Dinosaur death, the body due to decay of soft tissue disappeared, bones and teeth and other hard tissue sank in the sediment, and oxygen in the environment, through thousands of years of sedimentation, which preserved fossil skeleton completely. Besides the remains of dinosaurs lives, such as footprints, dinosaur eggs have the time can become fossils preserved fossil. 1, petrochemical and buried When the dinosaur died and was quickly covered by sediments or underwater sediments, the fossilization began. These sediments contain small particles in the surface layer of soft body covering. This "blanket" to protect the animal carcasses from the invasion of scavengers, but also cut off oxygen, inhibit microbial decomposition. 2, petrochemical process Dinosaur bones and teeth and other hard part is formed by the minerals. Minerals in the ground tend to break down and re-crystallization, become more rigid, a process known as "petrochemical process." With the continuous thickening of the sediments above, the more bodies buried deeper, and ultimately become a fossil. The surrounding sediments has become a hard rock. This process is extremely slow. 3, return to the surface Return to the surface in the petrochemical process, there are many dangers. Tens of thousands of petrochemical process, the surrounding rock may be bent, so that the fossil will be crushed. In addition, high temperatures in the bottom of the crust may allow fossil melt. Escaped after the catastrophe, have been in time for the fossils before the separation from the surrounding rocks to find it, or fossil fragments will disappear. 4, the type of dinosaur fossils Residues such as teeth and dinosaur bones that we are most familiar with fossils, fossils of which have been called soma; As for the remains of dinosaurs (including footprints, nests, feces, or feeding traces) also are likely to form fossils preserved, these were known as the fossil. The dinosaur fossil is the main basis for our study, thus we can infer the type of dinosaur, number, size, etc. situation.
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Dinosaur fossil site
Only a few very special geological environment can be preserved fossils, the most common is the delicate texture of sedimentary rocks. And the age-old dinosaur fossils, save even more difficult. Now the dinosaur fossil found in Germany's Solon are waiting fun, the Mongolian Gobi desert flame cliff, Yunnan, China Lufeng and so on. 1, Solon Fen Hou Germany's Solon designate fun dinosaur quarry in the era of life is a tropical shallow water, when there are scattered islands. Solon Finland's delicate climate preservation of the limestone layer is Compsognathus fossils, in addition to the slender remains of fish and early bird Archaeopteryx and other remains of the island fauna. 2, flame Cliff The flame of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia save a lot of cliff Late Cretaceous fossils, including the original angle of the dragon, the dragon and steal eggs fast swept dragons. 20 years from the 20th century that bears the flame of fossil cliff, people have been here a number of world-famous dig dinosaur specimens. 3, Como cliff 70 19th century, scientists in the United States in the cliff Como Wyoming dinosaur bones found in a number of fossils, most of which are sauropod dinosaur bones. American Museum of Natural History scientists 90 years from the 19th century, digging in here, has found hundreds of specimens. 3, March Valley Valley is located on a desolate valley in western Argentina, people from here know that the dinosaur fossils in existence. May Valley fossils from the Late Triassic of the bill, including the dragon and other reptile groups groups, including the early theropod dinosaurs are, and Herrera Eoraptor dragon is. The remote site was discovered in the 20th century, 50 years, but until the late 20th century, 80 people here know very rich fossil reserves. 4, Lu Feng Hill radius of Famous Dinosaurs of China 10 square kilometers of area, is the hometown of famous dinosaurs. Here for the first time in 1938 archaeologists found a complete dinosaur fossil unearthed in succession after dozens of dinosaur fossils. Identified, of which 24 are 30 kinds of dinosaurs, is the world's most original, oldest, richest and most complete vertebrate fossils.
