such as access to the cell membrane lipids and cholesterol on the membrane damage caused by the release of nerve (external) toxins, phosphatase and hydrogen peroxide. Macrophages, lgG and lgM are some of Mycoplasma in vitro. The SlgA respiratory mucosal antibodies has demonstrated the role of preventing mycoplasma adsorption. In children, sensitized lymphocytes can enhance the body's resistance to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
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Diagnosis
Determination of serum Mycoplasma antibody test method, there are specific serological test mycoplasma and non-specific serological tests: serological detection of Mycoplasma specificity, the most commonly used complement fixation test, while indirect immunofluorescence staining method, growth inhibition tests, metabolic inhibition test, indirect hemagglutination test, enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and so on. Mycoplasma serological methods are non-specific agglutination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus MG agglutination test for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae could play a supporting role. Detection of specific IgG antibody method still can not achieve the purpose of early diagnosis, antigen detection is the development direction of future research. At present, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence labeling antibodies, Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane protein monoclonal antibodies and reverse indirect hemagglutination method to directly detect mycoplasma antigens in secretions and body fluids reported, with high specificity and sensitivity. After being infected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, IgM and IgG to produce specific antibody class. IgM class antibodies appeared earlier and 1 week after infection usually appear 3 to 4 weeks of the peak, then gradually decreased. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in the incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks, when symptoms and treatment when patients, IgM antibodies have reached very high levels, IgM antibodies can be used as diagnostic indicators of acute infection. If IgM antibody negative, you can not deny the Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, IgG antibodies to be detected. IgG appears later than IgM, to be dynamic observation, such as recent infection was significantly higher tips, significantly lower that in the late stage of infection.
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Training
Cell culture (in particular, passage cells) were mycoplasma contamination is a worldwide problem. Domestic and international research shows that more than 95% of the following four Mycoplasma: oral mycoplasma (M.orale), arginine mycoplasma (M.arginini), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M.hyorhinis) and Levin's original body of free cholesterol (A. laidlawii), the bovine origin. These are the most common mycoplasma contamination of cell culture bacteria, but can contaminate many types of cells, mycoplasma, and foreign surveys show that about two dozen of mycoplasma contamination of cells, some cells can simultaneously two or more contaminated Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma contamination sources, including the work of environmental pollution, contamination of the operator itself (some Mycoplasma is a normal flora in the body), medium pollution, pollution caused by mycoplasma cells cross-contamination, laboratory equipment and used by the pollution caused by cells, tissues or organs of the pollution source. Mycoplasma bacteria are sometimes referred to as type plasmid. No cell wall, with irregular spherical, filamentous, can branch, camp or saprophytic parasitic symbiosis. Generally targeted against animals and plants, can cause many diseases. Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmal) is not able to discover life in the smallest Prudential in microbial growth and reproduction. Mycoplasma body diversity, basically spherical, also was club-like or filamentous, the colonies were pinpoint size, it is also known as small mycoplasma. Mycoplasma-free cell wall and the former is characterized by the body, few organelles. The G + C content of DNA is low, the body has a very small bacterium genome, the molecular weight of about 45 × 108, bacterial cell size is about 0.2-0.3μm, rarely more than 1.0μm. Composed of three proteins and lipids from the membrane-like structure and a layer of similar structure and composition of hair. Mycoplasma by the binary fission reproduction, morphology and diverse. Mycoplasma stain easily with normal color, very light staining with Giemsa, Gram stain was negative. Mycoplasma in the chick chorioallantoic membrane or cell culture growth. With culture medium. Higher nutritional requirements than bacteria. Because it is not the cell wall, thus affecting cell wall synthesis of antibiotics such as penicillin, which are not sensitive, but erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and other antibiotics acting on the ribosome, inhibit or of mycoplasma protein synthesis, anti-mycoplasma effect of mycoplasma on the thermal resistance is low, usually 55 ℃ for 15 minutes after the treatment can inactivate. Phenol, Lysol children and easy to kill. Into urea in the medium and in manganese sulfate as an indicator to easily identify with other mycoplasma. It is widely distributed in nature, there are more than 80 species. Human mycoplasma pneumonia related to Mycoplasma (M-pneumonie, Mp), Mycoplasma hominis (M.humenis, MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (Ureaplasma urealyticum, UU Mycoplasma decomposition of urea) and genital mycoplasma (M.genitalium, MG), etc. . Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes pneumonia. Has been isolated from the human urogenital tract 7 out of mycoplasma, including higher rate of separation with the urogenital tract diseases, is UU, followed by Mycoplasma hominis. Mycoplasma hominis (M.humenis, MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (Ureaplasma urealyticum, UU) and genital mycoplasma (M.genitalium, MG) can cause urinary and reproductive tract infection. UU (ureaplasma ure-alyticum) is a prokaryotic microorganism, was club-shaped, the size of 125-250 nm, the molecular weight of 4.5 * 108, a high degree of polymorphism, there is no rigid cell wall, bacteria in culture without in the proliferation, can produce enzymes break down urea, urea decomposition. Specific antibodies can inhibit its growth, because of the lack of hard membrane, resistant to penicillin, have affinity for cell membranes, growth and reproduction material need steroids. Tetracycline, erythromycin, spectinomycin on the force. Baby or no sexual contact, not found in the female genital tract ureaplasma urealyticum. The sex life more chaotic, the higher the positive rate of this mycoplasma. Mc Donald 1982 report of 587 cases of patients with acute urethritis symptoms, 209 patients (36%) isolated from urine in the UU. Mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis) Mycoplasma weak resistance to the external environment, 45 ℃ 15min can be killed. Of soap, alcohol, tetracycline, erythromycin sensitive.
