大蒙古国（Yeke Mongghol Ulus）是由蒙古族首领成吉思汗于公元1206年建立的国家。他和他的继承人经过几次对外扩张，领土扩大到中亚、西亚、东欧和中国。在忽必烈击败阿里不哥夺得汗位后，原属大蒙古国的术赤后王封地、察合台后王封地、窝阔台后王封地和忽必烈之弟旭烈兀的封地取得了事实上的独立地位，演变为四大汗国。1271年忽必烈定国号为“大元”，在其所控制的领地内（包括今中国大部和蒙古高原）建立了元朝，蒙古文则称为“大元国”（Dai Ön Ulus）或“大元大蒙古国”（Dai Ön Yeke Mongghol Ulus）。自此大蒙古国的法统为元朝所继承。除与元朝敌对的窝阔台汗国后来灭亡外，其余三大汗国名义上为元朝的宗藩国，其实际独立地位也为元廷所承认。
Mongolia is located in the northern part of Asia, north and south of the Gobi desert highlands, prime for many nomadic tribes, ethnic groups thrive land. Since the beginning of spring and autumn, there have been Huns, Turks, and other ethnic Uighur rise of the East Wing of ancient nomadic constitute the human world, and the adjacent Central Plains farming regions have close economic, cultural and political exchanges, military conflict and frequent exchanges. Around the 13th century, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian nation, and out of the plateau, the expansion _set_ off a wave of strong stocks. A short time, which shares the expansion of the wave of up_set_s put the Eurasian Zhou Tian Han Toru farming world, a dark, causing upheaval in the Middle Ages human politics, culture and geography. It not only greatly influenced the historical process of the Mongolian nation, on the evolution of human civilization also left a deep impression trajectory. 8,9 turn of the century, the original nomadic east of Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Argun area Heilongjiang Mongolian tribes began to migrate westward into the turn hard to the river, the river and the cowardly Simon Tula River area, followed occupy the east of Lake Baikal, west of the Irtysh River, south of the Great Wall, north, Siberia, a vast plateau. 10-12 century Mongol tribes 辽金政 right very close contacts with the South to accept the impact of advanced material culture, the increasing popularity of the use of iron, and rapid development of productive forces, the private system began to appear. In the past that the traditional nomadic way of collective clan "Cyrus extension" gradually gave way to a one of the nomadic way of "Ah Yin Le," exacerbated social class differentiation, clan society gradually disintegrate. Various tribal leaders "sweat" and noble "Noyan" wantonly seize the wealth of society, it is also fed bodyguard warriors "That child," their fight in, as to maintain power, attack the campaign's armed forces. Tribal competition for pasture, livestock and slaves, grappling with each other, the jungle. The second half of the 12th century, after the brutal competition in the Mongolian tribes, gradually formed Polo child only two pounds and Sapporo only thorn tribal, eyeing each other, trying to devour each other. At the same time, the entire plateau from east to west, Tatar (Tatar), Mongolia, Kerait, Naiman four groups and the North contempt children begging Group five male co-exist confrontation. To compete for the highest power dominate the entire plateau, five tribal groups fierce fight. Against this background, Genghis Khan stride boarded the stage of history. He organized a powerful army four expeditions. 1206, Temujin unified Mongolia, to convene a meeting in turn hard to the river (now Onon River) source, namely Mongolia sweat bit number "Genghis Khan", the country "Great Mongolia." Mongolian steppe ended a long scrimmage situation. 1205 onwards, Genghis Khan attacked three Western Xia. 1211 Mongolian cavalry attack Jin and occupation are. 1218, the Mongol armies exterminate Liao regime. Descendants established WoKuoTaiHan here. 1219-1222, Genghis Khan offensive Hualazaimo (now Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan area), captured a number of major city. Khwarizmi Maha late ruler Sultan fled Caspian island died. 1223 Genghis Khan sent Subutai continue westward, in the current Grand Duke of Kiev Ukraine defeated after withdrawal. 1226 Genghis Khan again Xia Zheng, 1227 Xia last king to surrender. 1227 Genghis Khan died in Helan Mountain. At the time of the Mongol Empire, including the Mongolian Plateau, part of Northwest China, North China and Northeast China and Central Asia, West Asia most. Since then the descendants of Genghis Khan, and constantly open up the land, after the establishment of the Mongol Empire established a sweat Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Kipchak Khanate, WoKuoTaiHan, Erie Khanate. Khan Khanate that Yuan.
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After the expansion of Genghis Khan
1251 ~ 1405 between the Mongol Empire. After the death of his son ogadai successors of Genghis Khan Mongolian profusely. 1235 Mongol armies began to attack Kipchak, Russia, captured Moscow and other cities. 1240 Genghis Khan's grandson Batu captured Kiev. 1241, Batu led his troops invaded Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, until blocked in the vicinity of Vienna, Austria, Austria, Bohemia coalition. 1242 ogadai's death came, Batu Khan marched east normalized inherited compete bit. This is the most western Mongol armies that place. Kipchak Khanate established here after known as the Golden Horde. After ogadai after a brief reign of the expensive, the youngest son of Genghis Khan's son Tolui Montgomery throne. 1252 Montgomery sent his brother Hulagu expedition. In 1258, the Mongol Empire expedition army captured Baghdad. 1259 Hulagu levy Syria, 1260 capture of Damascus. 1259 Montgomery profusely during the Southern Song Dynasty in HECHUAN Diaoyu offensive killed. Hulagu return in triumph vying for positions, leaving a small amount after the Mongolian army was defeated in Palestine in Egypt. Unable to make further territorial Mongol Empire extended to Africa. Created here Ilhan country, also known as the Queen Khanate. When ogadai Khan, 1230-1234, Mongolia Jin off. 1231, attack Korea, Korea royal retreat Ganghwa Island. After ogadai, Hulagu expedition at the same time, Meng Gehan in 1258 annualized three-way army to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. 1259 Montgomery in the Diaoyu Jiugong HECHUAN, arrows in a battle injuries, and soon died, at the age of 52. Khan is attacking Ezhou then triumphant, claiming profusely. Kublai capital in 1267 are (now Beijing), later renamed the most. 1271 changed the country for the "big dollars", the emperor, is to begin the Yuan Dynasty. From 1267 to 1279, after years of battle against the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Yuan army was finally destroyed. To 1275 Korea had succumbed to the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan became a vassal state. Mongolia was the 1257 offensive Annan. After destroy Song, Yuan army and were twice in 1285 and 1287 captured Annan (now northern Vietnam) of Tran. The more its big rival Champa (now South Vietnam regime Hindu) jointly repelled the attack Yuan army. 1287 Yuan Pu 甘王国 army invaded northern Burma, in 1303 after they exit the area. Yuan army in 1292-1293 launched on Java Sea expedition also failed. 1274 and 1281, Kublai two attacks in Japan, because North Korea had made warship failed and gave up.
