① trade between countries Pan said. ② also known as "the world trade." Country's general foreign trade, export volume of world trade is equal to the sum of all countries. ③ that "foreign trade" (304).
Translated by Google
No. 2
International trade (international trade, also known as World Trade, import and export trade)
Translated by Google
Overview of international trade
1, What is international trade ccccccc International trade (international trade) is different countries (and / or region) between the exchange of goods and services activities. International trade is the international transfer of goods and services. International trade is also called the world trade. International trade by import trade (import trade) and export trade (export trade) composed of two parts, it is sometimes referred to as import and export trade. From the perspective of a country is to foreign trade international trade (foreign trade). 2, how is the international trade International trade is a certain historical conditions and development together. The formation of international trade, two basic conditions are: (1) development of social productivity; (2) formation of the country. The development of social productive forces to produce surplus for the exchange of goods, the surplus of goods exchanged between the countries to generate international trade. 3, International Trade and the difference between foreign trade Foreign trade means a country (or region) with other countries (or regions) of the goods, technologies and services in exchange activities. Therefore, when foreign trade indicate that particular country. If China's foreign trade; some of the island such as Britain, Japan, Foreign Trade, also known as the overseas trade.
Translated by Google
International Trade Classification
First, according to the direction of movement of goods in international trade can be divided into 1, the import trade (import trade): the goods or services to enter the foreign home market sales. 2, the export trade (export trade): the country's goods or services exported to foreign markets. 3, the transit trade (transit trade): A country's goods transported through the territory of State C. State B to the market, the State C. Is in terms of cross-border trade. As cross-border trade impediment to international trade, at present, wto member states and do not engage in cross-border trade. Second, the shape of international trade by commodity can be divided into 1, the visible trade (visible trade): there is the import and export of goods in kind. 2, the invisible trade (invisible trade): without physical import and export of technologies and services. For example, machinery, equipment, furniture and other goods are all physical form, such as visible trade import and export of goods. The transfer of patent rights, tourism, finance and insurance companies are all cross-border provision of services without physical commodity, the import and export is called invisible trade. Third, by producing and consuming countries in trade, international trade relations can be divided into 1, the direct trade (direct trade): refers to the commodity-producing countries and consumer goods are not traded through third countries of goods act. Terms of trade in the exporting country as direct exports, importing countries regard as direct imports. 2, the indirect trade (indirect trade) and re (transit trade): refers to the commodity-producing countries and consumer goods are traded through third countries of goods act, indirect trade producers as indirect exporters, as consumers indirectly importing country, while the third country is re-country, third country is re-engaged. For example, there are some opportunities for post-war Iraq, but the risks are also high. Some enterprises in China's exports to Iraq when the first products are mostly sold to Iraq's neighboring countries, and then re-exports from Iraq's neighboring countries to Iraq.
Translated by Google
The main features of international trade
International trade in goods is a range of commodity exchange, and domestic trade is no different in nature, but because it is between different countries or regions, so the comparison with domestic trade has the following characteristics: 1. International trade in goods to different countries or regions involved in the policy measures, legal systems that may exist differences and conflicts, as well as language and culture, social customs, etc. to bring the difference, the issues involved complex than domestic trade. (Www.21lawyer.cn) 2. International trade in goods generally higher transaction volume and value, transport distance, to fulfill a long time, so the business risk both larger than domestic trade. (Www.21lawyer.cn) 3. Vulnerable to international trade in goods where the country's political parties to the transaction, economic changes, changes in bilateral relations and international situation and other conditions. (Www.21lawyer.cn) 4. In addition to parties to the transaction of international trade in goods, the need to relate to transportation, insurance, banking, commodity inspection, customs and other departments of the collaboration, teamwork, process more complex multi-national trade. (Www.21lawyer.cn) Here, the key is to international trade and domestic trade some contrast. Both international trade and domestic trade commonality exists, there are very different, international trade is more complex than domestic trade. First, international trade and domestic trade of commonality 1, in the same position in the social reproduction; 2, a common way of movement of goods; 3, the same basic functions, and are subject to the laws of commodity economy and the constraints. Second, international trade and the difference between domestic trade 1, the economic policies of different countries; 2, language, laws and customs are different; 3, among the countries of the currency, weights and measures, such as different customs system; 4, the international trade business risks than domestic trade. To sum up, international trade is more complex than domestic trade.
