book titles > China Science and technology history
The embryonic period of science and technology
China Science and Technology of the embryonic period of Paleolithic and Neolithic. China is one of the cradles of early civilization, is the world's first use of fire, invention of bows and arrows and pottery, appeared agricultural, astronomical observations, to create a medicine in the world. Began to use silk production silk.
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Qin Dynasty
Laid during the Shang and Zhou China science and technology shape. Then China entered the Bronze Age, bronze foundry smelting technology is superb, but also appeared in the original porcelain. To the Spring and Autumn Period, the ancient Chinese science and technology system is basically laid. Widespread use of iron, steel and also the emergence of technology and soft technology of cast iron. "Xia Xiao Zheng," a book, is the earliest extant Chinese agricultural calendar. A large-scale water conservancy projects, including Dujiangyan, Zheng creek. Creation of the decimal system. Contemplated invention, capable of four operations and involution, evolution and other more complex operations, and can be zero, negative, and scores and to make that calculation. Some scholars believe that contemplated led India - Arabic numerals system [1]. By creating nine songs, the world's most convenient for the multiplication table, still in use until today. The emergence of the world's first star of the table. More precise determination of the tropical year length. Chinese medicine theory, the initial establishment.
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Qin and Han Dynasties
Ancient Chinese science and technology has become mature individual. On the rotation system of agriculture has been established. Chinese medicine book "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic", "Febrile Diseases" was published. "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic," to determine the mathematical system in ancient China. Papermaking was invented and has been a significant improvement. Shipbuilding technology is very mature. Construction of the Great Wall of China at that time reflected the developed construction techniques. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph, is the world's first seismograph. Satellite navigation technology has been led (led by star over foreign surgery). Invention of the toilet, is the world's first country to use the toilet [2].
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Southern and Northern Dynasties
Liu Hui, Zu, Zhang Zixin of mathematics and astronomy, etc. have made great contributions. Pei's drawings show six bodies, creating the foundation of ancient Chinese theory of cartography. Gusi Xie's "Arts for the People" marks the maturity of agriculture. Wang Shu, and the 'Pulse', Huangfu Mi's "Acupuncture and B by" Hongjing "Shen Nong's Materia Medica variorum" enriched in the medical system. Ge Hong's research in alchemy, the chemical in China contributed to the original. Ma Jun's achievements in machine represents the ancient Chinese machinery manufacturing level. Solution to fly, Wei Meng change to create the world's first car grinding.
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Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song Dynasty
Main article: Sui, Tang and Song dynasty, when science and technology, economic and cultural development, to science and technology has been greatly developed. To the Song Dynasty, the ancient Chinese science and technology development reached its peak.
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Yuan Dynasty
Arab and Persian science and technology into China. In the absence of accession to the throne before Kublai Khan, the recruitment of "back and forth as a star scholar." Translation and they bring such as Ptolemy's "great _set_ of astronomical," Ibn Yunus (also translated as uni) and "Hakim Star Table" (also translated as "Hakim listing the book") and other astronomy books . 1260, Yuan Cheng Jinguo old system, the establishment of the Secretary roof, formally established in 1271 the Secretary roof back and forth, back and forth Si Tianjian _set_ up in 1312. Was also appointed a large number of small to Zhama puncture (also translated as Rudin Zama, Zama assassination d) for the management of such work on behalf of the Astronomers. At this point the Chinese began to use Arabic numerals. Kublai Khan Yuan seventeen years (1280), Wang Xun and Guo Shou-jing, etc. complete the preparation of "timing calendar." "Timing calendar" to 365.2425 days a year, and the Earth orbits the Sun once the actual time only 26 seconds gap. Develop "timing calendar", the list of three interpolation formula (strokes difference method), also using the "stack base, recruit poor, Pythagorean, sagittal of the Law" careful calculation, in which Muslims invented trigonometry applications arc obtained in cutting round operation, "sagittal cut round operation" (ie, solution of spherical right triangle). 