China "book by" a world first (BC 2137) the eclipse records Around 2000 BC, the Chinese determined period of Jupiter around the day of the week to 12 years. Fourteenth century BC, China Yan Zhao Oracle (unearthed in Anyang in Henan) already eclipses the conventional records, and the world's most ancient prominence notes. The twelfth century BC, the Chinese Yin by the end of weekly sky with Ershibasu. Eleventh century BC, the legendary Chinese Zhou dynasty measured Tower, the first determination of obliquity of the ecliptic. China's "Book of Songs Xiaoya" There is the world's earliest (776 BC) the solar eclipse of reliable notebook. Starting from 722 BC until the late Qing dynasty, China has recorded at Lunar, never stopped. This is the world's most long-term record at law. About 700 BC, the Chinese Oracle (unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province), on the record have been comet observations. The seventh century BC, the Chinese winter solstice and summer solstice with Tugui measured, divided four seasons. 687 BC, China has the earliest recorded meteor Lyra. 611 BC, China has the earliest record of the comet, the comet is Halley's Comet was known. The seventh century BC, the Babylonians discovered the Saros cycle of eclipses. The sixth century BC, the Chinese leap month of July nineteenth method uses the lunar calendar and solar calendar coordination. 585 BC, the occurrence of the first total solar eclipse to be predicted (ancient Greek Thales). In 440 BC, discovered the phases of the moon for the cycle to be repeated 19 years the same date in the Gregorian calendar (ancient Greek mime winter). Fifth century BC, the moon and stars made of concentric circles around the Earth in motion the idea of (ancient Greek Eudoxus). Fifth century BC, demonstrated that the earth is spherical, that the morning star and evening star Venus is the same stars. And make the Galaxy is composed of many stars from the dense (ancient Greek Parmenides, Democritus). Fifth century BC, proposed the causes of the eclipse, and that the moon and bright because of reflected sunlight (the ancient Greek Ana Sa La). Around 350 BC, the Warring States Period, the preparation of the first stars form, later known as "Sweet Rock Star Table" (China Gander, Shi Shen). Around 350 BC, the Warring States Period, it is recognized Eclipses are concealed between the phenomenon of celestial bodies (China Shi Shen). The fourth century BC, "days of" a book published that proposed center of the earth (the ancient Greek Aristotle.) The fourth century BC, proposed rotating atoms in the universe, said that the universe is empty space, and moving from the numerous spin, invisible, indivisible atoms (the ancient Greek Democritus). The third century BC, the first astronomical observations with the projected size of the Earth (the ancient Greek Aila Tuo Essenes.) The third century BC, the first measure the distance the sun and the moon on the proportion of the Earth, sun, moon and Earth-size ratio, but also put forward and the sun is the center of the universe the idea of the Earth around the sun (the ancient Greek Aristotle Tucker). The second century BC, the Western Han Dynasty, "Historical Records", "day official book" a planetarium is the first documented book (China Sima Qian, etc.). The second century BC, the preparation of the first operation of the sun and the moon form the first stars form and the West; discovered precession, divided into six brightness of the star magnitude (ancient Greek Xi Pake). The second century BC, the Han Chinese solar terms with agricultural round. 134 BC, the Chinese Han "Han astronomical records," a star for the first time documented. 104 BC, the Han Dynasty invented a "calendar was in the beginning", containing the solar terms, lunar eclipse and the star's precise synodic period. This is the first major reform of the calendar, but the accuracy is poor (China down Hong, Deng equality). The first century BC, the Western Han Dynasty invented the armillary sphere, celestial equator, which measures the coordinates (China fall Wing). 46 BC, Roman enactment of the Julian calendar (old calendar). According to "Han Five" recorded, BC for 28 years, China has the world's first sunspot record.
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The first year AD ~ ◇ ◇ 1500
I, Jidong Han period, created brass instruments ecliptic, and found that running speed of the moon determined anomalistic month (China Jiakui). One or two centuries the Eastern Han Dynasty, a celestial globe made of water transport (ie, instrument or celestial globe celestial globe), measured the angular diameter of the sun and the moon is a half degrees to 24 degrees obliquity of the ecliptic. Put forward the views of the moon is the sun reflectivity. In the "celestial globe Legend" and "spiritual constitution" and the book, summed up the era as the "celestial globe that" (China Zhang Heng). The second century, compiled a more complete catalog at that time, and first discovered the phenomenon of atmospheric refraction of starlight (the ancient Greek Ptolemy). The second century, "great theory" using the current round and round the complex systems are described in detail the "global center" (the ancient Greek Ptolemy). 230 years ago, the San Guowei found at the eclipse occurred in food limited, and scores and the beginning of the eclipse projected deficit in the azimuth (China YANG Wei). 330 years ago, the Jin dynasty discovered precession, for the determination of the westward movement of the winter solstice point once every five years, than in the West and accurate. And for "security Tianlun" that can not be measured with high days, but still has its limits, this limit of the celestial bodies under the Freedom Movement (China Yuxi). The fourth century, Later Qin found that the phenomenon of atmospheric refraction stars, and give the correct interpretation of (China Jiang perilous.) The fifth century, Nan Qi, the preparation of the "Daming calendar" for the first time included the precession, and accurate determination of the intersection on the week days and Jupiter, is the second major reform of the calendar (China Zu). Sixth century, the Northern Qi Dynasty and found the speed of running winter and summer sun (China Zhang Zixin). Chinese folklore Suichao Dan Motoko a "step Tiange" seven-volume, popular at that time played an important role in astronomical knowledge. The seventh century, Tang Dynasty Han Jin Zhi Wang Ximing compile to address it. 619, Tang made up of the "Tiger Yuan Li," New Moon changed Pingshuo as is the third largest Chinese calendar reform (China Furen Jun). 725 years, the world's first measured the length of the meridian (China Palace said.) Early eighth century Tang Dynasty, with the beams made of brass armillary sphere made chan position measuring stars and found that stars of different ecliptic coordinates and the ancient (Chinese monk and his party.) 814, the Arabs Khalifa Al Mamun in Baghdad, organized, measured in Mesopotamia, the length of the meridian. The tenth century, accurate measurement of the obliquity of the ecliptic, the precession constant improvement of the preparation of sun and the moon run into more precise form (Arabic Al Bata Ni). The tenth century, the preparation of haka Mitt astronomical tables (Allah Boyi this Yunis). 1054, China's "History of the Song", there is the first supernova recorded, the supernova debris formed the Crab Nebula is now seen. According to "Meng Xi Bi Tan" ,1067-1077, the Song Wei Pu, etc. to develop a complete solar terms according to the calendar round, "Feng Yuan Li" (China Shen Kuo). 1088, Song manufacturing clock tower, is the pioneer of the modern watch (China Su Song). 1092, Song of the "new instruments like the law to", an astronomical instrument manufacturing method of monographs (China Su Song). 1247, Astronomy Picture of the Song Dynasty stone (now still Suzhou) is the oldest existing part of the chart (China Huang Chang). The thirteenth century, the preparation of Iraqi children Khan Star Table (伊朗纳西莱 Tingtu Xi). 1252, the preparation of A Star line ear hook side table (Spain A shuttle X. ear side). 1276, Yuan created a simple instrument, such as astronomical instruments are thirteen measured create depends on "THE HISTORY", by repealing the ancient epoch, is the fourth largest Chinese calendar reform, the modern Gregorian calendar, and has essentially the same nature, in 1281 enacted, implemented over four hundred years or so (China Guo Shou-jing, Wang Xun, Xu Heng, etc.). 1276, Yuan created nearly 20 kinds of astronomical instruments (China Kuo Shou-ching). 1385, China established the Ming Dynasty in Nanjing Observatory, is the world's first fully-equipped observatory. 1420, according to the actual preparation of the stars and planets form table (Mongolia Wu Rubber).
