"Carmen" is a novella by Prosper Mérimée, written and first published in 1845. It has been adapted into a number of dramatic works, including the famous opera by Georges Bizet.
Sources
According to a letter Mérimée wrote to the Countess of Montijo, "Carmen" was inspired by a story she told him on his visit to Spain in 1830. He said, "It was about that ruffian from Málaga who had killed his mistress, who consecrated herself exclusively to the public. […] As I have been studying the Gypsies for some time, I have made my heroine a Gypsy."
An important source for the material on the Roma (Gypsies) was George Borrow's book The Zincali (1841). Another source may have been the narrative poem "The Gypsies" by Alexander Pushkin (Brown 1986).
Plot summary
The novella comprises four parts. Only the first three appeared in the original publication in the Revue des Deux Mondes (Review of the Two Worlds); the fourth first appeared in the book publication in 1846. Mérimée tells the story as if it had really happened to him on his trip to Spain in 1830.
Part I. While searching for the site of the Battle of Munda in a lonely spot in Andalusia, Mérimée meets a man who his guide hints is a dangerous robber. Instead of fleeing, Mérimée befriends the man by sharing cigars and food. They stay in the same primitive inn that night. The guide tells Mérimée that the man is the robber known as Don José Navarro and leaves to inform on him, but Mérimée warns Don José, who escapes.
Part II. Later, in Córdoba, Mérimée meets Carmen, a beautiful Roma woman who is fascinated by his repeating watch. He goes to her home so she can tell his fortune, and she impresses him with her occult knowledge. They are interrupted by Don José, and although Carmen makes throat-cutting gestures, José escorts Mérimée out. Mérimée finds his watch is missing.
Some months later, again in Córdoba, a friend of Mérimée's tells him that Don José Navarro is to be garrotted the next day. Mérimée visits the prisoner and hears the story of his life.
Part III. Our robber's real name is José Lizarrabengoa, and he is a Basque hidalgo from Navarre. He killed a man in a fight resulting from a game of paume (presumably some form of Basque pelota) and had to flee. In Seville he joined a unit of dragoons, soldiers with police functions.
Statue of Carmen on the Paseo Alcalde Marqués de Contadero, Seville
One day he met Carmen, then working in the cigar factory he was guarding. As he alone in his unit ignored her, she teased him. A few hours later, he arrested her for cutting x's in a co-worker's face in a quarrel. She convinced him by speaking Basque that she was half Basque, and he let her go, for which he was imprisoned for a month and demoted.
After his release, he encountered her again and she repaid him with a day of bliss, followed by another when he allowed her fellow smugglers to pass his post. He looked for her at the house of one of her Roma friends, but she entered with his lieutenant. In the ensuing fight, José killed the lieutenant and had to join Carmen's outlaw band.
With the outlaws, he progressed from smuggling to robbery, and was sometimes with Carmen but suffered from jealousy as she used her attractions to further the band's enterprises; he also learned that she was married. After her husband joined the band, José provoked a knife fight with him and killed him. Carmen became José's wife.
However, she told him she loved him less than before, and she became attracted to a successful young picador named Lucas. José, mad with jealousy, begged her to forsake other men and live with him; they could start an honest life in America. She said that she knew from omens that he was fated to kill her, but "Carmen will always be free," and as she now hated herself for having loved him, she would never give in to him. He stabbed her to death and then turned himself in. Don José ends his tale by saying that the Roma are to blame for the way they raised Carmen.
Part IV. If readers expect a continuation of the story, perhaps with a description of José's execution, they will be surprised. This part consists of scholarly remarks on the Roma: their appearance, their customs, their conjectured history, and their language. According to Henri Martineau, editor of a collection of Mérimée's fiction, the etymologies at the end are "extremely suspect".
Differences from the opera
As the above summary and that of Bizet's opera indicate, the opera is based on Part III of the story only and eliminates many elements, such as Carmen's husband. It greatly increases the role of other characters, such as the Dancaïre, who is only a minor character in the story; the Remendado, who one page after he is introduced is wounded by soldiers and then shot by Carmen's husband to keep him from slowing the gang down; and Lucas (renamed Escamillo and promoted to matador), who is seen only in the bull ring in the story. The opera's female singing roles other than Carmen—Micaëla, Frasquita, and Mercédès—have no counterparts in the novella. Carmen knows her fate not from reading cards but from interpreting such omens as a hare running between José's horse's legs. Other differences are too numerous to list.