1303, Zhu Shijie book as a "four yuan Yu Kam", the "Tianyuan technique" to promote the "Quaternion" (quaternary high-order simultaneous equations), and that "elimination" of the solution. Zhu Shijie also study the problem of finite series summation, and in this high-on the basis of difference interpolation formula. Generally believed that Euclid's book, "Geometry" is the first six volumes in the Ming Xu Italian missionary Matteo Ricci translated and introduced with the help of China, but some scholars believe that as early as the Yuan Dynasty, the book has been to China Muslims to China. [3] Chinese medicine has great development, the emergence of the four dollar school. In the tradition of medicine based on a "learn, pass on" the situation has greatly enriched the content of medical knowledge. "Hui prescription" is China's large-scale integrated medicine books back and forth, the author is unknown, the original 36 volumes, a small number of residues are found in the Beijing Library. The book mostly written in Chinese, but mixed with many Arabic and Persian medical terminology and Chinese transliteration. Catalog can be seen from the residual, "Hui prescription" is a include medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, bone and skin diseases and other subjects, with Chinese and Western medical books. Scholars of the history of Chinese medicine based on remaining part of the inference, "Hui prescription" as much about the first prescription for 6000-7000, its value and ancient Chinese medicine, "Taiwan Miyao," quite. [Citation needed] in 1291, directing the construction of Dadu Guoshoujing to Tongzhou Canal, which has seven gates, the seven gates to each other about a half kilometers away, and the design of Doumen. Kuo Shou-ching is designed by the closure of sluice gates and Doumen and open, adjust the various sections of the canal water level, to guide ships through smoothly. After completion of the project, 164 Kublai Khan personally in this long canal named "Tonghui." Tonghui is a masterpiece of the history of Chinese construction, with its ingenious ways to use the canal is now used in some foreign technology is basically the same. During the reign of Kublai Khan began to attach importance to agriculture, agricultural development is conducive to the development of the political measures which greatly improved the level of agricultural Wang Zhen compiled a "book farming," 37 volumes, the existing 36 volumes, is an ancient Chinese Department to conduct a comprehensive system of agricultural production are discussed works. "Agricultural book" book about thirteen million words and 300 pieces of pictures, text are divided into "agricultural Sangthong tactics", "100 Valley spectrum", "agricultural device map" of three parts. "Agricultural Sangthong tactics" including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy and other aspects of a comprehensive discussion, that "the time of Shun, due to the desirable, Bottom of the people" agricultural ideas. "100 Valley spectrum" of various crop varieties, characteristics, cultivation, planting, harvesting, storage and utilization of knowledge to be introduced into the grain crops, vegetables, fruit, miscellaneous other six categories, laid the foundation stone for the Chinese crop taxonomy ; and for the description of plant traits, but also had never had books. "Agricultural device map" is the "agricultural book" the key part, the part of the field system, the Depository, journey, irrigation, sericulture, weaving fiber, hemp mango and so is divided into 20 categories, described in detail 257 kinds of agricultural machinery, and with drawing spectrum of 306 and make text, its agricultural machinery worth more than all previous books. In movable type, the design of Wang Zhen and runner type_set_ting frame wooden movable type, and in 1298 with wooden movable type typography "Jingde County"; its "made movable type printing calligraphy" (attached to the "agricultural book" end of the book) is The first systematic introduction of movable type printing type_set_ting scientific literature.