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1500 AD ~ ◇ ◇ 1800
1542, proposed center of the sun, said that the fixed stars-day level, the earth around its axis every week, and as a planetary orbit around the sun every year. (Poland Copernicus). 1543, "Celestial Bodies of" publishing, "From Natural Science began to be freed from theology," steps forward (Poland Copernicus). 1572, found that the supernova Cassiopeia is the second new stars in the Milky Way (Danish Tycho Brahe). In 1582, many countries in Western Europe, the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, that is the predecessor of the current calendar. 1584, "On the infinite, the universe and the world" published in the defense and the development of the Copernican theory of the solar center (Italy Bruno). In 1596, the first variable star discovered (Portugal Wara by two), which showed a periodic variation of brightness (Germany Fabry-Hui Si). 1600, as against the geocentric Bruno, Copernicus, the earth support, said that the universe is infinite, so is the Church of Rome burned. 1604, found that supernova Ophiuchus, the third supernova in the Milky Way (Germany Kepler). 1609-1619, according to Tycho Brahe observed planetary positions of the data, found that the three laws of planetary motion (Kepler, Germany). In 1609-1610, the first astronomical observations with a telescope, discovered the mountains and valleys on the Moon: Jupiter's four largest satellites, and found that losses of Venus, discovered sunspots and solar rotation. Recognizing the Galaxy is composed of countless stars, the Copernican theory offers a powerful proof of (Italy Galileo). 1627, prepared ears husband Ludo Star-row table (Germany Kepler). 1631, first observed the phenomenon of transit of Mercury (France Jiasang Di). 1632, published "on the Ptolemaic and Copernican Dialogue Two Chief World Systems", proved Copernicus "Solar Center said," After following the Copernican theology and scholastic philosophy of the new hit, is modern science important works of intellectual history (Galileo, Italy). 1639, first observed the phenomenon of the transit of Venus (UK Horrocks). The seventeenth century, published in the Ming Dynasty "Chongzhen calendar", which was recorded in China, the star of the day more complete star map (China Xu). The seventeenth century, the first use of the Ming Dynasty Sky telescope (China Xu). In 1645, China adopted the Western data, amend "the Constitution calendar", or lunar calendar. This is the fifth of calendar reform. 1647, publication No. a more detailed map and monthly lunar month every day phase diagram (Germany Hevelius). 1655, discovered Saturn's largest moon - Titan, the solar system has ever known, which is the largest satellite (Netherlands Huygens). 1659, found that Saturn's rings (Netherlands Huygens). 1666, found that the rotation of Mars and Jupiter (France Cassini). 1667, France established the Paris Observatory. 1671, found that a satellite of Saturn - Iapetus (France Cassini). 1672, found a satellite of Saturn - Rhea, and the first accurate determination of the distance the sun and the Earth (France Cassini). 1675, found that Saturn's rings in a ring slit (France Cassini). In 1675, the British established Greenwich Observatory. 1678, compiled the first tables Southern Star (UK Halle). 1684, found that the two satellites of Saturn - Tethys and Dione (France Cassini). 1692, starting from the machine mechanical system, that "the classical theory of the universe '(United Kingdom Newton). 1693, found that long-term lunar motion acceleration phenomenon (UK Halle). 1705, found its first periodic comet, and predicted that the period of seventy years or so, after the confirmed (UK Halle). In 1712, the preparation of a large star catalog (UK Frans Tide). 1716 measured the transit of Venus observations made solar parallax (or distance) method (British Halle). 1718, found that self-stars to prove that the star does not "hang" (UK Halle). 1725, found that aberration, which is the Earth to the motion of a proof of (United Kingdom Bradley). 1729, invented the photometer to compare the brightness of celestial bodies (France cloth cover.) 1745, proposed the solar system generated by the catastrophic comet collision theory (Law Buffon). In 1747, discovered the phenomenon of nutation of the axis (UK Bradley). 1749, the establishment of precession and nutation of the mechanical theory (France d'Alembert). 1750, the Galaxy is the first time all the stars of heaven consisting of a flat system, shaped like a wheel (UK rely on off). 1752, for the first time measured with a triangular distance between the Moon and the Earth (France Rakai, Lalande). 1753-1772, the preparation of detailed moon to run the table, the first creation of the moon around the earth in the exact theory (Euler, Switzerland). 1754, proposed tidal friction slows the Earth's rotation and the solar system to destroy the hypothesis (Kant, Germany). In 1755, the invention used to observe the moon and stars to determine the angular distance method longitude at sea (Germany Yuemaiyeer). 1755, "Introduction to the history of the universe," come out, make the nebula condensed to form the sun and planets hypothesis (Kant, Germany). 1760, put forward the basic principles of photometry, began the birth of "photometry" (French cloth cover.) 1761 proposed grade structure of the universe infinite, the universe in space to illustrate the infinite (Germany Lambert). 1767, the United Kingdom Maritime Greenwich Observatory began publishing calendar. 1772, released from the fixed arrangement of the planets (Bode, Germany). 1781, found that Uranus (UK Fuhe Marshall). 1781, publication form the first Nebula (Messier, France). In 1782, the preparation of the first in a binary form (UK Fuhe Marshall). 1782, Determination of variable star Algol variable period of light, that light change because there are a dark companion star around it to cover its operating and cycle caused. Also found two new variable stars (UK Goodricke). 1783, found that the movement of the solar system as a whole in space, and the first _set_ the speed to the point and confirmed that the sun has its own (UK Fuhe Marshall). 1785, with the statistical methods of the spatial distribution and motion of stars and so on, are the first graphics Galactic structure, resulting in stellar astronomy (UK Fuhe Marshall). In 1787, the stability of the solar system from the mechanical analysis of proposed theory (Lagrange, France). In 1787, discovered two satellites of Uranus - Uranus Titania, Oberon and the first planetary nebula (UK Fuhe Marshall). In 1789, discovered Saturn's two moons - Mimas and Enceladus (UK Fuhe Marshall). 1796, "explained the universe system," a book published in mechanics and physics are presented based on the origin of the nebular hypothesis of solar system (Laplace, France). In 1797, the proposed new method of calculating cometary orbit (Germany, Austria ear Jacobs). 1799, "Celestial Mechanics," a book published, the establishment of the perturbation theory of planetary motion and the shape of planetary theory (Laplace, France). 1800, first discovered in the solar spectrum not visible to infrared radiation (UK Fuhe Marshall).