Translated by Google
International trade and foreign trade indicators of the statistical analysis
1, the volume of trade and trade Volume of trade is to use the amount of money that the volume of trade effect of price changes is removed after the trade, the trade volume of trade makes the scale of different periods can be compared. There are three concepts to master. (1) foreign trade volume (value of foreign trade): is a country in a given period, total imports and exports combined. General domestic currency, can also be used to use the international currency; the United Nations released the world's foreign trade volume is expressed in U.S. dollars; countries in the statistics of tangible goods, exports to fob prices, imports in cif prices ; intangible goods without customs clearance, Customs does not keep statistics. (2) International trade: (value of international trade) is the currency of the countries in the world the value of a comprehensive foreign trade, also known as the value of international trade. It is equal to the period of time around the world with fob prices of exports and trade. (3) trade: trade in order to eliminate the effect of price changes, can accurately reflect a country's international trade or the actual amount of foreign trade, and established a target. In the calculation, is fixed for the base year of the price index determined to remove the reporting period, the volume of trade, obtained at constant prices is equivalent to (excluding the impact of price changes) the volume of trade, called the value of the reporting period volume of trade. Trade can be divided into the amount of international trade and foreign trade import and export trade volume and trade. 2, the trade balance Trade balance (balance of trade) is a country during a given period (usually one year) of total exports and total imports of the difference between. (1) surplus (favorable balance of trade), China also called surplus (excess of export over import): that the value of exports is greater than a certain period imports. (2) trade deficit (unfavorable balance of trade), trade deficit with China also call it (excess of import over export), a deficit that is less than a certain period, exports imports. (3) Trade balance: exports of a certain period is equal to imports. Generally believed that the trade surplus to promote economic growth, increase employment, so all countries to pursue trade surplus. However, a large number of surplus often lead to trade disputes. For example, US-Japan auto trade war and so on. 3, the international terms of trade International terms of trade (terms of international trade): is the export price and import price relativities, also known as import parity or exchange parity. It said exports of goods to exchange for one unit of the number of units of imports. Obviously, in exchange for imported goods, the more favorable. Terms of trade changes at different times with the terms of trade index is usually expressed in terms of trade index is the export price index and the ratio of import price index, the formula is: export price index divided by import price index, multiplied by 100 (assuming the base terms of trade index is 100.) Reporting period, the terms of trade index greater than 100, indicating that the terms of trade improved over the base period. Terms of trade index for the reporting period is less than 100, indicating deteriorating terms of trade over the base period. 4, the commodity structure of trade Trade commodity structure (composition of trade) is all kinds of goods in the proportion of total trade. This involves a commodity classification problems, there are two classifications. (1) The United Nations Secretariat, the "Standard International Trade Classification" (sitc): the tangible goods, in turn divided into 10 categories, where 0 to 4 as the primary commodity products, the 5 to 8 as manufactured commodities, the first Class 9 is not classified as other commodities. Primary products, manufactured goods import and export commodities in proportion to that of the commodity structure of trade. (2) is invested by the production of a commodity classification of factors of production can be divided into labor-intensive goods, capital-intensive goods such as certain factors of production-intensive goods. 5, the geographic direction of trade (1) Direction of Foreign Trade (direction of foreign trade) The geographical direction of foreign trade is the country of origin of imported goods and exporting consumer goods distribution, it shows that all regions of the country with the world, national economic and trade ties between the degree. For example, in 2003 China top ten sources of imports were Japan, the European Union, Taiwan, ASEAN, South Korea, the United States, Hong Kong, Russia, Australia and Brazil. 2003 China top ten export markets are the United States, Hong Kong, European Union, Japan, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Russia and Canada. Thus determine the 2003 top ten trade partners of China (depending on total imports and exports OK) for Japan, the United States, European Union, Hong Kong, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Australia and Canada. (2) the geographical direction of international trade (direction of international trade) Refers to the geographical distribution of international trade and commodity flows, that is, all regions, all countries share in international trade position. Usually their exports (or imports) share of world total exports (or total imports) to represent the proportion. For example, in 2003 the top eight of world merchandise exports of the country or region is the United States, Germany, Japan, France, China, Britain, Canada, Italy. 2003 World imports of goods, the top eight countries or regions in the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, France, China, Italy and Canada. 6, dependence on foreign trade Dependence on foreign trade (foreign dependence degree) is a measure of a country (or regional) level of the national economy the size of a basic outward indicators. It refers to the foreign trade volume in the country in national income or gross national product share.
Translated by Google
International trade in the exchange rate mechanism hidden in the exploitation of
Young scholar Liu weeks in the "largest capital Capital Times" article in the current international exchange rate mechanism that is included in the exploitation. Opened a hidden mechanism in the international exchange rate of exploitation secret. The paper said: The current international exchange rate mechanism, is the existing order of inequality in international economic and trade an important part. Is conducive to "a small number of countries in the world of exploitation," the exchange rate mechanism. For example, to 1 U.S. dollar 7.5 yuan calculation. An American with $ 8,000, which is more common in the United States do. However, the Americans took the $ 8,000 to be converted into RMB in China is 60,000 yuan. In China, low prices and high prices under the conditions of the United States, with 60,000 yuan to buy the kind in China, more than $ 8,000 can buy the kind in the United States do not know the value to exceed the number of times. That is to say, the Americans took the $ 8,000 to China, need not produce, do not need work, need not take any investment risk, this $ 8,000 multiplied to achieve capital appreciation, realized multiplied Capital profits. Value out of this part of the profits come from it? It is occupied by the Chinese people's blood and sweat free to achieve. The relationship between China and the United States so all the world the relationship between developing and Western developed countries are basically the same - that is, low commodity prices and currency exchange rate in developing countries are also low, the developed countries and the currencies of high prices is high (the situation in Japan has different, low yen prices, but extremely high in Japan, the United States and Europe to Japan who also feel more money. However, European and American countries such as China were to feel very rich developing countries, as a regard, they carry can be exchanged for local currency to the currency by multiplying the other hand, the price to the country's terrible off than their low prices. so they can buy only their own money into a match and the development of States will be able to buy a box of matches, or even more. This is the fundamental reality of this era). Therefore, the current international currency exchange rate mechanism is an extremely reactionary exchange rate mechanism, which is the exploitation of developing countries in developed Western countries a very subtle tool. It can exist between the real basis of international power relations, and its basic content is the relationship between the colonial era of colonial plunder and gradually evolved from the decision. It inequality in international economic and trade order, the rest of the developed countries to developing countries to jointly become a tool for peace and looting, and plundering of the so-called peace is the continuation of the colonial era of armed robbery. (Exchange rate mechanism for true equality, basically the countries should be the basis of price index as the main indicator. Because the low prices that include the physical description of the amount of its currency more, so the exchange rate should be correspondingly higher; and higher prices the instructions contained in the physical volume of its currency low, so the exchange rate should be correspondingly lower. It is as plain as plain truth.) In this paper, and that: capitalists in developed countries (especially multinational consortia capitalists), the surface is to rely on their own means of capital and management to make a profit in the international market. Constitute the vast majority of their profits, but, in fact, relies mainly on the unequal international trade mechanism to achieve. We know that the present unequal international trade mechanism is formed by history. It is the history of the product of colonial conquest, but until now still rely on force to sustain. Therefore, there is no doubt that capitalists in developed countries, peace in the international market to earn profits, they are essentially making a peaceful plundering; they looted during the peace in this time of hypocrisy, the real is a new sense of making predatory use of force, in essence, a leap forward in the history of the times involved in the bloody and dirty war plunder. Capitalists in this dirty war is directed by the beneficiaries and. Their profits depend on their respective force the country's history, and also rely on the current force, so they make money by force in the final analysis, their hair is still the war profiteers. Therefore, the capital of the greatest era of capital, not capital but violence.
