City Lighting Analysis and Countermeasures First, urban landscape lighting From the content to divide, urban landscape lighting consists of three aspects, namely the visual landscape, ecological environment and behavior sites: 1, the visual landscape is mainly the image of the human visual experience requirements from the start, according to aesthetic laws of physical features of space to study how to create a pleasant environment for image. 2, the environment and ecology is mainly based on biological principles of nature, the use of the sun, climate, flora and fauna, soil, water and other natural and artificial materials, how to create a comfortable good physical environment. 3, the behavior of place mainly from the psychological needs of human behavior, the use of space to guide the design and cultural content, to create a psychology of human behavior to meet the law, people pleasing, positive to the environment. From time to divide, urban landscape lighting landscape is divided into day and night landscape. A good understanding of the landscape during the day, there will not say much more. The city during the day and night city landscape is a continuation of the landscape, but not a simple repetition, it is closely related with the use of light. Lights for the night to provide the necessary space environment essential functions, such as: business functions, entertainment functions, leisure functions, transport functions, etc., and play of light through a variety of high-tech means of secondary urban night landscape aesthetic creation environment for the provide the necessary public nightlife, comfortable leisure, entertainment, shopping and exchanges artificial lighting environment. City Night Landscape for self-expression can also be a variety of substances through the city at night unfolded indirect elements, such as: architecture, advertising, windows, sketches, and afforestation. If the city lights at night create a landscape background of the stage, then the social and cultural activities are the subject of the landscape at night, the background is always to show the contrast to the theme of the atmosphere, and with the changing themes unfold. It acts by people to show a variety of nightlife, such as: commercial activities, recreational activities, transportation activities, festivals and so on. Environmental quality of urban night landscape lighting at night by its level of expression, but the landscape of modern urban night urban environment includes not only high-quality lighting system, it is more active system for urban residents and blend together. Thus, shaping the city can not do without light illumination, especially at night is closely related to street lighting and landscape lighting. With different landscape lighting, road lighting, the role of the urban landscape in its first function, that is, the effect of road lighting - illumination and brightness, glare control, induced, light color, and other indicators as well as they posed by the artificial lighting environment; Secondly, street art itself, that is the city street furniture properties - shape, height, color, layout, etc. is also an important factor of urban landscape. Second, the urban road lighting The history of human development is a constant pursuit of progress, constantly in pursuit of light of history, ancient ancestors in the long process of evolution, the first light, "light" is probably drawn from the first bonfire of nature, sunrise for, sun_set_, after gradually from the torch, flux, candle to candle development. 18, Edison, American inventor made the world's first practical incandescent electric light source which has opened up a precedent, is a monument in the history of human lighting. 1879 Shanghai after the first use of electric light, some of our cities are difficult to switch to light one after another. Since then, the development of the street opened a new chapter in the social life is playing an increasingly important role. According to 2005 statistics, the National Urban Total Urban Lighting 622 9186300, national street than in 1979 increased by 570,200 the total number of 16.11 times. Street as part of urban infrastructure in the city's traffic safety, public order, people's lives and the city style living in a pivotal position, playing an irreplaceable role, marking the city's level of strength and maturity to become a major urban landscape components. At the same time, there are many cities to focus on landscape lighting construction, related research, planning many great shape the city's "light night" icing on the cake to the city, while ignoring the people's lives, street lights and building lights are the trend of marginalization, attention is very low. "There is a road without lights, a light does not shine" emerging situation, road lights mounted low rate, is derived from the real needs of the public's indifference. No lights on some streets, street lights would be timely, the role of the city at night is the decisive event. Urban landscape lighting, including the visual landscape, ecological environment and behavior of the three levels of content areas, visual landscape, ecological environment is only the appearance of the urban landscape and physical factors, behavior is more important place, that human activities. Of the city lights at night of activities and level of activity, street lamps _set_ reasonable, appropriate lighting environment, the public is more willing to go out at night, people's interaction intensity, the more attractive urban landscape; lights the lack of security is not high, the public must at night reduce the number of outdoor activities, urban night landscape will become boring. Therefore, the density of road lighting as the biggest city, one of the largest number of municipal facilities, and its role in the urban landscape is self-evident, with dual day and night landscape effect. Specifically, the role of road lighting summarized as follows: 1, to improve environmental quality at night The night of the city due to lack of natural lighting, all stuck in the dark, people's activities are restricted. Street lighting to create the artificial environment of the activities to meet the needs of the people, thus making the city the night alive. First, the increased visibility of the night people, improve security, create a comfortable and pleasant evening social activities, communication space (Figure 1). Second, to ensure that the activities of vehicles and pedestrians safe at night to reduce traffic accidents and crime at night, violent incidents. Finally, to meet the functional needs of different areas of the city for all the activities and the inter-district traffic, links to provide lighting conditions. 