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Four Khanate
WoKuoTaiHan (1225 -1309): The main Liao homeland (now Xinjiang and Central Asia area). After most of Kublai Khan moved the capital to support Elibuge of WoKuoTaiHan refused allegiance to Kublai Khan and independent. Ogadai manor, licensed Irtysh River upstream and east of Lake Balkhash region, dense foliage in the capital (now Xinjiang Emin). 1229, ogadai sweat of the place that will give their eldest son of the manor by the. 1246, by the sweat of your throne, but died two years later. Department profusely bit by ogadai go Tolui system. 1251, the new kings of sweat Montgomery crackdown on ogadai Department, in addition to death, banished to move part of the princes, the turn WoKuoTaiHan Homeland descendants of kings granted to weak its potential. Kublai Khan, after bit, pursuing Chinese policies are causing to ogadai Di Hai kings of the Mongol Empire, led by public discontent. Hoi has several revolted rebellion, and repeated wins Yuan army, as a major threat to the Yuan Dynasty. 1301, the rate of sea are more than 40 rebel soldiers invaded the Yuan Dynasty kings Union, want to replace, but in the Sahara and Lin Yuan army was defeated, and soon the sea are sick death. In 1310, his son Chagatai Khanate was observed eight children defeated, WoKuoTaiHan death. Chagatai Khanate (1227 -1369 years): Located in Xinjiang today, the Central Asian area. By Kublai Khan, Alibuge and other forces repeatedly contention. Department of Genghis Khan's second son Chagatai this manor, licensed early Liao old ground, including the Tianshan Mountains and the Amu Darya, Syr Darya between land, capital of Ali Mari (now Xinjiang Huocheng). In 1310, they merged WoKuoTaiHan the most mound, national power reached its apex, its territory east of Turpan, the Amu Darya and west, north to Tarbaghatai Taishan, south of the Hindu Kush mountains. Mongolian nomadic Turkic military aristocracy and nobility together constitute the local ruling class, trying to maintain the relationship between nomadic patriarchal feudal system. Turkic Mongols relatively common phenomenon. The mid-14th century, the Khanate divided into East and West two. East Chagatai Khanate licensed WoKuoTaiHan old ground to Shufu Liao for all, after a further split in the 16th century has been incorporated into the next year. Western Chagatai Khanate licensed river land to Samarkand as the capital, in 1370 was destroyed by Timur Empire. Kipchak Khanate (1219 - 1502): Located in today Hungary, Poland, Ukraine and the European part of Russia, the North Caucasus, part Hualazaimo, Ross gentlemen its vassal state, as created by Batu. Genghis Khan who had conquered the north of the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea Kipchak steppe vast fief given to the eldest son Shuchi. In 1235, the eldest son of Batu expedition Shuchi Ross and Eastern Europe, the majority of jurisdiction, east of the Yenisei River, west of the Danube River, the South Caucasus until the north of Russia. 1243 expedition ended, Batu to the Volga River downstream Salai was all built Kipchak Khanate. Due to sweat off golden color, the Europeans also known as the Golden Horde. Batu later turn the Aral Sea to the northeast of the packet to turn Lu duo, known as the White Book Khanate, the north of the Aral Sea, west of the Ural River in letters to the former class, called the Blue Book Khanate, both of which begin with gold Account Khan sovereign. Golden Horde territory generally consists of two parts, one for the Kipchak steppe and other nomadic areas, one for Russia and other farming areas. Mongols ruled according to local conditions, nomadic areas directly controlled by the Mongols, where the center of gravity Khanate. The area retains its original Ross kings public feudal regime, and to control, the kings of the public shall Khan tribute to concede defeat, accept the canonization. Since the beginning of the 13th century, the kings of Kipchak people and from the public in Ross, who by choosing the most tame, called "Grand Duke Vladimir and All Russia", a glimpse of those with Khan's Golden Horde favoritism, the right to be responsible for the collection of whole tribute throughout Europe, unified handed Golden Horde. Ross, who is competing for the Grand Duchy of public kings title, competing with each other, brutal fight, or informant at Golden Horde to eliminate opponents, or directly to war. Mongols then use this strategy, sit back and enjoy, to achieve effective rule Ross. Since the founding in 1209 to the mid-14th century, 100 years, is the Golden Horde national power heyday era. Kipchak steppe Mongolian nobles gradually with various nomadic tribes aristocratic confluence, change Turkic language, turn converted to Islam, continue with neighboring Azerbaijan, Iraq and other places children compete Khanate, often not tame the Russian army conquered kings. 1341, Uzbek Khan's death, domestic conflicts, endless infighting. Under the Timurid Empire and the rise of emerging in the West has Chagatai Khanate (now Central) as the core of the gentlemen at Rose State agency began to get tribute sustained external aggression and expansion Duchy of Moscow and other combat or counterattack, national power increasingly decline. When the 15th century, the Golden Horde Khanate of Kazan split into Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Khanate large accounts and other countries. Iraqi children Khanate (1256 - 1388): Located in the Caucasus, Iran, Iraq and other places, is created by Hulagu. Valencia expedition to drag Lei Sanzai Hulagu Khan built. 1264, Kublai Khan officially canonized Hulagu Khan Iraqi children. Amr their country east river, west of the Mediterranean, the North arrived in the Caucasus, South Indian Ocean, the capital of Tabriz. Iraqi children Khanate early, because all sweat expedition frequent, widespread poverty, Mongolian and Turkic nobility joint dictatorship, stick backward nomadic mode of production, urban and sedentary farmers purposes crushing policies, resulting in the national economic depression, sparsely populated, barren land, the people revolt continued social order turbulent times. 1295, Taiwan Chan Khan throne, to save the crisis. Easing social conflicts, abandon the traditional policy, the full implementation of Islamic reform in order to secure the support of many Muslim nobles consolidate feudal order. He led the army to abandon the original religion, Islam Gui changed, and as the state religion; vigorously promote Arab traditional military mound system, the farmers on the land strictly fixed to the mound by licensed service pay any rent; repeal taxation system, tax regulations and punish those who abuse syndrome; unified currency and weights and measures, the development of industrial and commercial tariff; encourage reclamation, build roads, cut down Post Road, the approved amount of soldiers, prohibiting corruption; incentives culture, promote academic. Therefore, when the early 14th century, the Khanate of Iraqi children get a larger social and economic recovery, the feudal rule was strengthened Islamic culture also has considerable development. Like Khan in court together, gathered a lot of writers and scholars. His minions prime minister La Shite sorrow Ding compiled a history of famous "History Collection" has been transmitted. 1304, co praise Khan died. Shortly thereafter, the Iraqi children Khan domestic situation is getting worse. There are kings FIGHT, de facto ruler of potential contention, strife after another; outside the Egyptian Mamluk dynasty and the Kipchak Khanate keep invaders, fortunes Day Organisation, caught split. 1388, eventually emerging Central Asian Timurid empire destroyed.
