China is one of the earliest development of astronomy, for thousands of years to accumulate a lot of valuable astronomical data, by the national attention of astronomers. On the number of documents, the astronomy and mathematics can be tied only to agriculture and medicine, constitutes the most developed of the four ancient Chinese natural science one. Seeds in the original ancient Chinese astronomy community, after the Qin and Han Dynasty to the Warring States, formed a calendar and astronomical phenomena observed as the center of the complete system. Calendar is a major part of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is not simply calculate the synodic, 24 solar terms such as the preparation and placement of leap month calendar of work, including eclipses and planetary positions for astronomical calculations and a series of orientation issues, similar to the compiled Now the almanac. Sky is the ancient Chinese astronomy observing another major content, including Sky observation methods, instruments and records. Ancient Chinese astronomical instruments mainly armillary sphere, the ecliptic with the same Greek-style devices, the Chinese have been using the equatorial devices. Two thousand years, preserved the Chinese solar and lunar eclipses, occultation month, sunspots, meteors, comets, novae and other rich record, is an important reference of modern astronomy. The seeds of ancient Chinese astronomy: from the ancient to the West Weekend 1960 and 1973 in Shandong Juxian were unearthed in Shandong Zhucheng two pottery dating back some 4500 years of respect, on both a hieroglyphic symbol. Was interpreted as "Dan" character, because it is like a mountain rising sun and clouds care, which is the morning scene, hearted, such as painting. "Book of * Yaodian" said, "Nai Ming Xi and chin if Haotian, calendar like the moon and stars, when King delegate", describes the legendary Yao (twenty-four century BC), when already a full-time astronomers engaged in elephant timing. "Yaodian" Then said: "The points Xi Zhong life, home visions barbarians, said instantaneous Valley, Yin Bin out of date, rank level for the East." This would mean, Zhong Xi Yi instantaneous in visions (soup) Valley, the Sunrise specializes in worship, in order to facilitate farming. Shandong Dong Yi ancient as the domain, Ju County, the cities and at the seaside, where it is found in the ritual worship of heaven and celestial phenomena reflect the agricultural raw text, which "Yaodian" is _set_ to confirm each other. "Yaodian" Although the Department of descendants made, but it reflects some of the legends of ancient times, when the doubt. "Yaodian" said a year has 366 days divided into four seasons, with a leap month to adjust the month and season, these are the basic contents of the Chinese calendar. "Yaodian" in the "Sino-Japanese star Bird to Yanzhong Chun", "Day John Spark, to being mid-summer", "night of stars is true, to Yan Zhongqiu" "Pleiades star on the short to mid-winter are" four lines, say According to evening southern sky that is seen in different stars, divided by season. From the Xia Dynasty (21st century BC - 16th century BC), China entered slave society. Handed down at this time, "Xia Xiao Zheng," a book, may reflect the summer generation of astronomical knowledge: twelve months a year, except February, November, December, the monthly number of notable astronomical phenomena with a signs. "Xia Xiao Zheng," in addition to pay attention to the evening star seen in the southern sky (in the faint star), it also took note of the southern sky at dawn star (once the star) changes, and Compass shank in the direction of change each month, than " Book of * Yaodian "developed. Oracle is later than the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC to the 8th century BC) cast in bronze (bell, ding, etc.) possessed. Jin has a large number of records on the moon phase, but no moon word. Most common is: first guitar, both raw Pa (soul) only hope, Jisi Ba (soul). It has all of these different interpretations of the name. However, apart from the early guitar, other words are related with the phase of the moon, the same instrument. "October at the turn, Hatsumi Xin Mao, Japanese have eaten ... ... He is on the maintenance of their regular food, this day and eat at why Zang?" "Book of Songs Xiaoya" in this passage, not only records the a solar eclipse, but also that when the moon has to meet (new moon) as the month began. Some people believe that the solar eclipse occurred in the King You of Zhou six years, that in 776 BC, it was that King Ping of Zhou in 36 years that is 735 years BC. "Book of Songs" and many other astronomical knowledge. Ming Gu in the "Daily Understanding", said: "more than three generations of well known astronomical", he listed four things, there are three are from the "Book of Songs" is "Summer Falling Star", "Samsung households "and" completed in January from. " "Book of Songs" also recorded Venus and Galaxy, and the use of Tugui determined direction. If you think, "Zhou" is also reflected in the case of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou era should have been in mind when using Louhu, and dried according to lunar mansions and twelve to divide the sky up. To the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese astronomy has begun to take shape. System formation period: from spring to the Qin dynasty (770 BC - AD 220) Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 years ago), Chinese astronomy in the number of observed from the general observation of the transition phase. "Book of Rites that" although the works of the late Warring States, but according to neighbor, to research, it reflects the sky is about 600 years BC, the phenomenon should be able to represent the spring and mid-level astronomy. It is produced in the lunar mansions, the lunar mansions for the reference, given once a month in early faint stars and the sun location. It reflects the level of astronomy than the "Xia Xiao Zheng," as described is much higher. At the same time, record the history of this period the "Spring" and "Zuo Zhuan", contain a wealth of astronomical data. Lu hidden from AD years (722 BC) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (481 BC) in 242 years, recorded a 37 eclipse, has been shown that 32 of them are reliable. Luzhuang Gong for seven years (BC 687) "Summer Night on April Xin Mao, stars were not seen. The night, stars fell like rain," which is the earliest recorded meteor shower Lyra. Lu Wengong fourteen years (613 years BC) "Fall in July, Polo into a star in the Big Dipper," which is the earliest record of Halley's Comet. Probably in mid-spring (about 600 BC), China has started Tugui to observe changes in the length of the sun's shadow to _set_ the date of the winter solstice and summer solstice. At that time the winter solstice is called "day south", south of the month to a day of "spring king month." Chinese experts in the history of science that studies money Baozong: "Zuo Zhuan", there are two "on the south," the record, spacing of 133 years. In 133 years, the record leap 4 times, lost a leap second, there should be a total of 49 leap months, just together "Nineteen years, seven leap." And two "on the south," the number of days between cycles for the 809 six decades and 38 days, that is 48,578 days a year together as follows: 365 and 33/133 days. For simplicity, take the ending quarter. Where the figure for the tropical year length of the calendar, is called "calendar quarter." Calendar reform in the Han Dynasty in ancient six kinds of previously used calendar (the Yellow Emperor Li, Zhuan Xu calendar, lunar calendar Yin, Zhou Li, Lu Li) is a quarter of calendar; The difference in name or in line with the different areas, or the beginning of the year due to the use of different; name does not mean that the time has, they are probably created in the Warring States period. Because the use of the Warring States period, a quarter of calendar year of 365.25 days, and this is the sun on the celestial sphere is the time required to move one week (actually a reflection of the earth movement), so the circumference of the ancient Chinese also provides 365.25 degrees. The sun once every move, this provision constitutes a system of ancient Chinese astronomy feature. With the accumulation of observational data, the Warring States period has been a special astronomy book, Qi Gan public (Gander) of the "astronomical astrology," eight volumes, with a Shi Shen Wei's "astronomical" eight volumes. Although these books are all things astrology, but which also contains the location of planets and stars of knowledge, so-called "Shih Star Classic" that comes from this. Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal kings ascended the throne in their own States to change the beginning of reign, the reign is not a unified country. This is the vassal state of the political economic and cultural exchanges are very inconvenient. So it was to design a contact only with Sky, and nothing to do with human social change dating method, which is Jupiter chronology. Jupiter, that Jupiter, the ancients believed it was the constant cycle of twelve years. Hence, if the yellow and the equatorial belt is divided into twelve parts, called the twelve, then passing through a year of Jupiter. In this way, you can use Jupiter's satellite passing times a year to reign. Jupiter chronology later evolving into the future on the development of Chinese Lunar chronology. Warring States period (476 BC - 221 BC) the great social change and the contending situation and promote the development of astronomical theory. At this point the gas is on the concept of all things primitive and later affects many aspects of the theory of astronomy. Many of the writings of this period are mentioned in astronomy content, such as "Zhuangzi days of operation" and "Songs of the South Heaven," a series of questions, and ask very deep. For example, the structure of the universe like? World is formed? And so on. After the Warring States Period, and is closely related to agricultural production, 24 solar terms are gradually formed, they are only found in the full name of the "Huainanzi." 24 solar terms, referred to as "gas", which is the ancient Chinese calendar, the Gregorian calendar component, and "moon" is the ancient Chinese lunar calendar of the composition, gas composition and the moon traditional Chinese lunisolar match. Qin unified China after the enactment of a unified national calendar - Zhuanxu calendar. Line with the XIA Zhuanxu calendar to October as the beginning of the year, Suizhong leap home. Jia Yin Jia Yin Moon in the first month as the beginning of spring once the epoch, the epoch in the day, while the morning sun, moon and star of the East. Han Cheng Qin system, with Zhuanxu calendar, has been in use among the very early years. From the early Han Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, a century after the respite, in order to adapt agriculture, handicraft industry and commercial development, the Han Dynasty adopted a number of important measures, including calendar reform. Yuan Feng He was seven years (BC 104) in May enacted Deng Ping, Hong, who came to create a new calendar, change the first year was in the beginning of this year. New calendar which was later known as "calendar was in the beginning." "Calendar was in the beginning" is a complete China's first written records of the calendar, the lunar month and return it in the data, while accurate than a quarter of calendar, but the following significant progress: the first month of beginning of the year, with no gas in the month of intercalary month, the month and season with more reasonable; the planet's synodic period is very accurate measurements, such as Mercury is 115.87 days, smaller than this measured value is only 0.01 days; using 135 months of eclipse cycles, one week period by the sun intersection of 23 yellow and white, two years as a food, food that is 1 year = 346.66 days, this measure is greater than less than 0.04 days. As the calendar was in the beginning of the lunar month of the year and the return value is too large, "Li was in the beginning" with a 188 years later, the accumulated error is very impressive, so dollars and two years in the Eastern Han (AD 1985) and use "four calendar ", then use the tropical year, although the length of the ancient quarter of the calendar and the same is still 365.25 days, but much progress in other aspects. In discussing the "calendar quarter" period, Jia Kui Fu vigorously promote civil security astronomers measured from the ecliptic and the lunar mansions of the sun and the moon to run away from the degree of practice, the winter solstice point decisively to the ancient quarter of the calendar to move the cows first came fighting 21.25 degrees, which is Zu discovered precession of the leading. Jia Kui also certify that the moon's velocity is not uniform, the moon's perigee moving fast, moving three times more than a month. To show this change, he proposed the "nine patients", said an attempt to represent the nine months of this campaign (to do with the concept of the five elements). Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu in "Qian Li as" the first time in years ending in the return down to 1 / 4 the following, as 365.2462 days, and to determine the angle and the moon yellow and white point in a near-daily implementation of the degree of months, so lunation and eclipse calculations are a big step forward. "Qian as calendar" or handed down the first new moon of the algorithm contains a _set_ calendar. Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25 to 220 years), an accomplished scientist emerged in China, it is Zhang Heng. He invented the seismograph is famous for. In astronomy, celestial globe that he is a representative figure, which stands for "day round as projectiles, such as eggs in the yellow ground"; and in Gengshou Chang celestial globe invented on the basis of armillary sphere made of leakage demonstrated his theory of transfer, as China clock tower traditional ancestor. In addition to celestial dome and the celestial globe that outside, a little earlier than the Xi Zhang Heng Meng also made his first division promotion of infinite space, the doctrine that does not have a hard shell-like days, the universe is infinite, there is air space everywhere , objects are floating in the air, they are also bullied the movement constraints. Han Dynasty to the observational level of detail and precision, it is very amazing. 1973 Three Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan silk unearthed on the planet in the "five-star accounted for" 8,000 words and 29 comets. The former lists Venus, Jupiter and Saturn in the seventh decade of the position, the latter's painting shows was already observed comet head, nucleus and tail, while the comet head and tail there are different types. "Han Five" recorded symptoms and four years (1989 BC) of the solar eclipse, the sun's apparent position, there is eclipse, a first round loss and recovery time, there is loss, compound position, very specific; and river levels first year (BC 28) March record of sunspots on the day side. Is the world's earliest records. "Han astronomical records," said: "The first year per light in June, guest stars found in the room", which is the Greek astronomer Hipparchus star seen, but Hipparchus did not leave on time and position records. Since the Han Dynasty more about exotic and rich record of celestial phenomena, constitute another system of ancient Chinese astronomy feature. In short, the Han dynasty until the contents of the ancient Chinese astronomy in general have been complete, a distinctive system has been established. System development period (220 AD - the Song Dynasty) This is the ancient Chinese astronomy in the system after the formation stage of development continue to move forward smoothly in the calendar, instruments, theory and other aspects of the universe have a lot of innovation. Later Qin ginger perilous made "per calendar Tertiary cycle of sixty years" (384 years), to eclipse to find the location of the sun, thereby increasing the accuracy of observation. He also found that sunrise and sun_set_ when the sun is dark red ground, the role of air travel; zenith air travel less, so the noon glorious color white, which is the _select_ive absorption of the atmosphere beginning of understanding. Eastern Jin Yuxi discovered precession, the Southern Zu introduced it into the calendar, the sidereal year and tropical year separately, this is a big step forward. Zu determine the number of days a month for the intersection 27.21223, with only a thin one hundred thousandth of the value of this test, called the precision. Zu before Edward in the long term, based on the observation obtained by the use of more sophisticated tone on the synodic month value, which is an improvement in the method. The so-called tone day method, which uses a fraction of the number of excess approximation (strong rate) and less than fraction approximation (weak rate) to find a more accurate approximation of the score. Zu Zu's son (Riheng) inherited his father is also skilled in astronomy. He found that in the past people as the North Star, "New Star" has more than once to go very, thereby supporting the celestial North Pole often moving, past and present very different star. Northern Qi Dynasty (AD 550 ~ 577 years) Zhang Zixin dedicated to astronomical observations than three decades and found that the movement of the sun and planets is not uniform; together when the new moon or yellow on the Huangdao Nan Road North, will affect the solar eclipse has occurred, and the lunar eclipse do not have this phenomenon. Zhangzi Xin Sui and Tang Dynasties, these discoveries have led to the rapid development of astronomy. Sui reunification of the country after the first use of Zhang Bin's "open almanac." But "open almanac" careless simple, after a heated argument, seventeen years from the opening Wong (597) to switch from Chang Joo Hyun calendar. Cause of this calendar and in four years (AD 608) to modify, name 'cause calendar. " 'Cause calendar, "taking into account Zhang Zixin heterogeneity on the discovery of planetary motion, the use of arithmetic series sum approach to the preparation of a synodic period of planets in the position table, the calculation of the planets have improved step. In the "historical cause" line with the process, Liu Zhuo in 604 years to complete, "Wong extremely calendar", with equally spaced second order interpolation to deal with day, month of uneven movement, become a feature of Chinese astronomy. Liu Zhuo also suggested launching a large-scale geodetic to deny the "shadows a thousand miles an inch difference," the traditional view of this argument has long been skeptical Edward. However, as Emperor of the extravagant, decadent and stupid, Lau Cheuk reasonable proposals, together with his "great imperial calendar" are not accepted. Tang Dynasty established a strong feudal empire, there Zhenguan, Kaiyuan rule of the rise of the situation, for the great development of astronomy has created favorable conditions. Zhenguan seven years (AD 633), Li Chunfeng ecliptic armillary sphere made instrument, the Chinese observe with the armillary sphere of the development of highly complex, fixed loop in the last group (Luhe instrument) and operation of the ring group (four meter swim ) between, but also added a three-Chen instrument. Sanchen instrument by three interlocking rings (and white rings, zodiac rings, the equatorial ring) form, so that observation can be read directly from the instrument on the celestial equatorial coordinates, ecliptic coordinates of three data and White Road. Li Chunfeng in the "very imperial calendar" made on the basis of "De-lin Li," Lin Tang Emperor Germany in two years (AD 665 years) enacted. "De-lin Li," On the use of fixed holding daily moon calendar spectrum, that is, not only in the calculation of eclipses sun and the moon to consider when running non-uniformity problems, and also in arranging the calendar into account. Edward had been made in this way, but because of the obstruction of force of habit, after two hundred years of struggle, only just win. "Lin De calendar" also abolished the leap week, totally dependent on observation and statistical regression to obtain the lunar month of the year and precision data. Now the British Museum in London to save the examination paper in a roll of Dunhuang star map, may also be related with Li Chunfeng, as well as in the star chart in front of the 48 meteorological miscellaneous accounts, each are on the map below, under article 15, "Chen Chunfeng words "message. Kaiyuan thirteen years (AD 725), beam line and make improvements Zhang Heng's water-chan celestial globe. They house the celestial globe on the lockers, half exposed, half hidden in the cabinet, the counter on the separation of the celestial globe with two wooden sides, each engraved with a drum, a per-Chen (two hours) knock Bell, on time automatically, it can be said the first chime clock, it's called the "top view celestial globe Kaiyuan water." Prior to this, they also made a one meter swim ecliptic. This is Li Chunfeng instrument ecliptic armillary sphere on the basis of the three Chen instrument played in the equatorial ring holes along the equator to the ecliptic can be moved to correct precession. Line use of this aircraft instruments, observing the location of more than 150 stars and found that the previous generation star chart, celestial globe on the table and the star of stars contained in the location has changed dramatically. Line for which no explanation. Now know that these changes are mainly caused by the precession. Liu not only profoundly reveals the infinite universe, but also clear that in an infinite universe, change is endless contradictions, yin and yang together sometimes, but when separated, and sometimes attract each other, sometimes mutually exclusive, as spinning wheels or mechanical, always kept. In the large-scale observation, based on the complete line of fifteen years in New Century, "Dayan Li," first draft, after the death of its successor the following year was finalized. "Premium calendar" to be compiled air movement is the sun, that the sun in a degree of regression line during the year, divided into 24 equal portions flat, the sun and every one points to a solar terms, the time between the two solar terms ranging of. To address this problem, line spacing ranging from the invention of the second difference interpolation. Uneven in the calculation of planetary movement, the "Premium calendar," the use of a sine function with three tables and the nature of the approximate difference between the interpolation formula. "Premium calendar" to calculate all the items grouped into a "step in the Moon" and seven, to become a model for future calendars. The late Tang and Five Dynasties (AD 907 ~ 960) during the calendar, it is worth mentioning that there Changqing years (AD 822 years) enactment of the "Vision calendar" and the construction of middle age (AD 780 ~ 783 years) popular private "character days calendar." Xu Ang's "Vision calendar" made difference in the calculation of the solar eclipse, gas poor, poor carved three corrections, the diurnal parallax caused by the moon the correction of the calculation to go one step further. Cao Gou Shi's "character-day calendar" abolish Lantern Jinian, of 10,000 astronomical data for the odd zero of the denominator, these two reforms greatly simplifies the calculation is the steps, this calendar is the main reason for the