One-time pollution (firstpollutant), also known as "primary pollution." Is a direct result of human activities pollutants. Discharge of pollutants from the source after a direct result of environmental pollution. Factory exhaust soot, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other gases and waste water, waste, car exhaust, garbage, sewage and other pollutants are one. How to control pollution disposable tableware Since the disposable foam tableware in 1986, started on the train now, although only ten years of history, but because of health, convenience and low cost advantages of large-scale use in the country, as not timely to strengthen management, resulting in a across the country landscape and serious environmental pollution, from the railway, shipping, shipping to various tourist attractions and major cities, you can see the white foam lunch boxes pollution has reached a level of non-governance can not. It was emphasized that management should be enhanced recovery, but did not fully consider how to recover those large in size and proportion of small, abandoned and special dirty dishes, and how its rational use and other issues; It was suggested that the environment should be prohibited consumptive use of these hard plastic tableware, on behalf of the degradation of the paper in easy-to-tableware, but it did not fully consider China's diet, living standards and environmental pollution caused by paper-making process and other issues; Some people think that the current extensive use of foam fast-food dishes with high quality, low cost, etc. The only drawback is its difficult environment for consumer satisfaction, if it can be developed into a degradation of the environment consumptive it not solve the problem of plastic, but it does not consider the degradation of one-time consumption of resources, the overall benefits to the environment and technology issues more difficult. So, how exactly disposable tableware pollution control? And who will bear the new Environmental lunch boxes just? And how to carry out alternative work? According to my many years of experience in pollution control dishes are some of the views put forward for the relevant reference. One. Plastic tableware history of pollution and its control With the standard of living of our people continue to improve and accelerate the pace of life, more and more people eating fast food, so fast food dishes such as disposable plastic lunch boxes, bowls, plates, etc. are also increasing the amount of annual usage up to 10 billion or more. The main raw material for making these dishes is polystyrene (ps) resin, the polymer material with the plastics industry and the anti-aging technology continues to improve, increasing their strength, which brings to the production and application huge benefits. However, these utensils after use by one-time because they can not be used for cutlery, and recycling, there are many difficulties, such as the economic problems resulting from the recycling, recovery and other technical issues, so recovery is very low, especially polystyrene foam class tableware. This resulted in a large number of plastic tableware fall to every corner, especially along the railway, tourist attractions and dumps. These polymers for light, heat, and its not sensitive to the forces of nature, but is still without a microorganism or enzymes can be decomposed, therefore, very difficult in nature, decomposition disappear, so that the environment will be discarded plastic cutlery increasing the survival of the human environment, especially for animals and plants, soil and natural landscapes have been affected. Some countries and regions have legislation or policies prohibiting or restricting the recovery of non-degradable disposable plastic products difficult to use. Our government back in the "Eighth Five-Year" key scientific and technological planning put the optical bio-degradable plastic film double feature included in research studies, and the Ministry of Railways in 1991, the "passenger train feasibility study on a new fast-food lunch box" items listed into the Ministry of Railway Technology Development Program (Contract No. 91-y10 <f>), by the Ministry of Railways is responsible for research of health workers. In recent years, especially since 1994, October 13 ~ 15, the Ministry of Railways held in Yinchuan, "the white pollution control measures along the railway line Seminar" has been on the plastic lunch box with the governance of environmental pollution has become a hot topic in the media , lunch boxes war started, extensive coverage in the newspapers at the same time, CCTV, Beijing TV, Shanghai TV, and Hangzhou, Shenzhen and other places of television stations and control the pollution of plastic lunch boxes have also been a lot of coverage, caused strong reaction of the whole society. How to control pollution of plastic food containers? Chinese snack box going? How to develop new and existing businesses snack box? So press the issue became a moment, academia and government departments and research hot topics the focus of meetings one after another and come. April 1995 7 to 8, degradable plastics in China Engineering Plastics Research Institute under