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◇ ◇ AD 1801 ~ 1899
1801, found the first asteroid "Ceres" (Italy Pia Qi). 1802, found that there is another revolving binary periodic motion (UK Fuhe Marshall). 1809, "celestial bodies in accordance with the theory of conic motion," a book published, made the calculation of planetary orbits (Germany Gaussian). In 1815, a record with straight fluorescent tubes, prism, consisting of spectroscopic telescope, from lead to "astronomical spectroscopy," and found that the black solar spectrum absorption lines (Fraunhofer, Germany). In 1823, the proposed classical cosmology, "brightness paradox" (Germany Orr Jacobs). 1833-1847, the discovery of double stars and 3,347 nebulae 825 (UK Yuehexieer). In 1837, the use of precision measurement micrometer gossamer binary position, and found many new binary (Russia gassy and ultra Rubi). In 1837, the first measurement of the sun's radiant heat (France puja, UK Yuehexieer). 1838-1839, the initial determination of the annual parallax of stars, the Earth to provide a strong evidence (Bessel, Germany, Russia, gassy and ultra rubi, UK Henderson). 1843, found the number to about 11-year sunspot cycle changes for the (German Schwab). 1844, found that the brightness of variable stars observed level of law, promote the rapid development of variable stars (Germany Agnes Randall). In 1844, according to Sirius and Procyon irregular movement changes, they all have dark companion predictable (Germany Bessel). In 1845, the first shot to the surface for the study of the activities at the Sun Pictures (France Fizeau, Foucault). In 1845, according to the irregular motion of Uranus to predict the existence of a new planet (the United Kingdom about Adams, the French Le Weilie). In 1846, according to planetary orbit perturbation theory calculations indicate, that Neptune, verify the law of gravity, confirming the Copernican theory of the solar system (Germany Caribbean). 1846, found that Neptune's first satellite - a sea Wang Wei (UK Russell ears). 1847-1877 year, considering the major inter-planetary perturbations, and re planets sports watch, and found that the perihelion precession of Mercury tolerance phenomenon (France Le Weilie). In 1848, discovered a satellite of Saturn - Hyperion (U.S. Bond). 1849, proposed the stability of the satellite theory, thus proving that Saturn's rings is not a continuous solid, but composed of numerous small particles (France Roche). 1850, found that some nebulae with a vortex structure (UK Weiluo Si). 1851, found that the two satellites of Uranus - King David King David I and II (UK Russell ears). 1851, and geomagnetic storms that also changes with the sunspot number corresponding to the full 11-year cycle (Germany pull Mount, United Kingdom Sa Bien). In 1852, the preparation of catalogs Bonn (Germany Agnes Randall). 1854, made solar energy gravitational contraction hypothesis, that the sun due to their own gravitational pull and the gradual contraction, potential energy into heat to maintain its outward radiation of energy (Russia Helmholtz). In 1857, the first successful shoot photos of the star, the star began photography (U.S. Bond). 1857-1859, the first clear details of the moon photo shoot (UK Dela Lv.) The brightness of celestial bodies and establish the basic relationship between magnitude type (UK bubble Ferguson). In 1858, in Japan from the surface of the rotating sunspots and found that the sun is not solid-like spin, but as fluid as in a "bad spin" (UK Carrington). 1858, found at the surface in the latitudinal distribution of sunspot cycle variation (Germany Crespo Harrell, British Carrington). 1859, found that solar flares, flares occur simultaneously geomagnetic disturbance, magnetic storms, auroras and other phenomena (UK Carrington). In 1859, invented the photometer, is still in use by the improved (Germany Zeer Na). 1861, publication of the bright star that contains 226 of the first photometry catalog (Germany Zeer Na). In 1862, according to Bessel's prediction, found a dark companion star Sirius. Prove that the law of gravity applies to movement of celestial objects outside the solar system (the United States Ak Lake). 1863-1864, by the stars and nebulae of spectral analysis, to study their chemical composition, and thus confirmed the identity of objects in chemistry (Italy Sage, UK Huggins). In 1863, the preparation of the first basic catalog agk (Germany Aoweiersi chair, international cooperation). In 1864, with the spectroscopic study Nebula, revealing the structure of their gas and planetary nebulae found in the two issued a special green line. (UK Hagens). 1865, with the spectral analysis method, found that some bright stars contains sodium, iron, calcium, magnesium, bismuth and other elements (UK Hagens). 1866-1881 years, found that the comet spectrum from the comet contains hydrocarbons, and confirmed that the comet is not just reflected sunlight, light itself. And from meteors and comets similar to the gas spectrum, indicating that the two objects associated (UK Hagens). 1868 Found that the sun's middle atmosphere - chromosphere and found helium on the sun, after the helium is also found on Earth (UK Lochiel). Using the spectroscope, when the first solar eclipse is not observed in the prominence (France Jensen). Proposed the first classification of stellar spectra of the visual spectrum method, the stars into white stars, yellow stars, orange stars and red, dark red stars four (Italy, Sage). The first determination of stellar radial velocity (UK Huggins). 1869, publication in a thousand lines of solar spectrum wavelengths, and Egypt, said the new unit (Sweden Egg Armstrong). 1870, found that the flash spectrum and the solar corona issued a special green line, he thought it was a new element was only after 1941 proved to be iron, nickel, calcium forbidden lines (the United States Charles Yang) . 1871, by the solar spectral lines east and west sides of the displacement, measured the speed of rotation of the sun (Germany Vogue ears). 1874, 4, and so far found that the bright stars concentrated in the galactic as 17 degrees with a large garden on the angle (the United States Gould). 1876, proposed the asteroid belt and Saturn's rings slit gap area formed by kinetic theory (the United States carved Kernwood). 1877 Presented on the surface of Mars, "canal" view (Italy 斯基帕雷利). Found two small satellites of Mars - Phobos and Deimos (U.S. A Huoer). Found (crystal) in selenium and metal contact electromotive force generated under illumination photovoltaic effect, Fritz in 1883 after the Americans made of photovoltaic cells using this (UK Woya Adams). "Sound theory," published essentially complete mathematical theory of sound (Rayleigh UK). In 1878, the repulsion of the sun radiation, the establishment of a comet shape theory, the tail is divided into three (Russia Bolie Ji Xing). 1879 Establishment of tidal friction theory, which proposed the theory of lunar origin, that the earth from the sun due to tidal force, which formed part of the material was pulled out of the moon (UK Qiaoda Er Wen). Application of blackbody radiation and temperature between the empirical formula, calculated the surface temperature of the sun six thousand degrees Celsius (Austria Stefan). 1879-1882, the use of polarized light meters, 4,260 stars compiled the measured magnitude stars form a large luminosity (U.S. Aipikelin). In 1880, the proposed classification of variable stars (USA Aipikelin). In 1881, the application of thermal resistance measurement accurate measurement radiometer solar radiation at the surface a constant value, began to study the solar radiation (USA Lange Lai). In 1881, the first camera to photograph Comet (France Johnson, United States Draper). In 1882, observations confirmed that Mercury's perihelion precession of a long-term tolerance, and precisely measure out the data. (U.S. Newcomb). 1885-1886, the establishment of the spectral classification of stars (the United States Aipikelin, An Moli). In 1887, the beginning days of the preparation of photographic map catalog (Henry brothers responsible for the Paris Observatory in France, international collaboration). In 1887, according to the different stellar spectra, stellar evolution theory proposed to explain the star is a changing of the (British Lochiel). 1888 From Jan, "the new general catalog" (ngc) (UK Dire Jersey). Found that Algol variable stars were periodic radial velocity variation, thus confirming that it is the stars eclipsing stars (Germany Vogue ears). By the photographic observation that the vortex structure of the Andromeda nebula (UK Roberts). 1889, found the first spectroscopic binary (U.S. Aipikelin, Ann, Maurice). In 1890, Saturn and Jupiter Research the interaction between the perturbation, the establishment of trees, soil two exact theory of planetary motion (the United States Josh ears). In 1891, invented the solar spectral Imager, and the spectrum of the sun (USA He ear, France DeLong Dahl). 1892, found that the fifth satellite of Jupiter - Amalthea (Barnard). In 1892, according to Bessel's prediction, that the dark companion star Procyon (U.S. She Boer). In 1894, the proposed classical cosmology, "gravitational paradox" (Germany Petrocelli Siegel). In 1895, the application of spectral analysis confirmed that the meteorite structure of Saturn's rings (U.S. Keeler). In 1898, discovered a satellite of Saturn - Phoebe (U.S. Weipikelin). 1898, found that Eros, the asteroid and the Earth in less than 2,400 kilometers recently, it was used to determine the solar parallax (Germany Witt).