Translated by Google
International Trade Classification
First, according to the direction of movement of goods in international trade can be divided into 1, the import trade (Import Trade): to enter the goods or services of foreign domestic market. 2, the export trade (Export Trade): the country's goods or services exported to foreign markets. 3, the transit trade (Transit Trade): A country's goods transported through the territory of State C. State B to the market, in terms of C is the country of transit trade. As cross-border trade impediment to international trade, at present, WTO member states and do not engage in cross-border trade. Import and export trade is to both sides, per transaction, for the seller, is the export trade, the buyer is concerned, is the import trade. Also enter the country's goods in output, as re-exports; out foreign goods enter the country at the time, called re-imports. Second, the shape of international trade by commodity can be divided into 1, the visible trade (Visible Trade): there is the import and export of goods in kind. For example, machinery, equipment, furniture and other goods are all physical form, such as visible trade import and export of goods. 2, the invisible trade (Invisible Trade): without physical import and export of technologies and services. The transfer of patent rights, tourism, finance and insurance companies are all cross-border provision of services without physical commodity, the import and export is called invisible trade. Third, by producing and consuming countries in trade, international trade relations can be divided into 1, the direct trade (Direct Trade): refers to the commodity-producing countries and consumer goods are not traded through third countries of goods act. Terms of trade in the exporting country as direct exports, importing countries regard as direct imports. 2, the indirect trade (Indirect Trade) and re (Transit Trade): refers to the commodity-producing countries and consumer goods are traded through third countries of goods act, indirect trade producers as indirect exporters, as consumers indirectly importing country, while the third country is re-country, third country is re-engaged. For example, there are some opportunities for post-war Iraq, but the risks are also high. Some enterprises in China's exports to Iraq when the first products are mostly sold to Iraq's neighboring countries, and then re-exports from Iraq's neighboring countries to Iraq. IV. By the trade consists of: service trade, processing trade, commodity trade, general trade.
Translated by Google
International Trade Process
1. Customer inquiry. 2. Offer consultations. 3. Execution of orders. 4. Production Notification issued 5. Inspection 6. Preparation of basic documents: production of export contracts, export commercial invoice, packing list and other documents. 7. For inspection (The following is the shipping process) 8. Charter provides warehouse: 9. Arrange haulage, freight forwarding goods to the warehouse. 10. Delegate declaration: 11. Access to transport documents: 12. Prepare other documents: a commercial invoice, FORMA general certificate of origin or certificate of origin, shipment notification, packing list. 13. AC Single: 13.1. By L / C exchange earnings, should be required to pay one time, get ready all the documents, and strict examination of documents, to ensure no errors, only to pay the bank for negotiation. 13.2. By T / T exchange earnings, immediately after obtaining the bill of lading bill of lading to the guests fax payment confirmation after receipt of the balance of the original bill of lading and other documents will be sent to guests. 13.3. If the T / T exchange earnings, requiring the full amount received to make cabinets, to wait for delayed payment arrangements after the cabinet. Get sent immediately after the bill of lading original bill of lading to the guests. 14. Business Registration: Every single export business done in a timely manner after completion of registration, including registration and a written register computer for later query, statistics and so on.