non-welcome. But it was the ruling class as "a small calendar," not to adopt. Jin Tianfu after four years (AD 939) enacted the "tune of $ calendar," do not use Lantern Jinian, the use of five years, after Liao has spent four decades, until the Yuan Dynasty's "timing calendar" (1280 ), was fully achieved these two reforms. To decline from the peak (from Song to Ming) The late Tang and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rival principalities separatism chaos, since the unity and an end. China's feudal economy in the Song Dynasty (AD 960 ~ 1279) to be further developed. The development of production has greatly promoted the advance of science, by Marx as the "greatest invention" of gunpowder, printing and the compass, is the Chinese people in the last completed. As a natural science of astronomy in this period has also made many important achievements. For 1006 and 1054 the appearance of a supernova, in particular, recorded 1054 supernova, the study of contemporary astronomy highly valued information. The supernova appeared in the position, now left with a Crab Nebula, which is the contemporary one of the most interesting object of study. This period has been five star position measurement: the first time in large and medium Xiangfu three years (AD 1010), second in King dry period (AD 1034 ~ 1038), third in Queen dry period (AD 1049 ~ 1053), fourth in per harvest (AD 1078 ~ 1085), fifth in chongning years (AD 1102 ~ 1106). One per harvest between the observations are plotted star map, engraved in stone preserved, this is the famous Suzhou stone astronomical figure. Per harvest between the observations, but also to star map stored in the form of Su Song of the "new instrument like the law to" the. "Xin Yi Xiang Fa" is the Yuan dry for seven years (AD 1092) made the clock tower and written instructions, it not only describes the more than 150 mechanical parts, but also 60 pieces of map, is the study of ancient instruments excellent information. Su Song and Han Gonglian completion of the clock tower in the future, but also created a celestial globe as its celestial sphere diameter greater than a person's height, one can see into the interior. In the sphere of the star's position by wearing a small hole in which to see little light, as if the stars of heaven in general. Modern people call this instrument the instrument is also known as false ceiling, it is a modern planetarium in the Sky demo pioneer. In the Song Dynasty 300 years to implement over the calendar 18 species, the more creative the Northern Song Yao Shun Fu's "era" (1107) and South End Yang Zhong Fu "integration-day calendar" (1199). "Era Calendar" initiative to use observations of Venus to be the way the sun's position; "system calendar days" to determine the tropical year is 365.2425 days value, and the current Gregorian calendar, the average calendar year exactly the same, but better than the Gregorian calendar (1582) and enacted as early as 383 years. "System-day calendar" also proposed changing the length of tropical year, the value of its old big this small. Song of the thinkers on natural phenomena have more to discuss. In astronomy is more time discussing the operation of celestial objects and the formation of the problem. The more representative figure is Zhang Zai and Zhu Xi. Zhang Zai made, the length of day and night changes in the middle of the year, is the yin and yang of the lift due to earth movements; day objects Dongsheng West down the middle, is the result of the earth by L-gas. Zhang Zai and that space and time are forms of material existence, the universe is full of gas. "Gas can not gather and for all things, big things can not be dispersed into the virtual, through the access, is all they had to also-ran." Zhu Xi, though favoring the universe cycle theory, but for the specific world (the equivalent of the solar system) formation is a complete view. He vortex flow from the vortex center the objects involved in the phenomenon of departure, that "heaven and earth is yin and yang of the gas between the beginning of this run a gas, grinding to rub off. Worn anxious, many would waste Greeting inside out of nowhere, they form one in the center. who have to clean the gas of the day, as the sun and the moon, the stars, only the outer, often pericyclic operation; to be fixed only at the central, not the next "(" Zhuzi "Volume I) . In today's perspective, this theory has a lot of mistakes, but compared to the evolution of Zhu Xi's thought to the previous object was a step forward. 1276 Yuan army took over the Southern Song capital Lin'an (now Hangzhou) after Kublai Khan to gold, two Si Tianjian Song staff to focus mostly (now Beijing), plus a new _select_ion of some of the talent, formed a powerful astronomical team. Wang Xun team, under the auspices of Kuo Shou-ching, engaged in manufacturing instruments for measuring and preparation of the new calendar in just five years (1276 ~ 1280) has made great achievements in ancient Chinese astronomy to a new peak. First, create a variety of new instruments, including simple instrument, Yang Instrument, a high table, King Fu, programs and exquisite instrument is so innovative. Simple instrument is the armillary sphere made of a revolutionary reform, its design and manufacturing level in the world's leading 300 years until the 1598 invention of the famous astronomer Tycho's instruments can be compared. Yang instrument with pinhole imaging principle, the sun projected on the domed surface of the device to directly read out its spherical coordinates. High table is the table height to eight feet to the traditional Si Zhang, making the same measurement precision, the error is reduced to one-fifth of the original. King Fu is a high form of auxiliary equipment, which uses the principle of pinhole imaging to eliminate the high end of the table shadow blurry shortcomings, improve observation accuracy. Program is four feet square in a draw 19 concentric circles on the board, establish a center table, when a wooden table on the impact of Duan Fang draw 19 concentric circles, the center established a table when the table's shadow a circle on the side fell down when, after the mind from morning to night with two points on a circle to link up their midpoint and the center of the line north-south direction is positive; if it on its side over can also be measured out to a high Arctic, which is a portable instrument to the field work. Delicate instrument and Su Song, Han Gonglian celestial globe made, as similar to a guest, in-house can watch the performance instruments. 1281 after Guoshoujing also create a lot of new equipment, including light leakage Daming Temple is the most prominent one. It is a ball that looks like a lantern water force-driven mechanical timekeeping device. Above is also furnished with an animal model of hopping on time, which clocks in Europe in the mechanical attach all the performances is the same mechanical properties. Secondly, by using an unprecedented scale observations. 27 places in the country _set_ up observatories to measure the local geographical latitude, and from the South China Sea in the south (latitude 15 degrees), the North Sea to the north (latitude 65 degrees), at intervals of 10 degrees _set_ up an observatory to measure the length of the summer solstice the sun's shadow the length of day and night and day. Third, a series of astronomical data, measured, and the old data, check, choose one of the precision of the data. For example, the return value from the Southern Song Dynasty in "integration-day calendar," lunar month, in recent months and the intersection point on the value of gold taken from the rehabilitation of Zhao Zhiwei, "Daming calendar" (1181) and the early Yuan Dynasty Chucai "expedition Gengwu per calendar . " For the lunar mansions from the degree of measurement, the average error of less than 5 ', precision than double the Song Dynasty. New value measured obliquity of the ecliptic, the error is only 1 'more. Fourth, a large number of observations and research, based on seventeen years in the Yuan (AD 1280) compiled "timing calendar", and come into effect the following year. "Timing calendar" with three poor interpolation to find the sun in the ecliptic, as the daily running speed, and the moon around the earth daily rate, a similar spherical triangle of the sagittal cut round operation, from the sun's longitude seeking It's ascension declination, seeking White obliquity, and find the intersection of the white red and yellow red intersection distance. Both of these methods in the history of astronomy and the history of mathematics has an important position. "Timing calendar" has been used from the fall of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1644). In the Ming Dynasty it was renamed as the "Great Commission Calendar", but the method is seen to Beijing to Nanjing Sunrise and Sun_set_ times have seen the moment, to seventeen years of Hongwu (AD 1384) for the epoch, eliminating the need for hundred years of growth and decline of the regression method, the other no change. The integration of Chinese and Western astronomy: from late Ming to the Opium War (AD 1600 ~ 1840) From the early Ming Dynasty Ming's two hundred years, major advances in astronomy are: translation of Arabic astronomy books; Zheng in 1405 ~ 1432 ocean voyage in the use of "pull star technique" location and orientation, the development of the marine chronometer; the singular Sky (eg 1572 and 1604 supernova) of observations. Few inventions in general, can be considered a history of Chinese astronomy, low. Ming, the seeds of capitalism to promote awareness of science and technology to generate new requirements. 1595 and 1610 although the two calendar reform movement failed to achieve, but the idea of calendar reform, attention has been paid. At this time, the European Jesuit missionaries came to China. They understand that China's pursuit of new knowledge, they adopted the policy of the academic mission. Early Italian Matteo Ricci in China (1583 China), China has repeatedly reported to the European astronomical knowledge of the interests and needs. And at the request of his influence, and later the Jesuits in China's most know some astronomy, some of them highly specialized training. They described the European astronomical knowledge by the time the progressive intellectuals as well, and be translated and introduced. Early publication of the European astronomical knowledge of the book are: "Hun cover Michinori Illustrated" (1607), "Jane level meter to say" (1611), "Table degree to say" (1614), "Heaven Strategy" (1615 ), "said the telescope" (1626), etc. Most of these works is to introduce the European astronomical instruments. "Muddy cover Michinori" and "simple level meter" is a kind of astrolabe, "Table degree" is a Western Sundial, "telescope" is the Galilean telescope. In the "Heaven a little", the introduction of the Ptolemaic geocentric system of 12-fold-day, and the Galileo telescope to some new results. With the exception of "muddy cover Michinori map said," is a book written by Leo himself, the other are the Jesuits in China, written with the assistance of scholars. Chinese scholars translated and introduced in Europe in addition to astronomical knowledge, but also to the Jesuits learned of the European astronomical calculation. Therefore, the Wanli thirty-eight years (AD 1610), Xu forecast this year to November with Sifa Moon (December 15) of the solar eclipse. The observations show that this prediction more accurate, thus causing people to the attention of Western methods. Moon on May Yiyou Chongzhen (AD June 21, 1629) solar eclipse, Chin-day supervision of the forecast and the apparent error, the Ming government determined to change the calendar, the command composed of Xu in Beijing Xuanwumen hundred calendar Bureau, hired Jesus Fellow Deng Yuhan, Rho, Schall attended the compilation, after five years of effort, a book 137 volumes, named, called "Chongzhen almanac." "Chongzhen almanac" and ancient Chinese astronomy system is the most significant difference is: The first Valley of the universe system and the geometry of the computing system; introduce the Earth and geographic latitude and longitude of the concept; apply spherical trigonometry; to adopt the European common unit of measure, sub-circle of 360 degrees, 96 minutes for the moment day, 24 hours, using 60 degrees and when the following binary system. "Chongzhen almanac" was compiled after 1634, not enacted. 