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1900 AD ~ ◇ ◇ 1960
1900 AD British scientists Jill and Dutch scientists Kapteyn, publication first position containing 450,000 stars photographic catalog of the South - Cape of Good Hope catalog. Chamberlain and Moreton U.S. scientists proposed the origin of the solar system planetesimals, or MSI hypothesis. 1904 AD Captan Dutch scientists found that the laws of stellar motion, which proposed the "two star flow" theory, the star denied the move is not the law of the assumptions. White Lean U.S. scientists found that the sixth satellite of Jupiter - Himalia. Hal de Man German scientists found that the interstellar medium containing calcium. 1905 AD White Lean U.S. scientists found that the seventh satellite of Jupiter - Elara. Year 1906 Hertz Peng Lung Danish scientists found that K, M stars two stars of "Superstar" and "dwarf star" points. 1909 AD Calculation of comets and planetary orbits made a special perturbation method. 1910 AD German scientists Chanel, Wilson, for the first time measured the temperature of the star. German scientists 卡施瓦兹西德, the creation of stars, statistical mechanics, proposed by the ellipsoidal stellar velocity distribution law. U.S. scientists Schlesinger, objects made of photographic film imputed "according to the number of law." Year 1912 China began to use the Gregorian calendar. Cepheid variable stars found in the period - luminosity relation for the determination of the distance from distant objects to provide an effective method (American Levi off.) The first measured using the Doppler effect spiral nebulae (the Andromeda Nebula) is the radial velocity (USA Sri Havre). 1913 AD Established stars of the "spectrum - luminosity diagram", and proposed to the dwarf star by the star evolution theory (U.S. Hengluo Su, Peng Lung Denmark Hz). 1914 AD Found that the rotation of the Andromeda Nebula (U.S. Bies). The ninth satellite of Jupiter discovered a Sinope (U.S. plug. Nicol Johnson). Globular clusters to establish the "spectrum - luminosity diagram" (U.S. Sha Pule). 1916 AD Request from the invention of spectroscopic parallax stars (Adams, USA and China, Germany, Section ears schuette). Established theory of stellar interiors (UK Eddington). Year 1917 Tidal origin of the solar system put forward the hypothesis (UK Hopkins). 1918 AD Distribution of the Milky Way globular clusters based on the structure and found that the sun is not located in the center of the Milky Way (USA Sha Pule). 1918-1924, the Journal Star Pal 布亨利德拉 table, the table lists more than 225,000 stars of spectral type (the United States An Moli, Canon). Year 1919 The first total solar eclipse by solar gravity field to verify the effect of deflection of Stars (UK Eddington observed the total solar eclipse leadership team). And other activities that the real sunspot cycle is 22 years (U.S. He ears, China Adams). Year 1920 Discovered the asteroid orbit similar to Saturn Haida Hidalgo, which is now the farthest known asteroid (German-American Bard). The first direct measurement of stellar interferometer with a diameter of (United States Michelson, Biscay). Propose a new theory of lunar motion, compiled from the table on the exact (UK Ebu Lang). Captan place a large universe and the universe Sha Pule controversy. Stellar structures establish ionization theory, the introduction of the gas in the thermal heat balance and temperature from the relation (India Shah). 1922 AD Determination of the invention thermocouple temperature of the planet (U.S. Cobb Lenz). Infinite hierarchical universe, the specific model proposed that the galaxy is the first-class objects system, and prove that this structure does not exist "luminosity paradox" and the "gravitational paradox" (Sweden card Charlie). 1923 AD Watch the new moon accurately compiled for use on the astronomical almanac (UK Ebu Lang). 1924 AD Found that the quality of stars - luminosity relationship. That the great mass of the star due to radiation pressure exceeds gravitational contraction, it can not exist (UK Eddington). Distinguish Andromeda spiral galaxy and a few other edge of the one star, revealing the nature of extragalactic nebula, the Andromeda Nebula and found the outer spiral arms are Cepheid variable stars, it was determined that the use Nebula's distance (U.S. Hubble). Found that the phenomenon of asymmetry of stellar motions (U.S. Site Long Fort). 1925 AD Morphological classification proposed by extragalactic (U.S. Hubble). Milky Way was first proposed by the Department of synthesis of the views of many times (Sweden 林德伯拉特). Classification established open cluster (Trumpler, Switzerland). Sirius companion found the gravitational redshift of spectral lines, confirming the presence of high-density material on the white dwarf (UK China Adams). Spectra of planetary nebulae to determine the specific emission line is very thin state in the density of oxygen produced by the two ionization forbidden lines, thus denying the existence of the suggested new elements (the United States Bowen). 1926 AD Cepheid variable stars made the pulse of change theory (UK Eddington). Longitude of the first international joint measurement. 1927 AD Proposed classification of globular clusters (USA Sha Pule). Found in the Milky Way's rotation around the galactic center and work out the sun and the rotation speed of the total mass of the Milky Way (Sweden 林德伯拉特, Netherlands and Europe Walter). First discovered the star's rotation (U.S. Oster rubi, the Soviet Union Schein). Invention of quartz, later used as a standard time, there are ups and downs confirmed that the Earth's rotation (Johnson Maryland). Clearly with the inhomogeneity of the Earth's rotation to explain the movement of some of the deviation of the Moon (Holland Hitler). 1929 AD Made on the gravitational instability theory of the origin of celestial bodies (UK Hopkins). Found that the galaxy luminosity and redshift between the lines, indicating that the light from the nebula spectrum showed a red shift proportional to the distance of its value and Nebula (USA Ha Boer). 1930 AD Perturbation of planetary motion based on theoretical calculations, the discovery of Pluto, is yet another validation of gravity (U.S. soup wave). Invention "coronagraph" to resolve the non observed the total solar eclipse corona of the difficulties (French Lee about.) Invention catadioptric telescope (Germany glass Schmidt). Found in Asia and sub-dwarf star (the United States Bristow Rhombus, Kuiper). Determination of the moon's radiation and temperature (Perkin love for the United States, 塞尼科尔逊). Found in the Milky Way's interstellar absorption phenomenon, inspiration diffuse interstellar material existence (USA Trumpler). 1931 AD Certificate recognized by the spectral analysis the main component of Venus's atmosphere is carbon dioxide (Adams, USA and China, Du Hamu). 1931 to 1933, from Jupiter, Saturn, planet of the spectrum loaded with photos, recognizing the rich atmosphere on these planets ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and thus speculated that the formation of the atmospheric composition of Earth's water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen (the United States Adams Li Fuer, American German Velde). 1932 AD Stable and lasting from the radio receiver in the noise, found outside the solar system to the radio galaxy, and began radio astronomy research (United States Yang Siji) That "the original atomic" explosion expanding universe model (Lemaitre, Belgium). Fermi gas model, suggesting that the quality of stellar collapse (the Soviet Union out Landau). 1933 AD 1933-1938, discovered in the interstellar medium containing cyanide and hydride molecules (Belgium History of Winston Churchill, Canadian German Herzberg, Adams USA and China, etc.). Longitude of the second international joint measurement. 1934 AD Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, China established. Theory of the collapse is expected to reach the nuclear density of stars can form, "neutron stars" (U.S. Zwicky, German-American Bud.) Mass greater than 1.3 make the sun cool objects, bound to happen "gravity" of the collapse (American Indians money Cone Saike Ha.) 1935 AD Publication stellar parallax of the table (the United States Schlesinger, etc.). 1936 AD The photographic observation of meteors, meteor mostly confirmed the solar system and determination of meteor observations of the Earth's upper atmosphere density (U.S. weibull). Found that seasonal variations in the Earth's rotation rate (more than France, according to Sri Lanka Branch). 1937 AD Heidelberg, Germany, compiled astronomical calculations, including 1535 stars fk8 basic catalog. 1938 AD Sun and stars on the proposed hydrogen fuel, carbon is the catalyst that helium is the ashes of thermonuclear reactions the primary mechanism to clarify their energy (German-American Betty, the United States 克里齐菲尔德, Germany von Weitz Sac) . Found that the two satellites of Jupiter - Ganymede and Jupiter ten eleven (U.S. Se Nike ears Johnson). Compiled, including 33,342 basic position of the stars and the total self-Star Table (United States Bowes). 