Translated by Google
International trade in the exchange rate mechanism hidden in the exploitation of
Young scholar Liu weeks in the "largest capital Capital Times" article in the current international exchange rate mechanism that is included in the exploitation. Opened a hidden mechanism in the international exchange rate of exploitation secret. The paper said: The current international exchange rate mechanism, is the existing order of inequality in international economic and trade an important part. Is conducive to "a small number of countries in the world of exploitation," the exchange rate mechanism. For example, to 1 U.S. dollar 7.5 yuan calculation. An American with $ 8,000, which is more common in the United States do. However, the Americans took the $ 8,000 to be converted into RMB in China is 60,000 yuan. In China, low prices and high prices under the conditions of the United States, with 60,000 yuan to buy the kind in China, more than $ 8,000 can buy the kind in the United States do not know the value to exceed the number of times. That is to say, the Americans took the $ 8,000 to China, need not produce, do not need work, need not take any investment risk, this $ 8,000 multiplied to achieve capital appreciation, realized multiplied Capital profits. Value out of this part of the profits come from it? It is occupied by the Chinese people's blood and sweat free to achieve. The relationship between China and the United States so all the world the relationship between developing and Western developed countries are basically the same - that is, low commodity prices and currency exchange rate in developing countries are also low, the developed countries and the currencies of high prices is high (the situation in Japan has different, low yen prices, but extremely high in Japan, the United States and Europe to Japan who also feel more money. However, European and American countries such as China were to feel very rich developing countries, as a regard, they carry can be exchanged for local currency to the currency by multiplying the other hand, the price to the country's terrible off than their low prices. so they can buy only their own money into a match and the development of States will be able to buy a box of matches, or even more. This is the fundamental reality of this era). Therefore, the current international currency exchange rate mechanism is an extremely reactionary exchange rate mechanism, which is the exploitation of developing countries in developed Western countries a very subtle tool. It can exist between the real basis of international power relations, and its basic content is the relationship between the colonial era of colonial plunder and gradually evolved from the decision. It inequality in international economic and trade order, the rest of the developed countries to developing countries to jointly become a tool for peace and looting, and plundering of the so-called peace is the continuation of the colonial era of armed robbery. (Exchange rate mechanism for true equality, basically the countries should be the basis of price index as the main indicator. Because the low prices that include the physical description of the amount of its currency more, so the exchange rate should be correspondingly higher; and higher prices the instructions contained in the physical volume of its currency low, so the exchange rate should be correspondingly lower. It is as plain as plain truth.) In this paper, and that: capitalists in developed countries (especially multinational consortia capitalists), the surface is to rely on their own means of capital and management to make a profit in the international market. Constitute the vast majority of their profits, but, in fact, relies mainly on the unequal international trade mechanism to achieve. We know that the present unequal international trade mechanism is formed by history. It is the history of the product of colonial conquest, but until now still rely on force to sustain. Therefore, there is no doubt that capitalists in developed countries, peace in the international market to earn profits, they are essentially making a peaceful plundering; they looted during the peace in this time of hypocrisy, the real is a new sense of making predatory use of force, in essence, a leap forward in the history of the times involved in the bloody and dirty war plunder. Capitalists in this dirty war is directed by the beneficiaries and. Their profits depend on their respective force the country's history, and also rely on the current force, so they make money by force in the final analysis, their hair is still the war profiteers. Therefore, the capital of the greatest era of capital, not capital but violence. International trade History: 1, from the form, the Industrial Revolution to direct export of goods in international trade-based, and direct foreign investment after World War II into the mainstream; 2, from the contents, the international trade during the Industrial Revolution with the occasional, simple, one-sided labor export or export of commodities, trade, commodities are mostly involved in industrial products and primary raw materials. World War II, various forms of international trade, commodity rich layers, covering three major industries; 3, from the organization, the Industrial Revolution the lack of international trade organizations, export mostly amateur accidental, very few companies specializing in trade diversion, division is not small. World War II, established the WTO and other coordination of national trade and develop trade principles, but basic monopoly of transnational corporations in international trade division of labor is very small; 4, from the scope of the industrial revolution in international trade are often limited to the colonies and sovereign state, the capitalist countries, and covers a narrow (of people). After World War II, the world were directly affected, and no country other than exposure to international trade; 5, from the ideology, the Industrial Revolution is more prevalent mercantilist, capitalist countries occupy colonies; the Second World War, although the two camps of the Cold War there was no contact between the trade, but the basic realization of free trade. Reason: 1, productivity improvement, Specialization, leading to greatly improved production efficiency, there is surplus after meeting the country exports; 2, technological advancements, including transportation, refrigeration technology, heavy cargo, etc., provide the necessary conditions for the long-distance trade; 3, the two world wars broke the old colonial system, established the United Nations and the WTO, the countries created conditions of free competition; 4, the continuous progress of human thought, including economics and human rights theory and so on. "International Trade" main elements: 1, "international trade" the basic content 2, the relevant statistical indicators of international trade 3, the RMB and the export trade 4, classical trade theory 5, from classical trade theory, the transition to modern trade theory 6, the modern trade theory 7, the new trade theory 8, tariff (a) 9, tariffs (b) 10, non-tariff measures 11, unfair trade 12, regional economic integration (a) 13, regional economic integration (b) 14, International Trade in Services 15, the international trade in technology Jin Jin 16, WTO's history 17, GATT 18, WTO (World Trade Organization, Organization) 19, WTO's basic principles 20, WTO and China 21 Opportunities and Challenges for China's WTO accession 22, international trade real
Translated by Google
Overview of international trade _set_tlement