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Mongol Empire and Yuan Dynasty
Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty, it is easy to confuse a lot of Chinese people, both interrelated, there are differences between the two concepts. Yuan is China's territory, not including the other four khanate of the Mongol Empire. Early 13th century, among the Song and Jin war, the power of the Mongolian nomads northern grasslands opportunity to grow. After the year 1206, Temujin gradually unified Mongolia, was elected as "Genghis Khan." Genghis Khan was a solid command of the military regime in the country of slavery, it was the territory east Mountains, west of Altai, south from the desert, north to Lake Baikal. Established the Mongol Empire, is the beginning of the true meaning of the Mongol military expansion, and thereafter expanding outward. 1209 ~ 1218, the Mongol conquest successively Gaochang Uighur and Liao, opened its advance in Central Asia and Europe portal; then war is the three large-scale expedition Mongols. Three expedition laid the majority of the territory of the worldwide empire, will now Russia and most of Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Persia and India are the Northwest income sphere of influence.
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蒙古帝国世系
9 Kublai Khan (Kublai Khan 1264 年 -1294 years)
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Division of the Mongol Empire
The rulers in the Central Plains cruel domination and exploitation. 1351, Liu Tong rate levy White Lotus congregation and was dug river Yellow river uprising, the organization "red scarves" against the Yuan army. In 1368, the emperor was overthrown, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty rulers expelled from the Central Plains, beyond the Great Wall Mongolian government adopted Dayuan the country, known as the Northern Yuan, to the early 15th century to the "meta" the country. Four Khanate in WoKuoTaiHan destroyed in 1309 in the Chagatai Khanate. Chagatai Khanate Khanate and Iraqi children repeated division and eventually were conquered in 1388 Timur Tamerlane Empire. Kipchak Khanate to the 15th century split into five small Khanate (the Crimean Khanate, Khanate of Kazan, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Nogai Khan), and along the respective Independent development direction of development. Western Chagatai Turkic Khanate descendants of the Mongol nobility seven descendant of Genghis Khan Tamerlane. After the independence of Sudan in 1369 he conquered Khanate Chagatai Khanate and Erie, offensive Kipchak Khanate, India (captured Delhi), Asia Minor (defeated Ottoman Empire 苏丹巴耶塞 special). Timurid empire, east Indian River, west to Asia Minor, north from the Caspian Sea, south of the Persian Gulf. At that time the Ming Emperor Yongle. Timur the Great's death, the empire split in 1500 died in Uzbek. Babur, a descendant of Timur south India, the establishment of the Mughal Empire. Is not part of the Timurid Empire Mongol Empire, but it was created by the descendants of Mongolia, where most of the territory in four Khanate.
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Empire's demise
1. Dynasty destruction (1368-1402) 1368, Yuan was mainly peasant uprising in red scarves successful uprising to overthrow the Yuan Hui Huan posts were properly Harmony Hill led the royal family and the central government remaining army retreated to their ancestral land - Mongolian Plateau. The success is attributed to the withdrawal of expansion similar to crazy from the start of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire makes a vast, Khanate, tribal buildings, and the Mongolian Yuan Empire have only a part of the territory of the Mongol Empire, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty is nominally Mongol Empire The sweat, the Mongol Khanate and the major tribes enjoy a certain degree of suzerainty. Yuan's demise, so the Mongol Empire just lost territory of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Mongol Empire still exists. Emperor Hui Zong Yuan is served in a deep contact with the Central Plains culture, May 23, 1370, in salads Moron River should Chang died. Yuan Hui Zong Lawrence know where the eldest son of the Prince of love (ie Akimune) Jidi Wei, Yuan regime has maintained that he will for eight years, and look forward to one day making determined efforts to regain lost status. However, he has not only the opportunity to achieve this desire, also faces deep into Mongolia Ming army attacks. 1372, Da army headed towards Karakorum, which is the headquarters of the Mongolian gold family, is a symbol of power and glory, war is very intense. Overstretched back-not following the Ming army blocked at Tura River. 1378, Akimune died, his brother (some say his son) off Guth Timur (ie interest cases) to the throne, the third emperor of the territory beyond the control of the Northern Yuan has shrunk to the size of the initial rise of the Mongol Empire when. 1388, a 10 million under the Ming army generals, led by turquoise river and between co-Leca herlen, Bell Lake Shore defeated the Yuan army generals were beneficial, the Yuan Dynasty kings, Pingzhang following officers three thousand people and more than 70,000 non-commissioned officers were captured, the benefits were fleeing after killing his ministry will constriction. The failure to make gold family - Great Yuan regime Kublai department lost supremacy in the Mongols, announced that most of the Mongol tribes out of it and self-reliance. In 1402, Kun Timur Khan was killed by his subordinates red ghost force, Yuan completely destroyed. 2 Mongolian Civil War (1403-1426) Yuan completely destroyed, so the Ming Dynasty lost the most powerful political main enemy, Mongolia has become a "trouble on the frontier", rather than a central remnants of the former dynasty. Therefore, Yongle Emperor Li Chi said the ghost-friendly, admitted he for Mongolia's sovereignty, but the ghost force pro-Chek Ming Mongolia attitude has caused discontent. 1408, which is known to kill hospital Alu Tai. Subsequently, its benefits were crowned the grandson of the Ya lost in sweat, and Ming Dear John. But Alu Tai only controls the eastern Mongolia (Tatar), Simon ancient (Wala) been its powerful rival Mahathir, who controlled wood. 1410, Yongle Emperor expedition, defeated the Ya lost in ancient tie at Wu children, since their escape with Alu Tai points west. The following year, while the elegant wood Mahathir debilitating loss in its eradication, Li clan A. Reba (jactitation lost in the Ya brother) as Khan, Alu Tai Li clan Adai is also sweat. 1415, Yongle Emperor again expedition, defeated Wala. After the Ming army retreated, Alu Tai took the opportunity to attack, Mahathir Wood, A. Reba killed. Then, Mahathir Huan Yong Li Muzi off color libraries for the amount of sweat. However, in 1425 the amount of color libraries death, Wala happened civil strife. Adai opportunity will play a beat, Mongolia became a full sweat. 