1939 AD Confirmed the inhomogeneity of the Earth's rotation (spin Russell Jones, UK). Found the first one, "Supernova," which occurred in the brightness shining in the short-style changes (Helanfanma energy). Spin from the Andromeda galaxy, the study projected that the total mass and the Milky Way (USA 霍巴布科克). According to general relativity, gravity is expected to star in the final stages of collapse, can form a "black hole" super-dense star (U.S. Oppenheimer, Snyder). Year 1940 1937-1940, the establishment of the first nine-meter diameter parabolic antenna radio telescope to study the intensity distribution of the radio universe, confirming the direction of the galactic center to the maximum intensity of the radio (USA Leibo). Established theory of the zodiacal light (荷兰维伯尔). Morphological classification proposed by prominence (the United States for love po). 1941 AD Stellar material presented by the interstellar dust condensed by the role of radiation pressure hypothesis (USA Sibi Ci). Invention of the telescope meniscus lens (Maksutov Soviet Union.) Substances found in close binary exchange (Russian-American Oster Rubi). Made on the neutrino theory of stellar evolution, and that the stars in the hydrogen is exhausted, the star also because of the thermonuclear reaction further and more heat, so that life on Earth died because of overheating (American Russian Gamow .) Prove that the special line in the coronal spectrum is of iron, nickel, calcium atoms in the highly ionized forbidden lines arising to solve the mystery of the so-called new element (Sweden Edlen). 1942 AD Found in the British army radar station radio sun. Electromagnetic theory of the origin of the solar system proposed (Sweden Alfven). Determined by precise observation of asteroids approach the Sun, as the difference, calculated the exact distance between the Sun-Earth (UK Spencer Russell Jones). 1943 AD Succeeded in the core of the Andromeda galaxy and its two elliptical nebula with a star for a resolution, fully confirmed extragalactic nebula is the same as the huge celestial system galaxy, ending a hundred years about the nature of the debate extragalactic nebula ( German-American Bud.) Proposed on the origin of fluid turbulence theory of the solar system (Germany Weizha Ke). 1943 to 1946, various times proposed by the Department of galaxy classification (Soviet cocaine gold). Year 1944 Stars in the Milky Way made into "two-star family" theory (the German-American Bud.) Meteorite origin of the solar system put forward the hypothesis (Soviet Olympic Schmidt). Discovered Saturn's largest moon (Titan) has an atmosphere, the main component is methane (American Dutch Kuiper.) Based on the hydrogen atom microwave hyperfine structure, predicted by the interstellar neutral hydrogen 21 cm emission wavelength of the existence of radio waves (Netherlands van Aarhus). 1945 AD Creation of six-color photometric system of stars (the United States Sri Lanka Taiwan flat). Year 1946 First large-scale study using radar meteor shower (UK Los Buddha ears). Found that spherical body, that is the star of the embryo (German-American Pork.) The first time the United States to explore the moon with radar. Found the first one, "Radio Star", later known as "radio sources" (UK Hz, Paer Sang, Jason Phillips.) Thermonuclear reaction theory based on new theories of stellar evolution (German-American 马施瓦茨西德). 1947 AD 1947 to 1948, the core of the galaxy taken with infrared light photographs, the study of its structure (flat Sri Lanka Taiwan United States, the Soviet Union card Zernike, Denisov carat Sharansky, Nicole Knopf). Found in young stellar group - stellar association (the Soviet Union Mian Chu Antigua and Barbuda). West can be special - Alin large meteorite landed in Soviet Siberia. 1948 AD Discovered a satellite of Uranus - Uranus Rhea, reversed from east to west (the Dutch-American Kuiper). Invention of the automatic telescope guide star unit (U.S. 霍巴布科克). Found that the star's magnetic field (the United States Babcock & Sons). Proposed a homogeneous and isotropic expanding universe model of steady state, which material and energy is constantly generated from the nothingness, the universe will never increase the total entropy (UK Bondi, Gold, Hoyle). 1949 AD Proposed theory of stellar evolution of the mass ejections (USSR Feisenkefu). The origin of the solar system planets made the original hypothesis (American Dutch Kuiper). Invention of radio frequency instrument (Australia Viagra ear Germany, Mark Di tired.) Carus found by a particular asteroid, its perihelion distance of less than 0.2 astronomical units, able to enter Mercury orbit (German-American Bard). Palomar Observatory, the U.S. installation to five meters in diameter reflecting telescope. Found that Neptune's second satellite - Hai Wang Wei II (American Dutch Kuiper.) Starlight polarization effects found, the radio band Faraday rotation effect, prove that the Milky Way has existence of interstellar matter and magnetic field (the United States Hermes Tennell, about Hall.) Fireball made the original theory of origin of the universe (Gamow Russian-American, etc.). Made the first "atomic clock", now known as "ammonia molecular clock" (absorption), the establishment of the base frequency and time is valuable and proofreading astronomy (USA Rong). Year 1950 Comets are made by the collapse of a planet formation theory (Netherlands and Europe Stewart). That extragalactic radio (UK child Brown, Australia Hazard). Use of computer re-count of the five planets of the movement is from 1653-2060 (U.S. Clemens, 德布劳维尔, love grams). Substances found in various forms of galaxies bridge, confirmed that intergalactic space is not vacuum, indicating that some of the galaxies are physically linked to each other (American Swiss Zwicky). Found false zodiacal light (USSR Feisenkefu). Year 1951 The origin of turbulence proposed hypothesis about the object (Germany Weizha Ke). Found in the twelfth satellite of Jupiter - Ananke. It is a reversal from east to west (U.S. Seneker ears Johnson). Invention of the telescope and optical imaging technology electronics (Lal Mans, France). Galaxy 21 cm neutral hydrogen found in the radio emission (U.S. Ewen, Purcell). Vortex Structure of the Milky Way has proved the existence (USA Wei Moer root, etc.). Invention of the ultra wide field Schmidt telescope was used to observe the meteor comets and satellites (USA Becker). Invention of radio interferometer (Australia 沃克里斯琴森). 1952 AD Prove that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy (Walter Netherlands and Europe). Confirmed that co-stars in the nearby Perseus expansion (荷兰伯劳乌). Cepheid variable stars on the relationship between Zhou zero value was corrected, the original _set_ of extragalactic distances corresponding to about double (German-American Bud.) The angle of the solar system from the chemical origin of the new hypothesis (the United States Yuri.) Invention of the Moon Imager, accurate determination of the position of the Moon (USA Markowitz). Year 1953 Found that the super-galaxy, the Milky Way which is where a large cluster of galaxies (France V Ghoul). Proposed class structure on the hypothesis of the origin of celestial bodies (the British Hoy ears). Found that the chain of stars arranged in chain-like structure called the star, indicating the formation of stars in the nebula fibers (USSR Feisenkefu). Proposed origin of the gravitational objects reunion hypothesis (the United States pulled by Mainz). Compiled into "stars as the summary table to speed", lists 15,106 stars in the radial velocity data (U.S. Laiweierxun editor.) 1954 AD Proposed a mixture of interstellar gas and dust form stars under the shock wave mechanism (Netherlands and Europe Stewart). Superman deviation prism astrolabe invented to improve time measurement accuracy (France Tanjung). Found that the two main stars of the HR diagram family have fundamental differences, that belong to different stellar population of stars with different evolutionary pathways (the United States on behalf of Church St.). 1955 AD Received from the first planet (Jupiter) and the radio emission (UK Burke, Franklin grams). Made of the first cesium atomic clock, the stability of billions per second, for the time standard (UK Egypt Morrison). 1957 AD Made on the celestial origin of the "super-high densities explosion" theory (the Soviet Union Mian Chu Antigua and Barbuda). Nuclear reactions proposed by supernovae can produce super-heavy element, that the first type of supernova explosion was due to spontaneous fission of 254 Cf caused (U.S. Fowler). China has established the Beijing Observatory. According to polarization measurements, draw the magnetic field in the Crab Nebula is a filamentous structure in the nebula, the energy of accelerated particles to become strong enough to make the nebula conclusions of cosmic ray sources (Netherlands and Europe Walter, Walter Davis). 1959 AD The United States for the first time the sun's radiation detection. Soviet Union launches space rocket hit the moon, found it no magnetic field and radiation belts. Soviet Union launches lunar probe, the first photographed the moon on the back of photos. 1960 AD Invention of aperture synthesis radio telescope of the Act (UK Lear, Hewish). According to the Eighth International Astronomical Association in 1952 a resolution from this year onwards ephemeris time.