Occur frequently in international trade payment _set_tlement to _set_tlement of claims and liabilities between trade, this _set_tlement as an international trade _set_tlement. _Set_tlement is the international trade transaction of goods based on two clear of money visible trade _set_tlement. The type of instrument Instruments used in international trade, including bills of exchange, promissory notes, checks to use the main draft. Bill From one person to another person a written unconditional payment order issued, requiring the other party (the person receiving the command) or on a regular basis or in the immediate future to determine the time of ticket to the person or nominee or come to pay a certain amount. Bill can be divided into the following categories: ─ ─ according to the different drawer bank drafts, commercial bills. Bank draft (banker's draft) is a drawer and drawee are the bank draft. Commercial bills of exchange (commercial draft) is a drawer for the enterprise legal person, company, firm or individual, the payment of other businesses human, personal or bank draft. With or without accompanying documents by votes ─ ─ light bill, with the single bill Light ticket (clean bill / draft) bill itself does not included shipping documents, bank drafts, mostly light vote. With a single bill (documentary bill), also known as the credit bills of exchange, documentary bills bills of exchange, is the need with bills of lading, warehouse receipts, insurance documents, packing lists, commercial invoices and other documents in order to make a payment of foreign exchange, commercial bills, mostly with a single bill , often used in international trade. ─ ─ at the time of payment of sight draft, time draft Sight draft (sight bill, demand bill) means the holder to the drawee immediately after the other payments, also known as the sight draft. Forward draft (time bill, usance bill) is a vote after a certain period or specific date of payment. In the long-term bill, the record date for a certain maturity, the payment at maturity, for regular draft, recorded in the ticket after a certain period of payment for the period for the draft; recorded in a fixed period after sight payment , and the note on the bill; be classified as several face amount and maturity date were specified for the installment bill. By acceptor ─ ─ firm acceptances, bank acceptances Firm acceptance (commercial acceptance bill) is a bank of any firm or individual other than the long-term bill for the acceptor. Bank acceptance (banker's acceptance bill) is the bank's long-term bill acceptor. ─ ─ circulation area by domestic drafts, international money order. Promissory Notes Is one issue to another, and to ensure that current or future time can be expected from their unconditional payment to the holder a certain amount of data. Promissory notes can be divided into commercial paper and bank promissory notes. Commercial paper is issued by a commercial enterprise or individual promissory notes, also known as the general note. Commercial paper can be divided into immediate and long-term commercial paper rediscount conditions generally do not have, especially SMEs, and individuals out of the long-term promissory notes, due credit guarantee is not high, it is difficult to flow. Cashier is at sight. _Set_tlement in international trade are mostly used in the cashier bank draft. Check Bank sight draft for the payer. Specifically, the drawer (bank depositors) of the bank (the drawee) issued, requiring banks to the sight of immediate payment of the bills. Drawer checks should not arrive there in the paying bank deposits at face value. Such as insufficient funds, provided the holder liable to protest, this check is called empty promises. Dishonored checks in the drawer should bear legal responsibility. Checks can be divided into: Bearer check: is the drawer in the payee column marked "paid to a person," "paid to a person or his designee." This checks the transfer circulation, endorsed by the holder, withdrawals shall be signed by the payee on the back. Bearer check: also known as blank check, payable to the column marked "paid to come." This check may be transferred without endorsement, withdrawals are not required to sign the back. Crossed check: the check mark on the face of two parallel horizontal lines, such holder of a check can not withdraw cash, receivables accounted for only entrust the bank. Certified check: In order to avoid the drawer, empty promises, the payee or the holder may require payment on the check line with the "Guarantee" mark to ensure that the bank be sure to get payment. Note of transfer: the drawer or the holder on the check stated in general "transfer payments" to pay the bank for payment to be limited. _Set_tlement Credit _set_tlement, remittance and collection method of payment, bank guarantee letter, the combined use of a variety of billing methods. A. letter of credit _set_tlement LC (letter of credit) referred to L / C) method is bank credit sale of goods involved in international _set_tlement price of the product. It appears not only to a certain extent, solve the contradiction between the seller and distrust, but also enable the two sides in the use of letter of credit money in the process of facilitating access to bank financing, thus promoting the development of international trade. Therefore, being widely used in international trade, resulting in today's international trade as a major _set_tlement. Conditional letter of credit is the bank to make payment commitments, that is, the issuing bank under the applicant's request and instructions issued to the beneficiary a certain amount and within a certain period of payment by the stipulated documents are committed to the written document; or a bank in the required amount, date, and document conditions, the applicant is willing to purchase on behalf of beneficiaries of issuing a bill of exchange guarantee. Of bank credit, using the inverse exchange method. B. _set_tlement remittance and collection Remittance and collection is commonly used in international trade payment _set_tlement. a. remittance (remittance): also known as remittances, is the payer through a bank, using a variety of payment clearing tool to intersect the recipient of a _set_tlement. A commercial credit, it adopts exchange method. Remittance business involves four parties: the payer (remitter remmitter), the recipient (payee or beneficiary), the remitting bank (remittingbank) and Hui Ruxing (payingbank). Which the payer (usually the importer) and the Export Bank (commissioned by outward remittance of the Bank) under contract between the relationship between the Bank and the Hui Ruxing export (export line agency) relationship between the agency contract there. In the process of remittance business, you need to export line from the sender to submit transfer applications, the remitting bank obligated under the instructions of the remittance application form sent to the Hui Ruxing payment book; Huiru Hang attorney said after receiving the accounting, obliged to payee (usually the exporter) to pay the purchase price solution. But the remitting bank and the intermediary bank does not belong to their own fault for damages (such as payment orders lost or delayed in the mail on the way so the recipient can not cause or to late receipt of payment) is not responsible for, and export of Hui Ruxing work is not liable for negligence. b. collection (collection): exports in goods have been shipped to the importer for the issuance of the remitter of the bill payer (or not included with the shipping documents to pay), entrusting the bank through its exports to imports in the sub- bank or agency on behalf of the importer to receive payment of a _set_tlement. A commercial credit, using the inverse exchange method. Collection methods are the