French realist writer of short stories created Merimee, "Carmen" is a masterpiece Merimee, it tells the story of unfettered nature gypsy girl engaged in smuggling adventures. Carmen lure innocent soldier Don Joseph, making him fall in love, abandoning the former lover in the countryside - Mikaaila gentle and kind, and was expelled from the army to join the ranks of where their smugglers; Meanwhile, Carmen and fell in love with bullfighting Shilv Ka. Thus, resulting in a fierce conflict between Joseph and Carmen. Finally, stubborn Carmen Joseph flatly rejected love, and finally died in the sword of Joseph ...... This tragic novel by French musician by Bizet opera of the same name adapted to acquire a worldwide reputation, "Carmen" this image has become a classic in the history of Western literature. Merimee hero almost invariably have more intelligence breach vulgar character, and killings and looting is his most common themes. "The Ma On Shan Rail Leo Falcone," wrote killing son Hunter, "Kelong Ba" and "Carmen" is shaped more wealth tragic female rebel force - precisely those charismatic personalities endowed Merimee's classic sense. Carmen hostility to civil society is often interpreted as a revolt against bourgeois hypocrisy, in fact, here to touch the most intimate side of the human heart, that is the original nature of the pursuit of a strong desire for freedom and the desire. Therefore, the vagaries of the political arena and uninhibited woman could be so fascinating, to become one of the most popular literary works ever female image.
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Introduction to the short story "Carmen" Author
Merimee (1803-1870), the French realist writer, born in Paris in an intellectual family, wealthy, good at painting since childhood, for there is a strong interest in foreign languages. After graduating from college, met Stendhal, Chateaubriand writer, and influenced embarked on a literary creation. In 1829 he published a novel, "Charles IX era anecdotes." 1834 Merimee was appointed Chief Inspector of historical relics officer, he roamed Spain, England, Italy, Greece and Turkey, and other countries, wrote a lot of travel, while the material accumulated novels. He will be magnificent novel exotic scenery, fascinating story and character, and the characters do not follow the conventional combine stark picture of the French realist literature is a rare mine, so only a dozen short on In the history of French literature and laid a high position. The main works are: "Ma On Shan Rail Austria • Falcone", "Tamango", "Feidelige", "Colomba", "Carmen" and so on. Ballet "Carmen" 1980s, the director of the Paris Opera in France for up to three decades of conservative style challenges. One of the talented young man is Luo Petty. His nearly four decades of fruitful writing career bear fruit, he highly creative dramatic and famous ballet world. His <Carmen> (1949), "Notre Dame" (1965), "Paradise Lost" (1967) and other ballet has become a classic French twentieth century ballet. The twentieth century ballet actor pushed to the front line, in which the actor previously acted as more of a foil actress, playing "live the rod" role. And if the actress to toe ballet technique for its logo, then the actor is clearly oriented to rotate and jumps. This forced the director to develop actors embody masculinity and power air technical action. Russian ballet school played an important role in this regard. No wonder contemporary actor in the "four kings" Nijinsky, Nuliyefu, Vasily Korolev, Russia Barre Shen Kefu are out of school culture. Barre 什科夫 artistic achievement as "four kings" will make it one of the world's attention, he was on the altar of an awe-inspiring dance superstar. "Carmen" is one of the most shining role he plays. Distinguished ballet choreographer and ballet master the perfect film "Carmen" most vividly. Particularly heroine actor let Meir love duet with Barre Shen Kefu, can be described as classic. As a classical ballet, ballet master is changed too many countries, such as class township Cuban rumba, tango homeland Argentina have joined the adaptation of the same characteristics of the natal group, making it more vitality! The opera "Carmen" The opera "Carmen", the French composer Bizet completed in the autumn of 1874, was Bizet's last opera, is today the highest rates of staged opera in the world. Four-act opera "Carmen" created a main character looks beautiful and stubborn gypsy girl - tobacco factory worker Carmen. Carmen makes military