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1960 AD ~ ◇ ◇ 1968
In 1960, the United States completed the Kitt Peak solar tower, 1 meter in diameter can produce like the sun; the United States with a high-altitude balloons to detect cosmic γ-ray source; the United States launched its first navigation satellite, "Meridian-1b No"; the U.S. launch of the first wave communication satellites "echo 1"; British Ryle developed the largest pitch 1.6km of aperture synthesis radio telescope; eighth sector from the International Astronomical Union resolution from this year a "ephemeris time" instead of as a time when the world's measurement standards. In 1961, the Soviet Union launched the first manned spacecraft "East -1 number", Gagarin became the first astronauts into space orbit; American Chinese astronomers predicted the existence of infrared yellow star award letter; U.S. Linz, Sang Wunderlich found for the outbreak of galaxies galaxy m82; former Soviet Venus probe launched Venus -1. In 1962, the sun outside the United States found the first x-ray source; the United States launched its first satellite geodesy "Anna No. 1b," Planet Finder "Mariner 2" probe Venus, "Orbiting Solar Observatory Satellite 1", dynamic type communications satellite, "Power Star 1" and so on; the Soviet Union launched the "Mars 1" planetary probes; restructuring of the international Latitude Service to establish an international extreme service, the Central Bureau moved to Japan, Mizusawa; Australian Hazard measured by lunar occultations of the method is a two-3c273 source. In 1963, the United States in Puerto Rico into a radio antenna diameter of 305cm; m. Schmidt, the line is measured 3c273 recession velocity corresponding to 4 million meters per second, the hydrogen line is the point of distant radio sources; the United States discovered the molecular interstellar hydroxyl ; United States launch Earth orbit physical units "ogo-1 number"; the Soviet Union launched "East 6" spacecraft, Tereshkova became the first female astronaut into space. In 1964, the United States into 27m-diameter radio antenna interferometer; American Qiu Hongyi Chinese astronomers discovered a new source of radio point of call for the "class star radio source", since it called for such objects as quasars; United States launched the "sailor 3 "Mars; the United States launched the" Ranger 7 "sent back close-up shots of the lunar surface photos. In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation; U.S. Nuoyi Ji Paul - Maer Ci and Leiden discovered infrared stars such as Cygnus nml, nml Taurus and so on, the book confirmed the theoretical predictions yellow granted; the United States launched "Apollo 1" spacecraft, France launched the first artificial earth satellite; Soviet cosmonaut Leonov first extravehicular activities in space. In 1966, the Soviet Union "Moon 9" soft landing on the moon probe; the Soviet Union launched the previous year, "Venus 3" on March 1st soft landing on Venus; the Soviet Union launched its first lunar satellite around the Moon " Moon 10 "; the United States launched the" Central Bank lunar orbit 1 "flight around the moon and send back fax photographs.
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AD ◇ ◇ 1969 to 1989
In 1969, the United States to detect cosmic microwave radiation of formaldehyde molecules; United States, "Apollo 11" lunar module landed on the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first man on the moon. In 1970, the former Soviet Union made of 6m diameter reflecting telescope, installed in the high mountains 加索帕斯多克 Hough; the former Soviet Union launched the "Venus 7" for the first time to achieve a soft landing on Venus; Japan launched the first artificial Earth satellite ; United States launched x-ray observations of the "Freedom" satellite. In 1971, the former Soviet Union launched the first manned orbital space station "Salyut 1"; the former Soviet Union launched the "Mars 3" soft landing on Mars; Britain launched the first artificial earth satellite; West Germany into a diameter of 100m tracking device of large radio telescope; the United States, "Mariner 9" to enter orbit around Mars, drawing an unprecedented perfect map of Mars. In 1972, the United States launched the "Pioneer 10" space probe. 1973 flyby of Jupiter, Jupiter's magnetosphere and radiation belts, it left the solar system; United States launched the "Earth Resources Technology Satellite No. 1." In 1973, the United States Kelaibisai have, Armstrong, who analyzed satellite data found that cosmic γ-ray burst. In 1974, the United States launched the "Pioneer 11" polar flyby of Jupiter, it is with the "Pioneer 10" has detected a Jupiter and its satellites, sent back photos found in the sodium cloud surrounding Io; United States launch of the "Mariner 10" After Mercury, sent back pictures of Mercury resembles the Moon, Mercury found in the magnetic field. In 1975, the former Soviet Union, who discovered that the universe 巴布什金娜 x-ray burst; the former Soviet Union, "Venus 9" and "Venus 10" soft landing on Venus planetary probes, sent back the first batch of faxes photos. In 1976, the International Astronomical Union passed a resolution in 1984, the astronomical calculations and astronomical calendar time units, are based on atomic seconds; United States launched the "Viking 1", "Pirates 2" soft on Mars landing; the United States for the development of the six 1.83m diameter reflector telescope consisting of multi-mirror combination, installed on the mountain Hopkins, Arizona. In 1977, the United States, China, India and Australia were found Uranus ring; the United States launched interplanetary probes, "Voyager 2" and "Voyager 1" and also launched the "Energy Astronomical Observatory-1 satellite"; British built 3.81 m infrared telescope. In 1978, the United States declared jh Tyler psr1913 +16 from the binary orbital period of variability, confirmed the existence of gravitational waves predicted by general relativity; U.S. Christy discovered Pluto satellite; United States launched the "high-energy Einstein Observatory, the 2nd number", and from The satellite receiver to the first x-ray star - swan x-1 photo; Canada Eergongkun Observatory discovered interstellar molecules of zinc cyano acetylene (hcan), this has been found 47 kinds of interstellar molecules, it is a molecular weight of the largest ; U.S. McMahon discovered asteroids have satellites; the United States and Italy have observed Aquila ss433 relativistic spectral features. In 1979, the World Administrative Radio Conference decided to use "UTC" instead of "world time" as the communication of international standards in the field of time; 5 March 9 satellites are received by the direction of the Large Magellanic Cloud cosmic γ-ray burst; "travel are "flyby of Jupiter Jupiter rings, Io volcanic activity; the United States found that double quasar; the U.S. infrared astronomical telescopes in Hawaii completed. In 1980, India launched the first artificial Earth satellite. In 1981, the United States into the surface of 25m antenna composed of 27 very large antenna array aperture synthesis radio telescope. In 1982, the European Southern Observatory, made observations of quasars is galactic nuclei. In 1983, the United States launched the "Challenger" space shuttle; "Pioneer 10" through the orbit of Neptune; January launch of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (iras) found meteorite material around Vega ring, and the other celestial bodies like the North off the division Door (Piscis α); "Voyager" probe data show that 6.4 million km Saturn has a huge long atmospheric lightning storm; University of Hawaii that Triton has nitrogen Sea; Japan to Indonesia to eclipse team recorded a pair of dust rings around the sun, it may be to the sun's cosmic dust precession. In 1984, neutrinos, held discussions in the United States was announced, measured the neutrino flux smaller than