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The discovery of dinosaur fossils
The discovery of dinosaur fossils is the most critical step of dinosaurs. Fossils are mostly preserved in the sedimentary rocks and fossils are exposed in certain laws. So when looking for fossils, you need to all kinds of sedimentary rocks and their geological understand. Adoption of new technology aspects of the discovery of dinosaur fossils can help. 1, the preservation of dinosaur fossils Many fossils are preserved in the sedimentary rocks, in addition, the cooling of the lava surface of the fossil footprints may also be preserved. Forever frozen in the ground, such as the Siberian permafrost, also well preserved fossils. 2, sedimentary rocks Is a sedimentary rock deposited by the river, sea, sediment basin or land formed by the consolidation of the rocks, their origin and material composition can be divided into conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. Because the composition of sedimentary rocks is very fine sand particles can be well preserved fossils, so in sedimentary rocks also contain a circular stones, known as tuberculosis. TB is generated by chemical changes, because the formation of the existence of the fossil. 3, the exposed fossils Water, wind or human activities will result in fossil deposits of rock outcrop. Erosion of cliffs and river banks are a good place to find fossils. Leaving because of human activities, the location of the fossil exposed, usually including quarries, road and construction sites. 4, a tool for dinosaur fossils found Looking may contain dinosaur fossils buried what is the location for geological maps are often used. Geological maps can show different types of outcrops of rock or a different type of unit. Air photography and satellite imagery can also be used in conjunction with the geological map in order to determine the precise location of exposed rock.
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The excavation of dinosaur fossils
Dinosaur fossils found buried in the site, the archaeologists excavated to make fossils. Those isolated from the small fossils may only need one person to spend a few minutes, but if it is to large fossils from hard rock to play out, we need a large number of staff a few weeks or months time, erosion of the cliff and the river are a good place to look for fossils using a variety of machine tools to complete. In the process, measure and record operational details are equally important. 1, the mining site The best place to search for dinosaurs in the Mesozoic sedimentary rock layers exposed surface or near surface areas. Mountain roads, quarries, coastal, cliff, river banks are likely to be even coal mining sites. However, covering the most extensive reserves of dinosaurs but also exposed surface areas of up to most in the rugged barren or remote desert. 2, the mining method In the excavation of dinosaur fossils, the staff in different locations according to mining excavation to take a different approach. For example, in some desert areas, the staff removed the sand as long as the above, you can order a bone to. But buried in the hard rock mining in the large frame, you must use explosives, open drilling machine or a powerful machine. 3, mapping excavation People in the dinosaur excavation site will be removed before anything with a network partition, the sub-region in the different fossils found to be clearly marked, through photography and drawing accurate measurement site map, so to finally get a full field of precision drawing. This process is almost as important as the fossil itself. Excavation records the exact position and relative position to each other, help to reveal the cause of death at the time of dinosaur specimens and why it survived. 4, fossil handling Before the first fossils were stable in mobile processing. Sometimes only need some glue or resin, brushing exposed, and sometimes must be soaked burlap hot liquid made of plaster bandage to wrap. Small fossils can be wrapped with paper or bags to prevent damage to the sample collection. Large fossil or plaster wrapped, or in the most vulnerable parts of carbamates with poly foam to protect. Some of the larger stones containing fossils, you must first split and then transport.
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Reconstruction and rehabilitation of dinosaur fossils
Find, the excavation work is only the first step in understanding of dinosaur fossils, fossil bones next step is to put together a piece of land, re-build a skeleton. The restoration work is in the frame to add muscle, so that to reproduce the appearance of his lifetime. So sometimes paleontologists of the time spent in the laboratory than on the field for longer. 1, clean fossil Out of dinosaur fossils in the laboratory require special care. Removal of rock, exposing fossils need to be handled carefully constructed elaborate detail, but also very time consuming. Remove the rock as needed to determine the amount of the tools used. In removing the rock around the fossil, the need for water and fossils on the adhesive resin to protect them. 2, the acid preparation work Diluted acetic acid or formic acid can be used to dissolution of the rock surrounding the fossil, but will not hurt the fossil itself. But the whole operation process must be carefully monitored, because sometimes the acid decomposition by fossil internally. Some of the acid is very dangerous and may burn the skin, so users must wear safety masks, gloves and protective clothing. 