1644 Qingjunruguan, Johann the deletion book compressed into 103, was renamed "Western calendar new law" into the government was clear. Johann Qing government appointed supervisor for the Astronomical positive, with the "Western New Law" compiled under the civil calendar year was named "the constitution calendar." Since then, apart from three to seven years in the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1664 - 1668 AD), the first indictment for Yang Guang, Johann was forbidden during the Qin, the dynasty until six years (AD 1826), the Qing government have been employed in the European missionary who presided over Astronomical, sometimes at the same time appointing two or three missionaries. During this period Astronomical do the main work in the following three: Kangxi eight to twelve years, Ferdinand Verbiest (1659 China) responsible for manufacturing the six major classical-style instruments Tycho (the existing Beijing Ancient Observatory), and write of a manual that "Lingtai instrument as Chi." Kangxi 61 years, modifying the "Western calendar the new law," based on the compiled "calendar like the test as" a book; Qianlong reign (AD 1742) has compiled "into the calendar as the test after the series' 10 volumes, The first application of Kepler's planetary motion first, second law, but the focus of the ellipse on the Earth rather than the sun. Qianlong seventeen years (AD 1752), compiled "into a test instrument such as" 32 volumes, listed in the catalog received Star 3083. Reign, missionaries left, the Chinese astronomers of the "test instrument as a" catalog re-measured, twenty-four years in the dynasty (AD 1844) compiled "into a test instrument like sequel," 32 volumes, Star 3240 collection. In the Qing Dynasty, there are a number of non-astronomers, they take serious scholarship, both for ancient things, or foreign things are careful study, some critical, some development, the integration of Chinese and Western astronomy has made on due contributions. Which has the famous oak Xue Feng, Xi illustrates, Mei Wen-ting, Xue Feng oak, they work in the translation of Western astronomy, based on the author of "learn through experience" more than ten kinds of books, in addition to description of the general theory, but also systematic, detailed description of the method of calculating the movement of celestial objects. For simplicity, he changed to 60 decimal system decimal system, for re-use of trigonometric and other mathematical tables. Xue Xi Feng illustrates with contemporary oak has "Nanwang North Xue," said the king's achievements, but larger than Xue, He is the "Temple Xiao new law" and "five-star line-degree solution." In the previous book he proposed the calculation of the transit of Venus, and improved method of calculating eclipses; derived in the book after a group of the formula calculating planetary positions, the results of high accuracy than before. Mei Wen-ting writing more universal knowledge of astronomy is useful contributions. He and Jiang Yong, who studies planetary motion in the process of germination of the idea of gravity, particularly Jiangyong put it clearly: "five-star center as a magnet to begin on the lead pin." Mei Wen-ting after the Qian Jia scholars in astronomy was the main contribution is the use of astronomical knowledge through books and history books in the Exegesis of astronomical data, collated, Discrimination, Zhen's Collection and other textual work, so many difficult to get a chaos of information Fan cleaning. One important are Li Rui of the Han Dynasty, "three calendar system", "calendar quarter" and "Qian as calendar" in the study; Gu Guanguang calendar of the ancient six and "Zhou Bi Suan Jing 'were studied. In addition, Ruan and other compiled a "domain preach," Wang said Chen with a "long history series to surgery." These are useful tools for study of the history of astronomy books. Modern development of modern astronomy: from the Opium War to the present (AD 1840 ~ 1979) 1543 Copernicus' theory of celestial bodies, "a book published, marking the beginning of modern astronomy. The book was an early missionary to China to China, but an important part of the book has not been introduced to the Chinese scholars. Until two hundred years later, only the French Jesuit Jiangyou Ren (China 1744) to the Copernican theory was introduced to China. In 1760 he offered to the Emperor Qianlong, "Kun Yu whole map." In the figure around the descriptive text, he confirmed the Copernican theory is the only correct theory, and describes Kepler's law and the fact that the Earth is ellipsoid, but this "Kun Yu whole map" together with this long before passed the two instruments performing the Copernican theory, have been locked in a palace chamber being. Chinese people truly understand the great significance of the Copernican theory and modern astronomy face, it is with the British in 1859, Li Shanlan Wylie (1847 China) joint translation of "talk" later. "Talk" was originally called "Astronomy Program", a British astronomer j · f · Herschel of a popular classic, The book is 18 volumes, not only the structure and motion of the solar system have a more detailed description, and introduced the star system some of the content. Of particular mention is the translation for this Lishan Lan wrote a highly battle the preamble of criticism against the Copernican theory of the various theories, claiming that "translated by Yu and Jun Wei Lie" chat ", which are Li said the main earth and ellipses, two, therefore this is unknown, then this book can not read. " However, the development of modern and ancient astronomy different, it requires sophisticated equipment and expensive equipment. The basic material conditions, non-academic personal best general provisioning. As a feudal bureaucracy Royal Astronomer, and of new ideas and introduce new technologies without interest. Therefore, knowledge of modern astronomy (such as Kant and Laplace nebular) passed in the early, but the reforms of the bourgeoisie and the old democratic revolution in the ideological weapon, in the study of astronomy, but did not play a role. The first modern astronomical facilities in China's Western powers. 1873, France in Shanghai Xujiahui Observatory, established in 1900 in another Sheshan Observatory. In 1894 the Japanese imperialists invaded Taiwan, in Taipei to establish predictive of. Germany _set_ up in Qingdao in 1900 measured by weather days. These institutions are a tool of aggression against foreign powers, mainly for their warships in the Chinese coastal activities providing intelligence. Imperialists also China's only a small amount of astronomical equipment looted. Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 1900 after the French and German armies of the Qing Dynasty Astronomical all the stolen equipment. France took away the five instruments shipped to the French Embassy, the Chinese people's strong opposition, in the third year back; the Germans took away the five are shipped to Berlin until after World War I, according to the Treaty of Versailles was returned to China in 1921. After such a catastrophe, the Qing government of astronomical bodies have been dying. After the Revolution of 1911, China adopted in 1912 calendar world-wide, but with the Republic of China Annals. Northern government was renamed the Central Astronomical Observatory, the central observatory of job is only compiled the calendar and made "elephant-year-old book." 1919 "54" movement, with the development of scientific and democratic ideas, the Chinese astronomical community became active. October 30, 1922, the Chinese Astronomical Society was formally established in Beijing, the election for the president of the high Lu, Qin Fen as vice president. The Association founded in 1924, "Chinese Astronomical Society meeting," 1930, renamed the "universe" has been published in 1949. The Chinese government took over in 1924, originally established in Germany, after the Japanese occupation of Qingdao weather days are measured, changed its name to Qingdao Observatory. Department of Mathematics, Zhongshan University in Guangzhou in 1926, expanding into several days of the Department, established in 1929, Observatory, Astronomy Department was established in 1947. Spring of 1928, _set_ up in Nanjing Institute of Astronomy in 1934 and built a Purple Mountain Observatory. After the completion of the station, originally in the center of Beijing Astronomical Observatory, to read gallery. Sino-Japanese War began, the Purple Mountain Observatory in 1938 moved to Kunming, the establishment of observatories in the Phoenix Mountains. In the eight years during the Sino-Japanese War, the astronomical institutions have been severely damaged. After the victory, did not resume soon. After the founding of new China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences took over the original astronomical institutions, adjusted and enrichment: the Xujiahui Sheshan Observatory and Purple Mountain Observatory, Observatory first placed under the leadership after the last night together as an independent observatory; the Phoenix Mountain Observatory in Kunming Station placed under the leadership of Purple Mountain Observatory. 1958, _set_ up in Beijing to astrophysics research-based comprehensive Observatory - Beijing Observatory. 1966, established a research-based time frequency and its application in Shaanxi Observatory; 1975, the Phoenix Mountain Observatory in Kunming expansion into large-scale integrated Yunnan Observatory. Established in 1958 in Nanjing, the Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Factory. In astronomy education, Zhongshan University in Guangzhou in 1952, the Department of Astronomy, University and Jinan Qilu day count system (founded in 1880) in the astronomical part of the focus to Nanjing, a Nanjing University. 1960 Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University is located. Department of Geophysics, Peking University the same year _set_ Astrophysics professional. In January 1957, establishment of the China Academy of Sciences History of Natural Science Research (1973 to expand the History of Natural Science), which consists of day cultural and historical group dedicated to the study of Chinese astronomy heritage. Beijing Planetarium built in 1957, in the popular astronomical knowledge plays an important role. In order to promote prosperity and astronomical science, the Chinese Astronomical Society began publication in 1953, "Astronomy", Beijing Planetarium Founded in 1958, "astronomer" magazine, vigorously disseminate scientific knowledge of astronomy. Decades China scratch established radio astronomy, theoretical astrophysics and energy astrophysics and space astronomy etc. disciplines, fill astronomical almanac compiled, astronomical instruments manufacturing blank organize own time service system, latitude and polar motion service systems, such as the world when measured photoelectric astrolabe manufacture, satellite orbit calculation, the observed stars and the sun and theory, some theory and the subject of high-energy astrophysics and astronomy research in the history of achieved many important results.