3. Wala reign (1433-1454) Wala after being defeated in the leadership gradually de-Huan revitalization. 1433, de Huan unified Wala ministries, Li clan Tuotuo not spend as sweat. Between 1434-1438, the army scored eastern Mongolia, killed and his empire profusely Adai important Vizier Alu Tai, the unification of Mongolia. Although gold family Tuotuo not spend Mongolia became a full sweat, but in fact, the Mongol empire has been transferred to the Ross family Chuo Wala's start from the Gold family. For the Ming Dynasty, the golden end of the family of Genghis Khan, the new monarch grasslands are a no illustrious history of the nation, they are neither prominent nor important in the history of the Mongol Empire, as they can not have the appeal of gold as a family . Then, the remaining forces northward Yuan Ming back to the south since the end should be. However, the Wala people have not forgotten that they have the highest authority of the Mongol Empire. Of course, in the Ming Dynasty, when very strong, Wala people are hesitant to stroke the tiger whiskers. Therefore, to restore the empire of the first knife to cut off their Chagatai Khanate Southeast region. Huan's son Esen off beat Chagatai Khanate Wei Si Khan, strong married his sister Princess Hani wood, because Wei Si Khan is gold family, this political marriage, making the Wala people think they have called on all Mongolians lineage. 1453, first while killing Mongol Khan, Khan usurped. Golden rule of real family break. Esen had succeeded his father off when Huan seat, the boundaries of the Mongol Empire extended from Lake Balkhash to Lake Baikal, and from the Lake Baikal region extending to near the Great Wall, a symbol of one of the territory's capital Karakorum orthodox also Empire. In 1449, he was breaking an engagement to marry Princess Ming, so Esen attacked near Datong Ming border. Yingzong person expedition. Started fighting at Fort civil. Yingzong captured. But the stubborn resistance of Datong and Xuanhua, Esen not, had to return to the Mongolian emperor with captive Yingzong. Three months later, his comeback, march to the northwestern suburbs of Beijing, however, he encountered the Yu Qian Ming resistance, launched repeated attacks were repulsed, and soon the Ming Dynasty and the brightest reinforcements arrived. He defeated along the Juyongguan. 1450, decided to release Hidemune Esen, and in 1453 with the Ming conferences and announce its vassals of the Ming Dynasty, this action that he abandoned the suzerainty of the Mongol Empire, only be seen as an independent Khan, originally each has succumbed to his family, tribe and gold Khanate and re-establish themselves. 1454, Esen was assassinated. Wala soon changed into the first civil strife, never recovered its former glory. 4 gold family restoration Esen's death, Wala chaos. Mongol clan Mauri child expelled Wala westward, crowned Tuotuo ancient child is not Hanako horse sweat, from family to regain the gold rule. However, this did not bring ZTE, what follows are constant infighting. Until 1465, Genghis Khan's 27th-generation heirs are Ghoul full sweat defeated regicide, before the end of civil strife. During his reign, and strengthen the right Khan, laid the foundation for the resurgence of Mongolia. 1469, died in his crusade against his nephew and heir Bohle farmers call a war economy. The Bohle call agricultural economy in 1470, said he could have been assassinated before Khan. Gold family once flourishing population, the pitifully leaving only a five-year-old boy, the son of Boler call Dayan agricultural economy. Dayan fate and misfortune, the family elders have died in civil strife, helpless little child, even his mother threw him remarried, this is simply younger than Genghis Khan suffered even when sad. Fortunately, full of sweat are young widow Ghoul Manduhai sain can Dun put him under its protection. Manduhai sain to London is a very remarkable woman, she is not only raising the Dayan, also in 1470 declared him profusely. Later Manduhai sain can teach an army to defeat the Oirat people, they are completely out of the Mongolian plateau in the eastern region. Laid the foundation for future Dayan Khan's rule. Dayan Khan of the Mongol Empire ruled the longest profusely, from 1470 to 1517 a full 47 years. After 1481 Chikamasa Dayan Khan repressive right-wing Tumote people Wuliangha people (also known as Duoyan three health) rebellion. And from 1497 to 1505, he from the northern region of the Ming Liaodong Gansu were attacked, making clear unable to contact Oirats. Dayan Khan after the 1517 death of his 孙子博 迪继承 the Khan. Although the majority of the territory of the many sons of Dayan Khan carve, but 1544 to 1634 Khan of the Mongol Empire had been solid in the long branch Dayan Khan's descendants Chahar portion heritage, after Bodie Khan (1520 - 1548), the library board Khan (1548-1557 years), (1557-1593 years), Toru Chen Khan (1593-1604) and Lindan Han (1604-1634 years). 5 demise of the Mongol Empire Although Dayan Khan's long-term stability of the Mongol Empire ruled Khan heritage, but did not overcome the greatest weakness of the Mongolian nation - the implementation of customary law to divide the family inheritance. When the empire after the death of the founder of the empire and later became a federated nation like the country, the country's leaders at all levels, are brothers or cousins, though they acknowledge the rights of Chahar highest portion, but is quite independent state. With the passage of time, the passage of time, the Ministry of Chahar Khan successors gradually lost strength enough to rule the whole of Mongolia, the West and the East Oirats rise Tungus (Manchu) are their worst enemy. But this time, people are dealing with the Kazakh Khanate Oirats, Tsarist Russia, and internal power struggles of Chuo Khoshut Ross family and the family, therefore, the end of the history of the Mongol Empire, only Tungus established after the gold. 1604, lindane inherited Khan, accepting the Yellow Sect Shaer Ba Hutuketu initiations quit teaching, said 林丹库图克 Figure Khan. Lindan Han is not a incompetence Khan, after he had seen the gold for Mongolia's ambitions, and therefore on the throne from the beginning, they start to re-unification ministries, claiming to be "green commanding forty Baton Genghis Khan Mongolian Peoples' . 1627 annexation of the right-wing troops Erdos, Harqin, tumd other units, and they figure Kaerka allied Khan, under the jurisdiction of Liaodong area east, west Gansu. However, the following year, Duoyan Wuliangha of Subu units kalaqin up to Daikichi, Mote and sweat cloth stone figure, the amount of Ordos forehead Ren Qin Ji Yong Xie farming and cloth, Aso Ti, A Baga, Khalkha and other coalition troops Ministry of thousands of churches in the city Tumote a war, consumed Lindan Han elite troops four million people, which makes Lindan Han's strength greatly weakened. When Nurhachu, Horqin Ministry Zha Lute Department will seek refuge under the marriage after the payment. Mote, Harqin, Lindan Han Wu Liangha other units in order to avoid retaliation, also seeking refuge after payment. 