① a biological organism living in another body or body surface, and obtain nutrients from the host to maintain life. If animals roundworm, pinworm, fleas, lice; plants Cuscuta. ② work that they do not live by exploiting others ~ ~ Your Life class.
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jì shēng
: An organism dependent on another organism in order to supply nourishment, protection or propagation, etc., in order to survive
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No. 3
Parasite
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No. 4
: Means the life of doing nothing
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No. 5
Attachment to others and life; also means they do not work and live by exploiting others. "Tube 8 View": "Jun countries have to, and not works hard, the monarch also parasitic." Qu "Journey to the Land of Hunger" 3: "So my cousin in the parasitic parasitic life, mental suffering can not put into words. "Ba Jin" <Recreational Park> French translation order ":" money for doing nothing has become the scourge of the reasons for the family and descendants of the fallen the opportunity. off the parasitic life of a young man drowned in the river made so that a rich young man died in prison in so that his son off his father, wife does not recognize her husband. "
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No. 6
An organism living in another organism in vivo or in vitro. Also dependent on other thing and that the growth of organisms. "Poetry Bian Xiao Ya raise one's head" "Niao and female dill, impose on Evergreen" Biography of Mao: "Niao, parasitic too." "Han Dongfang Shuo Biography": "﹝ ﹞ Guo Sheren is a parasitic tree cover, so that the moon shot. "Reappraisal Note:" parasites, bacteria and the like Chicago, splashing Liaohe day, the tree was born, and shape a week won a few who like rustic, this is also relevant in the popular call for the parasite. not for Niao parasitic Apartments have wood Wan Tong (LAM) ﹝ ﹞ branch leaves are also. "Jin Cao vent" Shichong gift "poem:" duckweed based on water, parasites attached to forest. "Qing Wang Shizhen" Pond North even talk about the four different Pine Top orchid ":" There parasitic orchids, long pine Cha Sam, the husband can diameter, four hanging luxuriantly. "
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No. 7
Sojourn survival. Han Dongfang Shuo, "the early release seven Remonstrance": "Juan will be the tall bamboo fortune, parasitic almost in the river." Jin Tao Qian "Reading" Shan Hai Jing> "Poems Seven:" Can Can 3 bead tree, parasitic Chishui Yam. "
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No. 8
Utah health care. Old superstition. Refers to people or livestock and poultry in reincarnation after death world. Of "cloud Ji Qi signed" ○ Volume II: "Confucius had past lives very undesirable, have been examined Lingbao, merit available, caused by parasitic wheel, As for today."
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No. 9
A body of ancient horses and equipment, the shape of fan, such as broom, tree installed on top of a horse rump, the back of the rider to vasospasm. "Southern Qi Shudong faint Hou Ji": "Emperor on horseback from the hall into the emblem of the Ming Fung Shomon door, silver lotus with a loaded horse armor, miscellaneous Yu Chui parasitic hole, by about Wei from Malaysia, such as day from night sleep usual. "" History of Southern Dynasties Emperor Gao Qi Ji on ":" A device when the court are sufficient to discuss the South, Royal Army Yung few Que, is a compilation Zong Ma leather wear, discount bamboo parasitic, move the fire into the night. "
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No. 10
Extension for the military uniform. Ming Wang Zhijian, "recorded in different forms," Volume: "for the parasitic worm, uniform 亦名 parasitic."
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No. 11
First, the concept of parasitic Parasitic (parastisu) that two organisms live together, side benefit, the other victim, the latter to the former to provide nutrients and a place to live, this relationship is called parasitic organisms. Second, the diversity of parasites (1) micro-parasites (microparasites), the host body or surface to breed. (2) large parasites (macroparasites) in the host body or surface growth, but do not breed. The main parasitic bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. In animals, especially important parasitic worms, and insects are the major parasites of plants. Obligate parasite to a host of essential source of nutrition, facultative parasite can operate freely. Parasitoids (parasitoids) contains a large insect parasites categories, they are in the body or the body of the insect host spawning, usually resulting in death of the host. Third, the mode of transmission Parasite can spread laterally (between individuals of the population), or in a few cases, to vertical transmission (from mother to offspring). Lateral spread, directly or indirectly, by the media or the intermediate host acting as intermediaries. Sometimes the spread is the main way through another while "accidentally" won. Fourth, the host response to disease Generated by the micro invertebrate parasite infection a strong immune reaction that has two distinct components: ① immunoreactive cells, phagocytic cells (such as white blood cells-t lymphocytes) cells attack and engulf pathogens. ② b-cell immune response to a specific protein (or antibody) production, based on the binding of lymphocytes to the surface of a pathogen b. If you encounter the same pathogen (or antigen) again, immune memory will quickly produce specific antibodies, improve immunity. ③ countermeasure behavior (behavioral strategies) to reduce parasitic level is also important. Many invertebrates have a finishing act effectively to except parasites. After the plants and lower animals can enhance immunity to infection, but not as complex vertebrate specificity. For example, the tobacco plant is a leaf tobacco mosaic virus infection, increase the level of defensive chemicals of plants, thereby increasing the resistance to multiple pathogens. Grazing can also cause a similar reaction effect. The origin and evolution of five parasitic relationship Contact and food on the space between the parasitic and symbiotic organisms are formed on history. There are three ways origins parasitic relationship: 1, developed by the spatial contact to food contact. First there is a simple symbiotic, and then places the transition to the body, and then into the body of habitat, habitat varying degrees of contact to establish a foundation for the development of nutrition. Food contact may be just one of the other party harmless to beneficial symbiotic partial profits at the beginning. Further development is dependent on the other party may be body fluids to sustain life, namely the development of a parasitic relationship; may also use the two sides to each other metabolites, the development of mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. 