squad leader Don Hauser fall in love, and abandon his lover in the countryside - gentle and kind Mikaaila. Later, Don Hauser because women who let go of the fight with Carmen jail, after his release he joined the ranks of Carmen where smugglers. Carmen and later fell in love with bullfighting 士埃斯卡米 Rio, when Carmen was Ace Camille Rio bullfighting victory cheer, but she died in the sword of Don Hauser. The drama with workers, soldiers and peasant masses as the hero, which, in that era operas are rare, valuable. Perhaps because the author deliberately innovation, the drama at the beginning of the play the audience is not acceptable, but as time goes on, the artistic value of this work is gradually being recognized by the people, then become enduring. The opera chorus known, play a variety of genres and styles of choral total of more than a dozen. Opera overture to A major, rondo form. Overture is built on the entire image with a sharp contrast to the gorgeous, compact, fascinating music to express the main content of this opera. Overture to the opera in the most concentrated number of melodies, and the use of chiaroscuro effect of the contents of the operatic performance out fully, the subject is _select_ed from the last scene of the opera matador when playing music. The show is a prelude concert repertoire often alone. Shift when the first act of the soldiers arrived, a group of children imitating the pace in front of the soldiers open. Children on a brisk 2/4 beat, d minor, flute drum march singing "We and soldiers together." In this scene shaped the gypsy girl Carmen warm, lively, charismatic image. Carmen's famous aria hero "Love is like a free bird" is a very popular melody, fully demonstrated Carmen forthright, bold and full of mysterious charm of the image. After Carmen was arrested Dragoons Lieutenant Suni Ha personally interrogated her, but she casually hum a tune, the song bohemian image demonstration of Carmen's character. Or this scene, when the lure Carmen Don Hauser, they sing another famous aria, is a charming first Spanish dance rhythms of the song, the melody and have a sort of wild, passionate, and further characterize the forthright character Carmen and pungent. Intermezzo between the first act and the second act is also very famous, _select_ed from the second act aria Don Hauser, "Alcala dragoons" Allegro moderato play the bassoon with joy and energetic main theme . Act II is still a gypsy-style music, the performance of the two gypsy girl scenes of joy when you indulge in the hotel's dancing, jumping rhythms and subtle vocals express a hotel in the noisy atmosphere. Act II and Act III Intermezzo is a period between the gentle, melodic, flute and harp each other, full of tenderness warmth. Act III of the famous "Toreador Song" is Ace Camille Rio to thank the people of his welcome and worship and sing a song. This is the first rhythm and powerful sound majestic triumphal march, succeeded in shaping the image of the victorious tall brave matador. The end of the fourth act, just as Tchaikovsky puts it: "When I look at this last time, not always stop the tears, partly Scream matador when the audience saw, on the other hand but it is a terrible tragedy at the end of the two heroes eventually die, the two men so that they have gone through the unfortunate fate after the bitterness or towards the inevitable outcome. "the play is still a popular Spanish-style dance music," Aragon "is also concert often performed on separate tracks.
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Introduction to the opera "Carmen" Author
Georges Bizet (Georges Bizet ,1838-1875), French composer, was born in Paris, the world's highest rate of staged opera "Carmen" author. That entered the Paris Conservatory from the age of nine to study composition. After three years of training to Rome. In 1863 the first opera written "pearls were." 1870 married soon participate in the National Guard, after a lifetime in Laval-sur-Seine in Burkina engaged in writing. In his dramatic soundtrack "Arlesienne" (Tudor screenwriter; later was adapted into two soundtrack Orchestral Suite) and "Carmen" and nine operas, reflecting the strong colors of realism, the bottom of society civilians little become the protagonist of the work. He portrayed in music live symphonic distinctive ethnic conflict colors, expressive development, as well as the French comic operas traditional performance practices melting in a furnace, creating the highest achievements of nineteenth-century French opera.