the auspices was held in Beijing, "Application of biodegradable plastic tableware briefing seminar", the NPC, the State Environmental Protection Agency, Federation of Light Industry and the Ministry of Railways the leadership of other departments and experts and lunch boxes manufacturers participated in the meeting, and the establishment of engineering plastics in the Research Institute of biodegradable plastic tableware technology under the leadership of the degradation of Collaborative Group, on the "white trash" how to run and fast food box in played a leading role right. April 18, 1995, under the auspices of the Ministry of Railways in Beijing held a "snack box replacement railway work conference", the new production plant of the old lunch boxes and more than 140 railway-related departments attended the meeting for the first time the requirements of the railway and the planned replacement of lunch boxes made public and put forward 95 years from 5 June (World Environment Day) from the railway meets the relevant requirements of the fast food box to try it, and try to choose according to a new use for railway biodegradable lunch box snack box as a non-biodegradable plastic replacement products. The leadership in the Ministry of Railways proposed "to paper and plastic," the slogan under the influence of many companies targeting this market paper lunch boxes, especially the railway this big market, have invested ahead. August 1995 1 to 4, reportedly initiated by the China Packaging and hosted the "cups, trays, paperboard, and pulp molding technology exhibition and seminar", 180 participants from home and abroad related with the paper tableware enterprises participated in the meeting, the development of the paper tableware to a climax. September 19, 1995, light industry department in charge of the plastics industry in a timely manner always held a "foam tableware and environmental protection" as the theme of the seminar, recruiting experts to discuss how to control the "white pollution." Was that the "white pollution" is not a crime of shame culprits meal itself, but failed to turn the management of good people. In the newspapers, television and lively meetings and discuss the "white pollution", in particular, how to run the same plastic snack containers, in Degradable Plastics Engineering Plastics Society will host a "degradable plastics communication" from a scientific point of analysis of calm , the correct guidance. The advantages and disadvantages of paper and plastic from the resources, raw materials and products, all kinds of pollution in the production, processing, production capacity, product performance and product prices and other aspects of comprehensive analysis and evaluation. Paper will be long-term coexistence, their proper place; paper food containers are not suitable for China, not to develop; degradable plastic lunch box is the control current "white pollution" is one effective way to ... ... Debate can never end, the debate can be sustained, in-depth study will continue to be business do? Go? October 30, 1995 the Eighth National People's Congress passed the Sixteenth Meeting of the "People's Republic of Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law," the first time the provisions of national law in the form of a "product shall be easy to recycle easily disposed of, or to dissolve easily in the environment of the packaging "for pointing out the direction of enterprises. December 11, 1995, the State Secretary for Environmental Protection Agency issued a document (Central Bureau standard [1995] No. 069) "on the technical requirements for environmental labeling products issued prepare project plans," which will be degradable and biodegradable plastic packaging material type snack box products included in development plans for environmental labeling products for the environmental degradation products could be the promotion and application to lay a strong technology base. Many cities have banned the sale after the use of disposable plastic foam food containers, on behalf of the board, pulp or biodegradable plastic utensils, but because of policy formulation is not tight, or law enforcement is not enough, there are too many issues or new products, so most of Jinerbuzhi or resurgence. According to this phenomenon, Beijing and Tianjin Environmental Protection Department, after investigation and evaluation by the parties that in case of a new product is not mature to take recycled foam tableware control method is a best choice for environmental pollution. Therefore, since 97 September began a pilot recycling foam tableware. However, the large volume of foam tableware (China about 10 million tons, a volume of about 200 million cubic meters), its pollution is serious, to bring a great deal more difficult. Refining technology using waste meal as not yet mature, resulting in large accumulation of recycled tableware, plus the existence of regenerative granulation in serious water pollution and many other issues not resolved promptly and effectively to make the leaders and departments on the foam tableware lost confidence in governance. Degradation of polystyrene foam disposable tableware is difficult, comprehensive