Germany (pronounced /ˈdʒɜrməni/ (Speaker Icon.svg listen)), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (Speaker Icon.svg listen)), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 square kilometers (137,847 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 82 million inhabitants, it accounts for the largest population among the member states of the European Union and is home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
A region named Germania inhabited by several Germanic peoples has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire that lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, the country was first unified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. In 1949, after World War II, Germany was divided into two separate states—East Germany and West Germany—along the lines of Allied occupation. The two states were unified in 1990. West Germany was a founding member of the European Community (EC) in 1957, which became the European Union in 1993. It is part of the Schengen zone and adopted the European currency, the euro, in 1999.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states (Länder). The capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, G8 and the OECD. It is a major economic power with the world's fourth largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth largest in purchasing power parity. It is the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. In absolute terms, Germany allocates the second biggest annual budget of development aid in the world, while its military expenditure ranked sixth. The country has developed a high standard of living and established a comprehensive system of social security. It holds a key position in European affairs and maintains a multitude of close partnerships on a global level. Germany is recognised as a scientific and technological leader in several fields.
特奥多尔·豪斯 Theodor Heuss (1949.9~1959.9)
海因里希·吕布克 Heinrich Luebke (1959.9~1969.6.30)
古斯塔夫·海涅曼 Gustav Heinemann (1969.7.1~1974.6.30)
瓦尔特·谢尔 Walter Scheel (1974.7.1~1979.6.30)
卡尔·卡斯滕斯 Karl Carstens (1979.7.1~1984.6.30)
里夏德·冯·魏茨泽克 Richard von Weizsacker (1984.7.1~1994.6.30)
罗曼·赫尔佐克 Roman Herzog (1994.7.1~1999.6.30)
约翰内斯·劳 Johannes Rau (1999.7.1~2004.7.1)
霍斯特·克勒 Horst Koehler (2004.7.1~2009.5~ )
历任德意志联邦总理
康拉德·阿登纳 Konrad Adenauer (1949.9~1963.10)
路德维希·艾哈德 Ludwig Erhard (1963.10~1966.11)
库尔特·格奥尔格·基辛格 Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1966.12~1969.10)
维利·勃兰特 Willy Brandt (1969.10~1974.5)
赫尔穆特·施密特 Helmut Schmidt (1974.5~1982.9)
赫尔穆特·科尔 Helmut Kohl (1982.10~1987.3~1991.1~1994.11~1998.9)
格哈德·施罗德 Gerhard Schroeder (1998.10~2002.10~2005.11)
安格拉·默克尔(女)Angela Merkel (2005.11~2009.9~ )
百科辞典
Deyizhi Lianbang Gongheguo
德意志联邦共和国 Federal Republic of Germany/Deutschland, Bundesrepublik
欧洲中部国家。简称联邦德国。北濒北海和波罗的海,陆邻德意志民主共和国、捷克斯洛伐克、奥地利、瑞士、法国、卢森堡、比利时、荷兰和丹麦。地处欧洲陆上交通的十字路口,地理位置十分重要。面积24.8万平方公里。人口6108.9万(1984)。全国划分为10个州。首都波恩。
自然地理 南北介于南欧阿尔卑斯褶皱带和北欧波罗的地盾之间,东西处于西欧温带海洋性气候和东欧温带大陆性气候之间,自然地理特征有明显的过渡性。
地形 地势自南向北倾斜,可分为南德山地、中德高地和北德平原三大地形单元。
①南德山地。大体分布在多瑙河以南,包括阿尔卑斯山地及其山前高原。境内的阿尔卑斯山地面积不大,大多在海拔1000米左右,只有15座山峰海拔在2000米以上,位于联邦德国和奥地利边境上的楚格峰海拔2963米,为全国最高峰,山岭受第四纪山地冰川刻蚀,颇为雄伟陡峭。群山环抱中有许多冰蚀湖,最大的是与瑞士、奥地利交界处的博登湖,面积538平方公里,在联邦德国境内有305平方公里,是旅游和疗养胜地。山地有许多隘口及河谷,成为通往南欧的要道。山前高原是瑞士高原的延续,平均海拔500米,自南向北降低。高原宜林宜牧,河谷平原或盆地利于发展种植业。
②中德高地。介于多瑙河及北德平原之间。基底是海西褶皱,因受长期侵蚀而准平原化,阿尔卑斯造山运动时又发生扭曲、断裂、抬升和岩浆活动,成为缓坡与陡崖、丘陵与盆地交织分布的复杂地形。其中上莱茵河谷平原是两个平行断层间的地堑,海拔约100~200米,因受两旁山地屏障,气候温暖晴朗,土壤肥沃,是理想的农耕区。耸立于平原两侧的黑林山、奥登林山等,森林茂密,莱茵片岩山地一般海拔400~800米,多林木。河谷阶地气候暖和,宜种葡萄。斯瓦本-弗兰克陡坡山及黑森高地是由石灰岩组成并受强烈切割的山地、高原、盆地相间的地区。山地走向西南—东北,面向西北一侧多陡坡,老地层清晰可见。高原深受火山活动及断层作用影响,比较破碎。盆地属美因河和内卡河流域,是人口及经济集中所在。波希米亚林山在德、捷边境和多瑙河之间,花岗岩及片麻岩广泛出露。山岭间有盆地或河谷平原,成为经济中心及交通要冲。
③北德平原。基底是加里东、海西褶皱,经长期侵蚀,在更新世冰期前地面高差已不超过100~200米。受更新世大陆冰川覆盖地面留下众多的冰川地貌。玉木冰期覆盖范围局限于易北河以东,使东西两部分地貌有明显差异。易北河以西平原冰碛已被夷平,自南向北分成3带:南部是黄土带,包括科隆洼地、明斯特洼地和下萨克森洼地,在冰碛土上堆积了肥沃的黄土,经长期合理轮种及施肥,成为富饶的农业区;中部是砂质平原带,地势低平,除稍高的砂岗外沼泽湖泊很多;北部是北海沿岸低地和海滨沙丘带,高潮时易被水淹,现筑堤排水辟为圩田,根据日照少、湿度大的气候特点,种植多汁牧草,发展畜牧业。境内的易北河以东地区面积较小,自西向东依次为圩地、冰碛砂质平原及底碛溺谷带。这里冰碛排列宛如长岗,湖泊沼泽众多,地面崎岖不平,开发利用程度远比易北河以西平原差。
境内煤炭、钾盐蕴藏较丰富,其他矿藏贫乏。煤炭储量大,品种全,分布集中。硬煤探明储量700亿吨,主要蕴藏于鲁尔区及萨尔区。在海西褶皱边缘凹陷的石炭系地层中,褐煤探明储量约580亿吨,其中95%集中在科隆—杜塞尔多夫—埃森之间的莱茵褐煤区。钾盐储量居世界前列,分布在易北河及威悉河之间的二叠系沉积岩中。石油和天然气主要分布在西