2, the beautification of the city image Road lighting to clear urban structure, the organic link the city highlights, the performance of the overall pattern of the city at night, and sketched out the outline of the city at night, to produce good artistic effect (Figure 2). 3, to promote economic prosperity Urban lighting time the urban growth of economic activities, promote tourism and consumption, which is the lighting of the city's economic function, compared to Beijing Wangfujing, Nanjing Road, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other commercial street lighting Shangxiajiu economic benefits can know (Figure 3). Third, problems 1, misunderstanding Perspective from the urban landscape lighting, many people first thought is of street decorations, the lights styling work hard, focus on the expense of functional and decorative, or the functionality of the lights on the back burner. This recognition is very harmful, and many cities in the trunk vigorously lanterns, garden lights, light itself is beautiful, but the glare, light dissipation serious, lighting was poor. On the other hand, many people have understood as a simple landscape lighting design for the King to light, the lamp as the protagonist of the urban landscape. In fact, the street itself is the urban landscape, in particular, an important element in road landscape, but not the protagonist. During the day, the poles of the design and then good, if not integration of the surrounding landscape, will certainly damage to the urban landscape. Evening, the significance is to provide the bright lights, create an atmosphere for the public exchanges, activities to provide safe, comfortable lighting environment. 2, the real problem In recent years, the construction of urban road lighting has made great achievements, there are many problems. Since 2001 I have been to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Chongqing, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Xiamen and other cities, street special investigations, the city's situation is different, but the main problem is very similar, and the actual situation of Shenzhen summarized as follows: (1) ignore the needs of people Lights of the city's greatest contribution to the landscape, is to create safe and comfortable environment for artificial lighting, in line with human needs, so as to enhance the public's desire to go out at night to promote the occurrence and development of urban activities, and build a harmonious, pleasant urban landscape. The artificial lighting environment and psychological feelings of the public good or bad, illumination and brightness from the lights, glare control, induced, light and color and other functions determined by the index. Therefore, we must start from human needs, first consider the functional street lights, in strict accordance with domestic and international standards, according to road speed, traffic flow, people flow and other factors, for the expressway, trunk road, slip roads and residential areas different levels of road lighting to create a pleasant environment, and build good urban night landscape. However, to enhance the image of many cities under the slogan in order to light the scene, the light is good, too much emphasis on the decorative street lamps, street style varied, endless street and the surrounding environment, poor coordination, but the overall landscape of the city caused damage (Figure 4); the same time, ignoring the road grade standards, all roads are high-brightness, night destroyed the city and the primary and secondary context shades, glare, light dissipation serious, but inhibit the activity of the public's desire to night. (2) the lack of urban characteristics Street style "thousands of the city side," copying each other serious cities such as Shanghai Century Boulevard street racket shape (Figure 5), several years have been flying around the country, in small cities are able to see its shadow. China's urban situation is very different, urban style of their own characteristics, some known to history, to win some of the modern, street construction should also be different because of the city, reflecting the city's character. Particular historical and cultural cities such as Xi'an, Suzhou's old city, street style to reflect the weight of history. (3) the lack of integrity At present, urban lighting, special plans to complete the city rarely, Shenzhen has been prepared but not yet formally implemented. In the absence of unified planning, street lamps of various styles, shapes variety, color clutter. Some phased construction of roads, the road between the rod is not uniform, different illumination standards, and even light color is different, integrity can not be realized (Figure 6) If from the perspective of the city, street integrity even worse, fragmented phenomenon is very serious, often lies in the choice of street, led a word. (4) and fragmented landscape lighting Street lighting and landscape lighting are an important part of the city, the two are highly complementary, but often artificially separated, planning, design, construction, separate from the management authority in many cities belong to different departments, street