principal parties, the remitting bank, collecting bank and the payer. Principal (principal), which means that the Bank commissioned a bill payer of the collection of money to foreign people, also known as the drawer (drawer), usually the exporter; the remitting bank (remitting bank) that is to accept the exporter commissioned on behalf of the export receivables to banks; the collecting bank (collecting bank), the collecting bank to accept the commission on behalf of the payer bank to receive payment of the importer; payer (payer or drawee), the payer bill collection of payments that the payer, usually the importer. The parties in between the client and the remitting bank, the remitting bank and collecting bank is among the principal-agent relationship between the payer and the collecting bank does not exist any legal relationship between the payer is based on trading contract payment. Therefore, the client can receive the money, completely good or bad depending on the reputation of the importer, the collecting bank and collecting bank shall not be liable. Business in the process of collection, the principal collection to the collecting bank to submit a power of attorney, power of attorney in the human a variety of directions, the remitting bank as well as the collecting bank in accordance with the instructions to the payer on behalf of the commission receive payment. C. Bank Letter of Guarantee (banker's letter of guarantee): abbreviated as L / G), also known as bank guarantees, bank guarantees, or short guarantee, it is the client application which banks should be opened to the beneficiary of a written evidence to ensure that the applicant required to perform the contract, otherwise the bank is responsible for reimbursement. D. The combination of a variety of _set_tlement: the international trade business, the purchase price of a transaction _set_tlement, you can use only one method of payment (usually the case), but also necessary, for example, different trading commodity trading is different , different trading practices, the _set_tlement of two or more combined with, or facilitate a transaction, or is conducive to safe and timely receipt, or conducive to properly handle the payment. Common use of different forms of _set_tlement are: combination of letters of credit and remittance, credit and collection combination of remittance and bank guarantee or letter of credit with a. combination of credit and remittance This refers to the payment of a transaction, in part on a letter of payment, remit the balance by way of _set_tlement. The combination of this _set_tlement to allow the delivery of the form commonly used in a certain number of mobile range of transactions of certain primary products. In this regard, by mutual agreement, the credit against shipping documents to give you the invoice value or the amount prepaid before shipment number into the balance to be goods to the destination (Hong Kong) or after the actual number of re-examination by way of remittance. With this combination of form, you must first specify what kind of letters of credit used and what kind of remittance methods and the ratio of the amount paid by letter of credit. b. combination of credit and collection This refers to the payment of a transaction, in part on a letter to pay the remaining balance _set_tled with the collection. This combination approach is usually the specific form of: credit by the beneficiary (exporter) to open two drafts, are part of the payment under letters of credit by light ticket payment, and the balance will be attached to the collection of shipping documents under the bill, spot or forward by way of payment collection. This practice, more secure exchange earnings of the exporter, the importer can be reduced on the gold pad, easy to be accepted by both parties. But credit must specify the types of credit and payment amounts and types of collection methods must also provide "paid in full before it can pay a single invoice value" clause. c. remit with a bank guarantee or letter of credit with Remittance and bank guarantee or letter of credit in the form commonly used in combination with complete _set_s of equipment, large machinery and large transportation vehicles (airplanes, ships, etc.), payment of the _set_tlement. Such products, a large amount of the transaction, the production cycle large, often require the buyer to remit payment or deposit some way to advance, most of the remaining provisions of the purchase price by the buyer or open letters of credit increases by installments or deferred payment guarantee . In addition, remittance and collection combination of collection and standby letters of credit or bank guarantees and other forms of statement. We carry out foreign trade business, whether the choice was a combination of form, may be appropriate. Risk and Prevention notes Notes as an important international _set_tlement payment instruments, the international use of very extensive. Because a wide range of instruments, different nature, coupled with little contact with most of the domestic residents to foreign bills, lack of functional ability to identify, and thus the process of using the instrument, there are also many risks. Notes Risk A. In the instrument of risk prevention, we should note the following: 1. Trade deal before, we must understand the customer's credit, be aware of possible trouble. Especially for those who credit new customers and those of unknown foreign tensions, regional backwardness, volatile situation in the country physical customers. 2. On bills submitted by customers must be verified prior commission of foreign banks to ensure funds safely. 3. Trade deal before the seller and the buyer must sign and secure, equality and mutual benefit of the sales contract. 4. In the bank without prior receipt of the fare can not be shipped early to avoid payment of two empty. 5. Even if you receive the world's best bank credit line for the payment of checks does not equal the future will receive the payment. In recent years, foreign unscrupulous traders and remittance documents with forged notes in the domestic fraud cases frequently occur, and the upward trend in the number of incidence, which can not be taken lightly. B. Risks and prevention bill Process of using the bill, in addition to above-mentioned note, we should also pay attention to follow the issue, acceptance, must comply with the principles of the bill: 1. Using the unit must be a bill to open an account in a bank corporation; 2. Issuance of bills of exchange must be based on legitimate commodity trading, commodity trading ban issued a draft-free; 3. Bill by the acceptance, the acceptor or payer bears the responsibility of the unconditional payment of the fare; 4. In addition to banks discount bills of exchange, but are not allowed negotiable. (Note: This provision has been the subsequent break the bank balance sheet approach). C. How to identify genuine and fake promissory notes 1. True cashier system using special paper, printing, paper, have certain security measures, and leave the cashier can only use the market plain paper printing, paper is poor, generally used in paper promissory note than the real thin and soft. 2. Printing ink formulations promissory really is confidential, is difficult to be fraudsters, therefore, can only be similar to the color of ink printed, so that the face color of fake cashier cashier contests have some differences. 3. True cashier number, font specification and tidy, and some fake cashier order number, order missing fonts, spacing evenly. 4. Because it is illegal printing, signing off on the promissory note is also bound to fake signatures, with the signature does not match the Reserve Bank to master.