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Movie "Carmen" (1918)
Basic information: Chinese Title: Carmen Foreign Title: Carmen Year: 1918 Country: Germany Dialogue: German Genre: Drama Duration: USA: 80 min Color: Black and white Format: 35 mm silent standard screen Mix: Silent Film format: 35 mm Print format: 35 mm Credits: Directed by Director: Ernst Lubitsch Ernst Lubitsch Screenplay Writer: Grete Diercks Norbert Falk Hanns Kräly Prospect · Merimee Prosper Mérimée ..... novel MM Stearns ..... English titles (as Myron M. Stearns) Actor Actor: Harry Liedtke ..... Don José Novarro Paula Nige Li Pola Negri ..... Carmen Leopold von Ledebur ..... Escamillo Paul Biensfeldt ..... Garcia Paul Conradi ..... Don Cairo Wilhelm Diegelmann ..... Gefängniswärter Grete Diercks ..... Dolores Victor Janson Max Kronert ..... Remendato Margarete Kupfer ..... Carmens Wirtin Sophie Pagay ..... Don Josés Mutter Heinrich Peer ..... Englischer Offizier Magnus Stifter ..... Leutnant Esteban Production and distribution: Production Company: Projektion-AG Union (PAGU) [German] Universum Film AG (UFA) [German] Company: Associated First National Pictures [U.S.] First National Pictures Inc. [U.S.] ..... (1921) (USA) Grapevine Video [U.S.] ..... (video) Sunrise Silents [U.S.] ..... (2005) (worldwide) (DVD)
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Movie "Carmen" (1945)
Basic information: Chinese Title: Carmen Foreign Title: Carmen Year: 1945 Country: France / Italy Dialogue: French Type: Music Running time: 124 min / France: 111 min (25 fps) (video version) Color: Black and white Mix: Mono Level: Finland: K-16 Film format: 35 mm Print format: 35 mm Credits: Directed by Director: Christian-Jaque Screenplay Writer: Christian-Jaque ..... adaptation Ludovic Halévy ..... operetta Henri Jeanson ..... dialogue (uncredited) Henri Meilhac ..... operetta Pier Luigi Melani ..... adaptation (Italian version) Prospect · Merimee Prosper Mérimée ..... novel Carmen Claude-André Puget ..... dialogue Charles Spaak ..... screenplay Jacques Vital Jacques Viot ..... adaptation Actor Actor: Viviane Romance ..... Carmen Jean Marais ..... Don José Lucien Coëdel ..... Garcia Julien Bertheau ..... Lucas, le matador / Lucas, il matador Jean Brochard ..... Lillas-Pastia Georges Tourreil ..... Dancaire Adriano Rimoldi ..... Marquez, le lieutenant des Dragons / Marquez, il tenente dei Dragoni Elli Parvo ..... Pamela Mario Gallina ..... Un marchand / Un mercante Marguerite Moreno ..... La gitane / La zingara Bernard Blier ..... Remendado Anna Arena ..... La dame dame dans la diligence / La bella signora nella diligenza André Bervil ..... Un moine / Un frate Adriana Dionisi Luigi Garbuio Zena Guerra Liliana Laine Anna Lelli ..... Isabella Nicola Maldacea ..... Un voyageur / Un viaggiatore Elio Marcuzzo ..... Antonio Polidor ..... Le vieux voyageur / Il viaggiatore anziano Producer Produced by: François Carron ..... producer Production and distribution: Production Company: DisCina [French] Invicta Film [Italy] Scalera Film Spa [Italy] Company: Superfilm Distributing Corporation [U.S.] ..... (1946) (USA) (theatrical) (subtitled) Éditions René Chateau [France] ..... (1998) (France) (VHS)
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Movie "Carmen" (1955)
Basic information: Chinese Title: Carmen Foreign Title: Carmen Jones Year: 1955 Country: United States Language: English Genre: Drama / Dance Duration: - min Color: Color Mix: Stereo Credits: Directed by: Otto Preminger Cast: Dorothy Lane Belafonte 丹德里奇哈 Dorothy Dandridge: Born in Cleveland, Ohio. Year-old began to show, and later became radio and television series "Israel" fixed actor and audience favorite. Her first time on screen in the Marx Brothers classic film "race day" in. The late fifties, she starred in "Carmen. Jones "and" Porgy and bass, "a big success; among black American actor in the title of the first to get movie star, and to the" Carmen Jones "in the twenty-seventh to get the excellent acting Oscar Actress Academy Award nomination. September 8, 1965, committed suicide at the age of 43 years. Harry Belafonte: Harry Belafonte, American film actor, singer, March 1, 1927 Born in Harlem, New York City, formerly known as Little Harold George Belafonte, childhood living in Jamaica, it was his his father's birthplace, where lived the life, in 1944 out of high school to join the navy. After World War II, Harry Belafonte learned work-study program in New York into theater studies, in 1952 began to sing folk songs as his career, in 1953 for the first time on screen, the show "shining path", the same year He is still on Broadway, "John Murray Anderson's Almanac", which won the Tony Award for drama. The beautiful singer singing mellow gentle on tour, was invited to a lot of concerts, mastering many albums and broadcast on television. 1955 was the 27th Academy Award for Best Actress, Best Music Award nominations! 