1625, Lindan Han sent troops Nen attack Horqin department. After Kim sent troops to aid in Horqin, Lindan Han receded. After Taiji's reign, the Lindan Han as the main enemy. 1628, sending Bei Lee Ji Ha River and the old grid Lindan Han domination by the Ministry of the league kalaqin of strike Lindan Han. September, Taiji army to Chuo Los Skor, Ao Han, Naiman, Khalkha, 札鲁特 and Harqin Chahar Department and other departments under the control of the party to lead the troops to come to the various leaders. Lindan Han had plenty of sweat in the name, but has been caught up in isolation, forced to withdraw from the Xar Moron River Basin, to Guihua (now Hohhot) stick. April 1632, the rate of force Taiji then westward, Duoergun from levy. To Xilamulun River, Mongolian tribes gather soldiers were hit Lindan Han. The face of the enemy forces far better than their own, but unfortunately Lindan Han Guihua drive from the Yellow River West one hundred thousand people and animals to escape. However, the Ministry of Public ten seven or eight on the way to disperse. Lindan Han fled Qinghai, died two years after playing marsh in Qinghai. Ming Empire and the Battle of the Great Yuan Empire two hundred years, no one can annihilate each other, and finally, in the difference of less than 10 years, has been destroyed by the Qing Dynasty. 1635, Dole and Yuetuo thousand troops to cross the river, etc., in the amount of surrender Lindan Han Tribes Zhe, Lindan Han's wife and son to surrender, surrender Khan seals, fully integrated into the entire southern Mongolia after Jindi Guo's territory, Khan of the Mongol Empire cut off point, and the Mongol Empire, and never disappeared.
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Impact on countries
Mongols, the expansion of the war in West Asia have forced the Ottoman Turks moved west peninsula of Asia Minor, and the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in the ground. 1453, the Ottoman Sultan captured Constantinople. After the Ottoman Empire occupied the southeast of Europe and North Africa. It is now in some, such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other European countries have large Muslim populations reason. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire disintegrated, which now form part of Turkey. Mongol Empire across the eastern, central, north, West Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of South and East, Central enormous territory. On the Korean peninsula, after the conquest of the Mongol Empire Koryo dynasty under the Mongol Empire. Mongol Empire after the overthrow of the pro-China is Mongolia's Ming dynasty king sent General Li Cheng Gui Zhengming Korea. The pro-Ming Lichenggui soldiers back from the Yalu River, the overthrow of the Goryeo dynasty, established the Joseon Dynasty. Unified Mongolian Plateau, unified the whole of China, unified the Eurasian continent, Genghis Khan and his successors have created shock ancient and modern, the annals of great achievements. Genghis Khan created unprecedented in human history, an extraordinary miracle, breaking the intercontinental boundaries between countries broke through, the barriers between nations, opened the world's leading thoroughfares, creating a variety of cultures, civilizations coexist era, new world, a new era delineated a new order. Genghis Khan in towards unification, to open, to civilization in the process, there is a bloody, cruel barbarism, should criticize, condemn, but do not exaggerate, it was confined to the history and class. Genghis Khan in toward unification process, not simply a military struggle the way, but the integrated use of various means of political, military, diplomatic, ideological struggles, so he is an extraordinary wisdom statesman, military strategist, rather than warmongering tyrant, ruthless executioner. Barraclough editor of the "Thames Historical Atlas of the World" for the Empire Figure Mongolia (1206 - 1405) wrote the following description: "primitive nomadic Mongols from Asia hinterland, the history of the world has had a huge impact on their conquest. unparalleled scale. ...... This is a civilized society experienced last and most fierce nomadic barbaric attack, its very serious consequences. entire Asia, Europe and most of North Africa, and political organizations are transformed many areas After people have been extinct or scattered, never changed its ethnic identity. distribution and strength of the major world religions have changed. across Eurasia roads controlled by a regime, travel has become safer. interrupt a thousand years Europeans can enter the Middle East and East Asia. " British military strategists Hart said: In the Middle Ages, the best example of the strategy from the East. In the 13th century, the western development strategy, it is a fruitful era, its so dazzling because the Mongols to the European knights who served as a teacher, so that they get a useful strategy lessons. Genghis Khan consolidated influence around the world and foreign scholars' opinions, Genghis Khan's influence around the world mainly reflected in the following three aspects. First, the impact of the Mongolian nation. In 1206, Genghis Khan Mongolian Plateau completed the unification ministries cause, established the Mongol Khanate. Since then, the formation of a national community of Mongolia, known in the world, on the stage of history played a huge role. New China Shi Xuetai Doo Han Rulin said: great Mongol nation plays an important role on the world stage of history, from Genghis Khan began. France 布鲁丁 in the "big commander Khan Binglue" wrote: "call and the" origin of the great Genghis Khan, Mongolia has the name of the nomads in his heart, evokes a new feeling, so that they feel when a Mongolian nationals glory. No matter what kind of Mongols, and never will be a slave and servant. In them, there is only one obligation to hand weapons serve his country. Live in yurts of the whole nation, convinced that they have entered the ranks of Genghis Khan in the subjects. An American scholar, said it well: In the past years, Genghis Khan in laying a foundation for the modern aspects of life than any one person. Western scholars called Genghis Khan as "the emperor of all mankind"; Japan strategist said that after the Mongolian expedition to Europe to promote the cultural thing, "Marco Polo Travels •" Promoting the Columbus expedition, the American continent was discovered. Genghis Khan was born to change the direction of the world. "Genghis Khan's birth can be seen as the birth of today's world." Genghis Khan's military thinking in particular countries in the world had a great influence on his strategy and tactics for many countries emulated by future generations, only Japan, the former Soviet