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The seeds of ancient Chinese astronomy: from the ancient to the West Weekend
1960 and 1973 in Shandong Juxian were unearthed in Shandong Zhucheng two pottery dating back some 4500 years of respect, on both a hieroglyphic symbol. Was interpreted as "Dan" character, because it is like a mountain rising sun and clouds care, which is the morning scene, hearted, such as painting. "Book of * Yaodian" said, "Nai Ming Xi and chin if Haotian, calendar like the moon and stars, when King delegate", describes the legendary Yao (twenty-four century BC), when already a full-time astronomers engaged in elephant timing. "Yaodian" Then said: "The points Xi Zhong life, home visions barbarians, said instantaneous Valley, Yin Bin out of date, rank level for the East." This would mean, Zhong Xi Yi instantaneous in visions (soup) Valley, the Sunrise specializes in worship, in order to facilitate farming. Shandong Dong Yi ancient as the domain, Ju County, the cities and at the seaside, where it is found in the ritual worship of heaven and celestial phenomena reflect the agricultural raw text, which "Yaodian" is _set_ to confirm each other. "Yaodian" Although the Department of descendants made, but it reflects some of the legends of ancient times, when the doubt. "Yaodian" said a year has 366 days divided into four seasons, with a leap month to adjust the month and season, these are the basic contents of the Chinese calendar. "Yaodian" in the "Sino-Japanese star Bird to Yanzhong Chun", "Day John Spark, to being mid-summer", "night of stars is true, to Yan Zhongqiu" "Pleiades star on the short to mid-winter are" four lines, say According to evening southern sky that is seen in different stars, divided by season. From the Xia Dynasty (21st century BC - 16th century BC), China entered slave society. Handed down at this time, "Xia Xiao Zheng," a book, may reflect the summer generation of astronomical knowledge: twelve months a year, except February, November, December, the monthly number of notable astronomical phenomena with a signs. "Xia Xiao Zheng," in addition to pay attention to the evening star seen in the southern sky (in the faint star), it also took note of the southern sky at dawn star (once the star) changes, and Compass shank in the direction of change each month, than " Book of * Yaodian "developed. Oracle is later than the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC to the 8th century BC) cast in bronze (bell, ding, etc.) possessed. Jin has a large number of records on the moon phase, but no moon word. Most common is: first guitar, both raw Pa (soul) only hope, Jisi Ba (soul). It has all of these different interpretations of the name. However, apart from the early guitar, other words are related with the phase of the moon, the same instrument. "October at the turn, Hatsumi Xin Mao, Japanese have eaten ... ... He is on the maintenance of their regular food, this day and eat at why Zang?" "Book of Songs Xiaoya" in this passage, not only records the a solar eclipse, but also that when the moon has to meet (new moon) as the month began. Some people believe that the solar eclipse occurred in the King You of Zhou six years, that in 776 BC, it was that King Ping of Zhou in 36 years that is 735 years BC. "Book of Songs" and many other astronomical knowledge. Ming Gu in the "Daily Understanding", said: "more than three generations of well known astronomical", he listed four things, there are three are from the "Book of Songs" is "Summer Falling Star", "Samsung households "and" completed in January from. " "Book of Songs" also recorded Venus and Galaxy, and the use of Tugui determined direction. If you think, "Zhou" is also reflected in the case of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou era should have been in mind when using Louhu, and dried according to lunar mansions and twelve to divide the sky up. To the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese astronomy has begun to take shape.
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From spring to the Qin dynasty (770 BC - AD 220)
System formation period. Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 years ago), Chinese astronomy in the number of observed from the general observation of the transition phase. "Book of Rites that" although the works of the late Warring States, but according to neighbor, to research, it reflects the sky is about 600 years BC, the phenomenon should be able to represent the spring and mid-level astronomy. It is produced in the lunar mansions, the lunar mansions for the reference, given once a month in early faint stars and the sun location. It reflects the level of astronomy than the "Xia Xiao Zheng," as described is much higher. At the same time, record the history of this period the "Spring" and "Zuo Zhuan", contain a wealth of astronomical data. Lu hidden from AD years (722 BC) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (481 BC) in 242 years, recorded a 37 eclipse, has been shown that 32 of them are reliable. Luzhuang Gong for seven years (BC 687) "Summer in April 辛卯 night, stars were not seen. The night, stars fell like rain," which is the earliest recorded meteor shower Lyra. Lu Wengong fourteen years (613 years BC) "Fall in July, Polo into a star in the Big Dipper," which is the earliest record of Halley's Comet. Probably in mid-spring (about 600 BC), China has started Tugui to observe changes in the length of the sun's shadow to _set_ the date of the winter solstice and summer solstice. At that time the winter solstice is called "day south", south of the month to a day of "spring king month." Chinese experts in the history of science that studies money Baozong: "Zuo Zhuan", there are two "on the south," the record, spacing of 133 years. In 133 years, the record leap 4 times, lost a leap second, there should be a total of 49 leap months, just together "Nineteen years, seven leap." And two "on the south," the number of days between cycles for the 809 six decades and 38 days, that is 48,578 days a year together as follows: 365 and 33/133 days. For simplicity, take the ending quarter. Where the figure for the tropical year length of the calendar, is called "calendar quarter." Calendar reform in the Han Dynasty in ancient six kinds of previously used calendar (the Yellow Emperor Li, Zhuan Xu calendar, lunar calendar Yin, Zhou Li, Lu Li) is a quarter of calendar; The difference in name or in line with the different areas, or the beginning of the year due to the use of different; name does not mean that the time has, they are probably created in the Warring States period. Because the use of the Warring States period, a quarter of calendar year of 365.25 days, and this is the sun on the celestial sphere is the time required to move one week (actually a reflection of the earth movement), so the circumference of the ancient Chinese also provides 365.25 degrees. The sun once every move, this provision constitutes a system of ancient Chinese astronomy feature. With the accumulation of observational data, the Warring States period has been a special astronomy book, Qi Gan public (Gander) of the "astronomical astrology," eight volumes, with a Shi Shen Wei's "astronomical" eight volumes. Although these books are all things astrology, but which also contains the location of planets and stars of knowledge, so-called "Shih Star Classic" that comes from this. Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal kings ascended the throne in their own States to change the beginning of reign, the reign is not a unified country. This is the vassal state of the political economic and cultural exchanges are very inconvenient. So it was to design a contact only with Sky, and nothing to do with human social change dating method, which is Jupiter chronology. Jupiter, that Jupiter, the ancients believed it was the constant cycle of twelve years. Hence, if the yellow and the equatorial belt is divided into twelve parts, called the twelve, then passing through a year of Jupiter. In this way, you can use Jupiter's satellite passing times a year to reign. Jupiter chronology later evolving into the future on the development of Chinese Lunar chronology. Warring States period (476 BC - 221 BC) the great social change and the contending situation and promote the development of astronomical theory. At this point the gas is on the concept of all things primitive and later affects many aspects of the theory of astronomy. Many of the writings of this period are mentioned in astronomy content, such as "Zhuangzi days of operation" and "Songs of the South Heaven," a series of questions, and ask very deep. For example, the structure of the universe like? World is formed? And so on. After the Warring States Period, and is closely related to agricultural production, 24 solar terms are gradually formed, they are only found in the full name of the "Huainanzi." 24 solar terms, referred to as "gas", which is the ancient Chinese calendar, the Gregorian calendar component, and "moon" is the ancient Chinese lunar calendar of the composition, gas composition and the moon traditional Chinese lunisolar match. Qin unified China after the enactment of a unified national calendar - Zhuanxu calendar. Line with the XIA Zhuanxu calendar to October as the beginning of the year, Suizhong leap home. Jia Yin Jia Yin Shuo in the first month once the beginning of spring for the epoch, the epoch that day, while the morning sun, moon and star of the East. Han Cheng Qin system, with Zhuanxu calendar, has been in use among the very early years. From the early Han Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, a century after the respite, in order to adapt agriculture, handicraft industry and commercial development, the Han Dynasty adopted a number of important measures, including calendar reform. Yuan Feng He was seven years (BC 104) in May enacted Deng Ping, Hong, who came to create a new calendar, change the first year was in the beginning of this year. New calendar which was later known as "calendar was in the beginning." "Calendar was in the beginning" is a complete China's first written records of the calendar, the lunar month and return it in the data, while accurate than a quarter of calendar, but the following significant progress: the first month of beginning of the year, with no gas in the month of intercalary month, the month and season with more reasonable; the planet's synodic period is very accurate measurements, such as Mercury is 115.87 days, smaller than this measured value is only 0.01 days; using 135 months of eclipse cycles, one week period by the sun intersection of 23 yellow and white, two years as a food, food that is 1 year = 346.66 days, this measure is greater than less than 0.04 days. As the calendar was in the beginning of the lunar month of the year and the return value is too large, "Li was in the beginning" with a 188 years later, the accumulated error is very impressive, so dollars and two years in the Eastern Han (AD 1985) and use "four calendar ", then use the tropical year, although the length of the ancient quarter of the calendar and the same is still 365.25 days, but much progress in other aspects. In discussing the "calendar quarter" period, Jia Kui Fu vigorously promote civil security astronomers measured from the ecliptic and the lunar mansions of the sun and the moon to run away from the degree of practice, the winter solstice point decisively to the ancient quarter of the calendar to move the cows first came fighting 21.25 degrees, which is Zu discovered precession of the leading. Jia Kui also certify that the moon's velocity is not uniform, the moon's perigee moving fast, moving three times more than a month. To show this change, he proposed the "nine patients", said an attempt to represent the nine months of this campaign (to do with the concept of the five elements). Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu in "Qian Li as" the first time in years ending in the return down to 1 / 4 the following, as 365.2462 days, and to determine the angle and the moon yellow and white point in a near-daily implementation of the degree of months, so lunation and eclipse calculations are a big step forward. "Qian as calendar" or handed down the first new moon of the algorithm contains a _set_ calendar. Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25 to 220 years), an accomplished scientist emerged in China, it is Zhang Heng. He invented the seismograph is famous for. In astronomy, celestial globe that he is a representative figure, which stands for "day round as projectiles, such as eggs in the yellow ground"; and in Gengshou Chang celestial globe invented on the basis of armillary sphere made of leakage demonstrated his theory of transfer, as China clock tower traditional ancestor. In addition to celestial dome and the celestial globe that outside, a little earlier than the Xi Zhang Heng Meng also made his first division promotion of infinite space, the doctrine that does not have a hard shell-like days, the universe is infinite, there is air space everywhere , objects are floating in the air, they are also bullied the movement constraints. Han Dynasty to the observational level of detail and precision, it is very amazing. 1973 in Changsha, Hunan 三号 Han Dynasty silk on the planet in the "five-star accounted for" 8,000 words and 29 comets. The former lists Venus, Jupiter and Saturn in the seventh decade of the position, the latter's painting shows was already observed comet head, nucleus and tail, while the comet head and tail there are different types. "Han Five" recorded symptoms and four years (1989 BC) of the solar eclipse, the sun's apparent position, there is eclipse, a first round loss and recovery time, there is loss, compound position, very specific; and river levels first year (BC 28) March record of sunspots on the day side. Is the world's earliest records. "Han astronomical records," said: "The first year per light in June, guest stars found in the room", which is the Greek astronomer Hipparchus star seen, but Hipparchus did not leave on time and position records. Since the Han Dynasty more about exotic and rich record of celestial phenomena, constitute another system of ancient Chinese astronomy feature. In short, the Han dynasty until the contents of the ancient Chinese astronomy in general have been complete, a distinctive system has been established.
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System development period (220 AD - the Song Dynasty)
This is the ancient Chinese astronomy in the system after the formation stage of development continue to move forward smoothly in the calendar, instruments, theory and other aspects of the universe have a lot of innovation. Later Qin ginger perilous made "per calendar Tertiary cycle of sixty years" (384 years), to eclipse to find the location of the sun, thereby increasing the accuracy of observation. He also found that sunrise and sun_set_ when the sun is dark red ground, the role of air travel; zenith air travel less, so the noon glorious color white, which is the _select_ive absorption of the atmosphere beginning of understanding. Eastern Jin Yuxi discovered precession, the Southern Zu introduced it into the calendar, the sidereal year and tropical year separately, this is a big step forward. Zu determine the number of days a month for the intersection 27.21223, with only a thin one hundred thousandth of the value of this test, called the precision. Zu before Edward in the long term, based on the observation obtained by the use of more sophisticated tone on the synodic month value, which is an improvement in the method. The so-called tone day method, which uses a fraction of the number of excess approximation (strong rate) and less than fraction approximation (weak rate) to find a more accurate approximation of the score. Zu Zu's son (Riheng) inherited his father is also skilled in astronomy. He found that in the past people as the North Star, "New Star" has more than once to go very, thereby supporting the celestial North Pole often moving, past and present very different star. Northern Qi Dynasty (AD 550 ~ 577 years) Zhang Zixin dedicated to astronomical observations than three decades and found that the movement of the sun and planets is not uniform; together when the new moon or yellow on the Huangdao Nan Road North, will affect the solar eclipse has occurred, and the lunar eclipse do not have this phenomenon. Zhangzi Xin Sui and Tang Dynasties, these discoveries have led to the rapid development of astronomy. Sui reunification of the country after the first use of Zhang Bin's "open almanac." But "open almanac" careless simple, after a heated argument, seventeen years from the opening Wong (597) to switch from Chang Joo Hyun calendar. Cause of this calendar and in four years (AD 608) to modify, name 'cause calendar. " 'Cause calendar, "taking into account Zhang Zixin heterogeneity on the discovery of planetary motion, the use of arithmetic series sum approach to the preparation of a synodic period of planets in the position table, the calculation of the planets have improved step. In the "historical cause" line with the process, Liu Zhuo in 604 years to complete, "Wong extremely calendar", with equally spaced second order interpolation to deal with day, month of uneven movement, become a feature of Chinese astronomy. Liu Zhuo also suggested launching a large-scale geodetic to deny the "shadows a thousand miles an inch difference," the traditional view of this argument has long been skeptical Edward. However, as Emperor of the extravagant, decadent and stupid, Lau Cheuk reasonable proposals, together with his "great imperial calendar" are not accepted. Tang Dynasty established a strong feudal empire, there Zhenguan, Kaiyuan rule of the rise of the situation, for the great development of astronomy has created favorable conditions. Zhenguan seven years (AD 633), Li Chunfeng ecliptic armillary sphere made instrument, the Chinese observe with the armillary sphere of the development of highly complex, fixed loop in the last group (Luhe instrument) and operation of the ring group (four meter swim ) between, but also added a three-Chen instrument. Sanchen instrument by three interlocking rings (and white rings, zodiac rings, the equatorial ring) form, so that observation can be read directly from the instrument on the celestial equatorial coordinates, ecliptic coordinates of three data and White Road. Li Chunfeng in the "very imperial calendar" made on the basis of "De-lin Li," Lin Tang Emperor Germany in two years (AD 665 years) enacted. "De-lin Li," On the use of fixed holding daily moon calendar spectrum, that is, not only in the calculation of eclipses sun and the moon to consider when running non-uniformity problems, and also in arranging the calendar into account. Edward had been made in this way, but because of the obstruction of force of habit, after two hundred years of struggle, only just win. "Lin De calendar" also abolished the leap week, totally dependent on observation and statistical regression to obtain the lunar month of the year and precision data. Now the British Museum in London to save the examination paper in a roll of Dunhuang star map, may also be related with Li Chunfeng, as well as in the star chart in front of the 48 meteorological miscellaneous accounts, each are on the map below, under article 15, "Chen Chunfeng words "message. Kaiyuan thirteen years (AD 725), beam line and make improvements Zhang Heng's water-chan celestial globe. They house the celestial globe on the lockers, half exposed, half hidden in the cabinet, the counter on the separation of the celestial globe with two wooden sides, each engraved with a drum, a per-Chen (two hours) knock Bell, on time automatically, it can be said the first chime clock, it's called the "celestial globe Kaiyuan water top view." Prior to this, they also made a one meter swim ecliptic. This is Li Chunfeng instrument ecliptic armillary sphere on the basis of the three Chen instrument played in the equatorial ring holes along the equator to the ecliptic can be moved to correct precession. Line use of this aircraft instruments, observing the location of more than 150 stars and found that the previous generation star chart, celestial globe on the table and the star of stars contained in the location has changed dramatically. Line for which no explanation. Now know that these changes are mainly caused by the precession. Liu not only profoundly reveals the infinite universe, but also clear that in an infinite universe, change is endless contradictions, yin and yang together sometimes, but when separated, and sometimes attract each other, sometimes mutually exclusive, as spinning wheels or mechanical, always kept. In the large-scale observation, based on the complete line of fifteen years in New Century, "Dayan Li," first draft, after the death of its successor the following year was finalized. "Premium calendar" to be compiled air movement is the sun, that the sun in a degree of regression line during the year, divided into 24 equal portions flat, the sun and every one points to a solar terms, the time between the two solar terms ranging of. To address this problem, line spacing ranging from the invention of the second difference interpolation. Uneven in the calculation of planetary movement, the "Premium calendar," the use of a sine function with three tables and the nature of the approximate difference between the interpolation formula. "Premium calendar" to calculate all the items grouped into a "step in the Moon" and seven, to become a model for future calendars. The late Tang and Five Dynasties (AD 907 ~ 960) during the calendar, it is worth mentioning that there Changqing years (AD 822 years) enactment of the "Vision calendar" and the construction of middle age (AD 780 ~ 783 years) popular private "character days calendar." Xu Ang's "Vision calendar" made difference in the calculation of the solar eclipse, gas poor, poor carved three corrections, the diurnal parallax caused by the moon the correct calculation is to go one step further. Cao Gou Shi's "character-day calendar" abolish Lantern Jinian, of 10,000 astronomical data for the odd zero of the denominator, these two reforms greatly simplifies the calculation is the steps, this calendar is the main reason for the non-welcome. But it was the ruling class as "a small calendar," not to adopt. Jin Tianfu after four years (AD 939) enacted the "tune of $ calendar," do not use Lantern Jinian, the use of five years, after Liao has spent four decades, until the Yuan Dynasty's "timing calendar" (1280 ), was fully achieved these two reforms.