the theoretical expected value of more than; detected quasars discovered in Germany in 1981 s50014 +81 10 times brighter than the Milky Way; 1982 In West Germany the cataclysmic variable stars compiled summary table updated the third edition in 1984; the United States confirmed that Leo Michael Tanner Observatory is a pulsating white dwarf white dwarf pg1116 +158; University of Arizona with a 4m optical telescope with infrared ccd device discovery triple Ophiuchus 630 child star star Ulf vb-8 with 3080-type objects of planetary mass of Jupiter, is a Belgian-American norm. Bies Brook found; American Observatory in Chile Lakanpannie coupled with the 2.5m telescope ccd rotation period of the discovery of Neptune 17h50m; NASA published "Master List of IR source." In 1985, La Pama Observatory completed in Spain, Britain, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ireland, a total of 6 countries in Africa, the Canary Islands in the Northwest Atlantic; second edition published in New General quasars, 94 are co molecular clouds of galaxies; the former Soviet Union published "Master List of variable stars," fourth edition, there are 28,450 variable stars and become a celestial light; the United States with a 2.7 m telescope of the Mercury beat the atmosphere of Mercury found in spectra of sodium; the United States, former Soviet Venus probe control data show that Venus had volcanic activity; International IRAS Sky Survey "iras" point source summary table published, containing 250,000 infrared sources; the United States in Puerto Rico's Arecibo radio telescope alterations, plans to expand the diameter to 365m. February 23, 1987, in the Large Magellanic Cloud found a bright star in late May to reach maximum brightness of 2.8 and so is known as the twentieth century's most important astronomical event; ESO Observatory Master List Weilong couple published quasar third edition, contains 3,594 a star, the United States released a new version of Burbidge and Hewitt quasars summary table, containing 3,594 a star; multi-color photometry of 4.43 found in the quasar redshift is Sculptor q0051-279; iras00257-2859 is the first confirmed by infrared quasars
Translated by Google
AD 1969 to 1989
In 1969, the United States to detect cosmic microwave radiation of formaldehyde molecules; United States, "Apollo 11" lunar module landed on the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first man on the moon. In 1970, the former Soviet Union made of 6m diameter reflecting telescope, installed in the high mountains 加索帕斯多克 Hough; the former Soviet Union launched the "Venus 7" for the first time to achieve a soft landing on Venus; Japan launched the first artificial Earth satellite ; United States launched X-ray observations of the "Freedom" satellite. In 1971, the former Soviet Union launched the first manned orbital space station "Salyut 1"; the former Soviet Union launched the "Mars 3" soft landing on Mars; Britain launched the first artificial earth satellite; West Germany into a diameter of 100m tracking device of large radio telescope; the United States, "Mariner 9" to enter orbit around Mars, drawing an unprecedented perfect map of Mars. In 1972, the United States launched the "Pioneer 10" space probe. 1973 flyby of Jupiter, Jupiter's magnetosphere and radiation belts, it left the solar system; United States launched the "Earth Resources Technology Satellite No. 1." In 1973, the United States Kelaibisai have, Armstrong, who analyzed satellite data found that cosmic γ-ray burst. In 1974, the United States launched the "Pioneer 11" polar flyby of Jupiter, it is with the "Pioneer 10" has detected a Jupiter and its satellites, sent back photos found in the sodium cloud surrounding Io; United States launch of the "Mariner 10" After Mercury, sent back pictures of Mercury resembles the Moon, Mercury found in the magnetic field. In 1975, the former Soviet Union, who discovered that the universe 巴布什金娜 X ray burst; the former Soviet Union, "Venus 9" and "Venus 10" soft landing on Venus planetary probes, sent back the first batch of faxes photos. In 1976, the International Astronomical Union passed a resolution in 1984, the astronomical calculations and astronomical calendar time units, are based on atomic seconds; United States launched the "Viking 1", "Pirates 2" soft on Mars landing; the United States for the development of the six 1.83m diameter reflector telescope consisting of multi-mirror combination, installed on the mountain Hopkins, Arizona. In 1977, the United States, China, India and Australia were found Uranus ring; the United States launched interplanetary probes, "Voyager 2" and "Voyager 1" and also launched the "Energy Astronomical Observatory-1 satellite"; British built 3.81 m infrared telescope. In 1978, JH Taylor, the United States and other claims from the orbital period of binary PSR1913 +16 variability, confirmed the existence of gravitational waves predicted by general relativity; U.S. Christy discovered Pluto satellite; United States launched the "high-energy Einstein Observatory, No. 2," and from the The satellite receiver to the first X-ray stars - Swan X-1 photo; Canada Eergongkun Observatory cyanide found in interstellar molecular Kissin acetylene (HC9N), 47 species have been discovered this interstellar molecule, which is a molecular weight of the largest ; U.S. McMahon discovered asteroids have satellites; the United States and Italy have observed Aquila relativistic spectral characteristics of SS433. In 1979, the World Administrative Radio Conference decided to use "UTC" instead of "world time" as the communication of international standards in the field of time; 5 March 9 satellites are received by the direction of the Large Magellanic Cloud cosmic γ-ray burst; "travel are "flyby of Jupiter Jupiter rings, Io volcanic activity; the United States found that double quasar; the U.S. infrared astronomical telescopes in Hawaii completed. In 1980, India launched the first artificial Earth satellite. In 1981, the United States into the surface of 25m antenna composed of 27 very large antenna array aperture synthesis radio telescope. In 1982, the European Southern Observatory, made observations of quasars is galactic nuclei. In 1983, the United States launched the "Challenger" space shuttle; "Pioneer 10" through the orbit of Neptune; January launch of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) found in meteorite material around Vega ring, and the other celestial bodies like the North off the division Door (Piscis α); "Voyager" probe data show that 6.4 million km Saturn has a huge long atmospheric lightning storms; University of Hawaii that Triton has nitrogen Sea; Japanese team recorded eclipse Indonesia a pair of dust rings around the sun, it may be to the sun precession of cosmic dust. In 1984, neutrinos, held discussions in the United States was announced, measured the neutrino flux smaller than the theoretical expected value of more than; detected quasars discovered in Germany in 1981 S50014 +81 10 times brighter than the Milky Way; 1982 In West Germany the cataclysmic variable stars compiled summary table updated the third edition in 1984; the United States confirmed that Leo Michael Tanner Observatory is a pulsating white dwarf white dwarf PG1116 +158; University of Arizona with a 4m optical telescope with infrared CCD device that triple Ophiuchus star child star Ulf 630 VB-8 with 3080-type objects of planetary mass of Jupiter, by the American Belgian Fan. Bies Brook found; American Observatory in Chile Lakanpannie coupled with the 2.5m telescope CCD rotation period of the discovery of Neptune 17h50m; NASA published "Master List of IR source." In 1985, La Pama Observatory completed in Spain, Britain, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ireland, a total of 6 countries in Africa, the Canary Islands in the Northwest Atlantic; second edition published in New General quasars, 94 have CO