1955 was the 12th best film Golden Globe! Synopsis: Qiao Yifu allowed to enter the flight Academy, childhood girlfriend Cindy to camp meetings and apply for marriage, are experiencing trouble Carmen in the logistics department. Sergeant Carmen send Joey sent to the town court, Joey had to leave his girlfriend, Carmen every possible way to lure, Joey finally being honest beauty and wisdom confused Carmen, Carmen took the opportunity to escape, Joey imprisonment by a military court trial , day and night is still Carmen. To protect against Sergeant Carmen harassment, Joey wounded sir, forced into deserter living in Chicago with Carmen. Carmen was fascinated by its beauty let Muhammad 赫斯基米勒, 赫斯基米勒 to make cars big house Carmen into its embrace, one day, be regarded as Joey Carmen divination not let her, so determined to get rid of. Joey requirements regardless of affectionate girlfriend hostage Carmen, Carmen's hope seek love, but not from the card firmly, Joey love to hate, kill Carmen, tragic ...... Behind the scenes: Saura's "Carmen" and "Blood Wedding" and "Magic Love" and called flamenco dance trilogy. Film, Saura always, the true story of a modern dancers are rehearsing with "Carmen" ballet overlap, are jacketed narrative structure. The film version of the opera love and death theme zoom into real life, blurring the boundaries of theater and reality, combined with the warm flamenco rhythm of the music, creating a strong dramatic conflicts and entertaining viewing Very interesting, especially at the end of a deal with quite dramatic climax of the play. Film won the Cannes Film Festival's Best Artistic Contribution Award, Jury Award for Best Foreign Language Film. A large and elegant choreography realistic scenario is the biggest surprise.
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Movie "Carmen" (1983)
Basic information: Chinese Title: Carmen Foreign Title: Carmen Year: 1983 Country: Spain Dialogue: Spanish Genre: Drama / Dance Running time: 102 min Color: Color Mix: Stereo Level: Finland: K-8 Argentina: 13 UK: 15 Iceland: L USA: R Chile: 14 Print format: 35 mm Credits: Directed by Director: , Carlos Saura Carlos Saura Screenplay Writer: Prospect · Merimee Prosper Mérimée ..... (novella) (as Mérimée) Carlos Saura Carlos Saura ..... (scenario) & Antonio Gades ..... (scenario) Actor Actor: Antonio Gades ..... Antonio Laura del Sol Laura del Sol ..... Carmen Paco de Lucía ..... Paco Marisol Marisol ..... Pepa Flores (as Pepa Flores) Cristina Hoyos ..... Cristina Juan Antonio Jiménez ..... Juan José Yepes ..... Pepe Girón Sebastián Moreno ..... Escamillo Gómez de Jerez ..... Cantaores Manolo Sevilla ..... Cantaores Antonio Solera ..... Guitarristes Manuel Rodríguez ..... Guitarristes Lorenzo Virseda ..... Guitarristes M. Magdalena ..... Artistas invitados La Bronce ..... Artistas invitados El Fati ..... Artistas invitados Enrique Ortega ..... Artistas invitados Diego Pantoja ..... Artistas invitados Enrique Pantoja ..... Artistas invitados El Moro ..... Artistas invitados Ciro ..... Artistas invitados Diego Amaya ..... Artistas invitados José Luna 'El Tauro' ..... Artistas invitados (as José Luna 'Tauro') Enrique Esteve ..... Artistas invitados Antonio Quintana ..... Artistas invitados José Benitez ..... Artistas invitados (as José A. Benitez) Ernesto Lapeña ..... Artistas invitados Carmen Villa ..... Artistas invitados Rocio Navarrete ..... Artistas invitados M. Fda. Quinana ..... Artistas invitados M.Fda. Quinana ..... Artistas invitados Ana Yolanda Gaviño ..... Artistas invitados M. José Gaviño ..... Artistas invitados Stella Arauzo ..... Artistas invitados Producer Produced by: Emiliano Piedra ..... producer Production and distribution: Production Company: Emiliano Piedra [Spain] Company: CB Films [Spain] Curzon Film Distributors [English] ..... (UK) Orion Classics [U.S.] ..... (USA) (subtitled) Orion Pictures Corporation [U.S.] ..... (USA) (subtitled) Pole Vídeo Comunicações Ltda. [Brazil] ..... (Brazil) (video) Synopsis: Antonio tells the story of the director's name to remake Bizet opera "Carmen", also called Carmen _select_ed a female dancer and painstaking training she became really good "Carmen." In rehearsal, he gradually had a love for Carmen and unable to extricate themselves, but the free-spirited Carmen unwilling to be bound by and fell in love with someone else, in the hope of persuading, because of love into hate Antonio Jiaxizhenzuo the last scene in rehearsal , killed Carmen. Behind the scenes: Saura's "Carmen" and "Blood Wedding" and "Magic Love" and called flamenco dance trilogy. Film, Saura always, the true story of a modern dancers are rehearsing with "Carmen" ballet overlap, are jacketed narrative structure. The film version of the opera love and death theme zoom into real life, blurring the boundaries of theater and reality, combined with the warm flamenco rhythm of the music, creating a strong dramatic conflicts and entertaining viewing Very interesting, especially at the end of a deal with quite dramatic climax of the play. Film won the Cannes Film Festival's Best Artistic Contribution Award, Jury Award for Best Foreign Language Film. A large and elegant choreography realistic scenario is the biggest surprise.
