jìn cháo : qín cháo : hàn cháo : sān guó : zhōng guó >xīn jiāng > xiōng 
xiǎnshìdìtú
mùlù
·cháozhèng· yuán·zhōu cháo
·qín cháo· hàn·dōng hàn
·hàn cháo zhī hòu· xiōng zài dōng běi zhī wài de yǐng xiǎng·ā lán rén de miè wáng
·duì 'ěr màn mín de qīn lüè·duì bài zhàn tíng léi shěng de jìn gōng·ā de tǒng zhì shí shèng shí de xiōng guó
·duì luó de qīn lüè xiōng guó de jiě·yǐng xiǎng·xiōng hòu
·xiōng ·xiōng zhàn ·xiōng bīng tóu shì
·xiōng kuī jiá· rèn xiōng chányú·xiōng shì nián biǎo
·xiōng de guān zhí shè zhì·mòdú chányú·zhōng guó shǐ
·bǎi diǎn·gài shù·xiōng shǐ
·xiōng chányú liè biǎo·xiōng hòu dài·xiōng zhèng zhì zhì
·xiōng jīng shēng huó·rén kǒu·jūn shì
·zōng jiào·xiōng ·yīngwénjièshì
·fǎwénjièshì·xiàngguāncí·bāo hán cí
·gèngduōjiéguǒ...
cháozhèng
匈奴
匈奴
   xiōng yuán běn shì huó yuè zài zhōng měnggǔ cǎo yuán shàng de yóu mín men cóng gōng yuán 3 shì kāi shǐ liǎo màn cháng de qiān xiōng rén shì zài bèi shàng de mín xiōng de bīng shàn cháng shǐ yòng cháng máo gōng jiàn zuò zhànwèile zhǎo dào xīn de shì fàng de cǎo yuán xiōng rén dài zhe jiā juàn liàng de shēng kǒu kāi shǐ liǎo qiān xiōng jūn duì yòu zhe qiáng de liàng yán míng de men dǎng zhī shì sǎo qīng liǎo qiān shàng de suǒ yòu zhàng 'àidāng de mín wèile duǒ kǒng de rén 'ér kāi de jiā yuáncóng 'ér xiān liǎo zhèn de qiān làng cháozhè lián suǒ fǎn yìng yóu jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo dōng luó guó zhí yán shēn dào duō nǎo lāi yīn liú zuì zhōng zài gōng yuán 476 nián yān méi liǎo luó guó
  
   xiōng rén zhōng xiàn liǎo suǒ 'ài de men dìng zài xiōng píng yuánzài pàn de sài chéng jiàn liǎo de běn yíng xiōng rén yào guǎng kuò de cǎo yuán lái fàng men de qún shēng kǒucóng zhè piàn kāi shǐ xiōng rén tōng guò tóng méng huò shì zhēng de fāng shì kòng zhì liǎo yóu 'é luó de 'ěr shān zhí dào guó de lāi yīn zhī jiān de
  
   xiōng rén shì shù jīng zhàn de shǒucóng shàonián shí jiù kāi shǐ jiē shòu xùn liàn xiē shǐ xué jiā xiāng xìn zhèng shì xiōng rén míng liǎo dèngzēng qiáng liǎo bīng zài chí cháng máo chōng fēng shí de zhàn dǒu xiōng bīng de dòng néng shǐ rén dài lái gǎn dào kǒng men měi tiān yào gēnghuàn zhàn bǎo chí zhè yōu shì xiōng rén de 'èr yōu shì shì men shǐ yòng de gōngyuǎn yuǎn chāo guò liǎo fāng de rèn tóng lèi zhàn zài dèng shàng men néng gòu xiàng qián hòu zuǒ yòu fāng xiàng shè gōng jiàn xiōng rén de zhàn shù shì lìng rén jīng de shǎn diàn bān de bìng yīn 'ér dài lái kǒng men shì zhī yóu qīng bīng suǒ chéng de jūn tuán men de xíng zhèng yào míng wěi de lǐng xiù lái tǒng shuài zhěng luò
  
   dāng lǎng rén zhǒng de yóu mín tài rén 'ěr rénzhàn zhe cǎo yuán dài nán 'é luó shí hái bāo kuò 'ěr gài liú cǎo yuán dài de dōng shì chù jué měnggǔ zhòngmín de tǒng zhì zhī xià zhōng zài dài shǐ shàng zhàn tǒng zhì wèi de mín shì " xiōng " míng 'ér bèi zhōng guó rén suǒ zhī xiōng míng hòu lái luó rén yìn rén chēng tóng mán de míng chēng( Huns Hunni Huna) shì tóng yuán de néng zhè xiē xiōng rénzhí dào gōng yuán qián 3 shì de qín cháocái zài zhōng guó biān nián shǐ shàng qīng chǔ jìzǎi liǎo xiōng míngzài gōng yuán qián 9 8 shì shí jīng bèi zhōng guó rén chēng wéi yán yǔngèng zǎo xiē de shí hòu men néng bèi chēng wéi " cǎo ", huò gèng hán bèi jiào zuò " rén "。 zài shǐ de míng shí hàn rén suǒ zhī de rén shì zhǐ xiē dāng shí zhù zài zhōng guó biān jìng shàng zài 'è 'ěr duō shān běi běi běi de xiē mín pèi luó tuī suǒ wèi běi róng " běi zhī róng ", fēn zài jīn tiān de běi jīng běi shì zhī rén luò de luò zài gōng yuán qián 4 shì shí jīng guī jiàng zhào guózhào líng wáng yuē gōng yuán qián 325- 298 nián zài wèishèn zhì cóng men duó liǎo shān zuì běi tóng ), shí shàng hái duó liǎo jīn 'è 'ěr duō běi yuē gōng yuán qián 300 nián)。 zhèng shì wèile yòu xiào fáng fàn zhè xiē yóu mín de jìn gōngqín guóshǎn zhào guóshān de hàn réndōu gǎi men de zhòng chē bīng wéi líng huó de bīngzhè jūn shì gǎi dài lái liǎo zhōng guó zhuāng shàng de chè biàn huàgōng jiàn shí dài de cháng páo bèi cóng yóu mín xué lái de bīng suǒ dàicóng yóu mín zhōng guó shì men hái fǎng liǎo máo zhuāng shì de mào 、 " sān wěi " hòu lái duì míng wéi " zhàn guó shí " de shù dào hěn zuò yòng de " dài kòu "。 zhèng shì wèile fáng xiōng zhào guó lín jìn zhū guó de zhōng guó rén kāi shǐ yán běi biān jìng lěi zuì chū de chéng qiánghòu lái qín shǐ huáng tǒng wán chéng liǎo chéng qiáng de jiàn zhùchéng wéi liǎo cháng chéng
  
   qiān shùzhèng shì zài gōng yuán qián 3 shì hòu bàn xiōng chéng wéi zhī tǒng deqiáng de mín men yóu wèi míng jiào chányú de shǒu lǐng tǒng shuài zhechányú de quán míng hàn wén yīn shì chēng chányúzhōng guó rén zhè xiē jiě shì wéi " xiàng tiān yàng guǎng de shǒu lǐng "。 zài zhè xiē zhōng xiàn juéměnggǔ gēn bié shì " chēng " shì juéměnggǔ ( Tangri, tiān guóde yīnzài chányú zhī xiàyòu liǎng zuì de guān zhí wáng wéi zuǒ yòu xián wánghàn wén yīn " " jué ( doghri) yòu guān shì " zhèng zhí de "、 " zhōng shí de "。 jiù běn shàng yóu shēng huó wéi zhù de mín suǒ néng tán dào de dìng zhù 'ér yánchányú zhù zài 'è 'ěr hún shàng yóu de shān hòu chéng hàn měnggǔ rén dedōu chéng lín jiù jiàn zài zhè 'érzuǒ xián wáng -- yuán shàng shì chányú de chéng rén -- zhù zài dōng miàn néng zài lún gāo yòu xián wáng zhù zài miàn néng xiàng 'ā 'ěr · 'ěr màn rèn wéi de yàngzài háng 'ài shān jīn tái jìnjiē xià xiōng tǒng zhì tuán nèi yòuzuǒ yòu wángzuǒ yòu dàjiàngzuǒ yòu wèizuǒ yòu dāng zuǒ yòu hóurán hòu shì qiān chángbǎi chángshí chángzhè yóu mín zài xíng jìn shí bèi zhì xiàng zhī jūn duì bān xíng jìn de fāng xiàng shì cháo nánzhè zài juéměnggǔ zhǒng mín zhōng chéng wéi guànlèi de xiàn xiàng zài xiōng de hòu 、 6 shì de jué rén zhōng chéng hàn de měnggǔ rén zhōng dōukě kàn dào
  
   hàn rén miáo huì de xiōng xiào xiàng shàng de zhēng men zài men de chéng zhě jué rén měnggǔ rén shēn shàng kàn dàowēi 'ěr gài kuò dào: " men de shēn cái 'ǎi 'ér zhuàngtóu 'ér yuánkuò liǎnquán gāo kuānshàng nóng ér lǐng xià jǐn yòu xiǎo cuō yìng cháng cháng de 'ěr chuí shàng chuānzhuó kǒngpèi dài zhe zhǐ 'ěr huántóu chú liǎo tóu dǐng shàng liú zhe shù tóu wài fēn guānghòu hòu de méi máoxìng yǎn guāng jiǒng jiǒng yòu shénshēn chuān cháng xiǎo tuǐ deliǎng biān kāi chā de kuān sōng cháng páoyāo shàng yòu yāo dàiyāo dài liǎng duān chuí zài qián miànyóu hán lěngxiù zài shǒu wàn chù shōu jǐn tiáo duǎn máo wéi zài jiān shàngtóu dài màoxié shì zhì dekuān de yòng tiáo dài zài huái kǔn zhā jǐngōng jiàn dài zài yāo dài shàngchuí zài zuǒ tuǐ de qián miànjiàn tǒng zài yāo dài shàng héng diào zài yāo bèi jiàn tóu cháo zhe yòu biān。 "
  
   shàng shù zhuāng de xiē bié shì guǒ huái de duì xiōng rén tài rén lái shuō dōushì gòng tóng deyòu duō guàn shì xiāng tóng de zàng shàng de shēng xiōng tài réndōu shì zài qiú chánghuò shǒu lǐngde shàng kāi suí cóng men de hóu lóngzhì xiōng rén rén shù dào shàng bǎi huò zhě shàng qiān luó duō ( IV 65) jìzǎi tài rén jiāng rén de tóu gài zài yán méi máo píng chù kāizài wài miàn yòng tào méng shàng miàn qiàn shàng jīn piànzuò wéi yǐn shǐ yòng。《 qián hàn shūzhèng shí liǎo xiōng rén zhōng yòu tóng yàng de guànzhè guàn bié shì cóng lǎo shàng chányú yòng yuè shì wáng de tóu gài lái yǐn jiǔ de zhōng kàn dàoquè shí xiōng tài réndōu shì tóu kàn zuò zhàn pǐn de luó duō ( IV. 64) céng dào tài rén zài zhàn pǐn zhōng zhǎn shì men kǎn xià de rén de tóu guà zài jiāng shéng shàng de tóu shì kuā yào
  
   zài xiōng de hòu gōng yuán 6 shì de jué rén zhōng zhàn shì fén dūn shàng de shí tóu shù shì shēng zhōng suǒ shā rén de shù chéng zhè zhǒng shì xuè xìng de fēng tóng yàng shèng xíng yìn 'ōu zhǒng juéměnggǔ zhǒng de yóu mín zhōng tài rén yòng rén de xuè zài chā zài xiǎo duī shàng de shén shèng de duǎn wān dāo shàng bēi bèi shā de rén de xuè xiōng rén zài dìng méng yuē shíyào yòng rén tóu gài zhì chéng de róng xuèzài dào niàn zhě shí tài rén xiōng rén yòng xiǎo dāobà liǎn huá , " ràng xuè lèi liú chū lái "。
  
   xiàng tài rén yàng xiōng rén běn shàng shì yóu mín men shēng huó de jié zòu shì yóu men de yáng qún qúnniú qún luò tuó qún 'ér tiáojiéwéi xún zhǎo shuǐ yuán chǎng men suí qún 'ér qiān men chī de zhǐ shì chù ròuzhè guàn gěi gèng duō shì shū cài wéi shí de zhōng guó rén hěn shēn de yìn xiàng), bèi xiè qiúzhù zhān zhàng men xìn fèng zhǒng chóng bài tiānténg chóng bài mǒu xiē shén shān wéi chǔ dehán hùn qīng de mǎn jiào men de chányú huò zhě zuì gāo jūn zhùzài qiū zhào quán xiōng rénzhè jié zuì zhuàng xiào rén chùsuǒ yòu de zhōng yuán hàn rén zhù zuò jiādōu zhè xiē mán rén miáo shù chéng wán de lüè duó zhě men huì chū chū xiàn zài gēng biān yuánqīn rén chù qiǎng jié cái chǎnrán hòu zài rèn hái néng lái dào zhī qián dài zhe zhàn pǐn liù zǒudāng men bèi zhuī gǎn shí men de zhàn shù shì yǐn yòu hàn rén jūn duì shēn tān huò shì cǎo yuán huāng liáng zhī rán hòu zài zāo mái de qíng kuàng xià léi bān de jiàn chéng zhuī gǎn zhězhí dào men de rén bèi tuō kuǎbèi nòng jīng jié men cái 'ér xiāo miè zhīyóu men de bīng de dòng xìng men de gōng jiàn shùzhè xiē fāng xiāng dāng yòu xiàozài cóng zuì chū de xiōng dào chéng hàn shí de suǒ yòu cǎo yuán mín zhōngzhè xiē fāng dōuhěn shǎo biàn huàduì suǒ yòu xiē yóu shàng gōng jiàn shǒu chéng de luò lùn shì dōng fāng de xiōng rén huò shì fāng de tài rénzhè xiē fāng dōushì gòng tóng dezhèng luó duō suǒ chén shù de tài rén duì liú shì jiù shì cǎi yòng tóng yàng de lüè liú shì shí shí dào zhè zhǒng wēi xiǎnbìng qiě zài zhè zhǒng " tuì chū 'é luó " néng zhōng zhǐ zāinàn de lái lín zhī qián jiù chè tuì liǎoyòu duō shǎo hàn rén jiànglǐng hòu lái yīn wéi quē zhè zhǒng jǐn shèn men shòu dào xiōng rén yáng zhuāng táo de méng 'ér jìn shā huāng liáng zhī zài 'ér zāo dào liǎo shā
  
   zhì xiōng zài juéměnggǔ zhǒng mín zhōng de yán wèi zhì xiē zuò zhě bái niǎo qīng xiàng men guī měnggǔ zhǒng rénxiāng fǎn hècóng hàn wén běn suǒ gōng de fǎn duì de qiǎo zhōngrèn wéi quán miàn lái kànzhè xiē xiōng rén yīnggāi shǔ jué zhǒng bié shì men de zhèng zhì lǐng dǎo rénzhōng guó dài běi fāng yóu mín shǔ shàng dìng lùnzhù yào yòu juéměnggǔ děng shuō wén zhàn guó cháng rǎo lüè qínzhàoyàn běi biānsān guó xiāng zhù cháng chéng zhīmòdú chányú zài wèiqián 209 qián 174) shítǒng jiàn guó jiātǒng yòu nán běi guǎng lǎo shàng chányúyuē qián 174~ qián 160) shí xiōng shì dōng zhì liáo yuè cōng lǐngběi bèi jiā 'ěr nán cháng chéngchéng wéi shǐ shàng cǎo yuán yóu guóhàn chū xiōng duàn nán xià qīn lüègōng yuán qián 200 niánwéi hàn gāo liú bāng bái dēng shānjīn shān tóng dōng běi), suì hàn cháo shí xíng qīnqiě suì fèng gòng xiànbìng kāi guān shì zhī jiāo rán 'ér xiōng réng bèi yuē nán qīnchéng wéi hàn cháo biān huànhàn shí guó qiáng shèngcéng 3 ( qián 127、 qián 121、 qián 119) chū bīng fǎn xiōng xiōng shì jiàn shuāihàn dài xiōng yóu tiān zāirén huò hàn jūn de shēng guò liǎng fēn liè shì gōng yuán qián 57 nián zuǒ yòu chū xiàn de chányú bìng miànjiēguǒ shì gōng yuán qián 53 nián hūhányè chányú guī hànyǐn zhòng nán yīn shān jìngōng yuán qián 36 niánhàn xiào wèi chén tānɡ guó bīng yuǎn zhēng kāngqú shā hàn wéi de zhì zhī chányúxiāo miè liǎo xiōng zài de shì gōng yuán qián 33 niánhàn yuán gōng rén wáng qiángzhāo jūnjià hūhányè chányúhuī liǎo qīnlìng shì wáng mǎng cuàn hàn hòu xiōng de shì yòu suǒ zhǎndàn dào dōng hàn guāng jiàn 'èr shí niángōng yuán 48 nián), xiōng zhú wáng bèi nán biān yōng wéi nán chányú yòng hūhányè chányú de chēng hàoqǐng qiú nèi dào dōng hàn yǔn xiōng yòu fēn lièchéng wéi nán běi 'èr nán xià hàn de chēng wéi nán xiōng liú běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng
  
   nán xiōng tún shuò fāng yuányún zhōngzài jīn nèimēng zhì jìng nèiděng jùndōng hàn fēn wéi zhì jìnnán xiōng rén zài zhú zhuànxiàng dìng nóng gēng shēng huódàn chú liǎo shàng céng guì shēng huó guàn wén huà jiào yǎng shòu hàn wén huà yǐng xiǎng jiào shēn wài xiōng réng rán 'ér shè huì jié gòu biàn huà 。 304 nián xiōng liú yuān jiàn zhèng quánmín gòng tóng kāi shǐ jiězhú jiàn hàn huàchú liú zhào zhèng quán wàishí liù guó zhōng de xià lián shì běi liáng shì shì xiōng zhī jiàn de
  
   gōng yuán 91 niánhàn jūn chū yán sài ( jīn nèimēng 'é dài ), wéi běi xiōng chányú jīn wēi shānjīn 'ā 'ěr tài shān)。 běi xiōng zhàn bài hòu fēn qiān zhòng hòu lái guī xīng de xiān bēiduō shù xué zhě rèn wéi qiān de běi xiōng jiù shì 'ōu zhōu shǐ shàng de xiōng rén
  