Translated by Google
_Set_tlement of international trade
First, the credit _set_tlement LC (letter of credit, referred to as the L / C) method is bank credit sale of goods involved in international _set_tlement price of the product. It appears not only to a certain extent, solve the contradiction between the seller and distrust, but also enable the two sides in the use of letter of credit money in the process of facilitating access to bank financing, thus promoting the development of international trade. Therefore, being widely used in international trade, resulting in today's international trade as a major _set_tlement. Bank credit is made to conditional payment commitment to the issuing bank under the applicant's request and instructions issued to the beneficiary a certain amount and within a certain period of payment by the stipulated documents are committed to the written document; or a bank in the required amount, date, and document conditions, the applicant is willing to purchase on behalf of beneficiaries of issuing a bill of exchange guarantee. Of bank credit, using the inverse exchange method. Second, remittance and collection _set_tlement Remittance and collection is commonly used in international trade payment _set_tlement. 1. Remittance (remittance) Remittance, also known as remittances, is the payer through a bank, using a variety of payment clearing tool to intersect the recipient of a _set_tlement. A commercial credit, it adopts exchange method. Remittance business involves four parties: the payer (remitter remmitter), the recipient (payee or beneficiary), the remitting bank (remitting bank) and Hui Ruxing (paying bank). Which the payer (usually the importer) and the Export Bank (commissioned by outward remittance of the Bank) under contract between the relationship between the Bank and the Hui Ruxing export (export line agency) relationship between the agency contract there. In the process of remittance business, you need to export line from the sender to submit transfer applications, the remitting bank obligated under the instructions of the remittance application form sent to the Hui Ruxing payment book; Huiru Hang accounting show received power of attorney, the obligation to payee (usually the exporter) to pay the purchase price solution. But the export line and Huiru Hang on do not belong to its own negligence caused the loss (such as payment orders lost or delayed in the mail on the way and so can not cause the recipient of receipt of payment or late) is not responsible for, and remitting bank for Hui Ruxing work is not liable for negligence. 2. Collection (collection) Collection of exports in goods have been shipped to the importer for the issuance of the remitter of the bill payer (attached or not to pay as the shipping documents), commissioned by Bank of exports to imports of the land through its branch or agency on behalf of the import charge the payment of a _set_tlement. A commercial credit, using the inverse exchange method. Collection methods are the principal parties, the remitting bank, collecting bank and the payer. Client, which means that the bill payer entrusted the collection of money to foreign banks who also called the drawer, usually the exporter; the remitting bank that accepted the commission on behalf of the exporter's export receivables to banks; Generation closing line, that is, the remitting bank to accept the commission on behalf of the payer bank to receive payment of the importer; payer, the payer bill payer is the collection of payment, usually the importer. The parties in between the client and the remitting bank, the remitting bank and collecting bank is among the principal-agent relationship between the payer and the collecting bank does not exist any legal relationship between the payer is based on trading contract payment. Therefore, the client can receive the money, completely good or bad depending on the reputation of the importer, the collecting bank and collecting bank shall not be liable. Business in the process of collection, the principal collection to the collecting bank to submit a power of attorney, power of attorney in the human a variety of directions, the remitting bank as well as the collecting bank in accordance with the instructions to the payer on behalf of the commission receive payment. 3. Bank Letter of Guarantee Bank Letter of Guarantee (banker's letter of guarantee, abbreviated as L / G), also known as bank guarantees, bank guarantees, or short guarantee, it is the client application which banks should be open to the beneficiary of a written certificate, performance of the contract required to ensure the applicant, or by the banks responsible for payment of debts. 4. The combination of a variety of _set_tlement In international trade business, payment _set_tlement of a transaction, you can use only one method of payment (usually the case), but also necessary, for example, different trading commodity trading is different, different trading practices, the two or more The combination of billing methods, or facilitate a transaction, or is conducive to safe and timely receipt, or conducive to properly handle the payment. Common use of different forms of _set_tlement are: combination of letters of credit and remittance, credit and collection combination of remittance and bank guarantee or letter of credit combination.
Translated by Google
International trade in parallel imports
In recent years, with the relationship between intellectual property and international trade more closely in international trade and international protection of intellectual property generated in the intersection of many complex problems. For a typical parallel import protection for intellectual property issues arising from international trade. The so-called parallel imports, generally refers to the intellectual property rights or exclusive licensee whether the right to prohibit the legitimate products imported from abroad, namely in international trade, intellectual property legally held by the party without the knowledge of the importing country the consent of property rights, through legal means to import the product to the national intellectual property protection and market behavior. Parallel imports are concentrated in the nature of trade and intellectual property reflects the conflict between trade in goods, and intellectual property protection and international trade liberalization, the contradiction between, is gradually becoming a hot spot of concern and controversy. As China is still a lack of legal basis concerning parallel imports, leading to what happened in real life, the phenomenon of parallel imports than in the courts of many who suffer from intellectual property rights is not no way to define their scope, no way to know on the parallel importation of attitude. In previous years, as China is a developing country products, lower production costs, but has been taken on imported goods before the high tariff policy, the case of parallel imports from China are still rare. However, from the development trend of international trade, the current generated by the possibility of parallel imports is growing. For example, the reduction of trade barriers have the potential for the current trend of parallel imports of goods open the door. Significant reduction of tariffs and quotas to reduce the one hand, the parallel importers greatly reduce the cost of transactions and increase the possibility of parallel imports; the other hand, the previous entry through smuggling channels, parallel imports into the formal channels, to increase the flow of parallel imports. In addition, the import quota licenses and market access of the weakening of foreign trade rights of enterprises will be achieved, which also occurred in China parallel imports prepared institutional premise. Furthermore, from a global perspective, China's enterprises as exporters of intellectual property products are exported to foreign countries resulting in parallel imports, there are many controversies. Therefore, enterprises for international trade in parallel imports must be sufficient attention. Made for the parallel importation of the identification and specification of the system is an inevitable trend of development. Established in the system before the companies the basic meaning of parallel imports and the possible consequences should have the necessary knowledge in order to fully estimate the risk based on various market to make reasonable business decisions.