molecular clouds of galaxies; the former Soviet Union published "Master List of variable stars," fourth edition, there are 28,450 variable stars and become a celestial light; the United States with a 2.7 m telescope of the Mercury beat the atmosphere of Mercury found in spectra of sodium; the United States, former Soviet Venus probe control data show that Venus had volcanic activity; International Infrared Astronomical Satellite Sky Survey "IRAS" point source summary table published, containing 250,000 infrared sources; the United States in Puerto Rico's Arecibo radio telescope alterations, plans to expand the diameter to 365m. February 23, 1987, in the Large Magellanic Cloud found a bright star in late May to reach maximum brightness of 2.8 and so is known as the twentieth century's most important astronomical event; ESO Observatory Master List Weilong couple published quasar third edition, contains 3,594 a star, the United States released a new version of Burbidge and Hewitt quasars summary table, containing 3,594 a star; multi-color photometry of 4.43 found in the quasar redshift is Sculptor Q0051-279; IRAS00257-2859 is the first confirmed infrared quasars, found 13349 +2438 1986 optical counterpart is not found, and this quasar is 17m.1 stars, 6cm, 20cm two bands detected radio emission; in 1987 invented the 12 micron far-infrared radiation compared flow and indirect methods to measure the surface brightness of stars in diameter, measured Taurus δ, Taurus а, Gemini β, Hydra а, Herdsman а, Serpent а, Denon γ, 7 a red giant, red supergiant in diameter; Australia 64 m radio telescope in the Small Magellanic Cloud found the first pulsar; that solar neutrino flux with the sunspot cycle of 11-year relationship may be reversed; from the NASA Infrared Telescope Charon Charon spectrum found in the surface ice exists; in 1987 by two 15 meter diameter telescope built, one in Hawaii, one in Chile; Mexico Qana A Hong Kong Observatory built in 1986, 10, 2.16 m optical telescope; the UK 4.2 m optical / infrared telescope built, 1 June 1987 in Palma on the island installed in the Atlantic Ocean; 1986 in the second half, the first time-to-air baseline radio interferometry, the ground in Japan and Australia Telescope space is NASA's TDRS satellites. August 1988, 1987 A supernova's brightness down from 2m.8 10m.3, identified as type II supernovae, γ line broadening the extent that the expansion rate of 1,300 + -300 km / s, 56CO → 56Fe radioactive decay is the main source of energy after the maximum brightness of its predecessor, the red supergiant star at the time the dust ejected supernova material is now surrounded by two complete rings; measured IRAS09104 +4109 is 90% of energy in the infrared infrared radiation of galaxies; found Herdsman sky quasar H1413 +117 is a Snap; 7 June 25 November, two big storms on Mars; radio detection of Neptune for the Earth's magnetic field strength magnetic field of 2 times; Europe Space Agency's "Giotto" detectors measure the rotation of Halley's Comet about 2 days a week; ESO Observatory developed a 3.5 m diameter telescope altazimuth telescope technology NTT; the United States invented the rotation method Angel cast mirror, cast diameter of 3.5 meter mirror; found on the surface of Pluto is still 3,200 km and the atmosphere, and methane. In 1989, the Large Magellanic Cloud Supernova 1987A has been the brightest of this year when the 2m.8 down 15m, the brightest light only when the 1 / 60000, only one international team of scientists said the January 18 daily 4 m telescope It is observed pulsar signal, 0.508 ms pulse period, but the other team to repeat the same method failed to detect; that 1987A is a blue supergiant before the outbreak of SK-69202, may be a double star, the other a child star is V = 13m.4 yellow supergiant; ESO Observatory Weilong couple published the fourth edition of quasars summary table, containing 4,394 stars, of which 4,169 were quasars, Burbage, who in 1987 published a new Supplement to the total table, so that a total of 3,671 a quasar; Palomar Observatory, the U.S. grid with a CCD spectral edge technology found in the redshift of the quasar PC1158 +4635 4.73, regression 94% speed of light; new galactocentric distance revised value of 7.5 + -0.9 kiloparsec (24,000 light-years); Australia 64 m radio telescope to detect nuclear injection from the jet structure of silver along the direction perpendicular to the galactic plane, stretching up to 25 degrees; the former Soviet Union planetary probes, "Phobos -2 No" to confirm Phobos, fire fire, two are similar to carbon-rich asteroid; for the first time with a 3.6 m optical / infrared telescope detected in Jupiter's atmosphere on the ground in the hydrogen molecular ion H3 +; United Kingdom Infrared UKIRT telescope in the infrared spectra of Jupiter and Saturn in the first certificate identified arsenic molecules AsH3; "Voyager 2" Neptune flyby confirm that it has a very thick atmosphere of methane, methane condensate of high clouds, low clouds for the hydrocarbon, Triton over the volcanic clouds, detect Neptune has five rings, eight satellites; August 8 developed by the European Space Agency, "Iba Valley" astrometry satellite launch, 12 million stars will measure the position, parallax and self; U.S. launch of the "Magellan" Venus probe, can be drawn around the Venus Venus topography map; the U.S. launch of the "Galileo" Jupiter probe. 1990 April 24 - "Hubble Space Telescope" (Hubble Space Telescope) by the U.S. space shuttle "Discovery" (Discovery) into Earth orbit. Dec. 5 - Hawaii "is Bank telescope" (Keck Telescope) film is the first photo (in the Eridanus galaxy NGC 1232), and published in the Los Angeles Times. Dec. 7 - U.S. spacecraft "Galileo" (Galileo) on his way from Jupiter, Venus fly close to Earth, becoming the first ship crossed the Earth's planetary exploration ship. 1991 February 7 - Soviet Salyut VII debris into the atmosphere over Argentina. April 5 - United States launched the "Compton Gamma Ray Observatory" (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, GRO). July - in Hawaii and Mexico, a total eclipse occurs as the focus of local tourism. October - "Galileo" (Galileo) over the asteroid Gaspra. 1992 April - "Hubble Space Telescope" (Hubble Space Telescope) in the "Large Magellanic Cloud" (Large Magellanic Cloud) found that the hottest stars ever recorded (three hundred and sixty thousand degrees Fahrenheit). April 24 - Satellite "COBE" collected data to show that "cosmic background radiation" (Cosmic Background Radiation) of the temperature fluctuations, as support for "Big Bang" (Big Bang Theory) strong evidence. September 16 - for the first time in the "Kuiper Belt" (Kuiper Belt) found around the sun than Pluto object. September 25 - NASA launches spacecraft "Mars Observer" study the Martian atmosphere and surface. October 31 - Vatican II Pope Paul Green about hope (Pope John Paul II) announced the year of Galileo (Galileo) and the theory of criticism is wrong. 1993 January 31 - "Compton Gamma Ray Observatory" (GRO) to detect the strongest ever recorded, "gamma ray burst" - the Super Bowl Burst. March 28 - observed in the Ursa Major (Ursa Major) in the M81 galaxy, supernova occurred. Aug. 21 - about to enter the Martian atmosphere in the first three days, spacecraft "Mars Observer" NASA lost contact with the United States. December - by the U.S. space shuttle astronaut, "Endeavour" (Endeavour) to "Hubble Space Telescope" (Hubble Space Telescope) for maintenance, the maintenance of the Space Telescope photo image quality was greatly improved. 1994 July 20 - Comet Shoemaker-Levy impacts by Jupiter's gravitational force of Jupiter after tearing into the history of astronomy's most spectacular sights in the world. 1995 Dec. 7 - spacecraft "Galileo" (Galileo) Jupiter. 1997 July 4 - U.S. spacecraft "Pathfinder" (Pathfinder) successfully landed on Mars for the next kick off a series of Mars missions.