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Ming Dynasty
Outline Glowing Ming scientific and technological achievements in all walks of life have made remarkable achievements, the emergence of many famous masterpiece, known as the Chinese Renaissance. Early Ming, the court encouraged the wilderness, so in the water and agriculture have much technical progress, the prosperity of handicrafts, such as Sung created the Heavenly Creations encyclopedia-style handicrafts such research books on the history very important practical and scientific value, that Xizong often personally involved in the research and practice woodworking, but because the implementation of literary inquisition and Ming stereotyped, making Chinese scholars ideological rigidity, loss of freedom Song active thinking, making the most of these scientists are difficult admitted to the examination, the court can hardly be reused. Daxing stereotyped model of the imperial examination and deletion of mathematics content, as well as the prevalence of abacus, so built on the basis contemplated in the ancient Chinese mathematics will decline. Ming Taizong due to Zheng He's maritime activities, making use of nautical charts and compass techniques greatly advances the science of other civil works, such as Li's Compendium of Materia Medica, geographic travel books are popular since he took the scientific masterpiece , which also makes a higher level of China's construction techniques. Gradually from the 16th century Western Dark Ages, the Renaissance began, Western scientific advances, along with a large number of Western missionaries in China, such as missionary Matteo Ricci, Xu and co-translator of Euclid. Unfortunately, it was the Qing Dynasty ruled China the prevalence of literary inquisition, killing people thinking, making China the technology began to lag behind the West. Mathematics Mathematics, Wang Su-an "arithmetic Treasures", Cheng-bit abacus _set_ theory written in the culmination of the book, "were directed at the integration algorithm," Xu translation of the "Geometry", Li algae the "count refers to the same language." Astronomy Astronomy, published masterpiece, "White Ape Presents Sanko map" (author unknown) contains one hundred thirty-two cloud, Zhao Youqin a "leather like a new book," Xu absorb Western calendar compiled the results, "Chongzhen almanac," Leo the "muddy cover Michinori figure said, "Xi illustrates the" Temple Xiao new law. " China's first installation of telescopes: the "tube" (yong). Geography Geography, the compiled "Zheng charts," Xu was "Xu Travels", the earliest map of the world there, "Kun Yu nations full map", Gu book "domain Chi Chao", "world book gun benefit patients." Architecture Architectural, engineering early Ming massive construction projects, construction of the Forbidden City and the construction of the Great Wall, written in Landscape Architecture design into the famous book "Yuan Ye." Medicine Medicine, the organization compiled the Yongle Emperor, "Universal Relief," Li's book "Compendium of Materia Medica", Yang Jizhou book "Acupuncture Dacheng," Chen real power of "surgical authentic", Wu sex with the "plague" theory, Jingyue a "category by" Ming is still the world's first vaccination against smallpox. Agriculture Agriculture, the YU spirit of "planting the book," Zhu lush with "Famine of Materia Medica," Ma Yilong the "agriculture, said," Tu the Jun of China's oldest marine biological monograph "central Fujian sea wrong sparse," Yu Ren, Yu Jie together of veterinary science book, "Yuanheng treatment Maji," Xu was "agricultural policy book," corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, tomato, sunflower, pumpkin, peppers from the Americas passed. Military Science Military science, the Mao Yuan instrument of "military preparations Chi", published in famous "Fire Dragon by" Zhao Shi Zhen of "artifact spectrum," Sun Yuan of the "Sifa God machine", Jiao Xu of "Fire Attack loved to," Wang Zheng compiled China The first monograph of mechanical engineering systems, "said the new system diagram of various devices," Chi Chi the "discipline effect new book," "training real discipline." Weapons Technology Weapons technology, the 1372 made-sized gun, hand gun made in 1377 (small diameter tube), late 14th century invention of "sure-fire flying crow", 1453 handguns made of copper (smooth-bore type), 1524 in Beijing. Cast Franco cannon, 16th century in Yefa Ming "water dragon", 1558, create China's first batch of ten thousand matchlock, called "beak-gun", 1580 Chi Chi invention "from committing drum fire" (similar to its effect mines), 1642 Nanjing, then send guns there. Physics Physics, Zhu Zaiyu the writings of temperament, "Lu essence of law," Sung with "Heavenly Creations", Fang Yizhi a "little knowledge of physics", 10 000 for the world's first rocket launch test, Sun Yun ball manufacturing magnifying glass , dozens of microscopes and other optical instruments, and the "mirror history."