Translated by Google
International trade and environmental constraints for sustainable development
International trade and environmental constraints for sustainable development mainly from the following five aspects: First, the international environmental conventions; Second, WTO environmental provisions in the agreement; third, environmental labeling system; Fourth, the international environmental management system series standards; five importing countries on environmental and trade regulations, technical standards.
Translated by Google
International Trade - International Trade Terms
International trade terms known as price terms. International trade, the obligations of both parties, will affect commodity prices. In the long-term international trade practice, gradually formed and prices are closely related to some of the terms of trade and prices directly linked to the formation of several types of purchase patterns. Buyers and sellers are provided for each mode of trade conditions in certain obligations. Used to specify terms of such obligations, known as trade terms. Expressed in terms of trade terms of trade, mainly in two areas: First, the price structure of that business, whether to include costs other than the cost of the major subordinate, that freight and insurance; Second, determine the terms of delivery, that is that buyers and sellers in the transfer of cargo each other's responsibilities, the division of costs and risks. Trade terms in international trade, said the price of essential content. Trade terms used in open quotations, a clear transfer of goods between the two sides in the respective responsibilities, costs and risks, that the prices in the composition. Simplifying the procedures for trade negotiations and shorten the turnover time. Since the provisions of the international practice of trade terms should be the obligations of both buyers and sellers, made a complete and precise explanation, and thus avoid the understanding of the terms of the contract are inconsistent, may arise in the performance of some controversy.
Translated by Google
Overview of international trade
1, What is the international trade From the perspective of a country is to foreign trade international trade (Foreign Trade). 2, how is the international trade International trade is a certain historical conditions and development together. The formation of international trade, two basic conditions are: (1) development of social productivity; (2) formation of the country. The development of social productive forces to produce surplus for the exchange of goods, the surplus of goods exchanged between the countries to generate international trade. 3, International Trade and the difference between foreign trade Foreign trade means a country (or region) with other countries (or regions) of the goods, technologies and services in exchange activities. Therefore, when foreign trade indicate that particular country. If China's foreign trade; some of the island such as Britain, Japan, Foreign Trade, also known as the overseas trade.
Translated by Google
Economic Wikipedia
International Trade (International Trade) also known as% 26ldquo; the World Trade% 26rdquo;, generally refers to international goods and services (or goods, knowledge and services) of the exchange. It consists of countries (regions) of the composition of foreign trade, foreign trade country in the world combined. International trade in slave and feudal society had occurred, and with the development of production and gradually expanding. To a capitalist society, its unprecedented expansion, with worldwide.
Translated by Google
Accounting Wikipedia
Foreign Trade (ForeignTrade) means a country or region, or areas with other countries the exchange of goods and services activities. From an international perspective, this exchange of goods and services activities, which constitute the country's foreign trade transactions worldwide, it is called international trade (InternationalTrade) or the World Trade (WorldTrade) Because modern monetary and credit relations between countries, scientific and technological cooperation and so on the basis of commodity movement, it is a modern international trade, the basic form of international economic ties. Qingdao City in 2005 were $ 1,422,120,000,000 to achieve international trade.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
International Trade Between countries in international trade activities of the exchange of goods and services, is the country's external The bond and basis for economic relations. Also known as the world trade. It is with both connections and differences between foreign trade. From one country or a regional perspective Look, this exchange activity, called the foreign trade; from the international point of view, this exchange Activities, called the international trade. International trade is a historical category. It is produced from ancient, The determining factor was the social division of labor, development of commodity economy. The formation of the country, cargo Currency in circulation and the emergence of business is a necessary condition for its formation. In the slave society and sealed Building society, international trade, a very limited scale. In modern times, international trade has been an unprecedented Extensive development, the process of social reproduction as an indispensable link. International Trade Easy movement of goods in accordance with a different direction into the export trade, import and transit trade Easy; under different forms of goods, divided into visible and invisible trade; vary according to the General Across borders and the different customs territory, divided into general trade and special trade; under the carriage of goods by side Different type, divided into land trade, sea trade, trade and mail order trade in air transport; is based on Whether a third party to participate, divided into direct trade and indirect trade and entrepot trade; under the _set_tlement Tools, divided into free trade and barter _set_tlement. Development of international trade is a Kinds of historical trends and progress, it is for improving productivity and promoting economic development, Cultural exchange, plays a very important role.
Translated by Google
English Expression
n.: international commerce, International trade
Thesaurus
world trade, foreign trade, import and export trade, foreign trade
customs