   yuán
  
   zhōng guó fēn shǐ jìzǎi xiōng rén shì xià cháo de mín。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi xiōng xiān xià hòu shì zhī miáo yuē chún wéi。《 shān hǎi jīng · huāng běi jīngchēngquǎn róng xià rén tóng jiē chū huáng 。《 shǐ suǒ yǐnyǐn zhāng yàn de huà shuō∶“ chún wéi yīn shí bēn běi biān。” xià de hòu chún wéizài shāng cháo shí táo dào běi biān sūn fán yǎn chéng liǎo xiōng hái yòu shuō rèn wéi běi de xià zhī hòu shì xià jié de 'ér xià jié liú fàng sān nián 'ér xūn dài zhù qīn liú xià de qiè běi suí chù shì zhōng guó suǒ chēng de xiōng fēn xué zhě gēn shǐ jìzǎi de hòu bàn duàn wén rèn wéi xiōng yuán shì shān róngxiǎn yǔnhūn wáng guó wéi zàiguǐ fāng kūn xiǎn yǔn kǎozhōng xiōng míng chēng de yǎn biàn zuò liǎo tǒng de gài kuòrèn wéi shāng cháo shí de guǐ fānghùn xūn zhōu cháo shí de xiǎn yǔnchūn qiū shí de róngzhàn guó shí de dōushì hòu shì suǒ wèi de xiōng hái yòu shuō guǐ róng yàn jīng lóu fán děng shǐ zhōng suǒ jiàn zhī mín tǒng chēng wéi xiōng hái yòu rén rèn wéi xiōng xiān qín shí de běi fāng shǎo shù mín hùn wéi tán xiōng yīngshì fāng cǎo yuán de yóu mín zhàn guó zhī qiánhái wèi yóu zhì zhōng guó běi shàng shù kàn zài jìn xiàn dài xué zhě zhōng bìng wèi tǒng yóu xiōng de yuán wèn néng jiě jué xiōng de shǔ xiōng de yědōu chéng wéi xuán 'àn
  
   zhōu cháo
  
   zhōu róng kāi shǐ wēi xié zhōng yuán wáng cháozhōu yōu wáng fēng huǒ zhū hóu hòuquǎn róng luò gōng xiàn gǎo jīng shǐ píng wáng dōng qiānzhàn guó shí lín lóu fán duō qīn rǎo zhào guózhào líng wáng shè zhú lín lóu fánzài běi biān xīn kāipì de shè zhì liǎo yún zhōng děng xiànlín lóu fán běi qiān róng xīn jué de xiōng zhàn guó zhào jiāng céng bài xiōng
  
   qín cháo
  
   qián 3 shì xiōng tǒng zhì jié gòu fēn wéi zhōng yāng wáng tíngdōng de zuǒ xián wáng de yòu xián wángkòng zhì zhe cóng hǎi dào cháng chéng de guǎng bāo kuò jīn měnggǔ guóé luó de zhōng běi zhōng guó dōng běi děng
  
   qín shǐ huáng tǒng zhōng yuán hòumìng méng tián běi xiōng shōu tào,“ què xiōng bǎi rén gǎn nán xià 'ér ”(《 guò qín lùn》)。
  
   hàn
  
   zhēn zhèng xiōng jìn xíng guī zhàn dǒu shì zài hàn cháohàn chū qián 201 niánhán wáng xìn tóu jiàng xiōng niánliú bāng qīn shuài jūn zhēng tǎozài bái dēngjīn shān tóng dōng běibèi xiōng mòdú chányú 30 wàn bīng wéi kùn zhòu hòu yòng táo tuōzhī hòu kāi shǐ xiōng qīn hòu de wénjǐng zhū shì yán yòng qīn zhèng xiū yǎng shēng dào hàn shíhàn cháo cóng zhàn lüè fáng zhuǎn wéi zhàn lüè jìn gōngyuán shuò 'èr nián ( qián 127 nián ) pài wèi qīng zhàn lǐng tào qián 121 nián pài huò bìng duó shù de zǒu lángqián 119 nián wèihuò fēn dōng liǎng jìn gōng běihuò bìng xiōng zhì jīn měnggǔ guó jìng nèi láng shānwèi qīng dōng sǎo píng xiōng wáng tíngyòu xián wáng shuài lǐng wàn rén tóu guī hàn cháochányú zuǒ xián wáng táo zǒuhàn cháo zài dōng lián huán qīnqián 105 niánhàn fēng jūn gōng zhù xià jià sūn guó wáng)、 tōng shāng de fāng shì lián zhū guó suō xiōng de kōng jiān
  
   qián 73 niánhàn sūn lián bīng 20 wàn jìn gōng xiōng zhí dǎo yòu wáng tíngqián 57 nián xiōng fēn lièzhì zhī chányú huò shèng běihūhányè chányú qián 51 nián nán xià tóu kào hàn cháohòu lái zhì zhī chányú shuài zhòng tuì zhì zhōng kāngqújīn 'ěr shí xián hǎi zhī jiān 'ā hàn bié tǎn tǎn dài), hūhányè chányú zhàn běi wáng tíngqián 36 niánwèile qīng chú xiōng zài de yǐng xiǎnggān yán shòuchén tānɡ yuǎn zhēng kāngqú de xiōng shā zhì zhī chányúqián 33 nián hūhányè chányú wáng zhāo jūn hàn xiū hǎo
  
   hàn shí de chányú yòutóu màn chányúmòdú chányúlǎo shàng chányújūn chén chányú zhì xié chányú wéi chányúér chányú chányúqiě hóu chányú chányú yǎn chányú quán chányú yǎn xuàn chányúhūhányè chányúzhì zhī chányú
  
   dōng hàn
  
  48 niándōng hàn chū nián xiōng fēn liè wéi liǎng hūhányè chányú zhī sūn zhú wáng bǐlǜ 4 wàn duō rén nán xià hàn chēng wéi nán xiōng bèi hàn cháo 'ān zhì zài tào liú běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng 。 89 nián dào 91 nián nán xiōng hàn lián jiā běi xiōng xiān hòu bài zhī běi 'ā 'ěr tài shān shǐ qiāncóng běi xiōng jiù cóng zhōng guó shū zhōng xiāo shī
  
  187 niándōng hàn nián huáng jīn dǒng zhuó zhuān quán zhī nán xiōng shēng nèi hòng。 195 niánnán xiōng cānyù liǎo zhōng yuán hùn zhàndōng hàn cài yōng zhī cài wén bèi lüè xiōng 。 202 niánnán xiōng shǒu lǐng guī hàn chéngxiàng cáo cāocài wén guī hàncáo cāo jiāng nán xiōng fēn chéng
  
   hàn cháo zhī hòu
  
   nán xiōng nán xià hàn huà zhí zhù zài tào dàisān guó shí cáo cāo xiōng fēn chéng 。 4 shì chū xiōng de liú yuān zài chéng wáng yíng shǒu xià wéi jiāngchéng jìn wáng zhī luàn zhī hòu de hùn luàn shí liú yuān bīng zhàn lǐng liǎo běi zhōng guó de fēn chēng hàn wáng, 311 nián gōng zhàn luò yáng, 316 nián gōng zhàn cháng 'ānmiè jìnshǐ chēng qián zhào huò hàn zhào
  
   xiōng de zhī wèi xià de qún chēng wéi jié rénhàn zhào de dàjiàng jié rén shí jiàn zhào guóshǐ chēng shí zhào huò hòu zhào, 351 nián bèi hàn rén rǎn mǐn suǒ miè
  
   róng xiōng rén zhōng de yuè shì rénchēng wéi xiōng bié shuǐ zhōng jiā tuī hòu liáng hàn guān duàn wéi zhùzài xiàn gān jiàn běi liánghòu méng xùn shā duàn wéi běi liáng zhùhòu bèi xiān bēi rén tuò shì běi wèi suǒ miè
  
   xiōng xiān bēi de hùn xuè hòu dài chēng wéi tiě réntiě rén liú bèi xiān bēi tuò shì bài hòu tóubèn qiāng rén de hòu qínhòu rèn wèishì dài de xiōng wánggǎi xìng liánzài tào chuàng xià guóshǐ chēng xiàhòu bèi běi wèi suǒ miè
  
   xiōng róng kào jìn gāolí de xiān bēi de wén shì luòjìn cháo xiān bàn dǎohòu lái wén shì cuàn wèi jiàn de běi zhōu zhèng quánhòu bèi hàn wài yáng jiān suǒ cuànyáng jiān chuàng suí cháotǒng zhōng yuán
  
   shàng shì shí liù guó nán běi cháo shí xiōng zài zhōng guó shǐ tái shàng jìn xíng liǎo zuì hòu yīcháng yǎn chūzhī hòu zhōu fēn de xiōng zuì hòu diǎn cán zuò wéi mín de shēn fèn cóng zhōng guó shǐ zhōng chè xuān gào zhōng jié xiē mín xiāo róng hàn wéi zhù de huá xià
  
   xiōng hòu hàn huà hòu shuō yòu xiē qián hái shēng huó zài jīn tiān de shǎn shān děng
  
   xiōng zài dōng běi zhī wài de yǐng xiǎng
  
   běi xiōng yuǎn zǒu 'ōu zhōu fēn zài gāo jiā suǒ fēn zài zhōng 'ěr jiā jīn tiān de 'é luó zhì gòng guó), fēn zài xià duō nǎo jīn tiān de bǎo jiā ), fēn zài zhōng duō nǎo jīn tiān de xiōng )。 zhōng xiōng fēn lán mín róng zhōng liǎng ), fēn zài 'ā hàn shān fēn zài yìn bàng zhē bāngzài 3 shì zhè jīhū xiāo shī liǎo de jié lüè mín rán yòu chū xiàn zài rén men de shì nèidōng zhēng tǎo jiàn liǎo páng de guó”。 xiōng rén 350 nián zuǒ yòu qīn liǎo 'ōu zhōusuí hòu zài chēng wéi lán 'ěr wángde qiú cháng lǐng dǎo xià kāi shǐ liǎo men de mán qīn lüè zhàn zhēng biāo biàn shì dāng shí chēng wéi 'ā lán de jué rén guó
  
   ā lán rén de miè wáng
  
  350 niándāng shí de 'ā lán guó kān chēng qiáng guóā lán wáng qīng quán guó zhī bīng xiōng jūn zhàn dùn yán 'ànquè zāo cǎn bàiā lán wáng bèi shāā lán guó mièā lán zuì zhōng chén xiōng xiōng zài fāng shǐ shū chū xiàn bàn suí zhù 'ā lán guó de miè wángzhěng fāng shì jiè wéi zhī zhèn dòngmiè wáng 'ā lán guó hòu xiōng zài dùn liú jìn dòu liú liǎo niánrán hòu zài men nián mài de qiú cháng lán 'ěr de dài lǐng xià kāi dòng men huǐ miè xìng de qīn lüè tiě xiàng fāng
  
   duì 'ěr màn mín de qīn lüè
  
  374 nián shíwèi hēi hǎi běi 'àn 'ěr màn rén suǒ jiàn de dōng wáng guó shì chéng jiǔ de guó jiā liáo kuò de jiāng dōng zhì dùn 'ā lán rén jiē rǎng zhì niè rén wéi línnán hēi hǎi běi zhì niè de zhī liú pài zhǎo xiōng lián tóng bèi zhēng de 'ā lán rén jūn jìn dōng lǐng bèi céng bèi dōng rén zhēng de luò chéng zào fǎnnèi luàn zhì dōng rén zhàn bàizhōng 375 nián tóu jiàngdōng rén miè guó hòu xiōng rén jiē zhù xiàng rén niè wéi xiǎn bīng fáng shǒushì xiōng jūn bàn xiōng jūn biān zài duì 'àn zuò shì yáng gōng què cóng shàng yóu chéng tōu zài huí gōngzhè biān rén zài 'àn gòu zhù gōng shì bèi zhàn zhèng hānquè liào bèi lán yāo dùn tòng shù shí wàn rén guò duō nǎo táo luó guó jìng nèibìng 378 nián zài 'ā bǎo bài luó huáng lún yóu dòng yáo liǎo luó de gēn luó zài méi kòng zhì guǎn xiá xià de zhū hóu lǐng xiōng rén zài zhēng běi fāng de zhū 'ěr màn luòduó liǎo xiōng píng yuányóu hēi hǎi zhì duō nǎo běi de piàn jìn xiōng rén zhī shǒu
  
   duì bài zhàn tíng léi shěng de jìn gōng
  
  395 nián dōng xiōng rén gōng léi lüè 'ér fǎn。 400 nián xiōng rén zài gōng léi hòu duì léi lián nián qīn rǎo。 431 niándōng luó guó dāyìng měi nián xiàng xiōng jiāo shuìbìng yǔn men zài jìng nèi de chéng zhèn tóng jìn xíng shì。 435 nián zuǒ yòuā shā gòng tóng zhǎng zhèng de xiōng 'ér quán lǎn duì nán 'é luó guó dòng liǎo liè de jiǔ jiāng guāng tóu xiàng liǎo bài zhàn tíng shǐ dōng luó jiǎo gèng duō de gòng shuìbìng qiě chā shǒu luó guó de wài jiāo shì luó rán mǎn zhè nián nián gāo shēng de gòng shuì xiōng rén wéi jiè kǒu 441 nián xiàng bài zhàn tíng xuān zhàn jié 'ěr gān bàn dǎo, 442 nián cái bèi dōng luó de 'ā 'ěr jiāng jūn jié léi bèi hòu 。 443 nián xiōng gōng dào dōng luó shǒu jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo chéng wàidōng luó quán jūn fùmò qiān chéng xià zhī méng xiōng dìng yuē
  
   ā de tǒng zhì shí shèng shí de xiōng guó
  
   yóu 448 nián zhì 450 nián xiōng guó de bǎn dào liǎo shèng de dōng xián hǎi zhì yáng hǎi 'ànnán duō nǎo běi zhì luó de hǎizhè guǎng de dài shǔ guódōuyòu de guó wáng luò qiú chángpíng xiàng 'ā chēng chén gòngzhàn shí chū bīng cān zhàn
  
   duì luó de qīn lüè xiōng guó de jiě
  
   luó jūn duì zài jiào huáng 'ào shì de shuài lǐng xià bài 'ā dài lǐng de xiōng rén。 451 niánzài běn qīn de xiōng rén bèi tuì
  
  450 niánā zhuǎn 'ér jìn gōng luó guó dài zhù yuē shí wàn míng zhàn shì guò liǎo lāi yīn zài xiàng qián tuī jìn de bǎi yīng nèi xiōng jūn tuán jié liǎo wèi xiàn jīn guó běi de fēn cūn zhuāngluó jiāng jūn 'ā niǔ zhì liǎo zhī gāo luó jūn tuán kàng zhèng zài wéi kùn 'ào 'ěr liáng chéng de 'ā zài chá lóng de jué zhàn zhōngā zhōng bèi bàijìn guǎn xiōng rén de zhàn méi yòu bèi wán quán huǐ mièzhè zhàn bèi rèn wéi shì shǐ shàng zuì jué dìng xìng de zhòng zhàn zhī zhǐ liǎo zhěng jiào de miè yóu mín kòng zhì 'ōu zhōu de yán zhòng hòu guǒ。 453 niánā zài yíng 'ěr màn gōng zhù de 'èr tiān bèi xiàn dòng mài lièzài shī liǎo qiáng yòu de lǐng dǎo rén zhī hòucéng jīng chēng xióng shí de xiōng guó miàn lín zhù bēng kuì de biān de fēn fēn lái fǎn kàng tóng de pài wèile zhēng duó tǒng zhì quán 'ér zhàn xiū xiōng guó zuì zhōng yóu wāng 'ěr luò děng xīn rén de qīn 'ér miè wángcóng shǐ de cháng zhōng xiāo shì jiàn liǎo
  
   měnggǔ xiōng táng cháo jiù shì zhōng guó lǐng
  
   tángliáoyuán liè chēng huáng xíng hàn zhù zhāng hàn huàdìng běi jīngzhè qiēdōu shuō míngyuán cháo shì hàn huà wáng cháo shì wài tǒng zhì), qīng táng cháo jiāng : měnggǔ táng cháo jiù shì zhōng guó lǐng bāo kuò mín guó qián měnggǔ zhí shǔ zhōng guó lǐng
  
   yǐng xiǎng
  
   xiōng rén zài 'ōu zhōu jiàn liǎo páng de guódàn men de guó shì duǎn mìng de men de guó hěn kuài bèi jiě hòushèn zhì zhěng mín xiāo shī zài 'ōu zhōu de shǐ wén huà dāng zhōng xiōng rén chéng liǎo 'ōu zhōu shǐ de zhǎn men cóng lín de 'ěr màn rén tuī shàng liǎo shǐ táibìng hòu zhě cuī huǐ liǎo luó rén de shí dài guó de shǐ xiāo shī hòuduō yuán huà de fēng jiàn guó jiā zhèng zhì kāi shǐ liǎo jīhū yán zhì jīn de 'ōu zhōu guó jiā de zhù yào huàfēn xíng chéng liǎo
  
   xiōng hòu
  
   yòu xiē xué zhě rèn wéi xiōng 4 shì qiān dào liǎo 'ōu zhōu dōng bìng qīn 'ōu zhōu 4、 5 shì qīn 'ōu zhōu de xiōng rén yòu xuè yuán guān huò tóng mín xiōng rén zhú 'ěr màn rén děng mán mín shǐ mán qiān cóng 'ér miè wáng luó guó
  