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To decline from the peak (from Song to Ming)
The late Tang and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rival principalities separatism chaos, since the unity and an end. China's feudal economy in the Song Dynasty (AD 960 ~ 1279) to be further developed. The development of production has greatly promoted the advance of science, by Marx as the "greatest invention" of gunpowder, printing and the compass, is the Chinese people in the last completed. As a natural science of astronomy in this period has also made many important achievements. For 1006 and 1054 the appearance of a supernova, in particular, recorded 1054 supernova, the study of contemporary astronomy highly valued information. The supernova appeared in the position, now left with a Crab Nebula, which is the contemporary one of the most interesting object of study. This period has been five star position measurement: the first time in large and medium Xiangfu three years (AD 1010), second in King dry period (AD 1034 ~ 1038), third in Queen dry period (AD 1049 ~ 1053), fourth in per harvest (AD 1078 ~ 1085), fifth in chongning years (AD 1102 ~ 1106). One per harvest between the observations are plotted star map, engraved in stone preserved, this is the famous Suzhou stone astronomical figure. Per harvest between the observations, but also to star map stored in the form of Su Song of the "new instrument like the law to" the. "Xin Yi Xiang Fa" is the Yuan dry for seven years (AD 1092) made the clock tower and written instructions, it not only describes the more than 150 mechanical parts, but also 60 pieces of map, is the study of ancient instruments excellent information. Su Song and Han Gonglian completion of the clock tower in the future, but also created a celestial globe as its celestial sphere diameter greater than a person's height, one can see into the interior. In the sphere of the star's position by wearing a small hole in which to see little light, as if the stars of heaven in general. Modern people call this instrument the instrument is also known as false ceiling, it is a modern planetarium in the Sky demo pioneer. In the Song Dynasty 300 years to implement over the calendar 18 species, the more creative the Northern Song Yao Shun Fu's "era" (1107) and South End Yang Zhong Fu "integration-day calendar" (1199). "Era Calendar" initiative to use observations of Venus to be the way the sun's position; "system calendar days" to determine the tropical year is 365.2425 days value, and the current Gregorian calendar, the average calendar year exactly the same, but better than the Gregorian calendar (1582) and enacted as early as 383 years. "System-day calendar" also proposed changing the length of tropical year, the value of its old big this small. Song of the thinkers on natural phenomena have more to discuss. In astronomy is more time discussing the operation of celestial objects and the formation of the problem. The more representative figure is Zhang Zai and Zhu Xi. Zhang Zai made, the length of day and night changes in the middle of the year, is the yin and yang of the lift due to earth movements; day objects Dongsheng West down the middle, is the result of the earth by L-gas. Zhang Zai and that space and time are forms of material existence, the universe is full of gas. "Gas can not gather and for all things, big things can not be dispersed into the virtual, through the access, is all they had to also-ran." Zhu Xi, though favoring the universe cycle theory, but for the specific world (the equivalent of the solar system) formation is a complete view. He vortex flow from the vortex center the objects involved in the phenomenon of departure, that "heaven and earth is yin and yang of the gas between the beginning of this run a gas, grinding to rub off. Worn anxious, many would waste Greeting inside out of nowhere, they form one in the center. who have to clean the gas of the day, as the sun and the moon, the stars, only the outer, often pericyclic operation; to be fixed only at the central, not the next "(" Zhuzi "Volume I) . In today's perspective, this theory has a lot of mistakes, but compared to the evolution of Zhu Xi's thought to the previous object was a step forward. 1276 Yuan army took over the Southern Song capital Lin'an (now Hangzhou) after Kublai Khan to gold, two Si Tianjian Song staff to focus mostly (now Beijing), plus a new _select_ion of some of the talent, formed a powerful astronomical team. Wang Xun team, under the auspices of Kuo Shou-ching, engaged in manufacturing instruments for measuring and preparation of the new calendar in just five years (1276 ~ 1280) has made great achievements in ancient Chinese astronomy to a new peak. First, create a variety of new instruments, including simple instrument, Yang Instrument, a high table, King Fu, programs and exquisite instrument is so innovative. Simple instrument is the armillary sphere made of a revolutionary reform, its design and manufacturing level in the world's leading 300 years until the 1598 invention of the famous astronomer Tycho's instruments can be compared. Yang instrument with pinhole imaging principle, the sun projected on the domed surface of the device to directly read out its spherical coordinates. High table is the table height to eight feet to the traditional Si Zhang, making the same measurement precision, the error is reduced to one-fifth of the original. King Fu is a high form of auxiliary equipment, which uses the principle of pinhole imaging to eliminate the high end of the table shadow blurry shortcomings, improve observation accuracy. Program is four feet square in a draw 19 concentric circles on the board, establish a center table, when a wooden table on the impact of Duan Fang draw 19 concentric circles, the center established a table when the table's shadow a circle on the side fell down when, after the mind from morning to night with two points on a circle to link up their midpoint and the center of the line north-south direction is positive; if it on its side over can also be measured out to a high Arctic, which is a portable instrument to the field work. Delicate instrument and Su Song, Han Gonglian celestial globe made, as similar to a guest, in-house can watch the performance instruments. 1281 after Guoshoujing also create a lot of new equipment, including light leakage Daming Temple is the most prominent one. It is a ball that looks like a lantern water force-driven mechanical timekeeping device. Above is also furnished with an animal model of hopping on time, which clocks in Europe in the mechanical attach all the performances is the same mechanical properties. Secondly, by using an unprecedented scale observations. 27 places in the country _set_ up observatories to measure the local geographical latitude, and from the South China Sea in the south (latitude 15 degrees), the North Sea to the north (latitude 65 degrees), at intervals of 10 degrees _set_ up an observatory to measure the length of the summer solstice the sun's shadow the length of day and night and day. Third, a series of astronomical data, measured, and the old data, check, choose one of the precision of the data. For example, the return value from the Southern Song Dynasty in "integration-day calendar," lunar month, in recent months and the intersection point on the value of gold taken from the rehabilitation of Zhao Zhiwei, "Daming calendar" (1181) and the early Yuan Dynasty Chucai "expedition Gengwu per calendar . " For the lunar mansions from the degree of measurement, the average error of less than 5 ', precision than double the Song Dynasty. New value measured obliquity of the ecliptic, the error is only 1 'more. Fourth, a large number of observations and research, based on seventeen years in the Yuan (AD 1280) compiled "timing calendar", and come into effect the following year. "Timing calendar" with three poor interpolation to find the sun in the ecliptic, as the daily running speed, and the moon around the earth daily rate, a similar spherical triangle of the sagittal cut round operation, from the sun's longitude seeking It's ascension declination, seeking White obliquity, and find the intersection of the white red and yellow red intersection distance. Both of these methods in the history of astronomy and the history of mathematics has an important position. "Timing calendar" has been used from the fall of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1644). In the Ming Dynasty it was renamed as the "Great Commission Calendar", but the method is seen to Beijing to Nanjing Sunrise and Sun_set_ times have seen the moment, to seventeen years of Hongwu (AD 1384) for the epoch, eliminating the need for hundred years of growth and decline of the regression method, the other no change.
