cháozhèng
luó mǎ dì guó bù duàn shōu dào lái zì běi 'ōu de xí jī， ér luó mǎ zuì zhōng yú 476 nián xiàn luò。 xī luó mǎ dì guó de zuì hòu yī gè luó mǎ huáng dì luó mù lù sī · ào gǔ sī dū xiàng rì 'ěr màn shǒu lǐng 'ào duō yà sài tóu jiàng。 yīng guó lì shǐ xué jiā 'ài dé huá · jí běn zài《 luó mǎ dì guó shuāi wáng shǐ》（ 1776） zhōng rèn wéi luó mǎ rén duò luò liǎo， sàng shī liǎo gōng mín de měi dé。 jí běn shuō xiāng xìn sǐ hòu kě xiǎng yǒng shēng de jī dū jiào shǐ rén lǎn duò yǔ lěng mò， zhì jīn réng rán rú cǐ。 gé lún · bù wò xiào kè píng lùn shuō： “ cóng 18 shì jì yǐ hòu， wǒ men duì luó mǎ shuāi wáng gěng gěng yú huái： tā bèi kàn zuò shì suǒ yòu yǐ zhī de shuāi luò de yuán xíng， ér qiě yīn cǐ chéng wéi wǒ men dān yōu zì shēn de xiàng zhēng。 ” tā réng rán shì zuì dà de lì shǐ mí tuán zhī yī， chuán tǒng shàng yōng yòu páng dà de yán jiū xué zhě duì wǔ。
lìng wài yī xiē zhí dé zhù yì de shí qī rú 378 nián de 'ā dé lǐ 'ān bǎo zhàn yì， 395 dí 'ào duō xī yī shì（ luó mǎ dì guó zuì hòu yī cì zhèng zhì tǒng yī） shì shì， 406 nián rì 'ěr màn rén zài luó mǎ jūn tuán chè huí yì dà lì zǔ dǎng yà lā lǐ kè yī shì shí kuà guò lāi yīn hé， 408 nián sī tí lì kē qù shì， yǐ jí suí hòu de xī luó mǎ jūn tuán wǎ jiě， 565 nián zuì hòu yī wèi cháng shì shōu fù xī luó mǎ de chá shì dīng ní yī shì qù shì， yǐ jí 632 nián yī sī lán jiào rù qīn。 hěn duō xué zhě jiān chí rèn wéi bǐ qǐ“ shuāi wáng” lái zhè xiē biàn huà gèng shì hé bèi miáo shù chéng yī cì fù zá de zhuǎn biàn。 suí zhe shí jiān liú shì guān yú luó mǎ dì guó wèihé shuāi wáng huò zhě shì fǒu zhēn de shuāi wáng liǎo tí chū liǎo hěn duō lǐ lùn。
The Roman Empire had been repeatedly attacked by invading armies from Northern Europe and in 476, Rome finally fell. Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire surrendered to the Germanic King Odoacer. British historian Edward Gibbon argued in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776) that the Romans had become decadent, they had lost civic virtue. Gibbon said that the adoption of Christianity, meant belief in a better life after death, and therefore made people lazy and indifferent to the present. "From the eighteenth century onward", Glen W. Bowersock has remarked, "we have been obsessed with the fall: it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline, and, hence, as a symbol for our own fears." It remains one of the greatest historical questions, and has a tradition rich in scholarly interest.
Some other notable dates are the Battle of Adrianople in 378, the death of Theodosius I in 395 (the last time the Roman Empire was politically unified), the crossing of the Rhine in 406 by Germanic tribes after the withdrawal of the legions in order to defend Italy against Alaric I, the death of Stilicho in 408, followed by the disintegration of the western legions, the death of Justinian I, the last Roman Emperor who tried to reconquer the west, in 565, and the coming of Islam after 632. Many scholars maintain that rather than a "fall", the changes can more accurately be described as a complex transformation. Over time many theories have been proposed on why the Empire fell, or whether indeed it fell at all. |
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