3, description and naming of academic Completely ready for fossil, paleontologists can describe the structure of fossil and dinosaur and related or similar to compare. If there may be a new genus or species, it is necessary for the dinosaur fossils from a new scientific name. Take the new features and other fossil fossils compare, you can put the new fossil into the phylogenetic relationships. 4, diagram depicting Graphic description of the dinosaurs depicted in the actual process is the key looks. Illustrated many ways, and some accurate drawings of fossils buried in rock, some structured, clearly marked recovery rebuilding bone diagram. For the sake of precision, scientists often use the camera lucida. Although the sketches as accurate picture, but still very useful. Because you can borrow from the sketch may also appear in the single combination of the characteristics of fossil show. 5, original reviews and papers published After completion of the study of fossils can be written in papers published the findings published. Thesis may be a description of a new dinosaur, or re-evaluate some types of dinosaurs has long been recognized. Can use graphics, photos to help. Because all the papers published in the formal peer review are required before, so probably quite reliable. 6, recombinant Figure out some kind of dinosaur bones in the structure after the restructuring will be as much as possible of the skeletons. The Lost Skeleton model with fiberglass instead. Now we can see most of the skeleton are also a large display of quality light to replace the glass fiber model, and one thin strip of metal hidden in order to support the structure. 7, remodeling Restructuring is reshaping a dinosaur skeleton looks like the fundamental basis for his lifetime. Existing reptiles, birds and mammals can also be used to refer to the body structure. They help to point out that the size of the internal organs of dinosaurs, shape, location and composition of the abdominal muscles situation. By reference to the structure of skin on skin impression fossil. 8, the color of dinosaur skin Dinosaur's body, lifestyle and so we can find fossils and inferred for recovery, but the color of dinosaur skin fossils we can not find a basis, it can only be based on our current understanding of animal to speculate. According to paleontologists speculate that large dinosaurs may have stripes or spots as a protective color, bright colors will be more certain. During mating, the male head of the dinosaurs some areas of the skin may appear like a modern bird, like a bright color, it is easier to get the favor of the opposite sex. 9, inventory of treasures We can see in the museum's dinosaur fossils in the inventory is only a small part. For example, Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, Earth Science Museum to store nearly 100 tons of fossils have not yet stripped of plaster shell. Many museum basement shelf or drawer full of tagged dinosaur fossils, most of which will be put intact for several years, waiting for scientists to study. Some paleontologists will be excavated from the twelve hundred years ago no one study or identified the wrong bone, identified a new dinosaur species.
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Fossils of dinosaur
Study of dinosaurs has been found largely are based on the fossil. Today, paleontologists do not damage equipment through advanced fossil you can see its internal, but also can be seen in the past can not view the internal fine structure. This allows us to understand the lifestyle of dinosaurs, food, growth and mode of action, and that the evolutionary lineages of dinosaurs. 1, the dinosaur fossil anatomy Anatomy of dinosaur fossils dinosaur fossils allow us to offer a possible way of life or their own information structures, but also provide the evolution of dinosaur groups belong to the relevant information. Paleontologists can also take the bones of some animals and to compare similar types of bones, which describes the evolution of lineage relationships between species. Although the fossil dinosaur muscles, organs and other soft tissue is preserved fossils can not be turned into, but can also use modern animal anatomy and fossil dinosaur compared to the control and inferred. 2, the control system of the dinosaurs Sympathetic nervous system and hormonal system to coordinate the function of dinosaurs. Most are small sauropod dinosaur brain, and some small theropod dinosaurs than the larger and more complex brain. Large theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus has a special control of one limb movement, visual and olfactory information processing designed brain, but its brain is very small. 3, the dinosaurs of cardiopulmonary system Theropod dinosaurs may have the high efficiency of the heart, in order to maintain a high body temperature. Sauropod dinosaur's body can store a large enough heat from the sun, so that they are kept warm throughout the night. Dinosaurs cardiopulmonary function in the implementation of the system may be similar to the human blood system or the temperature of the cold-blooded reptiles system. 4, dinosaur soft tissue Dinosaur soft tissues including muscles, digestive system and so on. The ligament between the bones connected to the muscle to compete in pairs and are usually attached to bones by tendons, and to contract and relax in a way that the limbs move back and forth. Dinosaur's digestive system is composed by a spiral intestines. Carnivorous dinosaur with a relatively short and simple digestive tract, herbivorous dinosaurs are long and complex needs of the intestines to break down plant fiber, the body's waste. Sperm and eggs are also excreted via the cloaca. 