2, the transition to parasitism by predation. Transitional in nature is still preserved traces. Such as the European leech Gang of flat flat tongue vermiculite (glossiphonia complanata) is a free-living predators, the whole swallowing small invertebrates; Huangzhi (naemopis) at the time of ingestion of small animals, like vermiculite peace flat tongue, but for large animals vampire attack and is temporary. Living in the bush Haemadipsa (hameadipsa) no longer use other nutrients, rather depends only obligate host sucking blood from time to time, temporary parasitic life. Looper fish leech (piscicola geometrica) of all life activities are on the fish trunk, leaving only the host during the breeding period. 3, the third way is the future of places to sneak into the in vivo biological accidental, although the host body is a temporary place to live, but it is very beneficial for the parasite, the success of facultative parasites. Parasite from the symbiotic relationship, after predation and parasitism by chance three ways to produce, can evolve in different directions. Parasite and host coevolution, often make harmful "negative effect" weaken, and even the evolution of symbiotic relationships. Coevolution of host and parasite may have three modes: A mutual attack mode 2, shrewd parasitic mode 3, early and mutually beneficial type mode, both host and parasite evolution produce beneficial features that can enhance the persistence of each other, which is a model of development to a symbiotic parasitic. Six extended Can now be extended to not have to rely on other people to live self-reliant person. Although this interest mainly for nutrition, but not entirely limited to, compared with, who is the host of the parasitic body or body surface as a habitat, so put this down as a key spatial relationships defined in quite dramatically lot. If it is parasitic on insects parasitic wasps and parasitic flies in the completion of certain development, but to send a staple to make up for this type of parasite special called predatory parasite (parasitoid) or intends to parasites, with the general parasitic phase difference. It can be widely seen among parasitic plants, between animals and between animals and plants, according to the same parasite invasion can be divided into different parts of the body within a living host and parasite attached to the surface of life outside the host parasite. Also, according to the different levels of parasitism can be divided into: not completely leave parasitic life unconditionally obligate parasite or parasitic (obligatoty parasitism), which is also known as true parasitic or parasitic truly parasitic (euparasitism);, and can camp parasitic life, You can also camp conditions for independent living or non-parasitic obligate or facultative parasite parasitic (facultative parasitism). Wherein all the parasitic life cycle Toei life can be divided into: Always on the same host parasite parasitic called primary solid (stationary parasitism): during the development of parasitic must have two or more hosts, called primary transfer Parasitic (heteroecism), but in this case after the host changes the host plant called the (host alternation). Also temporarily parasitic (temporary parasitism) according to the camp only at a certain stage of the life cycle of the parasite life called. This complex can be divided into parasitic larval stage (xenosite), parasitic adult stage (notosite), parasitic indefinite (planosite) and other types. Hai Ba related to higher parasite divided into: Nutrition is entirely dependent on the host is completely spurious (holoparasitism) and chlorophyll itself has a semi-parasitic but can parasitic (hemiparasitism). Also according to the relationship between parasite and host can be divided into: saprophytic ╠ ╠ parasitic on dead; parasitic ╠ ╠ parasitic in vivo, as described above various parasitic.
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Medical Dictionary
Some sacrifice permanently or temporarily living in another organism or surface to obtain nutrients to survive, and to each other but do not immediately result in damage to a relationship between a variety of other deaths. The former is a parasite, which is also known as the host the host. If mosquitoes are temporary parasites human body surface, and roundworms are parasites in the human body long-term, people are mosquitoes, roundworm host. In a parasitic relationship, there are many harmful parasites on the host. Some parasites predatory host nutrients, such as parasites in the human intestine Enterobius and tapeworms; damage host tissues and some parasites, such as parasites in the blood cells and other parasites; parasites also release toxins, destruction of host physiology such as filarial after entering the human body, the human body and its metabolites can cause anaphylaxis and localized inflammation of the lymphatic system, which led to the final due to repeated episodes of chronic lymphedema (ie rubber leg swelling), people in pain. Parasite is widespread in the biosphere, even parasites like mosquitoes can also be used as hosts suffered mosquito Saco nematodes, water mites, fungi and some Bacillus species parasitic. Parasites not only parasitic on humans and animals, along with parasitic plants, such as aphids and scale insects parasites on crops, crop by taking liquid sweat leaving crop production; parasitic nematodes in wheat wheat wheat can even crop failure. Parasitic affect crop yields, such as parasitic dodder in soybean soybean severe cuts. But produced in China's mountainous southwest Cordyceps sinensis, is a parasitic fungus Ascomycetes in Lepidoptera Hepialidae Cordyceps bat moth larvae, the formation of a rare medicinal herbs. Research parasitics can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of parasites harmful to humans and animals and crops, but also to create the conditions for carrying out biological control. If a parasitoid Trichogramma, use it to control citrus from citrus leaf borer pest damage.
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Encyclopedia
jisheng Parasitic parasitism Refers to the nature, some organisms need other organisms attached to the surface or in the body, get nutritional phenomena, such as roundworms live in the human intestines, obtain nutrients from the gut, this phenomenon is parasitic.