Union, the German book about Genghis Khan purely strategic and tactical research works have hundreds of Germany was in the First World War the strategic and tactical research monograph Genghis Khan sent a staff officer of each. Although some books and papers, as ethnic stereotypes of Genghis Khan yelled ferocious, but the school was also very serious. Russian generals have also admitted that they use to manufacture the Mongolian army of Peter the Great. In World War II the Soviet Cossack, the use of "Lava tactics", hit a lot of victories. Italian traveler Bai Lang guests studied the way to resist the Mongols in the eastbound travelogue "history of Mongolia", he believes that only the adoption of Mongol method of warfare and weapons before being saved. U.S. Admiral MacArthur called on the military to learn Genghis Khan. 2003 Iraq war, the United States, using the beheadings and deterrence strategy, the people of the world are scared. In fact beheading in the 21st century and the 13th century Genghis Khan, "we must remember that" the strategy is exactly the same strategy and awe "direct capture the army" is no different, they are fighting to cut through as quick as the core. Any business should be to complete by the people, are inseparable from the person's subjective efforts. Genghis Khan has been able "to weak and strong system to big victory" and get the shock of ancient and modern, the annals of the great victory, he was "remarkable genius of personal political, military and economic aspects of the firm will indomitable, liberal tolerance great personality." , as well as its "Gu Gong minister's courage and wisdom" played a key role. Secondly, the influence of Chinese history. Genghis Khan's unification of China to lay the groundwork done by his sons reunification. In 1211, the country belongs to China Xinjiang territory; 1247, Tibet first became an inalienable part of Chinese territory; 1276, ending a long Yunnan separatist regime in the central situation ...... Since then, the division achieved four hundred years of Chinese fourth grand unification, breaking the closed state, the real boarded the stage of world history. Genshi scientist 刘迎胜 said: Genghis Khan across the Eurasian continent is unified founder of the Yuan Dynasty, thus becoming one of the greatest figures in world history affected. Westerners called "Mongolian", "Hun" and "Tartar" With unforgettable national awareness Europeans in terror of Genghis Khan's army is called "lightning whip." However, from the beginning of the 15th century, China began to lag behind, and relations with the West is gradually happening reversed. Third, the impact on the world. Genghis Khan and his descendants conquered the vast Eurasian region, building on the territory of the greatest empire in human history. "Mongols swept the world, both as a conqueror, but also acts as a human civilization can not rival carrier of culture." "Genghis Khan through his lifetime of struggle to change the trajectory of human history, pushing the whole world into the modern era of civilization." This fully shows that: China has had a glorious history. Of China's democratic revolution pioneer Sun Yat-sen said: Throughout history, the Yuan Dynasty heyday more than China's most powerful. Genghis Khan is China's grand unified made immortal contributions to Genghis Khan would not be able to say no today's Chinese territory. Historian Chen Gaohua that good: Genghis Khan's great achievements in Chinese history that adds luster. Grand Unified Yuan is unprecedented, and its territory "North over Yin, West pole quicksand, do Liao Tung left South Vietnam sea surface. ...... Heyday of the Han and Tang occasion, there are less than Yan" ("Yuan Shi • Geography"). This unified, played in the objective to further strengthen the role of multi-ethnic unity in China. Historians 邱树森 after study concludes: further consolidation and development of the Chinese family Yuan Dynasty, 700 years is an important reason for China to maintain a unified situation. The world's best-selling book "on the history of the 100 most influential celebrity" author, Mike • Hart said: "Why do I put Genghis Khan more important than others (Alexander, Napoleon) is more important to me because he had the largest impact on the region? ., more importantly, the duration of the effect of a much longer "" (book edition) Biography • Chinese famous emperor Genghis Khan, "the preface says: Genghis Khan left to posterity a nation's pride. Genghis Khan not only has an important position in Chinese history, but also has a worldwide impact heroes, his fame and influence far beyond Napoleon and Alexander. A foreign scholars said: He did not like the Egyptian kings built pyramids for themselves, like Rome, Paris, to commemorate his victory as built the Arc de Triomphe, as Alexander did not like his name to the city. But Genghis Khan changed the world, at this point far more than the Egyptian pharaohs and the Roman Empire, he changed the world. Writer Jack Wieser Mesa in the "Genghis Khan, wake the sleeping Europe," one wrote, only a few million Mongolian population has been able to dominate the world two hundred years, because they have an open attitude, brave Challenges and tireless spirit of learning. "Washington Post" Comment Genghis Khan as "the first person Millennium Storm" - reports from the "Washington Post" The world's most influential figures - a report from the U.S. "Time" magazine Millennium Man of Genghis Khan - reports from the United States, "New York Times" South Korea, "Millennium historical figures," one wrote: "the earth is the human homes, we have only one homeland, which is humanity today 'globalization' is a new concept, however, 'globalization' originated in Genghis Khan's unification. economic policy is the prototype of today's world economic integration. Genghis Khan's Ride the fastest form of coaching is the best time of the communications industry, is a prelude to the Internet in today's world. "Genghis Khan ruled in its vast area, whether it is political , or the economy as well as religious, ideological various aspects of the implementation of the open-door policy. So many religions and sects in the world at that time, only Genghis Khan ruled the region to be able to equality, coexistence. Genghis Khan's open-door policy is the world's leading trends in international relations. Founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen, the German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and a number of political giants have praised the feats of Genghis Khan. It is said that the CCP headquarters office hung two portraits of Mao Zedong piece, another piece of Genghis Khan, showing the extent of Mao himself admired Genghis Khan. Rice University, former Japanese army Village Rang said: "Genghis Khan appeared awakened the sleeping world." British scholar 莱穆 in the "humanity emperor Genghis Khan," a book, said:. "Genghis Khan is better than all of the outstanding