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World supermodel (Carmen Dale O'Leary Fez)
Born in 1931, the American model Carmen Dale O'Leary Fez (Carmen Dell orefice), now the oldest model T stage, nearly 78 years old, she also recently 2009 London Fashion Week and other Lord of Lily Cole watery catwalk models on the same stage with one tip of the Queen's demeanor, in her most frequently used adjective is "flawless" and "elegant." 15-year-old boarded the "Vogue" cover, but Carmen has to come as a model holding a reward for the mother to pay the rent. Ugly Duckling white swan is endless and eternal fashion circles cause heart inspired topic, Carmen is no exception. As a dancer in the mother's eyes, she is just a has a "two doors and a pair of ears as big as a coffin Feet" girl. Mother initially wanted to continue his dream at Carmen who let her ballet class, but unfortunately had to drop out due to illness. Carmen's father was a violinist, in order to pursue the so-called "art dream" has long left the house, leaving the mother and daughter is sometimes so poor that the poor are unable to pay the rent. In 1945, Carmen at the New York dance classes, met a "BAZAAR" photographer. He is Carmen took a few photos to magazines, the magazine's reply to her mother Carmen is "Your daughter is a polite lady, unfortunately, is not suitable for taking pictures of her." But Carmen was godfather found a friend in "Vogue" magazine work, and after two weeks, 14-year-old Carmen have a chance to see the "Vogue" the legendary editor Diana Wei Lilan. Carmen recalls: "Her hand brushed my hair and said to me, 'your neck and then a long one inch, I send you to Paris'" Her modeling career started that way. Thus, by the famous German-born photographer Horst surgeon appeared in the 1946 film "Vogue" cover, which is the 15-year-old Carmen debut top fashion magazine cover. Although Carmen's neck did not "re a long one inch," but she still put the pace towards Europe. There, she gave master Saerduowa Dali painting done hourly rate $ 12 mannequins. While still a minor, Carmen can earn $ 60 a week (equivalent to the current $ 1,200), for her mother to pay the rent owed, their lives completely out of poverty, not only that, she also read for their own private schools, and secretly funded exile father. Carmen with their own eyes the queen-like determination, clean, modest, professional attitude punctual, a good lesson for the young model. If there is a "model dictionary," then "Carmen Dale O'Leary Fez" It must be in the front of the dictionary entries, and notes a "60-year history of the flyover catwalk."
