Conductor: zhǐ huī ① through gestures, body movements and facial expressions, manage and control the orchestra and chorus performing musician. Since the 19th century, has become essential to the art of music group leader. Its responsibility is to indicate speed, strength, phrasing and musical instruments into control the balance between instruments and musical atmosphere, and digging expression meaning every detail works. ② refers to issuing the order scheduling: Engineering Command. 1 Guan Ming [Official] Built in the Ming and Qing Yuan capital located along the five cities Maybe Mars, _set_ command, deputy commander, palm Square Lane about security matters, and each guard command to make the Ming Dynasty also referred to as the conductor. Taiping Guan Ming. Under the "indecent", member of seventy-two, according to the "indecent" cases, said before the house left (three, five, seven, nine) command, and right before the house two (four, six, eight, ten) command, Hall left eleven (thirteen ......) command, temple and right (twelve ...... seventy-two) command. Often generals troops. Also as in name, the "front of the temple of command," "rank with the command," and so on, the number of very much. Another female officer there directing. "Command" in the ancient law is "batch-like command" for short, is a legal form of the Song Dynasty. It is the chancery, the Privy Council and other central government offices issued an instruction on specific subordinate official government offices, the main government offices subordinate to guide the administration and justice. Song Qin Hui autocracy, abuse of command, the improvement of the legal status of the command, even side by side with the Royal Decree. 2 [musical director] Conducting (English) Refers to the various types of orchestra, choir and other collective musical performances when standing in front of the band or choir baton in hand, combined with body language indicates how the person playing or singing. Conductor baton in his right hand (choral conductor generally do not baton) and the speed of the beat master degree; left represents the strength and other major music expression. Facial expression, head and body movement, also an aspect of the command. Commander who is playing the works of interpretation and artistic director, playing (singing) must be expressed in accordance with its intent. 3] [musical director role Music director to guide the whole band playing music, playing multiple parts so that could be a whole can be described as a band leader. Of the orchestra is also a musical interpretation and re-creation. Conductor James Levine said: "baton is also a musical instrument." Some people say, listen to music, you can know the command temperament cultivation. Commanding role in the stage musical are the following: First, the prompt performer. A work often large scale, players often can not remember all the details of all the required rehearsal time, while looking at the spectrum, then, commanding the stage will play a suggestive gestures. Second, determine the number of treatment can not be quantified. For example, the command requires performer remember getting somewhere or getting fast slow, much slower in the end, how fast, where to start slow, to go back to the original speed, etc. These are not quantified in the spectral plane, only to see directing the expression of the spot, because art is emotional needs, not write it down on the line for. Third, the spot to play. Show itself will make people in a state of excitement, the commanding often burst out rehearsal never had the passion and ideas in the show, so the player must pay attention to the command of the stage action, and to act in harmony and command, Once the command appeared rehearsal treatment, players no reaction to be fast, to show immediately. This is a very exciting spot to play often complex and can not be obtained. Fourth, performance, enhanced work appealing. This command has not all, directing each have their own style, and some looked commanding silence, passion in my heart and hands, and some very strong command of the performers in the music to convey emotion, while directing himself using body movements to convey to the audience with their own emotions, that is, the command does have some command of the audience to see the ingredients, such as the most typical Japanese conductor Seiji Ozawa. 4 [music] command history 17th and 18th centuries, most of the musical works are in the form of a small ensemble performances. There orchestra activists responsible for the organization, there is no conductor, the orchestra also played very well. Conductor this occupation in the 19th century began to take shape. At that time, the music works on expanding the band, the band performed without a conductor becomes very difficult. So commanding the profession came into being. 5] [renowned conductor China is the earliest a command belongings ZHENG Zhi sound. World famous female conductor has Nadia · Borland song (Nadia Boulanger), China's first female conductor Zheng Xiaoying, Hong Kong female conductor Yip Wing-sie. 6 Command Township Changli County, Hebei Province, a town name.