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Comparison
L-form bacteria in antibiotics, such as under the action of lysozyme into a cell wall-deficient bacteria and mycoplasma like many of its features, useful in the identification of the need to distinguish between the two (see table below). Table 19-2 mycoplasma bacteria and the difference between L-type L-form bacteria Mycoplasma Growth in the most widespread in nature to be cholesterol Nothing to do with the bacteria at the genetic, and no matter under what conditions bacteria can not become Colonies smaller, 0.1 ~ 0.3mm natural growth does not necessarily require little presence of cholesterol Genetically associated with the original strain, and induction factors in the recovery after removal of the original strain Colonies slightly larger, 0.5 ~ 1.0mm Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. Pneumonia) is a human pathogen Mycoplasma pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumonia, the main pathological changes of the interstitial pneumonia, sometimes complicated by bronchial pneumonia, known as primary atypical pneumonia. Transmitted mainly through droplets, the incubation period 2 to 3 weeks, the highest incidence of young people. Mild clinical symptoms, or even asymptomatic, if only headache, sore throat, fever, cough and other respiratory symptoms in general, but there are also reports of individual deaths. Can occur throughout the year, but more in autumn and winter season. Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease first through the apex of the structure in the host cell surface adhesion, and out of intracellular micro tube into the draw nutrition, damage the cell membrane, then release the nucleic acid enzyme, hydrogen peroxide metabolism caused by the dissolution of cells, epithelial cells swelling and necrosis. Induce the body to produce antibodies may also be involved in the pathological damage. Respiratory secretions SlgA defense against reinfection has some effect, but not strong enough.
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Of
Mycoplasma effects on the male reproductive system Transurethral mycoplasma infection can occur in patients with urethritis symptoms, and secondary to chronic prostatitis. When checking the prostate, showing a lively, swimming microbial groups. Mycoplasma infection has also continued to fine Road, seminal vesicles and testes, affect the quality of sperm and semen, causing infertility. The observation that mycoplasma caused by the following aspects of infertility. 1. Interfere with sperm motility: sperm motility is an important function of healthy sperm, the sperm is a measure of whether an important indicator of pregnancy, and sperm movement must have a certain speed and frequency. Sperm after mycoplasma infection, often attached to the sperm head and tail, the whole covered with the sperm of different size attachments, resulting in sperm mobility, weakness, wound each other, resulting in infertility. 2. Increase in abnormal sperm: sperm deformity rate of mycoplasma infection can cause infertility caused by the increase in the other characteristics. According to clinical observations, in this type of infertility, the sperm deformity can sometimes be as high as 80%. 3. Destruction of spermatogenic cells: testicular seminiferous tubules in a large number of germ cells, the development of germ cells reproduce by the formation of sperm. When the mycoplasma from the urethra, prostate and other parts into the testicular seminiferous tubules, the germ cells will be destroyed, so that the "germ factories" produce inferior products, leading to infertility. Mycoplasma effects on the female reproductive system Pregnant women, due to the increase in progesterone, inhibited cellular immunity, the body defenses are weakened and more vulnerable to infection UU, UU perinatal infection is caused by new problems in modern obstetrics. UU for vertical transmission via the placenta or maternal lower genital tract infection by the upward diffusion, caused by intrauterine infection, both of which can lead to miscarriage, premature delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight children, premature rupture of membranes, or even result in fetal intrauterine death and a series of adverse consequences.
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Feature
Mycoplasma is the smallest microorganism can currently be found in inanimate Prudential in growth and reproduction. Mycoplasma shape varied substantially spherical, also showed a club-like or filamentous, its colonies were needle size, it is also known as the tiny mycoplasma. Can cause human urinary tract infection is UU and Mycoplasma hominis. Mainly through sexual contact, a few can also be transmitted indirectly. Urinary system which is susceptible cells. Since it no cell wall, thus affecting cell wall synthesis of antibiotics, such as penicillin-insensitive, erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and other antibiotics acting on the ribosome, inhibit or influence Mycoplasma protein synthesis, inhibit mycoplasma role, but not cure, the body can not make them immune antibodies, easily repeated, currently used in traditional Chinese medicine to make up deficiencies in this regard. Mycoplasma is the smallest and simplest prokaryotes independent living. It does not form given in Figure morphological change with the environment, in the liquid can be spherical, circular and filamentous; which no cell wall, only the three-layer structure membrane. UU (only recognized one) with urease activity that breaks down urea. Human infection by adhesion receptors on host cells, causing cell damage, and its metabolites produce toxic effects. Except Chlamydia can cause urethritis, conjunctivitis, it can also cause epididymitis, prostatitis, cervicitis, vaginitis, salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Newborns can be infected through the birth canal occur conjunctivitis, pneumonia. Male homosexuals, can suffer from proctitis and pharyngitis.
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Wikipedia Daquan
zhiyuanti Mycoplasma mycoplasma Between a group of between bacteria and viruses, now known to live on the smallest micro-organisms. No cell wall, showing a high degree of polymorphism. Around the minimum individual diameter of 200μm, can bacteria pass filter device, can slow the growth in artificial medium. Some strains can cause human and animal disease. One of the people for the pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause pneumonia.
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English Expression
: mycoplasma
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