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Qing Dynasty
Emperor Kangxi of Western science and technology is a personal interest, and Zhise wisdom to prevent contact with Han Chinese science and technology [4], and Yongzheng excommunication, together with the subsequent closed-door policy, so that Western science can not be advanced into China, lost the West learn from each other opportunities. The Qing imperial Ming dynasty literary inquisition and the eight-legged essay continues, the Chinese science and the world has gradually lost its leading position. Kangxi, when, after thirty years of planning, surveying and mapping work, made a "full-view map Wong Yu." This map "is not only a map of Asia at that time all the best one, and then all over the map of Europe are better and more accurate" [5]. Qianlong, also sent twice to the Ming, who plans to carry out mapping and Xinjiang, and finally in the "Wong Yu full view map" based on the mapping of new information, made a "government within the Qianlong Emperor Yu whole map" . The two maps, there are still a great reference value. Qianlong official repair "Golden Mirror" ninety volumes, collecting a lot of cheats and experience new recipe, and "Golden Chamber", "Treatise on the" other book has made many Textual, Han is a description Hospital clinical experience important works. Wang Qing-ren of "Medical forest error correction", emphasizing the anatomical knowledge of the importance of medical treatment, and the ancient records of the relevant organs into question, through the internal organs of the body's anatomy, drawn into a "witness to correct the internal organs diagram "Twenty-five, to correct some errors predecessors. Xi illustrates the "dawn Um new law," "five-star line-degree solution" and dozens of astronomy books, certainly the Western calendar advanced place, but also pointed out that one of the many shortcomings and errors, the algorithm of solar eclipse eclipse , astronomical data, applications, and the length of tropical year, precession constant questions, I have made a more neutral view of the Chinese calendar to promote the development of science. Mei Wen-ting finishing and elucidation of the ancient Chinese calendar arithmetic, but also research and introduction of Western science, the astronomical, calendar, mathematics books of 86 species. His book "Western mathematics through" All in all the world at that time almost all the knowledge of mathematics, mathematics in China to study at the highest level. In the book of the "equation" theory part, to clarify the original ancient Chinese equation, noting that the algorithm is not Western; in the "Pythagorean measurement", "nine the number of ancient deposit," and some other, also proved that the ancient Chinese algorithm achievement; in the "cutting block measurement," "Geometric partial fill" section, describes the Western spherical trigonometry, solid geometry and to Western discourse and development; and in the "contemplated", "degree count," "ratio of the number solution "and other sections, the interpretation and introduced the West to the number, Galileo ratio regulations and other methods. Ming map with a "secret rate cut round McNair Law" four volumes. Since we had passed from Europe into the three methods of cutting a round (circular path seeking weeks back sine alone, the string is seeking back arrow), only the formula, but not the formula may be proved, then hit with the "cut round even ratio method" to prove three equations, and further to create a "back-arc order to pass string," "seek arc back through the string," "vector is seeking back-arc" and a series of new formulas, analytical methods the Chinese use pi to study the first. Gongzhen Lin in 1841's first iron molded gun laws, and author of "cast iron model cannons Illustrated" is the world's first discusses the iron casting method is one of the scientific literature. Li Shanlan number of independent invention of calculus and combinatorial identities put forward Lishan Lan identity. 1872 published a "test several root law", is China's first prime number theory in the works.
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Modern science and technology
After the Opium War, a large number of Western science into China, from the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement, has been to the 1911 Revolution, the Chinese are absorption of Western science results. Early Years Science Society of China and other non-governmental academic society was founded, China Science and Technology started the development of world science and technology and more systems together. Established in 1928, Academia Sinica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, established in 1949 are the Government's financial support. October 1964 successfully exploded its first atomic bomb; June 1967 and successfully exploded the first hydrogen bomb. At 6:30 on November 20, 1999 at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Shenzhou, to test space flight, the next day 15:41 Shenzhou spacecraft successfully landed in central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. October 15, 2003 launch of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft made China the following Russia and the United States, the third will have the ability to own the national human into space. At 18:05 on October 24 2007, Chang-e One probe from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center Long March III A carrier rocket from the successful launch.