  《 sān guó zhìwéi:“ yòu yòu yǎn cài guó míng 'ā lánjiē kāngqú tóng qín dōng nán kāngqú jiē guó duō míng diāoxùmù zhú shuǐ cǎolín shí shǔ kāngqújīn shǔ 。” zài zhōng guó shū zhōng,“ qín wéi luó guó。《 shǐ wéiyǎn cài zài kāngqú běi 'èr qiān xíng guó kāngqú tóng kòng xián zhě shí wànlín gài nǎi běi hǎi yún。”《 běi shǐzhōng duàn de shì gāi guó qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi xiōng miè guó de sān shì 75 niánér qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi wéi yuán 445 niánzhèng hǎo wéi yuán 370 nián zuǒ yòu 'ōu zhōu zhì
  
   lìng wàiyòu shǎo liàng de xiōng bāng chè xiāo shī zài guózài dōng luó guó jūn duì de xiōng jūn rén shǎo duō zhù zhā zài běi běi fēi zhōu nán yīng lán yòu xiōng bāng suí rén jìn guó bān yòu xiōng luò suí dōng rén jìn yòu rén rèn wéi jīn tiān de xiōng rén jiù shì xiōng de hòu zhè wèn xiàn zài réng shì wèn
  
   xiōng
  
  《 hòu hàn shūzhōng yòu shǒu xiōng 》, shǎo xué zhě yòng měnggǔ jué sài yán děng jìn xíng guò fēn jiě dōuméi yòu dào xiǎng de jiēguǒ
  
   chú zhī wài xiōng de rén míng luò míng míng chēng hào dōukě yòng lái yán jiū xiōng :“ chēng chányú shuō zài xiōng yòutiān de zhōng dechēng ”( shàng hàn *thrangrii) chányú”( shàng hàn *darwa) fēn bié méng de tngri“ tiān daruγa“ jūn zhùxiāng
  
   guān xiōng de lái yuányóu liào jué hěn nán dào kěn dìng de jié lùnyòu xiē rèn wéi xiōng rén jiǎng méng ér rèn wéi men de yán shǔ sài
  
   xiōng zhàn
  
   yīn shān děng de yán huà zhōng chū xiàn de qiān biǎo míng zài 5000 nián zuǒ yòuběi fāng cǎo yuán mín shùn wán chéng liǎo duì de xùn huàzhèng shì yóu duì xùn huà de chéng gōngdài lái liǎo cǎo yuán huàshídài de biàn shǐ cǎo yuán jīng zhú jiàn yóu xùmù zhuǎn biàn wéi yóu diǎn rán liǎo càn làn de cǎo yuán yóu wén huà de huǒ yóu de chéng chè gǎi biàn liǎo cǎo yuán xiān mín de shēng chǎnshēng huó wéi fāng shìyóu shì de xùn jié líng huógěi cǎo yuán mín de jūn shì dài lái liǎo kōng qián de huó yōu shì liǎo mín zhàn dǒu de rén shēng chéng wéi cǎo yuán mín shēng gòng de péng yǒu
  
   wài bèi jiā 'ěrměnggǔ nèimēng jué de shàng qiān zuò xiōng zàng xiǎn shìyòng tóu péi zàng shì xiōng mín de zhòng yào jǐn shì cái de xiàng zhēnggèng shì xiōng mín jìng zhēng de yuán quán zài xiōng rén de shēng huó zhōng bàn yǎn zhe shuāngchóng juésè píng shí gèng duō shì zuò wéi jiāo tōng gōng zhàn zhēng shí jiù chéng wéi zhàn cóng chū shí kàn xiōng shēn lüè 'ǎitóu piān yìng shǔ měnggǔ měnggǔ suī shí fēn gāo dàn néng chōng pèinài chí jiǔxíng dòng xùn fēi cháng shì yìng gāo yuán huán jìngyīn měnggǔ zuò wéi cǎo yuán zhàn gèng jiào zhǒng zhàn yòu yōu shìzhè xiē yōu liáng de zhàn zài pèi shàng xiān jìn de gōng héng héng lóng tóu biàn chéng de 'ān zēng qiáng liǎo xiōng jūn duì de zhàn dǒu néng 。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi xiōng bīng zhǒngjìn wéi jiá ”, biǎo míng zhàn shì xiōng jūn shì de zhòng yào chéng yuán 。“ kòng xián zhī shì sān shí wànchōng fēn xiǎn shì liǎo xiōng guó qiáng de jūn shì shí
  
   xiōng bīng tóu shì
  
  《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi xiōng bīng cháng bīng gōng shǐduǎn bīng dāo chán”, kǎo jué liào zhèng xiāng wěn xiōng jué qíng kuàng xiǎn shìbīng bān chū nán xìng zàng zhōng tóngtiě zhì wéi zhùzhù yào yòu gōngjiàn dāojiànmáoděng
  
   xiōng de gōng duō zhìshàng yòu huá de zhuāng shì gòu jiànyóu tóu róng xiǔ qián hái méi yòu xiàn wán zhěng de xiōng gōng duō shì xiē cán liú de gōng shì jiàn xíng zhì zhīdàn gēn gōng xiǔ hòu cán liú de hén kàn cháng 1.3
  
   xiōng jiàn xíng zhì duō yàngyòu tóngtiě sān zhǒng zhì zhōng bāo kuò zhù míng de xìn hào yòng de xiōng míng qián suī rán hái méi yòu xiàn què rèn de xiōng míng dàn men cóng shāo wǎn de dān míng dào de zuò wéi bīng de xiōng jiàn chū shù liàng zhòng duōyóu shì zài wài bèi jiā 'ěr nán měnggǔ běi zhōng chū de jiàn zhēng xiān míngsàn zhe shè rén de liàngkàn zhe men zhì jīn rán ruì de qián fēngzài jiǎ huò piāo hàn de shén shè shǒu wān gōng shè shí de wēi rén men réng néng zhēn qiē gǎn shòu dào men de shā shāng chuān suō dāo guāng jiàn yǐng zhōng shēng mìng de cuì ruò
  
   xiōng dāo jiàn duō tiě zhì chénghái yòu shǎo liàng de tóng dāodāo duō 'ān zhuāng yòu bǐngfēn zhí bèi rèn bèi zhí rènzhí bèi zhí rèn děng zhǒng xíng zhìdāo qiào dài yòu zhuāng shì xiōng duǎn jiàn duō xiàn 'è 'ěr duō yòu jiào míng xiǎn de 'è 'ěr duō shì duǎn jiàn de fēng shuāng rènbǐng duān cháng zhuāng shì yòu dòng wén shìyòu de wéi líng shǒu huò huán shǒucháng jiàn bān cháng 1 zuǒ yòushuāng rènyòu de yòu bǐngyòu de bǐngduō xiù shí yán zhòngnán jiàn yuán lái miàn xiōng zàng zhōng chū de máo yīngshì duì zhōng yuán bīng de yǐn jìn jiè jiànzhè xiē xiōng duǎn bīng zài liáo kuò de guó jiāng nèi biǎo xiàn chū jiào qiáng de zhì xìng yòu xiān míng de xiōng diǎn mín de bīng yòu jiào míng xiǎn de bié
  
   zōng guān xiōng de bīng kàn chū yòu xiān míng xiōng de wéi gōng shǐ cháng jiàndāo duǎn jiàn duō shì zài chéng 'è 'ěr duō shì qīng tóng fēng de chǔ shàngjìn xíng liǎo gǎi jìnlìng wàiduì zhōng yuán yōu liáng bīng de shōu yǐn jìn gāo liǎo xiōng bīng de shā shāng néng
  
   nèimēng chū de xiōng tóu shìfēi cháng huá tóu shàng shì yòu yún xíng jīn piànbāo jīn bèi shuǐ jīng zhū děngměi jiàn shì shàng yòu xiǎo kǒng biàn féng huò zài tóu jīn shàngěr zhuì hěn fēn shàng xià liǎng fēnshàng shì cháng fāng xíng jīn páixià shì bāo jīn zhuì jīn chuàn zhūjǐng hái yòu yòng shuǐ jīng zhū nǎo zhū zhì chéng de xiàng liàncóng zhè xiē tóu shì kàn chū xiōng de shǒu gōng shuǐ píng jiào gāo
  
   xiōng kuī jiá
  
   zài yào jìn shēn dǒu de lěng bīng shí dàishì bīng zhuāng bèi de jiān shí fǒu huì yǐng xiǎng zhe jūn duì zhěng de zhàn dǒu xiōng rén shēn 'ān dàofēi cháng zhòng shì shì bīng de bǎo men xiàng zhōng yuán shì bīng kào dùn pái bǎo ér dài zhī gèng shěng jìngèng jiān de kuī jiá lái zhuāng bèi shēnxíng chéngjìn wéi jiá ”、 dòng líng huó 'ér yòu páng de xiōng bīng
  
   chū de xiōng tóu kuī chéng liǎo běi fāng cǎo yuán de chuán tǒng běi jīng chāng píng zhōu bái guǒ nèimēng chì fēng shì níng chéng nán shān gēn chū de dōng qīng tóng tóu kuī xíng zhì xiāng fǎng xiōng de tóu kuī réng wéi qīng tóng zhì miàn yánkuī dǐng yòu fāng niǔliǎng 'ěr xià fāng yòu chuān dài de xiǎo dòngliǎng miàn kāi kǒupèi dài fēn qián hòucóng xíng zhì kàn men liǎo jiě xiōng tóu kuī de dài fāng shìtóng shí huì dào zhè yàng de tóu fáng zài liè de ròu zhàn zhōng duì shì bīng suǒ dào de liáng hǎo bǎo zuò yòng xiōng kǎi jiá tóu kuī lái gèng shǎo jiàngāo máo M32 chū de xiōng jiá cán piàn qīng tóng zhì chéngchéng lín zhuàng xiǎn fēi cháng jiān shínèimēng zhì guǎn yòng xiōng qīng tóng jiá piàn yuán liǎo jiàn xiōng kǎi jiáchǐ cùn yuē wéi 65×50 fēn qián hòu liǎng piànyóu zhòng duō de yuán xíng qīng tóng jiá piàn 'ér chéngjiá piàn zhī jiān yuán yìng yòng tiáo lián dàn tiáo xiǔyīn zhǐ shèng xià jiá piàn
  
   zōng shàng suǒ shù xiōng mín yòu wán shàn de jūn shì zhuāng bèiyōu liáng de zhàn jiáo jiàn de shìjiān de kuī jiájiā shàng fēng de bīng gòu chū liǎo xiōng jūn duì de wēi fēng yòngbīng xíng róng xiōng jūn duìdāng shì zuì qiàdàng de gài kuò。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi:“ gōng zhànzhǎn shǒu zhī jiǔér suǒ huò yīn zhī rén wéi zhànrén rén wéi shàn wéi yòu bīng mào jiàn zhú niǎo zhī zhàn 'ér zhějìn zhě jiā cái。” zhè shuō míng xiōng jūn duì yòu liáng hǎo de cuò shī wài xiōng zàng chū biǎo míng xiōng rén kāi fàng de shì xiōng huái duì xiān jìn de wén míng jiā shōu yǐn jìn shì shǐ duàn qiáng de yīn suǒ yòu zhè xiē gòu chéng liǎo cǎo yuán guó de jūn shì chǔwéi xiōng juézhú cǎo yuán zhù gōng liǎo jiān qiáng de jūn shì bǎo zhàng
  
   xiōng shì nián biǎo
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián qín shǐ huáng bīng sān shí wànshǐ méng tián běi gōng xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián méng tián bài xiōng lüè nán shè xiàn shí zēng xiū mín chéng lín tiǎodōng zhì liáo dōng xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr líng nián jiǔ yuèhán wáng xìn jiàng xiōng mòdú jìn bīng tài yuánzhì jìn yáng
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr líng líng nián shí yuèliú bāng hán wáng xìnxìn bài zǒu xiōng màn qiū chén děng zhào wéi zhào wáng hán wáng xìn xiōng bīng fǎn hàn jūnhàn jūn bèi wéi píng chéng shí 'èr yuè xiōng gōng dài
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián dōnghàn shǐ rén zhì xiōng jié qīn
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián jiǔ yuèdài xiāng chén jié xiōng wéi dài wángliú bāng gōng zhī
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián sān yuèyàn wáng wǎn wáng xiōng bèi fēng wéi dōng wáng
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ 'èr nián hàn zōng shì shì wéi gōng zhùjià xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xiōng dàogōng 'ā yáng
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián shí 'èr yuè xiōng zhì dàolüè 'èr qiān rén
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián yuè xiōng yòu xián wáng nán lüè shàng jùn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián chūnmòdú zhì shū hàn wén yuē mòdú lǎo shàng chányúwèihàn wén qiǎn zōng shì wéi gōng zhù zhì xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù jiǔ nián xiōng lüè dào
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù liù nián dōng xiōng hàn cháo péng yánghóu zhì gān quán gōngyuè nǎi tuìzhōng xíng shuō jiàng xiōng quàn 'ài hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù 'èr nián xiōng lián nián rǎo hàn biānyún zhōngliáo dōng zuì shènhàn wén zhì shū dān xiōng shǐ rén bào pìnyòu qīn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián dōng xiōng shàng jùnyún zhōngyuè shǐ tuì jūn chén wèi
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián yuèhàn xiōng qīn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián qiūhàn xiōng qīn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuèhàn wáng xiōng jié bīng zào fǎnwèi suì
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián hàn gōng zhù jià xiōng xiōng hàn tōng shì
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián 'èr yuè xiōng bīng yàn
  
   gōng qián  nián liù yuè xiōng bīng zhì yàn mén shàng jùn hàn yuàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián sān yuè xiōng bīng zhì yàn mén
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān sān nián liù yuèhàn shǐ jiāng jūnbīng sān shí wànyòu xiōng gōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr jiǔ nián xiōng shàng hàn shǐ wèi qīng děng jiāng jūn shuài wàn fēn dào chū qīng zhì lóng chéng zhǎn huòqiū xiōng hàn sàihán 'ān guó tún yáng xiōng shēng qín guǎng
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián qiū xiōng liáo yángyàn ménwèi qīng děng tuì zhī
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xiōng shàng yángwèi qīng tuì zhī nánzhú xiōng bái yáng wánglóu fán wáng nán shè shuò fāng jùnzhù shuò fāng chéngxiū qín shí suǒ zhù sài
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr liù nián dōngjūn chén zhì xié nèi zhàntài chán chū jiàng hàn xiōng hàn dài jùnyòu yàn mén
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xià xiōng hàn dài jùndìng xiāngshàng jùn
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián chūn xiōng yòu xián wáng bīng lín hàn shuò fānghàn wèi qīng děng shí jiāng wǎng zhēngqiū xiōng hàn dài jùn
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr sān nián 'èr yuèhàn wèi qīng tǒng liù jiāng jūn xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr 'èr nián yuè xiōng shàng
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián sān yuèhuò bìng xiōng xià bìng zài xiōng xiōng dàiyàn ménqiū xiōng hún xié wáng shā xiū wángbìng zhòng jiàng hànhàn fēn xiōng qián hòu jiàng zhě lǒng běi shàng jùnshuò fāngyún zhōng děng jùn wài wéi shǔ guó
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr líng nián qiū xiōng yòu běi píngdìng xiāng
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián chūnhàn gōng xiōng xiōng nán wáng tíng
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián hàn yuán hún xié wáng shè jiǔ quán jùnxiū wáng shè wēi jùn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián xiōng zhì xié wéi
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián qiāng jié xiōng gōng hàn 'ān wéi bào hǎn xiōng yuán
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián hàn 'èr jiāng jūn shuài xiōng èr qiān gōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián shí yuèhàn běi xúndēng chányú táixiàng xiōng tiǎo zhàn xiōng chányú shā zhù zhāng jiē jiàn hàn shǐ zhě hàn shǐ
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián qiū xiōng shù rǎo hàn biān
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián wéi zhān shī chányú wèi xiōng wáng tíng běi xiōng jìng xuěguó zhōng 'ān
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián hàn zhù shòu jiàng chéng sài wài
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng sān nián hàn 'èr wàn qīn xiōng bèi jiānzhào bèi qín xiōng shuāng biān
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng 'èr nián zhān shī chányú wèihàn yuán sài wài shù bǎi zhì qiān zhù chéng zhàngqiū xiōng hàn dìng xiāngyún zhōngjiǔ quánzhāng děng jùn
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián hàn shǐ lóu lán wáng hóu xiōng dōng xiōng jìn guī xiàng suǒ hàn shǐshǐ rén pìn hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng líng nián sān yuèhàn shǐ sòng xiōng shǐ zhī liú zài hàn zhě móu xiōng shì bèi qiě hóu wéi chányú
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ jiǔ nián yuèhàn xiōng tiān shānjūn háiwéi xiōng suǒ wéi bài líng bài jiàng xiōng hàn xiōng pàn wáng jiè wáng chéng miǎn jiānglóu lán bīng chē shīwéi xiōng jiù bīng suǒ bài
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián qiū xiōng yàn mén
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèhàn fēn xiōng gōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ liù nián qiě hóu chányú wèi
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián qiū xiōng shàng yuán
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ líng nián sān yuèhàn guǎng xiōng bài jiàng xiōng jiè wáng shuài liù guó bīng gōng chē shī zhì shū hàn yuē biān jiè
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián dōng xiōng shuò fāng
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián yǎn chányú wèi xiōng zhēng luàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián xiōng hàn shì guī
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián xiōng hàn biān bài
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián xiōng bèi hàn jìn gōngzhù shuǐ qiáo
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián huán xiōng xiān chányú xiōng huán zhàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xiōng sūnhàn jiù zhī
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián yuèhàn gōng xiōng jūn dōng xiōng sūnxiōng jìng xuěběidōng lín guó jìn gōngshǔ guó jiě
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián yǎn quán wéi chányú xiōng tún bīng bèi hànqiū xiōng tóu shǔ zhī zhǒng zuǒ zhě bīng 'ōu tuō zhànbài 'ér jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián hàn zhèng chē shī wáng bēn xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián xiōng gōng chē shīzhèng bèi wéihàn chē shī guī xiōng
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù líng nián xiōng zhú wáng xiān xián dǎn jiāng zhòng jiàng hàn xiōng tóng wèi
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián xiōng chē shī xiōng shǐ rén fèng xiàn hàn hàn míng nián zhēngdàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián dīng líng lüè xiōng chányú shǐ cháo hàn xiōng tíng nèi zhēnghūhányè
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián yuè xiōng chányú zhēng zhì zhī wéi chányú
  
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián yuè xiōng yíng chányú yòu wáng xiāng zhēng bīng bàijiàng hànshí yuè xiōng zuǒ dàjiàng děng jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián liù yuèhàn shè běi shǔ guó chù xiōng jiàng zhě
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuè xiōng chányú chēng chén hànshǐ yòu wáng shì hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián zhēngyuè xiōng tíng nèi jiù jiàng hàn fǒu zhèng zhēng lùn hánzhì zhī qiǎn shì hàndōng xiōng chányú hàn zhēngdàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián dōnghūhányè qǐng míng nián cháo hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuèhūhányè hàn cháohàn shòu shòuèr yuèhàn shǐ sòng zhī guī guóyǔn hàn guāng sài xià
  
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián dōng hánzhì zhī xiàn hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián zhēngyuè hán cháo hànèr yuè guī guó
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián hàn shǐ yún zhōng yuán shū jiù hūhányè kùn pín
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhì zhī shā hàn shǐ zhàng kāngqú
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián hūhányè běi guī tíng hàn méng shì
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān liù nián qiūhàn gān yán shòu bīng gōng kāngqúshā zhì zhī xiōng suí zhì zhī qiān zhě jìn
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān sān nián zhēngyuèhūhányè cháo hànhàn wáng qiáng jià zhīhūhányè wéi hàn bǎo sài
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián hūhányè diāo táo gāo wéi zhū lěi ruò chányú
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián xiōng chányú shǐ cháo hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián zhēngyuèdiāo táo gāo cháo hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  èr líng nián diāo táo gāo qiě jūn wéi sōu xié ruò chányúsōu xié shǐ shì
  