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From the late Ming to the Opium War (AD 1600 ~ 1840)
The integration of Chinese and Western astronomy. From the early Ming Dynasty Ming's two hundred years, major advances in astronomy are: translation of Arabic astronomy books; Zheng in 1405 ~ 1432 ocean voyage in the use of "pull star technique" location and orientation, the development of the marine chronometer; the singular Sky (eg 1572 and 1604 supernova) of observations. Few inventions in general, can be considered a history of Chinese astronomy, low. Ming, the seeds of capitalism to promote awareness of science and technology to generate new requirements. 1595 and 1610 although the two calendar reform movement failed to achieve, but the idea of calendar reform, attention has been paid. At this time, the European Jesuit missionaries came to China. They understand that China's pursuit of new knowledge, they adopted the policy of the academic mission. Early Italian Matteo Ricci in China (1583 China), China has repeatedly reported to the European astronomical knowledge of the interests and needs. And at the request of his influence, and later the Jesuits in China's most know some astronomy, some of them highly specialized training. They described the European astronomical knowledge by the time the progressive intellectuals as well, and be translated and introduced. Early publication of the European astronomical knowledge of the book are: "Hun cover Michinori Illustrated" (1607), "Jane level meter to say" (1611), "Table degree to say" (1614), "Heaven Strategy" (1615 ), "said the telescope" (1626), etc. Most of these writings is to introduce the European astronomical instruments. "Muddy cover Michinori" and "simple level meter" is a kind of astrolabe, "Table degree" is a Western Sundial, "telescope" is the Galilean telescope. In the "Heaven a little", the introduction of the Ptolemaic geocentric system of 12-fold-day, and the Galileo telescope to some new results. With the exception of "muddy cover Michinori map said," is a book written by Leo himself, the other are the Jesuits in China, written with the assistance of scholars. Chinese scholars translated and introduced in Europe in addition to astronomical knowledge, but also to the Jesuits learned of the European astronomical calculation. Therefore, the Wanli thirty-eight years (AD 1610), Xu forecast this year to November with Sifa Moon (December 15) of the solar eclipse. The observations show that this prediction more accurate, thus causing people to the attention of Western methods. Moon on May Yiyou Chongzhen (AD June 21, 1629) solar eclipse, Chin-day supervision of the forecast and the apparent error, the Ming government determined to change the calendar, the command composed of Xu in Beijing Xuanwumen hundred calendar Bureau, hired Jesus Fellow Deng Yuhan, Rho, Schall attended the compilation, after five years of effort, a book 137 volumes, named, called "Chongzhen almanac." "Chongzhen almanac" and ancient Chinese astronomy system is the most significant difference is: The first Valley of the universe system and the geometry of the computing system; introduce the Earth and geographic latitude and longitude of the concept; apply spherical trigonometry; to adopt the European common unit of measure, sub-circle of 360 degrees, 96 minutes for the moment day, 24 hours, using 60 degrees and when the following binary system. "Chongzhen almanac" was compiled after 1634, not enacted. 1644 Qingjunruguan, Johann the deletion book compressed into 103, was renamed "Western calendar new law" into the government was clear. Johann Qing government appointed supervisor for the Astronomical positive, with the "Western New Law" compiled under the civil calendar year was named "the constitution calendar." Since then, apart from three to seven years in the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1664 - 1668 AD), the first indictment for Yang Guang, Johann was forbidden during the Qin, the dynasty until six years (AD 1826), the Qing government have been employed in the European missionary who presided over Astronomical, sometimes at the same time appointing two or three missionaries. During this period Astronomical do the main work in the following three: Kangxi eight to twelve years, Ferdinand Verbiest (1659 China) responsible for manufacturing the six major classical-style instruments Tycho (the existing Beijing Ancient Observatory), and write of a manual that "Lingtai instrument as Chi." Kangxi 61 years, modifying the "Western calendar the new law," based on the compiled "calendar like the test as" a book; Qianlong reign (AD 1742) has compiled "into the calendar as the test after the series' 10 volumes, The first application of Kepler's planetary motion first, second law, but the focus of the ellipse on the Earth rather than the sun. Qianlong seventeen years (AD 1752), compiled "into a test instrument such as" 32 volumes, listed in the catalog received Star 3083. Reign, missionaries left, the Chinese astronomers of the "test instrument as a" catalog re-measured, twenty-four years in the dynasty (AD 1844) compiled "into a test instrument like sequel," 32 volumes, Star 3240 collection. In the Qing Dynasty, there are a number of non-astronomers, they take serious scholarship, both for ancient things, or foreign things are careful study, some critical, some development, the integration of Chinese and Western astronomy has made on due contributions. Which has the famous oak Xue Feng, Xi illustrates, Mei Wen-ting, Xue Feng oak, they work in the translation of Western astronomy, based on the author of "learn through experience" more than ten kinds of books, in addition to description of the general theory, but also systematic, detailed description of the method of calculating the movement of celestial objects. For simplicity, he changed to 60 decimal system decimal system, for re-use of trigonometric and other mathematical tables. Xue Xi Feng illustrates with contemporary oak has "Nanwang North Xue," said the king's achievements, but larger than Xue, He is the "Temple Xiao new law" and "five-star line-degree solution." In the previous book he proposed the calculation of the transit of Venus, and improved method of calculating eclipses; derived in the book after a group of the formula calculating planetary positions, the results of high accuracy than before. Mei Wen-ting writing more universal knowledge of astronomy is useful contributions. He and Jiang Yong, who studies planetary motion in the process of germination of the idea of gravity, particularly Jiangyong put it clearly: "five-star center as a magnet to begin on the lead pin." Mei Wen-ting after the Qian Jia scholars in astronomy was the main contribution is the use of astronomical knowledge through books and history books in the Exegesis of astronomical data, collated, Discrimination, Zhen's Collection and other textual work, so many difficult to get a chaos of information Fan cleaning. One important are Li Rui of the Han Dynasty, "three calendar system", "calendar quarter" and "Qian as calendar" in the study; Gu Guanguang calendar of the ancient six and "Zhou Bi Suan Jing 'were studied. In addition, Ruan and other compiled a "domain of people pass," said Wang Zhen was a "long history series to surgery." These are useful tools for study of the history of astronomy books.
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From Opium War to the present (AD 1840 ~ 1979)
Chinese people truly understand the great significance of the Copernican theory and modern astronomy face, it is with the British in 1859, Li Shanlan Wylie (1847 China) joint translation of "talk" later. "Talk" was originally called "Astronomy Program", a British astronomer J · F · Herschel of a popular classic, The book is 18 volumes, not only the structure and motion of the solar system have a more detailed description, and introduced the star system some of the content. Of particular mention is the translation for this Lishan Lan wrote a highly battle the preamble of criticism against the Copernican theory of the various theories, claiming that "translated by Yu and Jun Wei Lie" chat ", which are Li said the main earth and ellipses, two, therefore this is unknown, then this book can not read. " However, the development of modern and ancient astronomy different, it requires sophisticated equipment and expensive equipment. The basic material conditions, non-academic personal best general provisioning. As a feudal bureaucracy Royal Astronomer, and of new ideas and introduce new technologies without interest. Therefore, knowledge of modern astronomy (such as Kant and Laplace nebular) passed in the early, but the reforms of the bourgeoisie and the old democratic revolution in the ideological weapon, in the study of astronomy, but did not play a role. The first modern astronomical facilities in China's Western powers. 1873, France in Shanghai Xujiahui Observatory, established in 1900 in another Sheshan Observatory. 1894 Japanese imperialists invaded Taiwan, in Taipei to establish predictive of. 1900 Germany established in Qingdao weather days are measured. These institutions are a tool of aggression against foreign powers, mainly for their warships in the Chinese coastal activities providing intelligence. Imperialists also China's only a small amount of astronomical equipment looted. Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 1900 after the French and German armies of the Qing Dynasty Astronomical all the stolen equipment. France took away the five instruments shipped to the French Embassy, the Chinese people's strong opposition, in the third year back; the Germans took away the five are shipped to Berlin until after World War I, according to the Treaty of Versailles was returned to China in 1921. After such a catastrophe, the Qing government of astronomical bodies have been dying. After the Revolution of 1911, China adopted in 1912 calendar world-wide, but with the Republic of China Annals. Northern government was renamed the Central Astronomical Observatory, the central observatory of job is only compiled the calendar and made "elephant-year-old book." 1919 "54" movement, with the development of scientific and democratic ideas, the Chinese astronomical community became active. October 30, 1922, the Chinese Astronomical Society was formally established in Beijing, the election for the president of the high Lu, Qin Fen as vice president. The Association founded in 1924, "Chinese Astronomical Society meeting," 1930, renamed the "universe" has been published in 1949. The Chinese government took over in 1924, originally established in Germany, after the Japanese occupation of Qingdao weather days are measured, changed its name to Qingdao Observatory. Department of Mathematics, Zhongshan University in Guangzhou in 1926 expanded into a few days the Department, established in 1929, Observatory, Department of Astronomy, 1947. Spring of 1928, _set_ up in Nanjing Institute of Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, built in 1934. After the completion of the station, originally in the center of Beijing Astronomical Observatory, to read gallery. Sino-Japanese War began, the Purple Mountain Observatory in 1938 moved to Kunming, the establishment of observatories in the Phoenix Mountains. In the eight years during the Sino-Japanese War, the astronomical institutions have been severely damaged. After the victory, did not resume soon. After the founding of new China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences took over the original astronomical institutions, adjusted and enrichment: the Xujiahui Sheshan Observatory and Purple Mountain Observatory, Observatory first placed under the leadership after the last night together as an independent observatory; the Phoenix Mountain Observatory in Kunming Station placed under the leadership of Purple Mountain Observatory. 1958, _set_ up in Beijing to astrophysics research-based comprehensive Observatory - Beijing Observatory. 1966, established a research-based time frequency and its application in Shaanxi Observatory; 1975, the Phoenix Mountain Observatory in Kunming expansion into large-scale integrated Yunnan Observatory. Established in 1958 in Nanjing, the Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Factory. In astronomy education, Zhongshan University in Guangzhou in 1952, the Department of Astronomy, University and Jinan Qilu day count system (founded in 1880) in the astronomical part of the focus to Nanjing, a Nanjing University. 1960 Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University is located. Department of Geophysics, Peking University the same year _set_ Astrophysics professional. In January 1957, establishment of the China Academy of Sciences History of Natural Science Research (1973 to expand the History of Natural Science), which consists of day cultural and historical group dedicated to the study of Chinese astronomy heritage. Beijing Planetarium built in 1957, in the popular astronomical knowledge plays an important role. In order to promote prosperity and astronomical science, the Chinese Astronomical Society began publication in 1953, "Astronomy", Beijing Planetarium Founded in 1958, "astronomer" magazine, vigorously disseminate scientific knowledge of astronomy. For decades, the Chinese from scratch to build a radio astronomy, theoretical astrophysics and high-energy astrophysics and space astronomy and other disciplines to fill the astronomical almanac compiled, astronomical instruments manufacturing space, organize your time service system, latitude and polar motion service systems, such as the world when measured photoelectric astrolabe manufacture, satellite orbit calculation, the observed stars and the sun and theory, some theory and the subject of high-energy astrophysics and astronomy research in the history of achieved many important results.