Well-known British science historian Joseph Needham spent nearly 50 years of work put together a multi-volume "History of Chinese Science and Technology", by the rich historical, in-depth analysis and a large number of East-West comparative study, a comprehensive, systematic exposition of the ancient Chinese science and technology brilliant achievements and great contributions to world civilization, covering philosophy, history, scientific thinking, mathematics, physics, chemistry, heaven, earth, health, agriculture, medicine and engineering and other areas. This book is Volume VI of the first volumes of this monumental work, discusses the seeds of the ancient Chinese botany, plant linguistics, literature and content, research and famine food plants for human services and other aspects of plant and insect achievements and contributions . For workers in the history of science, biology and related professional workers, university teachers and students to read. History of Science and Technology of China (chronology volume) Author: Aisu Zhen, Song Zhenghai Editor Publisher: Science Press Publication date: November 2006 This book is a national "95" key books, is Lu Jiaxi chief editor of "China History of Science and Technology "series one. With time as the order book, the history of Chinese science and technology system representation of events, each of a head for an event, including time, events, and literature. This book is a comprehensive reflection of the pulse of ancient Chinese science and technology development ...
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Needham and his "History of Chinese Science and Technology"
In 1954, Joseph Needham published a "History of Science and Technology of China," Volume I, a sensation of Western Sinology. The book references a lot of detailed information to prove that the Chinese civilization in the history of world science and technology among the important role. "History of Science and Technology of China," is the world's most comprehensive study of Chinese history of science, the most profound, the most distinctive landmark of a book. Yang Guan astronomy and look down at the geographical Heaven and Earth science, is the first in China in terms of knowledge and discovery and are being reproduced. Although Chinese people sometimes can not understand astronomical phenomena, but they put it down, leaving a wealth of astronomical phenomena we recorded legacy, explore the Sky record, there is the modern sense. And in ancient China about the earthquake, a number of natural disasters on the historical record is also quite modern values. Looms large number of words, subtle mathematical Ancient Chinese mathematics, today known as Mathematics. Joseph Needham in the "History of Science and Technology of China," the second volume in talking about the math, and he put the mathematical achievements of ancient Chinese and modern Western mathematics compared to the same algorithm that China is now the first in Europe. Mathematics is not only natural science foundation, the foundation of social science is the basis for the humanities, or scientific basis of thinking. Based on agriculture, water Guomai China's crop, from the written records do have three thousand to five thousand years of history. But can be found from archaeological excavations dating back seven years to 8 years ago, some of the crop remains, so the Chinese agriculture can have more than seven thousand years of history. Development of agriculture requires a lot of large hydraulic service, water conservancy project of ancient China is very great. Qi HUANG medicine for the benefit of BES Chinese medicine is a very great cultural product of traditional Chinese medicine is a culture. Chinese medicine is benevolence, the embodiment of our Chinese civilization and culture. In the long practice, Chinese medicine has demonstrated its vitality, but which in the years ahead, China Medical will become a huge treasure, make more contributions to mankind. China's four great inventions Four great inventions of ancient China: the compass, gunpowder, paper and printing, not only promoted the development of Chinese civilization, but also the development of world civilization and made remarkable contributions. For this role and influence, Needham has a brilliant thesis: If there is no gunpowder, printing and the compass, the disappearance of feudalism in Europe is an incredible thing. China's twenty-six invention The invention of ancient Chinese science and technology is very diverse, in Needham, "History of Science and Technology of China," a book, the Chinese invention of some well-known technology to the column from A to Z 26. Needham said that archaeological evidence of Chinese literature and drawings witness, clearly shows us one after another extraordinary invention and discovery. We are faced with a series of scientific founding spirit, outstanding technical achievements and insights on the thinking.
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