lamps are often municipal, power sector, night lighting by city departments. Since construction can not be reconciled, not only ineffective, but also a waste (7). Fourth, measures The role of urban lighting and design, not limited to street itself, only to consider the issue from a technical level. Later, from the perspective of urban design, urban landscape from the street level to consider: During the day, whether in and around the space coordination; night, can create a good atmosphere. At the same time, but also tap the city's context, starting from the psychological community, respecting history and current situation, so lights become an element of building a harmonious city. First of all, must be people-centered, attention to functional street lighting, illumination and brightness, glare control, induced, light and color and other parameters of the visual impact of the urban night self-evident, especially in the public comfort, a sense of security involved in acts of psychological category. Secondly, we must attach importance to the art of street lamps, its shape, height, color, layout, a great impact on the urban landscape during the day. Meanwhile, to speed up preparation of urban lighting, special planning, so there are rules about street construction; develop urban design guidelines for lighting, _set_ quantitative criteria, so that evidence-based lighting design. Shenzhen, for example, international city in the construction process, but also to learn from experience, to re-examine the urban landscape lighting in the city's role, according to the specific circumstances of Shenzhen, the city lighting system analysis, good urban lighting design: 1, street style and road scale, aesthetic link between the surrounding environment. 2, from the illumination and brightness, glare control, induced, light and color, and other important parameters _set_, the system of urban night landscape lighting how effective coordination with the urban space. 3, the study of urban lighting on the impact of human activities at night, to determine the different illumination, light color conditions members of the public comfort, security level. City Lighting and Energy Conservation Energy is currently one of the concerns of urban lighting, urban lighting is the key to whether the scientific development. Currently, the city will focus on energy saving lighting, urban landscape lighting. Lighting Saving Energy from the following aspects: a) General Plan by a single urban lighting project. According to the plan's requirements and the specific circumstances of building integrated positioning the project to do either landscape lighting, positioning the surface luminance or brightness, to prevent acting on their own, the blind pursuit of high brightness. b) lighting should be _select_ed according to lighting needs, the use of small tube straight tube fluorescent lamps, self-ballasted fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, high pressure sodium high luminous efficiency of the gas discharge light source; shall comply with the appropriate source of energy efficiency standards for energy efficiency limits . c) choose to go with light suitable for lighting, controlled optical properties, reflected efficient. Lighting efficiency requirements should not be less than the GB50034; fluorescent lamps and high intensity discharge lamps power factor of not less than 0.9 and 0.85. d) low power consumption of electrical accessories _select_ion, performance, stability, and to evaluate the value of energy-saving requirements. e) suitable conditions, using wind, solar and other renewable energy sources. f) lighting control and voice-inch single item as far as possible, light control, time control, dimming, digital lighting and other technological means, but should focus strictly on weekdays, general holidays, major holidays of three mode control operation, and firmly correct Some owners, regardless of weekdays and holidays, regardless of time, will be lit up brightly lit building body. As to whether or not to control the lighting power density (LPD), the author believes that in order to promote the city and the implementation of green lighting, lighting, festival guide meaning. However, the value under the current situation and should be slightly lower than the domestic consumption of about solution to the current prevailing building facade illumination foreign standards. Should not be _set_ too low, if low, does not meet the conditions, the problem of high limit electricity use landscape lighting, lighting can be given to owners and designers do not use, the standard is equivalent to the white _set_. An overview of China's urban road lighting Implementation of important national energy saving and emission reduction policy and the "city road lighting design standards" CJJ45-2006, the city road lighting has become an important area of energy conservation, urban lighting purposes is the use of reasonable light installation and configuration, travel to play to protect public safety and beautify the city's role. With the national growth and the advancement of technology, and awareness of energy efficiency, we have the use of road lighting, have come in the forefront of the world. The current road lighting to high intensity discharge lamps (HID)-based, mainly refers to high pressure sodium lamps and metal halide is the late twentieth century in the world was quickly promoted a new generation of light source, with luminous efficiency, power consumption less, long life, etc., to replace traditional incandescent and mercury lamps, installing replacement ratio and faster than many European and American developed countries, but in operations management, particularly on how to improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption and still have some can not overcome the problem and the lack of effective technical means. China as a big country, rapid urbanization, the Chinese government formulated