recycling still quite difficult. To this end, the State Economic and Trade Commission Order No. 6 to the end of 2000 has clearly provided a total ban on disposable foam tableware, and proposed replacement of the basic requirements, which are easy to recycle and ease of degradation, the new degradable tableware in their efforts to develop national standards Among the year is expected to introduce. So what is a suitable alternative to choose it? To answer this question, must be full understanding of these issues can only come after the scientific conclusions. (A) The problem of raw materials Disposable tableware is a fast-food consumer goods, the use of short cycle, large amount, it should be based on domestic raw materials to minimize the import of raw materials, to avoid dependence on foreign exchange and changes in the international market is not controllable. Like cardboard tableware, mainly because of its raw materials to wood pulp, and severe shortage of timber resources in China, so do not mass-produced cardboard tableware Big suitable to domestic conditions. In addition, some material composition is complex, difficult to ensure that product quality should also strengthen supervision and management. (B) Production Status (C) of the production process To make fast food packaging products dominate the market, tableware manufacturers must consider the following production process problems. A continuous automated production Large amount of fast food dishes, we must improve the capacity of the equipment, so equipment must have continuous automated production function can occupy a larger market, but also the cost can be reduced. 2, the use of scrap Will soon be the production of tableware waste or scrap, such as not recycling these materials, it will yield a significant impact and cost. The higher cost of recovering, the higher the cost of the product, the more competitive the market is weak. Such as biodegradable plastic and paper tableware has not solved these problems now. (D) product storage and transportation (E) quality of products The quality of any product has the required standard, fast tableware is no exception, understand the quality requirements for new product research and development of enterprises is particularly important. The following four aspects to be addressed. 1 security Food packaging and is closely related to human health, therefore, a new product obtained using rigorous evaluation before trial, for the polymer food packaging material and food containers to deal with individual components (monomer) and finished ( polymer) were evaluated. The finished product is formed in accordance with its dissolution in 4% acetic acid residue from the number of tests to determine the need for the test (and related materials are natural or synthetic). Specified as follows: a. In the case of the development of new products, the amount of evaporation residue ≥ 30ppm, unqualified, no toxicological tests; b. 20ppm ~ <30ppm, the acute toxicity, cumulative toxicity and mutagenicity, metabolism and sub-chronic and chronic (including carcinogenic) experiment in four stages; c. 10ppm ~ <20ppm, the b item tests the first three stages; d. 5ppm ~ <10ppm, the c term in the first two phases of testing; e. <5ppm, the acute toxicity and a mutagenicity test. In the case of two or more economically developed countries has allowed the use of the product, the evaporation residue is: ≥ 30ppm, unqualified, no toxicological tests; 10ppm ~ 30ppm, the b item tests the first two phases; <10ppm, the acute toxicity and a mutagenicity test. As can be seen from the above requirements, packaging containers for food safety requirements are very stringent. But now the detection of new tableware absence of the above requirements are implemented, in particular, the standard itself is a problem in some industries. For example, the Ministry of Railway Industry Standard tb/t2611--94 "Railway General conditions of supply of fast food boxes," the provisions of ≤ 30ppm Residue on evaporation only when the acute toxicity test and mutagenicity test, other experiments do not, so that its security difficult ensure that the proposed new tableware for safety inspection in strict accordance with the relevant requirements of the implementation of the State to ensure the safety of the human body. 2 health Meets the health requirements of fast food dishes, and consumer health are closely related, generally require fermentation (a / 100cm 2) coliform <3, disk diffusion method (per 50cm 2) may not be detected coliform bacteria in order to prevent conventional transmission of infectious agents. 