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World supermodel (Carmen Electra)
English Name: Carmen Electra Chinese Name: Carmen Electra Occupation: model, actress Birthdate: April 20, 1972 Birthplace: United States Carmen Electra 20 April 1972 born in Ohio. At that time, she is an extraordinary girl Tara Patrick Lei. 9 years old, she was _select_ed and performing arts school. At school, she is learning to sing, as a teenager, but also learn to dance and attend school dances. Her goal is to be able to Los Angeles to record his own album. Fifteen years old, she took the first big step in life. She moved to Minneapolis, Indianapolis live with her sister who make a living by being a model for the department. Four years later, she came to Los Angeles to pack their bags, renamed Carmen Electra. A week later, she met that was originally known as "Prince" (prince) of music. 1992, in the face of "Prince" and after his audition there, Carmen Elektra and record companies "Prince" created by the signing. Although the "Prince" to her care a plus, even as she was in "Rolling Stone" and "MTV" big do publicity, her first album is still a big failure. March 1996, Carmen was "Playboy" big strip, shot a "Playboy" Video Feature - "Playboy cheerleader" (Playboy Cheerleaders), and sang one of the songs "2-4-6-8 . " In the same year, Carmen became MTV Love hotline (Loveline) host. October 4, 1996, Carmen replace Jayne Maika Xi drama starred in MTV "Singled Out". Contract at least play the full 65 _set_. The news was announced that Carmen has replaced Pamela Anderson starred in "Coast wrecker team." She also appeared in a comic book and becomes Budweiser beer spokesperson. Her most famous, or she and NBA star Dennis Rodman's wedding, the groom wearing his wedding, with a colored wig. 7 days later, they announced their separation.
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Famous physicist (von Karman)
Carmen (1881 ~ 1963) Kārmān, Theodore von, Hungarian-born American physicist. One of the founders of modern mechanics. Also translated von Karman, von Kalman. May 11, 1881 Born in Budapest, May 6, 1963 and died in Aachen, Germany. 1902 graduated from the Royal Institute of Technology in Budapest. 1906 went to the University of Gottingen in Germany to study under the guidance of L. Prandtl completed on buckling of cylindrical plastic zone papers. 1908 doctorate. 1912 M. Born and cooperation, the low temperature specific heat of solid research questions, get in line with the experimental formula, the application is more common than in P. Debye formula based on the assumption that the solid matrix. In 1912, he studied the flow of fluid in the left column of two rows of the periodic vortex theory made its incisive analysis, said after the two rows of vortex Karman vortex street can be used to explain the wings flutter wind excitation bridge vibration phenomena. In the same year, Carmen went to Aachen Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics teach, after Renya Chen aerodynamics Institute. In the meantime, the mechanical turbulence similarity theory proposed. 1926 ~ 1927, Carmen was invited to visit the United States, the California Institute of Technology participated in the construction of aerodynamics laboratory, and to Kobe, Japan, for the design of a wind tunnel in Japan. _Set_tle in the United States since the end of 1929, he served as California Institute of Technology Guggenheim Aerodynamics Laboratory. He makes the college became the hydrodynamics research centers and training bases, and solved many technical problems in aeronautical engineering. He also used mechanical methods to solve the dam cracks, windmill power generation, large reflecting telescope observatory rotation and other engineering problems. He presided over the United States to build a jet engineering company (after the development of the jet Corporation), rocket research group of young scientists engaged in technical guidance, and finally the establishment of a U.S. rocket technology center - Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Carmen's main contribution in the academic side as well as the theory and wing lift force unsteady flow theory, supersonic flow slender body approximation, approximation methods subsonic flow, transonic similarity law and nonlinear perturbation method, thin and light shell buckling problems. Carmen long been engaged in educational work of engineering science and mechanics, Chinese scholar Qian Guo Yonghuai, chang and Lin Chinese-American scholars such as Alice was his student. Carmen received the Medal of many countries, including the U.S. National Medal of Science the first one. Author of "aerodynamic development", "engineering mathematics", "wind and Future" and so on. Compilation of scientific papers as "Carmen Proceedings", 4 volumes.
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Wikipedia Encyclopedia
Kamen-qian xuesen gongshi Carmen - Qian formula Karman-Tsien formula Subsonic flow of air compressibility correction formula for airfoil pressure distribution. This formula is 1941 T.von Carmen Qian cited his student thesis published in 1939 put forward. Its form is: □ □ □ Where is the pressure coefficient, □; □, □, □ and □, respectively airflow pressure, density, velocity and Mach number; footnote □ indicates the value corresponding to the oncoming flow, □ □ is incompressible flow in (ie □ □ = 0) at the same angle of attack hereinafter the same airfoil little pressure coefficient. When □ small and □ □ not close to 1, the equation reduces to Prandtl - Ge Laowo correction formula (see Getai Te law). Through a lot of subsonic wind tunnel experiments to identify the latter correction at higher □ □ insufficient, Carmen - Qian formula is fairly accurate until the speed reaches a local maximum local speed of sound (ie □ □ reached critical Mach number). So it is widely used in aerodynamic calculations. (Luo Shijun)