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián sōu xié hànbìng hàn sài xià
  
   gōng yuán qián  shí nián qiě chē wéi chē ruò chányú
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián chē náng zhī wéi zhū liú ruò chányúhàn shǐ dān xiàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián xiōng chányú qǐng cháo hàn
  
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuè zhū liú cháo
  
   gōng yuán  èr nián hàn yào wáng qiáng shìchē shī hòu wáng hàn xiào wèiwáng xiōng chuò qiāng lái wáng shuài rén mín xiōng wáng mǎng xiōng yǔn tiáo jiànyào xiōng gǎi míng huán shā xiōng shǐ zhě jué shuì
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián wáng mǎng huàn dān shòu xīn zhāng
  
   gōng yuán  shí nián hàn gǎi xiōng chányú wéi xiōng bèi jiá shuài sān shí wàn gōng xiōng fēn wéi shí guó
  
   gōng yuán  shí nián wáng mǎng shǐ rén yòu hūhányè zhū zhū liú fēn gào zhū hàn sài chē shī jiàng xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  shí sān nián zhū liú chéng wéi lěi ruò chányú xiōng chányú gǎi zuǒ xián wáng wéi
  
   gōng yuán  shí nián xiōng qǐng
  
   gōng yuán  shí nián chūnhàn gǎi xiōng chányú wéi gōng shàn
  
   gōng yuán  shí liù nián hàn xiōng bīng tún biān
  
   gōng yuán  shí nián xián wéi 'ér shī dào gāo ruò chányúchányú qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiànhàn xiōng chén dāng zhì cháng 'ānbài wéi chányú xiōng hàn biān
  
   gōng yuán  shí jiǔ nián hànzhū yǒng xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  èr nián hàn zhuǎn dào biān jùnbèi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  èr sān nián dōnggēngshǐ shǐ rén zhì xiōng chányú zài chēng chén
  
   gōng yuán  èr nián fāng chēng píng wángjié xiōng xiōng wéi hàn huáng
  
   gōng yuán  èr nián 'èr yuèhàn yáng tài shǒu péng chǒng wéi yàn wángjié xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  èr nián yuè xiōng zhù péng chǒng zhànbài
  
   gōng yuán  èr jiǔ nián shí yuèhàn yuán diǎn děng jié xiōng yíng fāng jiǔ yuán yuán děng jùn
  
   gōng yuán  sān líng nián shí 'èr yuèhàn féng fāng xiōng bīng xiōng qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiànhàn bào mìngtōng jiù hǎo
  
   gōng yuán  sān shí nián sān yuègōng sūn shù guī wéi shuò níng wángdōng fāng suǒ shè yún zhōngshuò fāng tài shǒu jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  sān 'èr nián shí yuèlǒng děng jùn guī 'áo
  
   gōng yuán  sān sān nián hàn qiān yàn mén mín tài yuánliù yuè xiōng bài hàn bīnghàn bīng tún cháng shān bèi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián zhēngyuèhàn hàn xiōng bīnghàn shěng dìng xiāng jùnqiān mín
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián hàn shěng shuò fāng bìng bìng zhōu
  
   gōng yuán  sān liù nián xiōng huán zhù fāng rǎo hàn biān
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián 'èr yuè fāng xiōng yuè xiōng hàn dōng
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián zhū guó xiōng zhòng liǎnqǐng hàn zhì
  
   gōng yuán  sān jiǔ nián 'èr yuè hàn gōng xiōng hàn qiān yàn méndàishàng mín yōngcháng shān guān dōng xiōng xiōng zuǒ zhuǎn sài nèishí 'èr yuè xiōng fāng gāo liǔ
  
   gōng yuán  líng nián shí 'èr yuè fāng jiàng hànbèi fēng dài wáng
  
   gōng yuán  nián xiōng huánxiān bēi lián bīng hàn sài
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián yuè fāng yòu xiōng shí nián hòu
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuè xiōng lüè shàng dǎng děng shí 'èr yuè xiōng lüè tiān shuǐ děng hàn qiān yuán mín dōng
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuèān dìng shǔ guó qīng shāndōng xiōng shàng
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián xiōng qiú qīn xiōng wéi huán suǒ běi qiān shànchē shī jūn xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián 'ér shī xiōng lián nián huáng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  nián jiān zhú wáng shǐ rén fèng xiōng zhì xiàng hàn qiú nèi
  
   gōng yuán  nián zhēngyuè zhú wáng rén kòu hàn yuán sàiqǐng wéi hàn qiān biānhàn zhīshí yuè wéi chányúshì wéinánchányúcóng xiōng bèi fēn chēng wéi nánběi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèhàn tóng xiān bēi gōng xiōng nán chányú xiàng hàn chēng fānsān yuèshǐ shì hàn
  
   gōng yuán  líng nián zhēngyuèhàn shòu nán chányú shòutīng yún zhōngshè shǐ xiōng zhōng láng jiāngxiànán chányú xià nèi hòngzuǒ xián wáng wéi chányúyuè dōngběi xiōng shǐ gōng nán chányúhàn shǐ nán chányú měi shǐ zhǎnglì bīng wèi zhīnán chányú bīng tún jùnwéi hàn zhēn hóu
  
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng zhì hàn wēiqǐng qīn
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián běi xiōng shǐ rén xiàng hàn gòng qiúqǐng qīn
  
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiàn
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián wéi chén yóu láo chányú nián hòuhàn wéi chányú
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèhàn míng táng nán xiōng shì zhù hàn shì wéi tóng shī zhú hóu chányú
  
   gōng yuán  liù 'èr nián shí yuèběi xiōng rǎo yuánshí 'èr yuèrǎo yún zhōngnán chányú què zhīchányú shì wéi qiū chē lín chányúshù yuè
  
   gōng yuán  liù sān niánzhǎng wéi xié shī zhú hóu chányú
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián běi xiōng xiàng hàn qiú shì zhī
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián sān yuèhàn zhèng zhòng shǐ běi xiōng hái nánběi xiōng jiāo tōng zhuàngtún yíng yuán màn bǎi fáng zhīshí yuèběi xiōng rǎo zhū jùn
  
   gōng yuán  liù liù nián 'èr yuènán xiōng shǐ hàn xué
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián shí 'èr yuèhàn gěng bǐngdòu děng tún liáng zhōubèi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián 'èr yuèhàn běi xiōng dòu gōnghàn bān chāo shǐ shā běi xiōng shǐ zhějiǔ yuèběi xiōng yún zhōng
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuèhàn lìng zhū shǔ guó qiú rèn bīng jūn yíng
  
   gōng yuán  nián sān yuèběi xiōng chē shī hòu wángwéi jīn mǎn chéng yuèběi xiōng wéi gōng hàn gěng gōngshí yuèběi xiōng wéi liǔ zhōng chéngyòu gōng gěng gōng shū chéng
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián hàn biān jùn bīng nán chányúgòng gōng běi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  nián sān yuèběi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián liù yuèběi xiōng sān lóu qǐng jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng xiàng hàn qǐng shì zhī qiě niúyáng zhì guān shìwéi nán chányú chāo lüè 'ér
  
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng rén jiàng hàn zhě sān rén dīng língxiān bēi gòng gōng xiōng chányú yuǎn zǒudōngběi xiōng shēng yán huí nán chányúhàn shǐ nán chányú hái suǒ lüèchányú cháng xuān wéi chányú
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuèxiān bēi běi xiōng shā yóu liú chányúshí yuèběi xiōng luàn shí 'èr wàn kǒu jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuèběi xiōng luànjiàng nán chányú zhě suì shù qiān rénnán chányú qǐng hàn bīng běi xiōng xuān tún wéi xiū lán shīzhú hóu chányú
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián liù yuèhàn dòu xiàn běi xiōng luò shān shí yàn ránběi dān xiàng hàn fèng xiàn
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ líng nián 'èr yuèhàn shè shàng jùn shǔ guó wèi yuèdòu xiàn gōng běi xiōng jiǔ yuèběi dān xiàng hàn chēng chénshí yuènán chányú hàn bīng běi xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián 'èr yuèdòu xiàn běi xiōng jīn wēi shānchányú yuǎn zǒuběi xiōng chú jiān wéi chányúzhì lèi hǎikuǎn hàn sài qǐng jiàng
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ 'èr nián zhēngyuèhàn shòu chú jiān chányú huǎntún bīng jiān zhī
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ sān nián zhēngyuè chú jiān shuài zhòng běi guīběi xiōng cán xiān bēi xiōng zhǒng shí wàn luò chēng xiān bēitún ān guó wéi chányú
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèān guó yùshī ān guó bèi shǔ xià shāshī wéi tíng shī zhú hóu chányúshí yuèběi xiōng xīn jiàng zhě shí 'èr shí wàn rén yōng féng hóu wéi dān 'ér shìhànxiān bēi gōng féng hóu
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ liù nián yuènán xiōng yòu wēn wáng zhàn chū sài yuèhàn zhuī qiān zhòng 'ān dìngběi dōngféng hóu zuǒ wàn rén jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián shī tán wéi wàn shì shī zhú chányú
  
   gōng yuán  líng nián shí yuèběi xiōng chēng chényuàn qīnhàn
  
   gōng yuán  líng nián běi xiōng zhì dūn huáng gòng xiànqǐng hàn xiū yuēhàn
  
   gōng yuán  líng jiǔ nián jiǔ yuènán xiōng hóu xiān bēi rényàn mén huán lián bīng fàn yuánbài hàn bīngwéi měi shí yuèhàn bīng nán xiōng jiān zhú wáng
  
   gōng yuán  líng nián zhēngyuègěng kuíliáng jǐn bīng nán chányúèr yuènán xiōng gōng cháng shānsān yuènán chányú jiàng hànhái suǒ lüè hàn nán qiāng suǒ mài xiōng zhě
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián hàn nán chányú xiān líng qiāng líng zhōu
  
   gōng yuán  nián chūnféng hóu jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián běi xiōng shǔ zhū guó
  
   gōng yuán  'èr líng nián sān yuèběi xiōng jié chē shī hòu wángshā hàn shǐzhú chē shī qián wáng
  
   gōng yuán  'èr sān nián yuèběi xiōng shù rǎo hàn bān yǒng tún liǔ zhōng 'è zhīshí yuèxiān bēi gōng nán dān màn bǎi
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián zhēngyuèbān yǒng bīng gōng běi xiōng wáng chē shī qián tíng yuènán xiōng rén 'ā dān zhēng diào fán lěiběi zǒuhàn zhuī zhīzhǎn huò dài jìntán bèi wéi nán chányú
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián yuèbān yǒng zhǎn xiōng zài chē shī hòu tíng zhī shǐ zhě
  
   gōng yuán  'èr liù nián bān yǒng zhū guó bīng běi xiōng yǎn wáng yǎn wáng qiān shàngběi dān lái yuányǒng zhú zhīxiān bēi shù kòu nán xiōng qiú hàn zhàng sài
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián zhēngyuèhàn nán xiōng xiān bēi zhì jiān
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián xiū wéi ruò shī zhú jiù dān
  
   gōng yuán  sān sān nián sān yuèhàn nán xiōng xiān bēi
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián yuèchē shī hòu běi xiōng chāng lóng
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián chūnběi xiōng yǎn wáng gōng chē shī hòu
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián yuèhàn bīng gōng yǎn wáng
  
   gōng yuán  líng nián yuènán xiōng lóng rén chē niǔ děng gōng wéi měi rǎo shuò fāng yuèhàn zhīhàn zhōng láng jiāng chén guī shā nán chányújiǔ yuè chē niǔ wéi chányújié huánqiāng lüè bìng zhōuliángyōu děng hàn qiān shàng jùnshuò fāng nèi shí 'èr yuè chē niǔ chē niǔ jiàng
  
   gōng yuán  'èr nián lüè bìng zhōu
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián liù yuèhàn shǒu wáng dōu lóu chǔ wéi chányúshí yuèhàn zhōng láng jiāng 'àn shā
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuèhàn nán xiōng zuǒ
  
   gōng yuán  nián dōu lóu chǔ chē 'ér wéi líng shī zhú jiù chányú
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuè yǎn wáng rǎo
  
   gōng yuán  sān nián chē shī hòu wáng jìn xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuènán xiōng zuǒ jiān tái qiě děng gōng měi chéngdōng qiāng yìng zhīhàn zhāo yòu dōng qiāng tái yíng děng
  
   gōng yuán  liù nián yuèxiān bēi tán shí huái jìn yòu xiōng
  
   gōng yuán  nián shí 'èr yuènán xiōng zhū jié huánxiān bēi rǎo yán biān jiǔ jùnhàn yòu huán shā xiōng shuàiyǐn bīng nán chányú jiàng zhī
  
   gōng yuán  liù liù nián yuèxiān bēi jié nán xiōng rǎo jiǔ biānshí 'èr yuènán xiōng huán 'èr shí wàn kǒu jiàng hàn
  
   gōng yuán  nián shí 'èr yuèxiān bēi rǎo běi hàn jùn bīng bīng zhī
  
   gōng yuán  nián yuèhàn nán xiōng bīng xiān bēi bàichē 'ér
  
   gōng yuán  nián zhǐ wéi nán chányú
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián hàn zhōng láng jiāng shā zhǐ qiāng
  
   gōng yuán  nián shí 'èr yuè shì
  
   gōng yuán  nián sān yuè gōng shā bìng zhōu shǐ xiōng nèi hòng gōng shā qiāng luó wéi chí zhì shī zhú hóu dān zhě lìng hóu wéi chányújiǔ yuènán chányú luó bái huáng jīn gōng dōng
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián hóu nán chányú wèi lǎo wáng xíng guó shì
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián yuè luó dǒng zhuó
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ 'èr nián jié luó lüècáo cāo zhī nèi huáng
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ sān nián zhēngyuèhēi shān bié luó yuán shùtún fēng qiūliù yuècáo cāo bīng cháng shān gōng
  
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián shí yuènán xiōng yòu xián wáng bēi wèi hàn xiàn tuì quèguō bīng luó chú quán wéi chányú
  
   gōng yuán  èr líng 'èr nián jiǔ yuècáo cāo jiàng nán chányú
  
   gōng yuán  èr liù nián yuè chú quán cháo jiàn wèicáo cāo liú zhīshǐ bēi jiān guófēn wéi guì rén wéi shuài hàn jiān zhī
  
   gōng yuán  èr 'èr líng nián wèi shòu chú quán wèi shòu
  
   gōng yuán 290 nián xiōng kāi shǐ zài 'ā lán guó zhōu wéi huó dòng
  
   gōng yuán 350 nián xiōng miè 'ā lán
  
   gōng yuán 374 niángōng niè dōng rén zhàn
  
   gōng yuán 375 niánmiè dōng
  
   gōng yuán 376 nián xiōng bài hòu zhě táo luó guó jìng nèi
  
   gōng yuán 408 nián dīng wáng shìào wáng cháo kāi shǐào chéng wéi guó wángchányú)。
  
   gōng yuán 434 nián léi 'ā gòng tóng chéng wèiguó wángchányú), gōng bài zhàn tínghòu zhě bèi kāi shǐ xiàng xiōng 700 huáng jīn nián gòng
  
   gōng yuán 445 nián léi shìā zhǎng quán
  
   gōng yuán 447 niángōng bài zhàn tínghòu zhě jiāng nián gòng zēng dào 2100 huáng jīn
  
   gōng yuán 451 niánshā lóng huì zhàn luó lián jūn shèng 'ā
  
   gōng yuán 452 nián xiōng rén bīng lín luó chéngjiào huáng 'ào shì chū chéng jiāng 'ā quàn shuō huí
  
   gōng yuán 453 niánā shì xiōng guó bēng kuì
  
   gōng yuán 468 niánā 'ér dòng duì bài zhàn tíng de zhàn zhēng zhàn bài
  
   cóng xiōng rén cóng shǐ shàng xiāo shī liǎohěn néng bèi tóng huà dào bǎo jiā rén zhōng zhì xiōng de zhā 'ěr rénshì néng xiōng rén yòu guān lián de
  
   xiōng de guān zhí shè zhì
  
   xiōng de zhèng quán gòu gòng fēn sān fēn shì chányú tíng zhí xiá de zài xiōng zhōng èr shì zuǒ xián wáng tíng zhí xiá de zài xiōng dōng sān shì yòu xián wáng tíng zhí xiá de zài xiōng chányú zǒng lǎn jūn zhèng quánchányú zuǒ yòu xián wáng zài de xiá nèi zhì jūn duì bìng shí xíng tǒng zhìzuǒ yòu xián wáng shì xiōng zhèng quán dōng liǎng de zuì gāo xíng zhèng zhǎngguān xiōng rén zuǒ wéi shàngyīn chányú zhī xià zuǒ xián wáng wéi guìyīn quán wèi yào yòu xián wáng gāozuǒ yòu xián wáng zhī xià shì zuǒ yòu wángzuǒ yòu wáng jiàn guān liáo gòu suǒ xiá wáng zhī xià yòu zuǒ yòu dàjiàngzuǒ yòu wèizuǒ yòu dāng zuǒ yòu děng hòu děng 'èr shí cháng men bèi chēng wéiwàn ”, èr shí wàn zhī xià shè qiān chángqiān cháng)、 bǎi chángbǎi cháng)、 shí chángshí cháng), xiǎo wángxiāngfēng wèi děng guānzhè xiē wèidànghù děng shì dài bīng guān men quán yōu liè duì duō shǎo fēn gāo xià


  The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴; pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade–Giles: Hsiung-nu, Middle Chinese: Guangyun: [xi̯woŋ˥˩nu˩]) were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin. The bulk of information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources. What little is known of their titles and names comes from Chinese transliterations of their language.
  
  The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. Proposals by scholars include Mongolic, Turkic, Iranian and Yeniseian. The name Xiongnu may be cognate to the name Huns, but the evidence for this is controversial.
  