3 Physical and Chemical Indicators For fast-food dishes should be based on different physical and chemical indicators of material testing, the general requirements are as follows: Evaporation Residue (mg / l): 4% acetic acid, 60 ℃, 2h, ≤ 30 65% ethanol, 20 ℃, 2h, ≤ 30 Hexane: 20 ℃, 2h, ≤ 30ppm Consumption of potassium permanganate: distilled water, 60 ℃, 2h, ≤ 10ppm Heavy metal (ph dollars) (mg / l): 4% acetic acid, 60 ℃, 2h, ≤ 1 On cardboard, paper pulp and grass fiber utensils need to do aflatoxin, pesticides, and fluorescent substances such as testing, to ensure the safety of the human body. 4 Performance A period of time to develop new dishes more and more enterprises, but many units do not understand the special requirements of disposable tableware, so hard to enter the market. Disposable tableware to meet the general requirements the following basic conditions: a. normal color, no smell, smooth surface smooth, uniform texture, no streaks, scratches, no wrinkles, peeling, no rupture and perforation; b. Clean, no oil, no dust and other foreign bodies; c. closing lid, the cover was easy, tidy without deviation; d. good insulation properties, 60 ℃ for 30 minutes or more of no deformation, leakage; e. weight 3kg, high degree of variation ≤ 5%; g. Handsome in appearance, take, put easy, there are varieties adapted to different needs (Vi) environmental issues State Environmental Protection Administration will be "white pollution" of governance as a key task, with plans to control the main transportation routes in 2000 and the city of "white pollution" growth momentum, foam tableware ban the production, sale and use of prohibited production and use of ultra-thin plastic bags, the establishment of the packaging producer responsibility system of mandatory recycling, by 2005 the basic elimination of "white pollution." If the environmental impact of waste plastics, technology status and economic benefits of a comprehensive analysis of three aspects, we can draw this conclusion: first, use recycling means; the value is too low in case of recycling, incineration can be used; the final _select_ion completed embedded processing. For those hard to reach recovery system, recycling is too difficult or economically viable situation can easily be used to promote environmental consumptive products such as foam plastic or paper tableware tableware by such degradation is replaced will become an inevitable trend. Research and development as a new production unit tableware should take full account of environmental protection under the banner of a new source of raw material products, production technology and scale, product quality (safety, health, physical and chemical indicators, the use of performance), price, and how to handle after use and many other factors, weight and size of tableware done as a small, less toxic and hazardous substances as far as possible, recovery and recycling of the value of as large as possible, controllable degradation rate, take the conservation of resources, protecting the environment for sustainable development. (H) of the ideal alternative to what is a good choice According to the above requirements and the Ministry of Railways in recent years a large number of tests on the new lunch boxes and use of proven, production technology and environmental health and safety performance of the most stable, the price advantage is more light / biodegradable polypropylene products, followed by the film board type, the cost of advertising can be printed in the lunch box down, type of pulp molding production process because of the current early stage of environmental pollution caused by heavy, high cost of food hygiene standards, qualified products, the cost is difficult to come down, together with its recycling and degradation rate is not dominant, should not make decisions based products in large scale. Rice glue molding shell type, with the performance of health and environmental indicators of compliance, increasing process stability, combined with the lowest materials, pre-production does not cause major pollution of external environment, biological degradation Ye Hao, the prospect is still possible (but need for pesticides, aflatoxin residues to strengthen supervision and inspection, full compliance is very difficult.) Molded starch-based coating compound, is currently a small railway car trial, not yet formed a high-volume production, performance needs to be further verified. There are some with optical properties of degradable or biodegradable foam plastic products, such as "light / biodegradable polystyrene foam lunch boxes," "biodegradable starch are polystyrene foam compound lunch boxes", since delamination slow degradation, the mechanism of biodegradation are not sure, more natural disturbance factors, combined with the presence of styrene oligomers, and thus not considered in the national standards. Pe film coated on the cardboard lunch boxes (also called "paper and plastic lunch boxes"), beating the current filtering technology to improve recycling, labeled pe film can focus on small pieces of collection and handling, no significant impact on the environment can also be included in the board film types. There is currently foaming type rice shell, the strength of poor food hygiene performance is not clear, but also temporarily not considered in the national standards.
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No. 2
One-time pollution (first pollutant), also known as "primary pollution." Is a direct result of human activities pollutants. Discharge of pollutants from the source after a direct result of environmental pollution. Factory exhaust soot, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other gases and waste water, waste, car exhaust, garbage, sewage and other pollutants are one.