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Encyclopedia
zhihui Command conductor Performance art, such as music concerts leaders of professional bodies. Common music director there symphony conductor, directing opera, ballet conductor, choral conductor, folk music and military music conductor directing and so on. Composers (such as opera, ballet, symphony, orchestra, chorus, etc.) through the re-creation command, centralized, unified, comprehensive expression of the composer's creative intent, so that the performance of the work to be recognized, authoritative interpretation. An excellent conductor, often have a variety of different genres and able to command the ability to work independently in different style and form their own unique artistic personality. As a conductor, should first have a high level of musicianship and cultural enrichment, to master the basic theory of music (harmony, polyphony, orchestration, music history, work analysis, etc.), have extraordinary hearing and memory, but also be able freedom to play a musical instrument (piano or violin, etc.), and skilled reading score. Various types of professional music director of the laws of art commanded his own professional bodies must be equipped with a unique perspective. In the rehearsal process works, he can specify each part should grasp the rhythm, dynamics, pitch and feelings, and to integrate playing or singing each part. The emergence and development of professional conductor, and it is different playing, singing emergence and development of professional bodies closely related. Around the 17th century, the Baroque period of music in Europe (1600 to 1750), chamber music is very popular. This is a player a maximum number of 12 people for small performances, mostly based trio, each part is generally only one instrument. Baroque Orchestra is based on the development of the trio together, this small band size to stringed instruments based, supplemented by digital bass part, with a few pieces of wood pipes, sometimes with a trumpet or French horn, even also with a pair of timpani. Usually when the ensemble orchestra by the composer himself sitting among the watching digital bass riffs on the keyboard instrument music, while he played, while constantly surrounded by musicians to imply the tempo and mood, plays a commanding role, in fact, he was the lead player. To address the need for a unified ensemble when the beat, have used a variety of ways, such as tapping their feet, nodding hands, beat time with one or both hands, or roll music score, cane beating and so on. In 1820, German composer and conductor L. Spohr first started using the command stick. This way to stick to the command, from popular. Today, the club has become a conductor directing will "speak" tool. Of course, there are some conductors do not have to use the command stick or less. 18th century - the mid-19th century, many operas, symphonic works are often the composer himself commanding performances. Such as WA Mozart, L.van Beethoven, CMvon Weber, F. Mendelssohn, H. Berlioz and others, are outstanding works of their own commanders. With the great development of the symphony, the opera, with a high degree of musicianship and superb command of the art of professional conductors emerging. The first win is recognized the world famous German conductor, pianist H.von Biao Luo, R. Wagner, he accepted the doctrine, which requires command of the music with precise, detailed understanding, to achieve more in terms of intensity and rhythm Big contrast, more emphasis on the complete song structures. In von Bulow training orchestra into a new realm of perfection, accurate, sensitive and flexible. More importantly, he has been quite complicated 19th century symphonic works to be authoritative exposition and fully take advantage of it. Following von Bulow, a large number of European countries have shown a famous conductor, A. Nikisch, W. Furtwangler, etc., A. Toscanini and H.von Karajan, is in the modern conductor The most prominent representative. Currently, many of the world famous conductor, is also an international music activist. In China, the music director of the arts is a young professional. Older Chinese community Li Guoquan command, Yangjia Ren, Huang Yijun, Li Delun, Yan Liang □, Han Zhongjie, Ma Gershon, Stuart Han, Huangfei Li, Chen Chuanxi, Birch et al, for the Chinese art of command to make a certain contribution to the cause. (Bian Zushan)
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English Expression
: conductor, command and control
n.: bandmaster, power or authority to direct, order or limit （, control, commander, give instructions to do sth., give instructions, under (the) command of, take command of, superintendence, order, impresario, dictate, leading, commandment
charge, conscientious, regulate, supervise conduct, preserve, preserve, Administration, management of public or business affairs, control, guide, Preside, avert cost, conservation, cause, dominate, dominate （, enterprise campaign, participation in projects, ascendancy, dominate, hole, refuge, to lead, for the sake of, authority, officiate, regime, preside, refuge, regime, method or system of government, reign, reign, liability, Hidden, sheer