  Chinese sources from the 3rd century BC report them creating an empire under Modu Chanyu (who became supreme leader in 209 BC) stretching beyond the borders of modern day Mongolia. In the 2nd century BC, they defeated and displaced the previously dominant Yuezhi and became the predominant power on the steppes of eastern Asia. They were active in the areas now known as southern Siberia, Mongolia, western Manchuria, and the Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Xinjiang. Relations between early Chinese dynasties and the Xiongnu were complex, with repeated periods of military conflict and intrigue alternating with exchanges of tribute, trade, and marriage treaties.
  
  Chronology
  
  c. 700–209 BC Pastoral Nomad society develops north of China. There are petty raids on China but no organized nomad state.
  
  244BC: First mention of Xiongnu. 221 BC: Qin dynasty founded. 215 BC: Meng Tian drives nomads out of the Ordos Loop but they return when Qin falls.
  
  Rise: 209 BC: Modu Chanyu becomes Xiongnu Chanyu (ruler). 208?: Modu conquers the Donghu to the east creating an empire from the Ordos to Manchuria. 202 BC: Han Dynasty founded. 200: Xiongnu defeat and almost capture the first Han emperor. c. 200–140 BC Heqin policy adopted. Chinese pay tribute to Xiongnu which is cheaper than war. Chinese hope to civilize or corrupt Xiongnu with Chinese luxuries. Raids continue because the Chanyu does not fully control his tribesmen.
  
  176 BC: Wusun in far western Gansu annexed. They later flee westward. ?: Xiongnu expand into the Tarim Basin and gain a non-Chinese source of urban and peasant produce. 162 BC: Modu's son drives the Yuezhi out of the Gansu corridor. 158 BC: Xiongnu raid near Han capital.
  
  Decline: Before 140 BC: Chinese begin extensive horse-breeding to support a proper cavalry. 140–87 BC: Emperor Wu of Han adopts aggressive policy. 138–126 BC: Zhang Qian travels west to Bactria and returns with first information on the Western Regions. 133 BC: Han attempt to ambush the Chanyu. 133–119 BC: Han occupy Ordos Loop. Peasant colonization and food-growing military colonies. 119 BC: Battle of Mobei, a major Xiougnu defeat, Chanyu withdraws north of Gobi. 119–104 BC: Chinese raids north to Ulan Bator area. Han expand west to the Gansu corridor between Mongolia and Tibet. Xiongnu confined to Outer Mongolia and cut off from the Quiang on the Tibetan plateau. 104–87 BC: expansion into the eastern Tarim Basin, thereby 'cutting off the Xiongnu right hand'. Thereafter major fighting dies down. In the Tarim over the next two centuries there are complex shifts of power between Han, Xiongnu and local rulers.
  
  104–100 BC: Li Guangli conquers Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley.
  
  Breakup: First civil war: 60 BC: two rivals for throne. 51: weaker party moves south and submits to Chinese. 43: Southern Chanyu defeats northern one and reunites the empire. Second civil war: 47 AD: One faction moves south as Chinese ally or subject. Unable to retake the north, Xiongnu permanently split between northern and southern Chanyus. In the east Wuhuan and Xianbei (former Donghu) become independent and are paid by Chinese to attack northern Chanyu. 83 AD: disorders in the north. 87 AD: Xianbei behead northern Chanyu, tribes defect to the south. 89 AD: Han, Xianbei and Southern Xiongnu defeat Northern Chanyu who flees north. Many tribesmen join the Xianbei. 155 AD: last mention of northern Chanyu. Northern regions now controlled by the Xianbei state.
  
  After 47 AD the Southern Xiongnu lived along the frontier as allies, subjects or border guards and become mixed with Chinese. After the fall of the Han in 220 AD Xiongnu remnants created many short-lived states all over north China. The Xiongnu seem to disappear as a distinct people by the 5th century AD.
  
   Early history
  
  Sima Qian stated, based on preceding Chinese records (Bamboo Annals), that the Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei (淳維 "Chun tribes"), possibly a son of Jie, the final ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC).
  
  The Xiongnu were initially a collection of small tribes residing in the barren Mongolian highlands. They were recognized as the most prominent of the nomads bordering the Han Empire. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (1045–256 BCE), the campaigns by Zhou's vassal states to purge other hostile "barbarians" allowed the Xiongnu the opportunity to fill a power vacuum. These newly arisen nomads became a great problem for the Chinese, as their horseback lifestyle made them ready for rapid invasion and raiding villages and townships. During the Warring States period (476–221 BCE), three out of the seven warring states shared borders with Xiongnu territory, and a series of interconnected defensive fortresses were constructed, which joined later into the Great Wall.
  
  During the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BC), the Chinese army, under the command of General Meng Tian, drove the Xiongnu tribes away and recaptured the Ordos region. The presence of the powerful Donghu in the east and Yuezhi in the west also served to check the Xiongnu, forcing them to migrate further north for the next decade. With the collapse of the Qin Dynasty and the subsequent civil war (206–202 BC), the Xiongnu, under Chanyu Toumen, were able to migrate back to the border with China.
  
   Confederation under Modu
  
  Domain and influence of Xiongnu under Modu Chanyu around 205 BC
  
  Asia in 200 BC, showing the early Xiongnu state and its neighbors.
  
  In 209 BC, three years before the founding of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were brought together in a powerful confederacy under a new chanyu named Modu Chanyu. This new political unity transformed them into a more formidable state by enabling formation of larger armies and the ability to exercise better strategic coordination. The reason for creating the confederation remains unclear. Suggestions include the need for a stronger state to deal with the Qin unification of China that resulted in a loss of Ordos at the hands of Meng Tian, or the political crisis that overtook the Xiongnu in 215 BC, when Qin armies evicted them from their pastures on the Yellow River;
  
  After forging internal unity, Modu expanded the empire on all sides. To the north he conquered a number of nomadic peoples, including the Dingling of southern Siberia. He crushed the power of the Donghu of eastern Mongolia and Manchuria, as well as the Yuezhi in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu where his son Jizhu made a cup out of the skull of the Yuezhi king. Modu also reoccupied all the lands previously taken by the Qin general Meng Tian. Under Modu's leadership, the Xiongnu threatened the Han Dynasty, almost causing Liu Bang to lose his throne in 200 BCE. By the time of Modu's death in 174 BC, the Xiongnu had driven the Yuezhi from the Hexi corridor, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions of Xinjiang.
  
   Nature of the Xiongnu state
  
  After Modu, later leaders formed a dualistic system of political organisation with the left and right branches of the Xiongnu divided on a regional basis. The chanyu or shan-yü — supreme ruler equivalent to the Chinese "Son of Heaven" — exercised direct authority over the central territory. Longcheng (蘢城), near Koshu-Tsaidam in Mongolia, became the annual meeting place and de facto Xiongnu capital.
  
   Xiongnu Hierarchy
  
  The chief of the Xiongnu was called the Chanyu. Under the him were the "Wise Kings of the Left and Right." The Wise King of the Left was normally the heir presumptive. Next lower in the hierarchy came more officials in pairs of left and right: the guli (kuli, 'kings'), the army commanders, the great governors, the dunghu (tung-hu), the gudu (ku-tu). Beneath them came the commanders of detachments of one thousand, of one hundred, and of ten men. This nation of nomads, a people on the march, was organized like an army. ("Chanyu", in Chinese Chengli Gutu Shanyü, "Majesty Son of Heaven" might be a loanword from Turko-Mongol Tängri, Heaven or God. "Wise", in Chinese 'tuqi' or 'tu-ch'i, is perhaps from Turkic 'doghri', straight, faithful.)
  
  Yap, apparently describing the early period, places the Chanyu's main camp north of Shanxi with the Wise King of the Left holding the area north of Beijing and the Wise King of the Right holding the Ordos Loop area as far as Gansu. Grousset, probably describing the situation after the the Xiongnu had been driven north, places the Chanyu on the upper Orkhon near where Ghengis Khan would later establish his capital of Karakorum. The Wise King of the Left lived in the east, probably on the high Kherlen. The Wise King of the Right lived in the west, perhaps near present day Uliastai in the Khangai Mountains.
  
   The marriage treaty system
  
  In the winter of 200 BC, following a siege of Taiyuan, Emperor Gao personally led a military campaign against Modun. At the battle of Baideng, he was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry. The emperor was cut off from supplies and reinforcements for seven days, only narrowly escaping capture.
  
  After the defeat at Pingcheng, the Han emperor abandoned a military solution to the Xiongnu threat. Instead, in 198 BC, the courtier Liu Jing (劉敬) was dispatched for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties included a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship"); periodic gifts to the Xiongnu of silk, liquor, and rice; equal status between the states; and the Great Wall as mutual border.
  
  This first treaty set the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for sixty years. Up to 135 BC, the treaty was renewed no less than nine times, each time with an increase in the "gifts". In 192 BC, Modun even asked for the hand of Emperor Gao's widow Empress Lü Zhi. His son and successor, the energetic Jiyu, known as the Laoshang Chanyu, continued his father's expansionist policies. Laoshang succeeded in negotiating with Emperor Wen terms for the maintenance of a large scale government sponsored market system.
  
  While the Xiongnu benefited handsomely, from the Chinese perspective marriage treaties were costly, humiliating, and ineffective. Laoshang showed that he did not take the peace treaty seriously. On one occasion his scouts penetrated to a point near Chang'an. In 166 BC he personally led 140,000 cavalry to invade Anding, reaching as far as the imperial retreat at Yong. In 158 BC, his successor sent 30,000 cavalry to attack the Shang commandery and another 30,000 to Yunzhong.
  
   War with Han Dynasty
  
  The Han Dynasty made preparations for war when the Han Emperor Wu dispatched the explorer Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. While Zhang Qian did not succeed in this mission, his reports of the west provided even greater incentive to counter the Xiongnu hold on westward routes out of China, and the Chinese prepared to mount a large scale attack using the Northern Silk Road to move men and material.
  
  While Han China was making preparations for a military confrontation from the reign of Emperor Wen, the break did not come until 133 BC, following an abortive trap to ambush the chanyu at Mayi. By that point the empire was consolidated politically, militarily and economically, and was led by an adventurous pro-war faction at court. In that year, Emperor Wu reversed the decision he had made the year before to renew the peace treaty.
  
  Full scale war broke out in autumn 129 BC, when 40,000 Chinese cavalry made a surprise attack on the Xiongnu at the border markets. In 127 BC, the Han general Wei Qing retook the Ordos. In 121 BC, the Xiongnu suffered another setback when Huo Qubing led a force of light cavalry westward out of Longxi and within six days fought his way through five Xiongnu kingdoms. The Xiongnu Hunye king was forced to surrender with 40,000 men. In 119 BC both Huo and Wei, each leading 50,000 cavalrymen and 100,000 footsoldiers (in order to keep up with the mobility of the Xiongnu, many of the non-cavalry Han soldiers were mobile infantrymen who traveled on horseback but fought on foot), and advancing along different routes, forced the chanyu and his court to flee north of the Gobi Desert. Major logistical difficulties limited the duration and long-term continuation of these campaigns. According to the analysis of Yan You (嚴尤), the difficulties were twofold. Firstly there was the problem of supplying food across long distances. Secondly, the weather in the northern Xiongnu lands was difficult for Han soldiers, who could never carry enough fuel. According to official reports, the Xiongnu lost 80,000 to 90,000 men. And out of the 140,000 horses the Han forces had brought into the desert, fewer than 30,000 returned to China.
  
  As a result of these battles, the Chinese controlled the strategic region from the Ordos and Gansu corridor to Lop Nor. They succeeded in separating the Xiongnu from the Qiang peoples to the south, and also gained direct access to the Western Regions.
  
  Ban Chao, Protector General (都護; Duhu) of the Han Dynasty embarked with an army of 70,000 men in a campaign against the Xiongnu insurgents who were harassing the trade route we now know as the Silk Road. His successful military campaign saw the subjugation of one Xiongnu tribe after another. Ban Chao also sent an envoy named Gan Ying to Daqin (Rome). Ban Chao was created the Marquess of Dingyuan (定遠侯, i.e., "the Marquess who stabilized faraway places") for his services to the Han Empire and returned to the capital Loyang at the age of 70 years old and died there in the year 102. Following his death, the power of the Xiongnu in the Western Regions increased again, and the emperors of subsequent dynasties were never again able to reach so far to the west.
  
   The First Xiongnu Civil War (60-53BC)
  
  When a Chanyu died, power could pass to his younger brother if his son was not of age. This system, which can be compared to Gaelic tanistry, normally kept an adult male on the throne, but could cause trouble in later generations when there were several lineages that might claim the throne. When the 12th Chanyu died in 60BC, power was taken by Woyanqudi, a grandson of the 12th Chanyu's cousin. Being something of a usurper, he tried to put his own men in power, which only increased the number of his enemies. The 12th Chanyu's son fled east and, in 58BC, revolted. Few would support Woyanqudi and he was driven to suicide, leaving the rebel son, Huhanye, as the 14th Chanyu. The Woyanqudi faction then set up his brother, Tuqi, as Chanyu (58BC). In 57BC three more men declared themselves Chanyu. Two dropped their claims in favor of the third who was defeated by Tuqi in that year and surrendered to Huhanye the following year. In 56BC Tuqi was defeated by Huhanye and committed suicide, but two more claimants appeared: Runzhen and Huhanye's elder brother Zhizhi Chanyu. Runzhen was killed by Zhizhi in 54BC, leaving only Zhizhi and Huhanye. Zhizhi grew in power, and, in 53BC, Huhanye moved south and submitted to the Chinese. Huhanye used Chinese support to weaken Zhizhi, who gradually moved west. In 49BC a brother to Tuqi set himself up as Chanyu and was killed by Zhizhi. In 36BC Zhizhi was killed by a Chinese army while trying to establish a new kingdom in the far west near Lake Balkhash.
  
   Tributary relations with the Han
  
  The Han Dynasty world order in AD 2.
  
  In 53 BC Huhanye (呼韓邪) decided to enter into tributary relations with Han China. The original terms insisted on by the Han court were that, first, the chanyu or his representatives should come to the capital to pay homage; secondly, the chanyu should send a hostage prince; and thirdly, the chanyu should present tribute to the Han emperor. The political status of the Xiongnu in the Chinese world order was reduced from that of a "brotherly state" to that of an "outer vassal" (外臣). During this period, however, the Xiongnu maintained political sovereignty and full territorial integrity. The Great Wall of China continued to serve as the line of demarcation between Han and Xiongnu.
  
  Huhanye sent his son, the "wise king of the right" Shuloujutang, to the Han court as hostage. In 51 BC he personally visited Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor on the Lunar New Year. On the financial side, Huhanye was amply rewarded in large quantities of gold, cash, clothes, silk, horses and grain for his participation. Huhanye made two more homage trips, in 49 BC and 33 BC; with each one the imperial gifts were increased. On the last trip, Huhanye took the opportunity to ask to be allowed to become an imperial son-in-law. As a sign of the decline in the political status of the Xiongnu, Emperor Yuan refused, giving him instead five ladies-in-waiting. One of them was Wang Zhaojun, famed in Chinese folklore as one of the Four Beauties.
  
  When Zhizhi learned of his brother's submission, he also sent a son to the Han court as hostage in 53 BC. Then twice, in 51 BC and 50 BC, he sent envoys to the Han court with tribute. But having failed to pay homage personally, he was never admitted to the tributary system. In 36 BC, a junior officer named Chen Tang, with the help of Gan Yanshou, protector-general of the Western Regions, assembled an expeditionary force that defeated him at the Battle of Zhizhi and sent his head as a trophy to Chang'an.
  
  Tributary relations were discontinued during the reign of Huduershi (18 AD–48), corresponding to the political upheavals of the Xin Dynasty in China. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to regain control of the western regions, as well as neighbouring peoples such as the Wuhuan. In 24 AD, Hudershi even talked about reversing the tributary system.
  
   Xiongnu and the Silk Road
  
  The Silk Road was built because of the interaction between the Xiongnu and the Han Empire. The Hans cut their trade of weaponry with the Xiongnu. They then killed any merchant trading illegally with the Xiongnu. With this, the Hans were able to take control of Xiongnu territory. They were able to create trade routes all over India, Middle East and even the Roman empire. The main product of trade was silk. Silk became desirable by those countries and the Xiongnu were the main factor of transporting silk. They served the most important transportes and distributors of Chinese goods in Central Asia and helped establish reliable networks for the exchange of trade goods.
  
   Cross-Cultural Encounter
  
  While the Chinese were trying to bring the Xiongnu under control, something of high significance happened: cross-cultural encounters. A large variety of people (such as traders, ambassadors, hostages, parents in cross-cultural marriages, etc) served as helpers that passed on ideas, values, and techniques across cultural boundary lines. These encounters helped cultures learn from other cultures. Which is how the Xiongnu adopted Chinese argriculture techniques, silk, chopsticks, and houses of Chinese style.
  
  Probably the most unexpected result of the Xiongnu and Chinese encounter was the loss of Chinese faith in themselves. Chinese military forces sometimes joined the Xiongnu en masse when they feared that their failure to defeat an enemy would get them at risk of punishment. A popular saying of the Han frontier explained their attiude: "Northward we can flee to the Hsiung-nu (that is, Xiongnu) and southward to the Yüeh."
  
   Late history
  
   Northern Xiongnu
  
  Periods of Pre-Mongol Mongolia
  
  Xiongnu Period
  
  Xianbei Period
  
  Nirun Period
  
  Turkic Period
  
  Uyghur Period
  
  Khitan Period
  
  The Xiongnu's new power was met with a policy of appeasement by Emperor Guangwu. At the height of his power, Huduershi even compared himself to his illustrious ancestor, Modu. Due to growing regionalism among the Xiongnu, however, Huduershi was never able to establish unquestioned authority. When he designated his son as heir apparent (in contravention of the principle of fraternal succession established by Huhanye), Bi, the Rizhu king of the right, refused to attend the annual meeting at the chanyu's court.
  
  As the eldest son of the preceding chanyu, Bi had a legitimate claim to the succession. In 48, two years after Huduershi's son Punu ascended the throne, eight Xiongnu tribes in Bi's powerbase in the south, with a military force totalling 40,000 to 50,000 men, acclaimed Bi as their own chanyu. Throughout the Eastern Han period, these two groups were called the southern Xiongnu and the northern Xiongnu, respectively.
  
  Hard pressed by the northern Xiongnu and plagued by natural calamities, Bi brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in 50. The tributary system was considerably tightened to keep the southern Xiongnu under Han supervision. The chanyu was ordered to establish his court in the Meiji district of Xihe commandery. The southern Xiongnu were resettled in eight frontier commanderies. At the same time, large numbers of Chinese were forced to migrate to these commanderies, where mixed settlements began to appear. The northern Xiongnu were dispersed by the Xianbei in 85 and again in 89 by the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan, in which the last Northern Chanyu was defeated and fled over to the north west with his subjects.
  