figures in the European conquerors larger stage of history that he is not able to measure the scale of the characters are usually the commander of his army's footsteps can not be measured in miles, in fact, can only be measured in latitude and longitude. "" Napoleon's military genius at the point, really over Europe, has been called the shining star. "However, he was" the destiny of their own army its course, abandoned amusement purposes in Egypt, and buried among the snowy Russia, then defeated the Battle of Waterloo. empire that his demise when he was alive, his son's position in its death are deprived. "Alexander of Macedonia Sharansky, whose fame can be compared with Genghis Khan, but "Alexander's death, because his officials expect to fight each other imperial throne, the fate of his son Alexander was fleeing." In contrast with the above two, "Genghis Khan's son, there has been no impact on the throne of his father's sweat, monarchs west of Armenia, east of the Korean Peninsula, south across Myanmar, Vietnam, vast areas of the Arctic Arctic Ocean. Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan dominated the world of half (or rather say four-fifths of the world at that time). " French President Jacques Chirac has been praised over Genghis Khan. Korean worship Genghis Khan, they were convinced that their ancestors were the Mongols, Genghis Khan is considered a hero influence the course of history. According to the Russian News Network November 25, 2003 reported that Khan has become the idol of many Asian nation. Especially in recent years, Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia region in the worship warming. From Kublai Khan issued the decree to Yuan Taizu four o'clock ceremonies, and sent people often observe filial Today, long seven hundred years, the Mongolian ethnic abide enduring, which is rare in history. According to reports in the implementation of "taking the surname Law" process, more than half of Mongolia's people invariably chose the name Genghis Khan Polo ethnic children only pounds. Currently, many European worship of Genghis Khan Germans, Britons are willing to find the descendants of Genghis Khan as their spouses; According to official statistics, the Mongols and the Europeans over the much more intermarriage parenthood; them in the United States, Japan, South Korea Hundreds of thousands of expatriates also intermarried with the local Peoples above. Thus, Mixed with Genghis Khan descent throughout the world will be more and more. Economic and cultural exchanges between Asia and Europe directly contributed to the progress of history. For example, papermaking and printing spread to Europe, promoting the development of European culture, so that freed from the hands of European culture theology emerged Renaissance. Gunpowder and firearms spread to Europe, but also that it played a significant role in China never played. Engels said: "In the beginning of the fourteenth century, gunpowder pass 入西欧 from the Arabs, it makes the whole method of warfare changes have taken place, it is every schoolboy knows." And said: "the use of gunpowder and firearms is by no means a . kind of violence, but an industry that is economic progress, "its victory over the bourgeoisie in Europe played a major role in the feudal aristocracy:" previously been unassailable castle's stone walls give way and aristocratic citizens cannon; public The bullet pierced the knight's armor. aristocratic rule with wearing armor die a noble cavalry. "compass spread to Europe promoted the development of the European maritime industry, appeared after the voyages of Columbus and others, so that they find the New World, prompting Europe has entered a new era. No wonder some scholars say: "Genghis Khan was born darlings of this, the world awakened from a deep sleep, something to promote cultural exchange is <Marco Polo> incur Columbus expedition, the American continent was discovered, the Europeans once mastered world domination. , after the rise of the United States, Japan defeated the United States, etc. So, I put Genghis Khan was born to change the world can be seen as the direction of the formation of the birth of the world today. " Chinese scholars Tokuyama in the "Yuan transportation history" and said:. "Genghis three generations of international land transport is the product of three expedition" The first expedition "to build across Europe and Asia, Mongolia unprecedented large laid the foundation for the country "; expedition that is the eldest son of the second expedition," one of the four established Mongol Khanate ---- Kipchak Khanate, "" opens the way to China's international traffic ---- Kipchak Road "; every third expedition that Hulagu expedition established the Mongol Khanate another four Iraqi children Khanate Khanate -----" opened up China to the Persian international traffic ---- Persian Road. " What is the conqueror Genghis Khan was a national hero? Yellow Peril maker is still Millennium greats? The same person, the same thing evaluate why there is so much contrast it? Evaluate whether Westerners are standing conqueror standpoint problem? Or they do is not a popular game, or is grandstanding prank it? I study a little evaluation criteria and the reasons the United States <Washington Post> raised, I believe that those who can not come to these conclusions. First, a world standard "Millennium greats" they make is "based on the principle of who narrowed the Earth", after the polls, most people focus on the two people mentioned, one of Genghis Khan, one of Columbus. After careful analysis, they believe that although Genghis Khan kill a lot, but he, like Columbus, narrowing the earth, and on the diplomatic front to win but I do not know how many times than Columbus. Second, he established the Mongol Empire is the largest country in the world map, something from the Pacific to Central Europe; north and south from Siberia to the Persian Gulf; than Alexander empire, the Roman Empire, the Islamic world and the Soviet occupation of the site are vast, broke through the Asia-Europe closed state of countries, economic and cultural communication between the East and the West. Third, the "Washington Post" also reported that: Genghis Khan is the reason they _select_ed the history of human civilization in the second millennium the number one man, mainly because of his "political, military, ethnic deeply affected psychologically Europe and the world. "That year, they also simultaneously _select_ed the second millennium of the most important inventions that originated in China printing. They point out: the printing and Genghis Khan, "This man is very interesting to compare this thing from a political, military, ethnic psychologically deeply influenced Europe and the world, from a profound scientific and cultural, educational tools, ideas. Europe and the world changed. "" typography changed history, likewise, Genghis Khan also affected the world. "Fourth, they mentioned that