5, dinosaur skeleton Dinosaur skeleton is to support the main function of the muscles used for movement and to protect the brain, heart and lung organs, and placement of bone marrow production of blood. Different groups of dinosaurs, the bones will be specialized, such as the large theropod dinosaur skull in the temporal huge hole, can reduce unnecessary weight. 6, skull and teeth Dinosaur fossils by observing the eye, nose and ear tissues can understand the sense organs of dinosaurs. Fossil dinosaur teeth lifestyle shows, such as carnivorous dinosaur teeth usually have sharp edges or with conical teeth, the teeth of herbivorous dinosaurs, there are leaf-shaped or flat chewing teeth. Different forms of dental dinosaur mouth can also provide foraging way of the dinosaur information. 7, Old Pathology Paleontologists study fossils found by Ed Monto Lung cancer will be like people. Study of ancient diseases and injuries of knowledge known as the ancient pathology, this study was carried out by the preserved bones. For example, if the fossil bones of animals, lesions or special growth appears to represent this animal may have been ill or injured during his lifetime. If a fossil species, many individuals certain features appear regularly, they can infer a particular aspect of life. 8, CT CT specimens can be seen without disrupting the internal structure of the fossil skull. Usually need to cut open the fossils to view the detail structure, and now you can easily use the CT scan done. Conventional x-ray objects will compress into a single plane, and CT can generate three-dimensional computer model of space in a multi-CD control. 9, the use of the microscope Paleontologists use a microscope to observe the fossils have been there a way to study various fossil organisms. Scanning electron microscopy is a powerful tool that can magnify objects up to a million times photography, you can see more detail than the fossil bones last detail. Such instruments for the first time exposed the fossilized microbial structure, to help biologists better understand the ancient dinosaurs living environment.
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Repair of dinosaur fossils
The primary task of repair work is no damage from the rock is not exposed in the fossil chiseled out to make a complete fracture of the fossil sticky, so as to restore the true face of dinosaur bones, easy to experts to study. Personnel engaged in repair work, should learn to master certain knowledge of dinosaur bones, at least recognizable dinosaur bones exposed part of the body in which the bones, such as the skull, spine, limbs and so on. The first step is to repair out of the box. Inventory in accordance with successive packing box open, out of the box the number of how many repair personnel shall be determined. To be registered after unpacking. Origin from the fossil specimens and number of shelves by the specimen removed, first fossil origin, number registered in the repair work diary. Generally speaking, the fossil has the following two methods of repair: (1) mechanical repair method. In recent years, considerable progress has been repairing tools, but most are still using hammer and chisel. Must take when using these tools in the fossil on the sand table, and some need to use different sizes of pillows in different parts of sand to maintain stability. Repair, a hammer, a chisel should have a destination, must be very careful not to damage the fossils. If you are experiencing rock hard, use electric engraving machine, or doctor of dental fillings with a dental drill or machine or high-speed straight teeth machine. Can also be used as needed pneumatic engraving machine, or pen-type pneumatic drill. (2) chemical treatment. In the excavation, in order to make bad plaster fossils hardened, often dropping nitrocellulose lacquer, the fossils around the surface of the soil freezing in the fossils, if such a situation, before dropping in the repair of thin material (ie, banana water), to make it dissolve. If the fossil has cracks, when the crack width of less than 1 mm, can be directly instilled curing adhesive; when the gap is large, will have to put a filler in the cracks and broken mouth wash and then use glue or adhesive curing agent. Curing adhesive commonly used for the nitro varnish, acetone can be used as a diluent. Quick Adhesive common market (commonly known as 505, that is, cyanoacrylate) and polyester resin can also be used as bonding agent. Fossils from the surrounding rock in order to completely remove the early 20th century, the international community has started using acid treatment method. The most commonly used is acetic acid (acetic acid). The main components of fossil carbonate rock, and components of the fossil dinosaur bone calcium phosphate, acetic acid can dissolve the rock, but not dissolved dinosaur bones, so bones will be separated out from the surrounding rock. Bones removed immediately after separation, washing and soaking with water, the acid soak for at least the time with the same order as much as possible except the acidic substances. After cleaning, the fossil can be placed inside the drying oven 600C.
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