   Southern Xiongnu
  
  Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the Han Dynasty.
  
  Economically, the southern Xiongnu relied almost totally on Han assistance. Tensions were evident between the settled Chinese and practitioners of the nomadic way of life. Thus, in 94 Anguo Chanyu joined forces with newly subjugated Xiongnu from the north and started a large scale rebellion against the Han.
  
  Towards the end of the Eastern Han, the southern Xiongnu were drawn into the rebellions then plaguing the Han court. In 188, the chanyu was murdered by some of his own subjects for agreeing to send troops to help the Han suppress a rebellion in Hebei – many of the Xiongnu feared that it would set a precedent for unending military service to the Han court. The murdered chanyu's son Yufuluo, entitled Chizhisizhu (持至尸逐侯), succeeded him, but was then overthrown by the same rebellious faction in 189. He travelled to Luoyang (the Han capital) to seek aid from the Han court, but at this time the Han court was in disorder from the clash between Grand General He Jin and the eunuchs, and the intervention of the warlord Dong Zhuo. The chanyu had no choice but to settle down with his followers in Pingyang, a city in Shanxi. In 195, he died and was succeeded by his brother Hucuquan.
  
  In 216, the warlord-statesman Cao Cao detained Hucuquan in the city of Ye, and divided his followers in Shanxi into five divisions: left, right, south, north, and centre. This was aimed at preventing the exiled Xiongnu in Shanxi from engaging in rebellion, and also allowed Cao Cao to use the Xiongnu as auxiliaries in his cavalry. Eventually, the Xiongnu aristocracy in Shanxi changed their surname from Luanti to Liu for prestige reasons, claiming that they were related to the Han imperial clan through the old intermarriage policy.
  
   After the Han Dynasty
  
  After Hucuquan, the Xiongnu were partitioned into five local tribes. The complicated ethnic situation of the mixed frontier settlements instituted during the Eastern Han had grave consequences, not fully apprehended by the Chinese government until the end of the 3rd century. By 260, Liu Qubei had organized the Tiefu confederacy in the north east, and by 290, Liu Yuan was leading a splinter group in the south west. At that time, non-Chinese unrest reached alarming proportions along the whole of the Western Jin frontier.
  
   Liu Yuan's Northern Han (304–318)
  
  In 304 the sinicised Liu Yuan, a grandson of Yufuluo Chizhisizhu stirred up descendants of the southern Xiongnu in rebellion in Shanxi, taking advantage of the War of the Eight Princes then raging around the Western Jin capital Luoyang. Under Liu Yuan's leadership, they were joined by a large number of frontier Chinese and became known as Bei Han. Liu Yuan used 'Han' as the name of his state, hoping to tap into the lingering nostalgia for the glory of the Han dynasty, and established his capital in Pingyang. The Xiongnu use of large numbers of heavy cavalry with iron armour for both rider and horse gave them a decisive advantage over Jin armies already weakened and demoralised by three years of civil war. In 311, they captured Luoyang, and with it the Jin emperor Sima Chi (Emperor Huai). In 316, the next Jin emperor was captured in Chang'an, and the whole of north China came under Xiongnu rule while remnants of the Jin dynasty survived in the south (known to historians as the Eastern Jin).
  
   Liu Yao's Former Zhao (318–329)
  
  In 318, after suppressing a coup by a powerful minister in the Xiongnu-Han court (in which the Xiongnu-Han emperor and a large proportion of the aristocracy were massacred), the Xiongnu prince Liu Yao moved the Xiongnu-Han capital from Pingyang to Chang'an and renamed the dynasty as Zhao (Liu Yuan had declared the empire's name Han to create a linkage with Han Dynasty—to which he claimed he was a descendant, through a princess, but Liu Yao felt that it was time to end the linkage with Han and explicitly restore the linkage to the great Xiongnu chanyu Maodun, and therefore decided to change the name of the state. However, this was not a break from Liu Yuan, as he continued to honor Liu Yuan and Liu Cong posthumously.) (it is hence known to historians collectively as Han Zhao). However, the eastern part of north China came under the control of a rebel Xiongnu-Han general of Jie (probably Yeniseian) ancestry named Shi Le. Liu Yao and Shi Le fought a long war until 329, when Liu Yao was captured in battle and executed. Chang'an fell to Shi Le soon after, and the Xiongnu dynasty was wiped out. North China was ruled by Shi Le's Later Zhao dynasty for the next 20 years.
  
  However, the "Liu" Xiongnu remained active in the north for at least another century.
  
   Tiefu & Xia (260–431)
  
  The northern Tiefu branch of the Xiongnu gained control of the Inner Mongolian region in the 10 years between the conquest of the Tuoba Xianbei state of Dai by the Former Qin empire in 376, and its restoration in 386 as the Northern Wei. After 386, the Tiefu were gradually destroyed by or surrendered to the Tuoba, with the submitting Tiefu becoming known as the Dugu. Liu Bobo, a surviving prince of the Tiefu fled to the Ordos Loop, where he founded a state called the Xia (thus named because of the Xiongnu's supposed ancestry from the Xia dynasty) and changed his surname to Helian (赫連). The Helian-Xia state was conquered by the Northern Wei in 428–431, and the Xiongnu thenceforth effectively ceased to play a major role in Chinese history, assimilating into the Xianbei and Han ethnicities.
  
  Tongwancheng (meaning "Unite All Nations") was the capital of the Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms), whose rulers claimed descent from Modu Chanyu.
  
  File:Hunmuseum.jpg
  
  Inner-Mongolian Xiongnu Museum. Hohhot, Inner-Mongolia, China
  
  The ruined city was discovered in 1996 and the State Council designated it as a cultural relic under top state protection. The repair of the Yong'an Platform, where Helian Bobo, emperor of the Da Xia regime, reviewed parading troops, has been finished and restoration on the 31-meter-tall turret will begin soon. There are hopes that Tongwancheng may achieve UNESCO World Heritage status.
  
   Juqu & Northern Liang (401–460)
  
  The Juqu were a branch of the Xiongnu. Their leader Juqu Mengxun took over the Northern Liang by overthrowing the former puppet ruler Duan Ye. By 439, the Juqu power was destroyed by the Northern Wei. Their remnants were then settled in the city of Gaochang before being destroyed by the Rouran.
  
   Interpretation
  
  Barfield attempted to interpret Xiongnu history as well as narrate it. He made the following points. The Xiongnu confederation was unusually long-lived for a steppe empire. The purpose of raiding China was not simply booty, but to force the Chinese to pay regular tribute. The power of the Xiongnu ruler was based on his control of Chinese tribute which he used to reward his supporters. The Han and Xiongnu empires rose at the same time because the Xiongnu state depended on Chinese tribute. A major Xiongnu weakness was the custom of lateral succession. If a dead ruler's son was not old enough to take command, power passed to the late ruler's brother. This worked in the first generation but could lead to civil war in the second generation. The first time this happened, in 60 BC, the weaker party adopted what Barfield calls the 'inner frontier strategy.' They moved south and submitted to China and then used Chinese resources to defeat the Northern Xiongnu and re-establish the empire. The second time this happened, about 47 AD, the strategy failed. The southern ruler was unable to defeat the northern ruler and the Xiongnu remained divided.
  
   Religion
  
  Chinese sources inform us that the Xiongnu worshipped the sun, moon, heaven, earth, and their ancestors.
  
   Languages: origins and descendant
  
   Turkic theories and possible relationship to Hun
  
  Since the early 19th century, Western scholars have proposed various language families or subfamilies as the affines of the language of the Xiongnu. Proponents of the Turkic languages included E.H. Parker, Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, Julius Klaproth, Kurakichi Shiratori, Gustaf John Ramstedt, Annemarie von Gabain, and Omeljan Pritsak. Some sources say the ruling class was proto-Turkic, while others suggest it was proto-Hunnic.
  
  Just as in the 7th century Chinese History of Northern Dynasties and the Book of Zhou, an inscription in the Iranian language, Sogdian, reports the Turks to be a subgroup of the Huns. Henning (1948) also exorcised the perpetual debate about equivalency of the numerous Chinese phonetic renditions of the word Hun and the Huns known from non-Chinese sources, by demonstrating an alphabetical form of the word coded in the Chinese as Xiongnu.
  
   The names "Xiongnu" and "Hun"
  
  Pronunciation of 匈
  
  Source: http://starling.rinet.ru
  
  Preclassic Old Chinese: sŋoŋ
  
  Classic Old Chinese: [ŋ̊oŋ]
  
  Postclassic Old Chinese: hoŋ
  
  Middle Chinese: xöuŋ
  
  Modern Cantonese: [hʊ́ŋ]
  
  Modern Mandarin: [ɕɥʊ́ŋ]
  
  Modern Sino-Korean: [hɯŋ]
  
  Modern Sino-Japanese: [kjoː]
  
  Location of Xiongnu and other steppe nations in 300 AD.
  
  The supposed sound of the first character has a clear similarity with the name "Hun" in European languages. Whether this is evidence of kinship or mere coincidence is hard to tell. It could lend credence to the theory that the Huns were in fact descendants of the Northern Xiongnu who migrated westward, or that the Huns were using a name borrowed from the Northern Xiongnu, or that these Xiongnu made up part of the Hun confederation. As in the case of the Rouran with the Avars, oversimplifications have led to the Xiongnu often being identified with the Huns, who populated the frontiers of Europe. The connection started with the writings of the 18th century French historian de Guignes, who noticed that a few of the barbarian tribes north of China associated with the Xiongnu had been named "Hun" with varying Chinese characters. This theory remains at the level of speculation, although it is accepted by some scholars, including Chinese ones. DNA testing of Hun remains has not proven conclusive in determining the origin of the Huns.
  
  "Xiōngnú" [ɕɥʊ́ŋnǔ] is the modern Mandarin Chinese pronunciation. At the time of Hunnish contact with the western world (the 4th–6th centuries AD), the sound of the character "匈" 'chest' has been reconstructed as /hoŋ/. The second character, "奴", appears to have no parallel in Western terminology. Its contemporary pronunciation was /nhō/, and it means "slave" — usually a pejorative term, although it is possible that it has only a phonetic role in the name 匈奴. There is almost certainly no connection between the "chest" meaning of 匈 and its ethnic meaning. There might conceivably be some sort of connection with the identically pronounced word "凶", which means "fierce", "ferocious", "inauspicious", "bad", or "violent act".
  
  Although the phonetic evidence is inconclusive, new results from Central Asia might shift the balance in favor of a political and cultural link between the Xiongnu and the Huns. The Central Asian sources of the 4th century translated in both direction Xiongnu by Huns (in the Sogdian Ancient Letters, the Xiongnu in Northern China are named xwn, while in the Buddhist translations by Dharmarakhsa Huna of the Indian text is translated Xiongnu). The Hunnic cauldrons are similar to the Ordos Xiongnu ones. Moreover, both in Hungary and in the Ordos they were found buried in river banks.
  
   Iranic theory
  
  Among scholars who proposed an Iranic origin for the Xiongnu are H.W. Bailey (1985) and János Harmatta (1999), who believe that the Xiongnu confederation consisted of 24 tribes, controlling a nomadic empire with a strong military organization, and that "their loyal tribes and kings (shan-yü) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of the Saka type. . . . It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language". Jankowski concurs.
  
   Yeniseian theory
  
  Lajos Ligeti was the first to suggest that the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language. In the early 1960s Edwin Pulleyblank was the first to expand upon this idea with credible evidence. In 2000, Alexander Vovin reanalyzed Pulleyblank's argument and found further support for it by utilizing the most recent reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology by Starostin and Baxter and a single Chinese transcription of a sentence in the language of the Jie (a member tribe of the Xiongnu confederacy). Previous Turkic interpretations of the aforementioned sentence do not match the Chinese translation as precisely as using Yeniseian grammar. The hypothesis of Edwin Pulleyblank (1962) in favor of the Ket also seems to be favored by some scholar
  
   Mongolic theorie
  
  Some scholars, including Paul Pelliot and Byambyn Rinchen, insisted on a Mongolic origin. B.Rinchen and G.Sukhbaatar first used the term: "Hunnu" instead of the Chinese corruption Xiongnu. Now, Hunnu (Хүннү) is more commonly used in Mongolia. The Mongolian government will celebrate the 2220th anniversary of the Hunnu Empire in 2011.
  
   Theories on multi-ethnicity
  
  Albert Terrien de Lacouperie considered them to be multi-component groups. Many scholars believe the Xiongnu confederation was a mixture of different ethno-linguistic groups, and that their main language (as represented in the Chinese sources) and its relationships, have not yet been satisfactorily determined.
  
   Language Isolate theory
  
  The Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language and rejected in the strongest terms any connection with Turkish or Mongolian.
  
   Archaeology and genetic
  
  In the 1920s, Pyotr Kozlov's excavations of the royal tombs dated to about 1st century CE at Noin-Ula in northern Mongolia provided a glimpse into the lost world of the Xiongnu. Other archaeological sites have been unearthed in Inner Mongolia and elsewhere; they represent the Neolithic and historical periods of the Xiongnu's history. Those included the Ordos culture, many of them had been identified as the Xiongnu cultures. The region was occupied predominantly by peoples showing Mongoloid features, known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. Portraits found in the Noin-Ula excavations demonstrate other cultural evidences and influences, showing that Chinese and Xiongnu art have influenced each other mutually. Some of these embroidered portraits in the Noin-Ula kurgans also depict the Xiongnu with long braided hair with wide ribbons, which are seen to be identical with the Turkic Ashina clan hair-style.
  
   Geographic location & Xiongnu genetic
  
  The original geographic location of Xiongnu is generally placed at the Ordo
  . A study based on mitochondrial DNA analysis of human remains interred in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia concluded that the Turkic peoples originated from the same area and therefore are possibly related.
  
  A majority (89%) of the Xiongnu mtDNA sequences can be classified as belonging to Asian haplogroups, and nearly 11% belong to European haplogroups. This finding indicates that the contacts between European and Asian populations were anterior to the Xiongnu culture, and it confirms results reported for two samples from an early 3rd century BC. Scytho-Siberian population (Clisson et al. 2002).
  
  Another study from 2004 screened ancient samples from the Egyin Gol necropolis for the Y-DNA Tat marker. The Egyin Gol necropolis, located in northern Mongolia in the region of Lake Baikal, is ~2300 years old and belongs to the Xiongnu culture. This Tat-polymorphism is a biallelic marker what has so far been observed only in populations from Asia and northern Europe. It reaches its highest frequency in Yakuts and northern Finno-Ugric peoples. Opinions differ about whether the geographic origin of the T-C mutation lies in Asia or northern Eurasia. Zerjal et al. suggested that this mutation first arose in the populations of Central Asia; they proposed Mongolia as a candidate location for the origin of the T-C polymorphism. In contrast, for Lahermo et al. the wide distribution of the mutation in north Eurasian populations suggests that it arose in northern Eurasia. According to them, the estimated time of the C mutation is ~2400–4440 years ago. (According to some more recent researches of the Y-DNA Hg N the presence of N1c and N1b in modern Siberian and Asian populations is considered to reflect an ancient substratum, possibly speaking Uralic/Finno-Ugric languages. Haplogroup N). Concerning the Xiongnu people, two of them from the oldest section harboured the mutation, confirming that the Tat polymorphism already existed in Mongolia 2300 years ago. The next archaeogenetical occurrence of this N-Tat ancient DNA was found in Hungary among the so-called Homeconqueror Hungarians. Also three Yakuts' aDNA from the 15th century, and of two from the late 18th century were this haplogroup. Additionally two mtDNA sequence matches revealed in this work suggest that the Xiongnu tribe under study may have been composed of some of the ancestors of the present-day Yakut population.
  
  Another study of 2006 aimed at the contacts between Siberian and steppe peoples with the analysis of a Siberian grave of Pokrovsk recently discovered near the Lena River and dated from 2,400 to 2,200 years B.P., and proved the existence of previous contacts between autochthonous hunters of Siberia and the nomadic horse breeders from the Altai-Baikal area (Mongolia and Buryatia). Indeed, the stone arrowhead and the harpoons relate this Pokrovsk man to the traditional hunters of the Taiga. Some artifacts made of horse bone and the pieces of armor, however, are related to the tribes of Mongolia and Buryatia of the Xiongnu period (3rd century BC). This affinity has been confirmed by the match of the mitochondrial haplotype of this subject with a woman of the Egyin Gol necropolis (2nd/3rd century AD). This haplotype was attributed to the mtDNA D haplogroup. The paternal lineage of the Pokrovsk subject seems to differ from the lineages found in the modern local population. The mtDNA sequence was compared with databases and the haplotype matched two Buryats from the Baikal area, two West Siberians, two Mansis, one Evenk, one older and two modern Yakuts, and one female from the Egyin Gol necropolis. This mitochondrial haplotype is not found in Koryaks, Chukchi, Itelmen, or Yukaghirs, sometimes considered "Paleo-Asiatic" ethnic groups, or in Central Asian populations. The similarity of the mitochondrial haplotype of the Pokrovsk subject with Buryats and a skeleton from the Egyin Gol necropolis, located 2,000 km to the south, confirms the occurrence of ancient contacts between the Altai-Baikal region and Oriental Siberia before the end of the Xiong Nu period (3rd century BC to 2nd century AD). Some female ancestors of this Pokrovsk hunter may originate from the First Empire of the Steppes, well known for its military expansion to the south (China) and to the west. However, the man of the Pokrovsk grave shows that these nomadic people may have also tried to explore the north by diffusion along the rivers. The match of the sequence with two Mansis from the Ural Mountains and two western Siberians could be related to an extensive gene flow along the Ienissei River (Starikovskaya et al. 2005). Considering the important frequency of Asian haplogroups present in the Mansi (Derbeneva et al. 2002), this similarity may stem from the wide expansion of the nomadic tribes from the southern steppe to the Ural Mountains. Thus the gene flow seems to have affected autochthonous populations from Oriental and Occidental Siberia during the Xiong Nu period since the 3rd century BC. The analysis of the Pokrovsk grave corroborates the great influence of the Xiongnu Empire over the Siberian populations and early admixture between populations from the southern steppe and Central Siberia aboriginals.
  
  Another 2006 study observed genetic similarity among Mongolian samples from different periods and geographic areas including 2,300-year-old Xiongnu population of the Egyin Gol Valley. This results supports the hypothesis that the succession over time of different Turkic and Mongolian tribes in the current territory of Mongolia resulted in cultural rather than genetic exchanges. Furthermore, it appears that the Yakuts probably did not find their origin among the Xiongnu tribes as previously hypothesised.
  