the Mongols and later did not rule well China, Europe also caused enormous damage, Genghis Khan it is not a gentle, kind person, nor thinker and liberator, but a cruel man. So why did they choose such a man chosen Millennium greats it? They said: "He is closer to the world's greatest man." They noted: "History is not a saint, genius and liberator of the legendary Genghis Khan will be the most perfect human civilization and barbarism two extremes rolled into one, so far yet to find a more suitable candidate than Genghis. "whether they will" reduce the Earth "," closer to the world "as the main criteria for the evaluation of the world man. Poland and Hungary fall shocked the whole of Europe. Knights Templar Great leaders wrote to the king of France, Louis Armand that China and the EU has no military force can stop the Mongol cavalry straight to France. Louis ready to lead the troops engaged the Mongol armies to Austria, he said to the king, the queen, the conquests than they would Mongols hell is heaven sent them Mongols. Thirteenth century the storm swept through the world, Asia, and Europe to re-weave the political boundaries of the numerous ethnic expulsion from ancestral territory, scattered in Eurasia. The conquest changed the cultural identity of many in the nation, while fundamentally restructured Confucianism, Christianity, Islam and Buddhism the four religious influence. However, most importantly, the Mongols opened the East-West communication channels, expanding our understanding of the world and in the process, for the first time to create a [world] this concept. From the standpoint of cultural exchange and cultural development, who can not underestimate the huge impact of the Mongol Empire, because he still has injected new strength with the original meaning of Chinese culture. This force has to rely on advanced and rich Chinese culture to the Western world for confrontation and exchange, so the Chinese territory expanded to unprecedented degree, resulting in a Christian culture and Islamic culture and other cultures meet directly geography and traffic Conditions. Great Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and his descendants its territory established described as unprecedented, and no latecomers. According to historical records, was the equivalent of 45 million square kilometers of territory, is now Chinese territory three times. East of the Korean Peninsula, west of Poland, Hungary, north to Siberia gentlemen Ross State, South Java, Indochina, at latitude 15 ° ~ 60 °, longitude 15 ° ~ 130 °. Russian famous scholar Barthold said the establishment of the empire of Genghis Khan, said from a certain point of the event is unique in the world. The size of the empire does not appear in the history of the country with his rival had, it was far more than European and American people praise the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great Lancers heavy cavalry, the Roman military sword, the Napoleonic army cannon to boundary line. Resulting in a Christian culture and Islamic culture, Confucian culture, Buddhist culture and other cultures meet directly geography and traffic conditions, something smooth traffic flow, described as "cosmopolitan", "no such Jiang He circles." Genghis Khan changed the world map, then Europe and Asia is a country with numerous small country composed of the Mongol Empire put them into the same unified under the jurisdiction of the central government. Scholars believe: the Mongols of the 13th century the "century", "influence the course of history 190 celebrity list," a book that: If Genghis Khan never live in the world, then, in the 13th century Mongol conquest of things not related may be large. American scholar said: real Mongolian history occurred in the early 13th century, a unified nation appeared on the world stage, and then raised them that "God's whip," large-scale non-stop aggressive expedition, after half a century. Genghis Khan transcend historical time and space, breaking the boundaries of the nation and the state, not just affect one nation, one or two countries, but affects the whole world, its big long deep impact on world history is rare.
Translated by Google
Summary
In summary, the starting point of the Mongol Empire Polo child should be 1206's only pounds. Kublai Khan said, the 1635 surrender of the Khan Lindan Han seals so far, a total of around 429 years, the whole of East Asia, Central Asia, North Asia Most of West Asia, Southeast Asia, parts of South Asia, Eastern and Central Europe in most areas are within the scope of its rule. While the decline, territorial area confined to a small area of the southern Mongolia only. While contemporary scholars from various countries Genghis comment different, mixed, but on the two points are the same, are that: Genghis Khan is the world's biggest winners, is produced in human history had the greatest impact on people. That will be the end of the last century, the occasion, the United States, Japan and other countries launched a _select_ion Millennium greats activities. The world's influential "Washington Post" published a _select_ion results, columns Genghis Khan as "Millennium Storm first person." Mongols of Genghis Khan left a national pride. Genghis Khan is not only an important role in Chinese history, but also has a worldwide impact heroes. Western scholars called Genghis Khan as "the emperor of all mankind." Impact on Chinese history. Genghis Khan's unification of China to lay the groundwork done by his descendants unified cause. In 1211, around the territory of Mongolia, Xinjiang attribution (Chagatai Khanate); 1247, Tibet became part of the Mongol Empire; 1253, off Dali, Yunnan region ended 500 years of independence the situation where, in 1277 off the Southern Song Dynasty ...... Since then, China emerged fourth unification. Sun Yat-sen said: "Throughout history, the Yuan Dynasty heyday more than China's most powerful." Genghis Khan in the objective for the unification of China has made great contributions to the Yuan would not be able to say no today's Chinese territory. Mongol Empire in many countries in East Asia and West Asia, unprecedented in human history on the territory of the Eastern and Western civilizations are linked together, the globalization of humanity from the beginning of the Mongol Empire, the Mongolian nation in the history of human development, wrote a strong pen. Mongol Empire during the campaign continue to absorb good to enrich various other ethnic Mongol army generals, especially heavily promoted and appointed Hui, Khitan and Han generals. To the heyday of the Mongol Empire (after Kublai Khan off the Southern Song Dynasty), the number of generals of the Central Plains ethnic Mongol Empire has more than half the number of all the generals, the Chinese nation for thousands of years to accumulate a war thought to play in the battle of the Mongol Empire to the extreme, created a miracle in the history of human warfare.