especially for urban lighting of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan for the city of green engineering." And in 2005 as the base, the city lighting saving target of 5%, 5 years (2006 -2010) of 25% of total electricity, according to requirements must be met Eleventh Five-saving 29 billion kwh, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions 2900 tons of goals. Second, reduction in energy-saving lighting situation, the challenges of urban public The challenge focused on technology and management levels. This article focuses on technical issues. Road lighting to high intensity discharge lamps (HID)-based, is widely used in electrical equipment, including a complete _set_ of magnetic ballast, trigger and compensation capacitors. The equipment will appear in the course of the following can not be resolved: 1. Low power factor Very low power factor ballast itself, although you can compensate the power factor capacitor increased to about 0.9, but as time goes on, capacitor will continue to decay in the life cycle of failure. 2. Their power consumption Ballast is usually self-power light sources to achieve 12% -18%, resulting in a lot of power consumption. 3. Constant power output can not be Ballast output power instability, with the input voltage changes, so the input voltage instability, especially in the case of high voltage midnight, will spend a lot of power. 400 watts, for example, when the input voltage to 260 volts when the ballast output power to reach more than 600 watts, more than normal to spend nearly 50% of the electricity. 4. No intelligent dimming function In the middle of the night when few vehicles, roads often do not need high light illumination can be, but this time the voltage is usually high, in the ballast under the control of not only fail to reduce the illumination light source, but also because the voltage The increased light levels increased, resulting in unnecessary waste. Recently, there have been some on the market with a ballast dimming function, it seems to solve this problem, but expensive, while dimming the problem can be solved even if the remaining number of issues can not be resolved, at best, only a transitional products, many developed countries such as the European Union and other countries are not recommended to promote the use (see European Economic Co-operation Report 2007 street). Four optimal energy-saving solutions for road lighting According to the actual use of lights, with the state energy conservation requirements, the power for the city road lighting design solutions for energy efficient integrated controller ----" Digital Energy. " It is a source control system replacement for the current matching with the source of electrical equipment, including ballast, trigger and compensation capacitors in the actual use of the existence of specific problems and design. Solution is designed to improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption, lower installation costs, extend the life of the light source, the traditional light fixtures with a new generation of intelligent lighting equipment, light equipment ----- that has its own brain. The use of energy saving controller number the following advantages: 1, lower the cost of power lines, transformer capacity reduction 2, high electricity costs savings 3, double lamp life 4, clean power, improve power efficiency To open coastal cities, for example, need to be replaced once a year street lamp, the cost of replacing a light bulb (including ballast losses, labor, vehicles, etc.) for 120 yuan, the city has a total of twenty thousand normally open only to the street, then annual cost of only replace the street lamp as high as more than two million yuan, if the energy use of a digital controller, street lamp life may be extended twice, alone, can save money year over two million yuan , plus 30% of electricity a year, saving more than seven million yuan electricity, adding there are nearly two million is huge. If the 4.5 million yuan as the pre-investment, cost savings within six months to recover, money can be saved each year back into municipal building. The power status through the analysis of urban road lighting is proposed to adapt to the road under the situation of energy saving lighting energy saving solutions, the goal is to reach 40% -60% of energy saving effect, to assist the Government to complete the city during the Eleventh Five-saving lighting objectives. Value of five programs Integrated digital control system can save energy-saving electricity charges, municipal services effectively reduce costs and improve efficiency of SMEs. According to the China Civil Engineering Committee of Statistics road lighting, in 718 cities, urban lighting has reached 137.23 million, and more than 10% annual rate of rapid development. If all the electricity used in the company's digital energy controller Lighting for the city annually save about 36.387 billion kWh; to 1 yuan / calculation; save electricity bill of around 36.387 billion yuan, Annual savings of about 12.129 million tons for the urban generation of standard coal; Carbon dioxide emissions per year for the city of about 31,708,500 tons. Art Lighting Urban Environment on the main issues are: (1) the nature of artificial light sources, development and applications; (2) the nature of the control system, progress and applications; (3) synthesis of light and color and its relationship with the built environment; (4) were light and color of physical and psychological effects; (5) the basic performance of environmental art lighting method; (6) Urban environmental planning and lighting design; (7) Urban lighting environment rationalization and standardization of design documents; (8) environmental art lighting design intent of the performance of methods; (9) governance and urban light pollution standardized lighting environment; (10) Urban Light Environment Project.
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