  A research study of 2006 focused on Y-DNAs of the Egyin Gol site, and besides the confirmation of the above mentioned two N3-Tats, it also identified a Q haplogroup from the middle period and a C haplogroup from the later (2nd century AD). The Q is one of the haplogroups of the indigenous peoples of the Americas (though this is not this subclade), and a minor in Siberia and Central Asia. Only two groups in the Old World are high majority Q groups. These are the Uralic Selkups and the Yeniseian Kets. They live in western and middle Siberia, together with the Ugric Khantys. The Kets originally lived in southern Siberia. The Uralic-Samoyedics were an old people of the Sayan-Baikal region, migrated northwest around the 1st/2nd century AD. According to the Uralistic literature the swift migration and disjunction of the Samoyedic peoples may be connected to a heavy warring in the region, probably due to the dissolution of the Xiongnu Empire in the period of the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The mutation defining this haplogroup C, is restrained in North and Eastern-Asia and in America (Bergen et al. 1998. 1999.) (Lell et al. 2002.). The highest frequencies of Haplogroup C3 are found among the populations of Mongolia and the Russian Far East, where it is generally the modal haplogroup. Haplogroup C3 is the only variety of Haplogroup C to be found among Native Americans, among whom it reaches its highest frequency in Na-Dené populations.
  
  A research project of 2007 (Yi Chuan, 2007) was aimed at the genetic affinities between Tuoba Xianbei and Xiongnu populations. Some mtDNA sequences from Tuoba Xianbei remains in Dong Han period were analyzed. Comparing with the published data of Xiongnu, the results indicated that the Tuoba Xianbei presented some close affinities to the Xiongnu, which implied that there was a gene flow between Tuoba Xianbei and Xiongnu during the 2 southward migrations.
  
  A study of 2010 analysed six human remains of a nomadic group, excavated from Pengyang, Northern China. From the mtDNA, six haplotypes were identified as three haplogroups: C, D4 and M10. The analyses revealed that these individuals were closely associated with the ancient Xiongnu and modern northern Asians. The analysis of Y chromosomes from four male samples that were typed as haplogroup Q indicated that these people had originated in Siberia.
  
   Rock Art and Writing
  
  The rock art of the Yinshan and Helanshan is dated from the 9th millennium BC to 19th century. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.
  
  Excavations conducted between 1924–1925, in Noin-Ula kurgans located in Selenga River in the northern Mongolian hills north of Ulan Bator, produced objects with over twenty carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to that of to the runic letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the Orkhon Valley. From this a some scholars hold that the Xiongnu had a script similar to Eurasian runiform and this alphabet itself served as the basis for the ancient Turkic writing.
yuán
  zhōng guó fēn shǐ jìzǎi xiōng rén shì xià cháo de mín。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi∶“ xiōng xiān xià hòu shì zhī miáo yuē chún wéi。”。《 shān hǎi jīng · huāng běi jīngchēngquǎn róng xià rén tóng jiē chū huáng 。《 shǐ suǒ yǐnyǐn zhāng yàn de huà shuō∶“ chún wéi yīn shí bēn běi biān。” xià de hòu chún wéizài shāng cháo shí táo dào běi biān sūn fán yǎn chéng liǎo xiōng hái yòu shuō rèn wéi běi de xià zhī hòu shì xià jié de 'ér xià jié liú fàng sān nián 'ér xūn dài zhù qīn liú xià de qiè běi suí chù shì zhōng guó suǒ chēng de xiōng fēn xué zhě gēn shǐ jìzǎi de hòu bàn duàn wén rèn wéi xiōng yuán shì shān róngxiǎn yǔnhūn wáng guó wéi zàiguǐ fāng kūn xiǎn yǔn kǎozhōng xiōng míng chēng de yǎn biàn zuò liǎo tǒng de gài kuòrèn wéi shāng cháo shí de guǐ fānghùn xūn zhōu cháo shí de xiǎn yǔnchūn qiū shí de róngzhàn guó shí de dōushì hòu shì suǒ wèi de xiōng hái yòu shuō guǐ róng yàn jīng lóu fán děng shǐ zhōng suǒ jiàn zhī mín tǒng chēng wéi xiōng hái yòu rén rèn wéi xiōng xiān qín shí de běi fāng shǎo shù mín hùn wéi tán xiōng yīngshì fāng cǎo yuán de yóu mín zhàn guó zhī qiánhái wèi yóu zhì zhōng guó běi shàng shù kàn zài jìn xiàn dài xué zhě zhōng bìng wèi tǒng yóu xiōng de yuán wèn néng jiě jué xiōng de shǔ xiōng de yědōu chéng wéi xuán 'àn
zhōu cháo
   zhōu róng kāi shǐ wēi xié zhōng yuán wáng cháozhōu yōu wáng fēng huǒ zhū hóu hòuquǎn róng luò gōng xiàn gǎo jīng shǐ píng wáng dōng qiānzhàn guó shí lín lóu fán duō qīn rǎo zhào guózhào líng wáng shè zhú lín lóu fánzài běi biān xīn kāipì de shè zhì liǎo yún zhōng děng xiànlín lóu fán běi qiān róng xīn jué de xiōng zhàn guó zhào jiāng céng bài xiōng
qín cháo
  qián 3 shì xiōng tǒng zhì jié gòu fēn wéi zhōng yāng wáng tíngdōng de zuǒ xián wáng de yòu xián wángkòng zhì zhe cóng hǎi dào cháng chéng de guǎng bāo kuò jīn měnggǔ guóé luó de zhōng běi zhōng guó dōng běi děng
   qín shǐ huáng tǒng zhōng yuán hòumìng méng tián běi xiōng shōu tào,“ què xiōng bǎi rén gǎn nán xià 'ér ”(《 guò qín lùn》)。
hàn
  zhēn zhèng xiōng jìn xíng guī zhàn dǒu shì zài hàn cháohàn chū qián 201 niánhán wáng xìn tóu jiàng xiōng niánliú bāng qīn shuài jūn zhēng tǎozài bái dēngjīn shān tóng dōng hàn jiāng : dāng shí xiōng zhàn měnggǔ běibèi xiōng mòdú chányú 30 wàn bīng wéi kùn zhòu hòu yòng táo tuōzhī hòu kāi shǐ xiōng qīn hòu de wénjǐng zhū shì yán yòng qīn zhèng xiū yǎng shēng dào hàn shíhàn cháo cóng zhàn lüè fáng zhuǎn wéi zhàn lüè jìn gōngyuán shuò 'èr nián ( qián 127 nián ) pài wèi qīng zhàn lǐng tào qián 121 nián pài huò bìng duó shù de zǒu lángqián 119 nián wèihuò fēn dōng liǎng jìn gōng běihuò bìng xiōng zhì jīn měnggǔ guó jìng nèi láng shānwèi qīng dōng sǎo píng xiōng wáng tíngyòu xián wáng shuài lǐng wàn rén tóu guī hàn cháochányú zuǒ xián wáng táo zǒuhàn cháo zài dōng lián huán qīnqián 105 niánhàn fēng jūn gōng zhù xià jià sūn guó wáng)、 tōng shāng de fāng shì lián zhū guó suō xiōng de kōng jiān
   qián 73 niánhàn sūn lián bīng 20 wàn jìn gōng xiōng zhí dǎo yòu wáng tíngqián 57 nián xiōng fēn lièzhì zhī chányú huò shèng běihūhányè chányú qián 51 nián nán xià tóu kào hàn cháohòu lái zhì zhī chányú shuài zhòng tuì zhì zhōng kāngqújīn 'ěr shí xián hǎi zhī jiān 'ā hàn bié tǎn tǎn dài), hūhányè chányú zhàn běi wáng tíngqián 36 niánwèile qīng chú xiōng zài de yǐng xiǎnggān yán shòuchén tānɡ yuǎn zhēng kāngqú de xiōng shā zhì zhī chányúqián 33 nián hūhányè chányú wáng zhāo jūn hàn xiū hǎo
   hàn shí de chányú yòutóu màn chányúmòdú chányúlǎo shàng chányújūn chén chányú zhì xié chányú wéi chányúér chányú chányúqiě hóu chányú chányú yǎn chányú quán chányú yǎn xuàn chányúhūhányè chányúzhì zhī chányú
dōng hàn
  48 niándōng hàn chū nián xiōng fēn liè wéi liǎng hūhányè chányú zhī sūn zhú wáng bǐlǜ 4 wàn duō rén nán xià hàn chēng wéi nán xiōng bèi hàn cháo 'ān zhì zài tào liú běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng 。 89 nián dào 91 nián nán xiōng hàn lián jiā běi xiōng xiān hòu bài zhī běi 'ā 'ěr tài shān shǐ qiāncóng běi xiōng jiù cóng zhōng guó shū zhōng xiāo shī
  187 niándōng hàn nián huáng jīn dǒng zhuó zhuān quán zhī nán xiōng shēng nèi hòng。 195 niánnán xiōng cānyù liǎo zhōng yuán hùn zhàndōng hàn cài yōng zhī cài wén bèi lüè xiōng 。 202 niánnán xiōng shǒu lǐng guī hàn chéngxiàng cáo cāocài wén guī hàncáo cāo jiāng nán xiōng fēn chéng
hàn cháo zhī hòu
  nán xiōng nán xià hàn huà zhí zhù zài tào dàisān guó shí cáo cāo xiōng fēn chéng 。 4 shì chū xiōng de liú yuān zài chéng wáng yíng shǒu xià wéi jiāngchéng jìn wáng zhī luàn zhī hòu de hùn luàn shí liú yuān bīng zhàn lǐng liǎo běi zhōng guó de fēn chēng hàn wáng, 311 nián gōng zhàn luò yáng, 316 nián gōng zhàn cháng 'ānmiè jìnshǐ chēng qián zhào huò hàn zhào
   xiōng de zhī wèi xià de qún chēng wéi jié rénhàn zhào de dàjiàng jié rén shí jiàn zhào guóshǐ chēng shí zhào huò hòu zhào, 351 nián bèi hàn rén rǎn mǐn suǒ miè
   róng xiōng rén zhōng de yuè shì rénchēng wéi xiōng bié shuǐ zhōng jiā tuī hòu liáng hàn guān duàn wéi zhùzài xiàn gān jiàn běi liánghòu méng xùn shā duàn wéi běi liáng zhùhòu bèi xiān bēi rén tuò shì běi wèi suǒ miè
   xiōng xiān bēi de hùn xuè hòu dài chēng wéi tiě réntiě rén liú bèi xiān bēi tuò shì bài hòu tóubèn qiāng rén de hòu qínhòu rèn wèishì dài de xiōng wánggǎi xìng liánzài tào chuàng xià guóshǐ chēng xiàhòu bèi běi wèi suǒ miè
   xiōng róng kào jìn gāolí de xiān bēi de wén shì luòjìn cháo xiān bàn dǎohòu lái wén shì cuàn wèi jiàn de běi zhōu zhèng quánhòu bèi hàn wài yáng jiān suǒ cuànyáng jiān chuàng suí cháotǒng zhōng yuán
   shàng shì shí liù guó nán běi cháo shí xiōng zài zhōng guó shǐ tái shàng jìn xíng liǎo zuì hòu yīcháng yǎn chūzhī hòu zhōu fēn de xiōng zuì hòu diǎn cán zuò wéi mín de shēn fèn cóng zhōng guó shǐ zhōng chè xuān gào zhōng jié xiē mín xiāo róng hàn wéi zhù de huá xià
   xiōng hòu hàn huà hòu shuō yòu xiē qián hái shēng huó zài jīn tiān de shǎn shān děng
xiōng zài dōng běi zhī wài de yǐng xiǎng
  běi xiōng yuǎn zǒu 'ōu zhōu fēn zài gāo jiā suǒ fēn zài zhōng 'ěr jiā jīn tiān de 'é luó zhì gòng guó), fēn zài xià duō nǎo jīn tiān de bǎo jiā ), fēn zài zhōng duō nǎo jīn tiān de xiōng )。 zhōng xiōng fēn lán mín róng zhōng liǎng ), fēn zài 'ā hàn shān fēn zài yìn bàng zhē bāngzài 3 shì zhè jīhū xiāo shī liǎo de jié lüè mín rán yòu chū xiàn zài rén men de shì nèidōng zhēng tǎo jiàn liǎo páng de guó”。 xiōng rén 350 nián zuǒ yòu qīn liǎo 'ōu zhōusuí hòu zài chēng wéi lán 'ěr wángde qiú cháng lǐng dǎo xià kāi shǐ liǎo men de mán qīn lüè zhàn zhēng biāo biàn shì dāng shí chēng wéi 'ā lán de jué rén guó
ā lán rén de miè wáng
  350 niándāng shí de 'ā lán guó kān chēng qiáng guóā lán wáng qīng quán guó zhī bīng xiōng jūn zhàn dùn yán 'ànquè zāo cǎn bàiā lán wáng bèi shāā lán guó mièā lán zuì zhōng chén xiōng xiōng zài fāng shǐ shū chū xiàn bàn suí zhù 'ā lán guó de miè wángzhěng fāng shì jiè wéi zhī zhèn dòngmiè wáng 'ā lán guó hòu xiōng zài dùn liú jìn dòu liú liǎo niánrán hòu zài men nián mài de qiú cháng lán 'ěr de dài lǐng xià kāi dòng men huǐ miè xìng de qīn lüè tiě xiàng fāng
duì 'ěr màn mín de qīn lüè
  374 nián shíwèi hēi hǎi běi 'àn 'ěr màn rén suǒ jiàn de dōng wáng guó shì chéng jiǔ de guó jiā liáo kuò de jiāng dōng zhì dùn 'ā lán rén jiē rǎng zhì niè rén wéi línnán hēi hǎi běi zhì niè de zhī liú pài zhǎo xiōng lián tóng bèi zhēng de 'ā lán rén jūn jìn dōng lǐng bèi céng bèi dōng rén zhēng de luò chéng zào fǎnnèi luàn zhì dōng rén zhàn bàizhōng 375 nián tóu jiàngdōng rén miè guó hòu xiōng rén jiē zhù xiàng rén niè wéi xiǎn bīng fáng shǒushì xiōng jūn bàn xiōng jūn biān zài duì 'àn zuò shì yáng gōng què cóng shàng yóu chéng tōu zài huí gōngzhè biān rén zài 'àn gòu zhù gōng shì bèi zhàn zhèng hānquè liào bèi lán yāo dùn tòng shù shí wàn rén guò duō nǎo táo luó guó jìng nèibìng 378 nián zài 'ā bǎo bài luó huáng lún yóu dòng yáo liǎo luó de gēn luó zài méi kòng zhì guǎn xiá xià de zhū hóu lǐng xiōng rén zài zhēng běi fāng de zhū 'ěr màn luòduó liǎo xiōng píng yuányóu hēi hǎi zhì duō nǎo běi de piàn jìn xiōng rén zhī shǒu
duì bài zhàn tíng léi shěng de jìn gōng
  395 nián dōng xiōng rén gōng léi lüè 'ér fǎn。 400 nián xiōng rén zài gōng léi hòu duì léi lián nián qīn rǎo。 431 niándōng luó guó dāyìng měi nián xiàng xiōng jiāo shuìbìng yǔn men zài jìng nèi de chéng zhèn tóng jìn xíng shì。 435 nián zuǒ yòuā shā gòng tóng zhǎng zhèng de xiōng 'ér quán lǎn duì nán 'é luó guó dòng liǎo liè de jiǔ jiāng guāng tóu xiàng liǎo bài zhàn tíng shǐ dōng luó jiǎo gèng duō de gòng shuìbìng qiě chā shǒu luó guó de wài jiāo shì luó rán mǎn zhè nián nián gāo shēng de gòng shuì xiōng rén wéi jiè kǒu 441 nián xiàng bài zhàn tíng xuān zhàn jié 'ěr gān bàn dǎo, 442 nián cái bèi dōng luó de 'ā 'ěr jiāng jūn jié léi bèi hòu 。 443 nián xiōng gōng dào dōng luó shǒu jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo chéng wàidōng luó quán jūn fùmò qiān chéng xià zhī méng xiōng dìng yuē
ā de tǒng zhì shí shèng shí de xiōng guó
  yóu 448 nián zhì 450 nián xiōng guó de bǎn dào liǎo shèng de dōng xián hǎi zhì yáng hǎi 'ànnán duō nǎo běi zhì luó de hǎizhè guǎng de dài shǔ guódōuyòu de guó wáng luò qiú chángpíng xiàng 'ā chēng chén gòngzhàn shí chū bīng cān zhàn
duì luó de qīn lüè xiōng guó de jiě
  luó jūn duì zài jiào huáng 'ào shì de shuài lǐng xià bài 'ā dài lǐng de xiōng rén。 451 niánzài běn qīn de xiōng rén bèi tuì
  450 niánā zhuǎn 'ér jìn gōng luó guó dài zhù yuē shí wàn míng zhàn shì guò liǎo lāi yīn zài xiàng qián tuī jìn de bǎi yīng nèi xiōng jūn tuán jié liǎo wèi xiàn jīn guó běi de fēn cūn zhuāngluó jiāng jūn 'ā niǔ zhì liǎo zhī gāo luó jūn tuán kàng zhèng zài wéi kùn 'ào 'ěr liáng chéng de 'ā zài chá lóng de jué zhàn zhōngā zhōng bèi bàijìn guǎn xiōng rén de zhàn méi yòu bèi wán quán huǐ mièzhè zhàn bèi rèn wéi shì shǐ shàng zuì jué dìng xìng de zhòng zhàn zhī zhǐ liǎo zhěng jiào de miè yóu mín kòng zhì 'ōu zhōu de yán zhòng hòu guǒ。 453 niánā zài yíng 'ěr màn gōng zhù de 'èr tiān bèi xiàn dòng mài lièzài shī liǎo qiáng yòu de lǐng dǎo rén zhī hòucéng jīng chēng xióng shí de xiōng guó miàn lín zhù bēng kuì de biān de fēn fēn lái fǎn kàng tóng de pài wèile zhēng duó tǒng zhì quán 'ér zhàn xiū xiōng guó zuì zhōng yóu wāng 'ěr luò děng xīn rén de qīn 'ér miè wángcóng shǐ de cháng zhōng xiāo shì jiàn liǎo
yǐng xiǎng
   xiōng rén zài 'ōu zhōu jiàn liǎo páng de guódàn men de guó shì duǎn mìng de men de guó hěn kuài bèi jiě hòushèn zhì zhěng mín xiāo shī zài 'ōu zhōu de shǐ wén huà dāng zhōng xiōng rén chéng liǎo 'ōu zhōu shǐ de zhǎn men cóng lín de 'ěr màn rén tuī shàng liǎo shǐ táibìng hòu zhě cuī huǐ liǎo luó rén de shí dài guó de shǐ xiāo shī hòuduō yuán huà de fēng jiàn guó jiā zhèng zhì kāi shǐ liǎo jīhū yán zhì jīn de 'ōu zhōu guó jiā de zhù yào huàfēn xíng chéng liǎo
xiōng hòu
  yòu xiē xué zhě rèn wéi xiōng 4 shì qiān dào liǎo 'ōu zhōu dōng bìng qīn 'ōu zhōu 4、 5 shì qīn 'ōu zhōu de xiōng rén yòu xuè yuán guān huò tóng mín xiōng rén zhú 'ěr màn rén děng mán mín shǐ mán qiān cóng 'ér miè wáng luó guó
  《 sān guó zhìwéi:“ yòu yòu yǎn cài guó míng 'ā lánjiē kāngqú tóng qín dōng nán kāngqú jiē guó duō míng diāoxùmù zhú shuǐ cǎolín shí shǔ kāngqújīn shǔ 。” zài zhōng guó shū zhōng,“ qín wéi luó guó。《 shǐ wéiyǎn cài zài kāngqú běi 'èr qiān xíng guó kāngqú tóng kòng xián zhě shí wànlín gài nǎi běi hǎi yún。”《 běi shǐzhōng duàn de shì gāi guó qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi xiōng miè guó de sān shì 75 niánér qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi wéi yuán 445 niánzhèng hǎo wéi yuán 370 nián zuǒ yòu 'ōu zhōu zhì
   lìng wàiyòu shǎo liàng de xiōng bāng chè xiāo shī zài guózài dōng luó guó jūn duì de xiōng jūn rén shǎo duō zhù zhā zài běi běi fēi zhōu nán yīng lán yòu xiōng bāng suí rén jìn guó bān yòu xiōng luò suí dōng rén jìn yòu rén rèn wéi jīn tiān de xiōng rén jiù shì xiōng de hòu zhè wèn xiàn zài réng shì wèn
xiōng
  《 hòu hàn shūzhōng yòu shǒu xiōng 》, shǎo xué zhě yòng měnggǔ jué sài yán děng jìn xíng guò fēn jiě dōuméi yòu dào xiǎng de jiēguǒ
   chú zhī wài xiōng de rén míng luò míng míng chēng hào dōukě yòng lái yán jiū xiōng :“ chēng chányú shuō zài xiōng yòutiān de zhōng dechēng ”( shàng hàn *thrangrii) chányú”( shàng hàn *darwa) fēn bié méng de tngri“ tiān daruγa“ jūn zhùxiāng
   guān xiōng de lái yuányóu liào jué hěn nán dào kěn dìng de jié lùnyòu xiē rèn wéi xiōng rén jiǎng méng ér rèn wéi men de yán shǔ sài
xiōng zhàn
  yīn shān děng de yán huà zhōng chū xiàn de qiān biǎo míng zài 5000 nián zuǒ yòuběi fāng cǎo yuán mín shùn wán chéng liǎo duì de xùn huàzhèng shì yóu duì xùn huà de chéng gōngdài lái liǎo cǎo yuán huàshídài de biàn shǐ cǎo yuán jīng zhú jiàn yóu xùmù zhuǎn biàn wéi yóu diǎn rán liǎo càn làn de cǎo yuán yóu wén huà de huǒ yóu de chéng chè gǎi biàn liǎo cǎo yuán xiān mín de shēng chǎnshēng huó wéi fāng shìyóu shì de xùn jié líng huógěi cǎo yuán mín de jūn shì dài lái liǎo kōng qián de huó yōu shì liǎo mín zhàn dǒu de rén shēng chéng wéi cǎo yuán mín shēng gòng de péng yǒu
   wài bèi jiā 'ěrměnggǔ nèimēng jué de shàng qiān zuò xiōng zàng xiǎn shìyòng tóu péi zàng shì xiōng mín de zhòng yào jǐn shì cái de xiàng zhēnggèng shì xiōng mín jìng zhēng de yuán quán zài xiōng rén de shēng huó zhōng bàn yǎn zhe shuāngchóng juésè píng shí gèng duō shì zuò wéi jiāo tōng gōng zhàn zhēng shí jiù chéng wéi zhàn cóng chū shí kàn xiōng shēn lüè 'ǎitóu piān yìng shǔ měnggǔ měnggǔ suī shí fēn gāo dàn néng chōng pèinài chí jiǔxíng dòng xùn fēi cháng shì yìng gāo yuán huán jìngyīn měnggǔ zuò wéi cǎo yuán zhàn gèng jiào zhǒng zhàn yòu yōu shìzhè xiē yōu liáng de zhàn zài pèi shàng xiān jìn de gōng héng héng lóng tóu biàn chéng de 'ān zēng qiáng liǎo xiōng jūn duì de zhàn dǒu néng 。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi xiōng bīng zhǒngjìn wéi jiá ”, biǎo míng zhàn shì xiōng jūn shì de zhòng yào chéng yuán 。“ kòng xián zhī shì sān shí wànchōng fēn xiǎn shì liǎo xiōng guó qiáng de jūn shì shí
xiōng bīng tóu shì
  《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi xiōng bīng cháng bīng gōng shǐduǎn bīng dāo chán”, kǎo jué liào zhèng xiāng wěn xiōng jué qíng kuàng xiǎn shìbīng bān chū nán xìng zàng zhōng tóngtiě zhì wéi zhùzhù yào yòu gōngjiàn dāojiànmáoděng
   xiōng de gōng duō zhìshàng yòu huá de zhuāng shì gòu jiànyóu tóu róng xiǔ qián hái méi yòu xiàn wán zhěng de xiōng gōng duō shì xiē cán liú de gōng shì jiàn xíng zhì zhīdàn gēn gōng xiǔ hòu cán liú de hén kàn cháng 1.3
   xiōng jiàn xíng zhì duō yàngyòu tóngtiě sān zhǒng zhì zhōng bāo kuò zhù míng de xìn hào yòng de xiōng míng qián suī rán hái méi yòu xiàn què rèn de xiōng míng dàn men cóng shāo wǎn de dān míng dào de zuò wéi bīng de xiōng jiàn chū shù liàng zhòng duōyóu shì zài wài bèi jiā 'ěr nán měnggǔ běi zhōng chū de jiàn zhēng xiān míngsàn zhe shè rén de liàngkàn zhe men zhì jīn rán ruì de qián fēngzài jiǎ huò piāo hàn de shén shè shǒu wān gōng shè shí de wēi rén men réng néng zhēn qiē gǎn shòu dào men de shā shāng chuān suō dāo guāng jiàn yǐng zhōng shēng mìng de cuì ruò
   xiōng dāo jiàn duō tiě zhì chénghái yòu shǎo liàng de tóng dāodāo duō 'ān zhuāng yòu bǐngfēn zhí bèi rèn bèi zhí rènzhí bèi zhí rèn děng zhǒng xíng zhìdāo qiào dài yòu zhuāng shì xiōng duǎn jiàn duō xiàn 'è 'ěr duō yòu jiào míng xiǎn de 'è 'ěr duō shì duǎn jiàn de fēng shuāng rènbǐng duān cháng zhuāng shì yòu dòng wén shìyòu de wéi líng shǒu huò huán shǒucháng jiàn bān cháng 1 zuǒ yòushuāng rènyòu de yòu bǐngyòu de bǐngduō xiù shí yán zhòngnán jiàn yuán lái miàn xiōng zàng zhōng chū de máo yīngshì duì zhōng yuán bīng de yǐn jìn jiè jiànzhè xiē xiōng duǎn bīng zài liáo kuò de guó jiāng nèi biǎo xiàn chū jiào qiáng de zhì xìng yòu xiān míng de xiōng diǎn mín de bīng yòu jiào míng xiǎn de bié
   zōng guān xiōng de bīng kàn chū yòu xiān míng xiōng de wéi gōng shǐ cháng jiàndāo duǎn jiàn duō shì zài chéng 'è 'ěr duō shì qīng tóng fēng de chǔ shàngjìn xíng liǎo gǎi jìnlìng wàiduì zhōng yuán yōu liáng bīng de shōu yǐn jìn gāo liǎo xiōng bīng de shā shāng néng
   nèimēng chū de xiōng tóu shìfēi cháng huá tóu shàng shì yòu yún xíng jīn piànbāo jīn bèi shuǐ jīng zhū děngměi jiàn shì shàng yòu xiǎo kǒng biàn féng huò zài tóu jīn shàngěr zhuì hěn fēn shàng xià liǎng fēnshàng shì cháng fāng xíng jīn páixià shì bāo jīn zhuì jīn chuàn zhūjǐng hái yòu yòng shuǐ jīng zhū nǎo zhū zhì chéng de xiàng liàncóng zhè xiē tóu shì kàn chū xiōng de shǒu gōng shuǐ píng jiào gāo
xiōng kuī jiá
  zài yào jìn shēn dǒu de lěng bīng shí dàishì bīng zhuāng bèi de jiān shí fǒu huì yǐng xiǎng zhe jūn duì zhěng de zhàn dǒu xiōng rén shēn 'ān dàofēi cháng zhòng shì shì bīng de bǎo men xiàng zhōng yuán shì bīng kào dùn pái bǎo ér dài zhī gèng shěng jìngèng jiān de kuī jiá lái zhuāng bèi shēnxíng chéngjìn wéi jiá ”、 dòng líng huó 'ér yòu páng de xiōng bīng
   chū de xiōng tóu kuī chéng liǎo běi fāng cǎo yuán de chuán tǒng běi jīng chāng píng zhōu bái guǒ nèimēng chì fēng shì níng chéng nán shān gēn chū de dōng qīng tóng tóu kuī xíng zhì xiāng fǎng xiōng de tóu kuī réng wéi qīng tóng zhì miàn yánkuī dǐng yòu fāng niǔliǎng 'ěr xià fāng yòu chuān dài de xiǎo dòngliǎng miàn kāi kǒupèi dài fēn qián hòucóng xíng zhì kàn men liǎo jiě xiōng tóu kuī de dài fāng shìtóng shí huì dào zhè yàng de tóu fáng zài liè de ròu zhàn zhōng duì shì bīng suǒ dào de liáng hǎo bǎo zuò yòng xiōng kǎi jiá tóu kuī lái gèng shǎo jiàngāo máo M32 chū de xiōng jiá cán piàn qīng tóng zhì chéngchéng lín zhuàng xiǎn fēi cháng jiān shínèimēng zhì guǎn yòng xiōng qīng tóng jiá piàn yuán liǎo jiàn xiōng kǎi jiáchǐ cùn yuē wéi 65×50㎝, fēn qián hòu liǎng piànyóu zhòng duō de yuán xíng qīng tóng jiá piàn 'ér chéngjiá piàn zhī jiān yuán yìng yòng tiáo lián dàn tiáo xiǔyīn zhǐ shèng xià jiá piàn
   zōng shàng suǒ shù xiōng mín yòu wán shàn de jūn shì zhuāng bèiyōu liáng de zhàn jiáo jiàn de shìjiān de kuī jiájiā shàng fēng de bīng gòu chū liǎo xiōng jūn duì de wēi fēng yòngbīng xíng róng xiōng jūn duìdāng shì zuì qiàdàng de gài kuò。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi:“ gōng zhànzhǎn shǒu zhī jiǔér suǒ huò yīn zhī rén wéi zhànrén rén wéi shàn wéi yòu bīng mào jiàn zhú niǎo zhī …… zhàn 'ér zhějìn zhě jiā cái。” zhè shuō míng xiōng jūn duì yòu liáng hǎo de cuò shī wài xiōng zàng chū biǎo míng xiōng rén kāi fàng de shì xiōng huái duì xiān jìn de wén míng jiā shōu yǐn jìn shì shǐ duàn qiáng de yīn suǒ yòu zhè xiē gòu chéng liǎo cǎo yuán guó de jūn shì chǔwéi xiōng juézhú cǎo yuán zhù gōng liǎo jiān qiáng de jūn shì bǎo zhàng
rèn xiōng chányú
   xiōng
   tóu màn chányú luán tóu màn qián 209 nián
   mòdú chányú luán mòdú qián 209 nián héng héng qián 174 nián
   lǎo shàng chányú luán qián 174 nián héng héng qián 161 nián
   jūn chén chányú luán jūn chén qián 161 nián héng héng qián 126 nián
   zhì xié chányú luán zhì xié qián 126 nián héng héng qián 114 nián
   wéi chányú luán wéi qián 114 nián héng héng qián 105 nián
   ér chányú luán shī qián 104 nián héng héng qián 102 nián
   chányú luán qián 102 nián héng héng qián 101 nián
   qiě hóu chányú luán qiě hóu qián 101 nián héng héng qián 96 nián
   chányú luán qián 96 nián héng héng qián 85 nián
   yǎn chányú luán yǎn qián 85 nián héng héng qián 68 nián
   quán chányú luán quán qián 68 nián héng héng qián 60 nián
   yǎn dān luán táng qián 60 nián héng héng qián 58 nián
   hūhányè chányú luán hóu shān qián 58 nián héng héng qián 31 nián
   zhū lěi ruò chányú luán diāo táo gāo qián 31 nián héng héng qián 20 nián
   sōu xié ruò chányú luán qiě qián 20 nián héng héng qián 12 nián
   chē ruò chányú luán qiě chē qián 12 nián héng héng qián 8 nián
   zhū liú ruò chányú luán náng zhī qián 8 nián héng héng 13 nián
   lěi ruò chányú luán xián 13 nián héng héng 18 nián
   'ér shī dào gāo ruò chányú luán 18 nián héng héng 46 nián
   hóu chányú luán hóu 46 nián
   běi tíng xiōng chányú
   chányú ( xián chányú ) luán táng qián 58 nián héng héng qián 56 nián
   jiē chányú qián 57 nián
   chē chányú qián 57 nián héng héng qián 56 nián
   chányú qián 57 nián
   rùn zhèn chányú qián 56 nián héng héng qián 54 nián
   zhì zhī hóu chányú luán qián 56 nián héng héng qián 36 nián
   chányú qián 49 nián
   nán xiōng chányú
   hǎi luò shī zhú chányú luán 48 nián héng héng 56 nián
   qiū yóu chányú luán 56 nián héng héng 57 nián
   chányú luán hàn 57 nián héng héng 59 nián
   hǎi tóng shī zhú hóu chányú luán shì 59 nián héng héng 63 nián
   qiū chú chē lín chányú luán 63 nián
   xié shī zhú hóu chányú luán cháng 63 nián héng héng 85 nián
   chányú luán xuān 85 nián héng héng 88 nián
   xiū lán shī zhú hóu chányú luán tún 88 nián héng héng 93 nián
   ān guó chányú 93 nián héng héng 94 nián
   tíng shī zhú hóu chányú 94 nián héng héng 98 nián
   wàn shì shī zhú hóu chányú luán tán 98 nián héng héng 124 nián
   hóu shī zhú chányú luán 124 nián héng héng 128 nián
   ruò shī zhú jiù chányú luán xiū 128 nián héng héng 140 nián
   chē niǔ chányú 140 nián héng héng 143 nián
   lán ruò shī zhú jiù chányú luán 'ér lóu chǔ 143 nián héng héng 147 nián
   líng shī zhú jiù chányú luán chē 'ér 147 nián héng héng 172 nián
   ruò shī zhú jiù chányú luán 172 nián héng héng 178 nián
   zhēng chányú luán zhēng 178 nián héng héng 179 nián
   qiāng chányú luán qiāng 179 nián héng héng 188 nián
   chí zhì shī zhú hóu chányú luán luó 188 nián héng héng 195 nián
   hóu chányú 188 nián héng héng 189 nián
   chú quán chányú luán chú quán 195 nián héng héng 216 nián
   zuǒ shuài liú bào 216 nián héng héng 279 nián
   běi xiōng chányú
   chányú 46 nián héng héng ? nián
   yōu liú chányú ? nián héng héng 87 nián
   běi dān 88 nián héng héng 91 nián
   chú jiān chányú 91 nián héng héng 93 nián
   féng hóu chányú 294 nián héng héng 118 nián
xiōng shì nián biǎo
  gōng yuán qián  èr nián qín shǐ huáng bīng sān shí wànshǐ méng tián běi gōng xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián méng tián bài xiōng lüè nán shè xiàn shí zēng xiū mín chéng lín tiǎodōng zhì liáo dōng xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  èr líng nián jiǔ yuèhán wáng xìn jiàng xiōng mòdú jìn bīng tài yuánzhì jìn yáng
   gōng yuán qián  èr líng líng nián shí yuèliú bāng hán wáng xìnxìn bài zǒu xiōng màn qiū chén děng zhào wéi zhào wáng hán wáng xìn xiōng bīng fǎn hàn jūnhàn jūn bèi wéi píng chéng shí 'èr yuè xiōng gōng dài
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián dōnghàn shǐ rén zhì xiōng jié qīn
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián jiǔ yuèdài xiāng chén jié xiōng wéi dài wángliú bāng gōng zhī
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián sān yuèyàn wáng wǎn wáng xiōng bèi fēng wéi dōng wáng
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ 'èr nián hàn zōng shì shì wéi gōng zhùjià xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xiōng dàogōng 'ā yáng
   gōng yuán qián  nián shí 'èr yuè xiōng zhì dàolüè 'èr qiān rén
   gōng yuán qián  nián yuè xiōng yòu xián wáng nán lüè shàng jùn
   gōng yuán qián  nián chūnmòdú zhì shū hàn wén yuē mòdú lǎo shàng chányúwèihàn wén qiǎn zōng shì wéi gōng zhù zhì xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  liù jiǔ nián xiōng lüè dào
   gōng yuán qián  liù liù nián dōng xiōng hàn cháo péng yánghóu zhì gān quán gōngyuè nǎi tuìzhōng xíng shuō jiàng xiōng quàn 'ài hàn
   gōng yuán qián  liù 'èr nián xiōng lián nián rǎo hàn biānyún zhōngliáo dōng zuì shènhàn wén zhì shū dān xiōng shǐ rén bào pìnyòu qīn
   gōng yuán qián  nián dōng xiōng shàng jùnyún zhōngyuè shǐ tuì jūn chén wèi
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián yuèhàn xiōng qīn
   gōng yuán qián  nián qiūhàn xiōng qīn
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuèhàn wáng xiōng jié bīng zào fǎnwèi suì
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián hàn gōng zhù jià xiōng xiōng hàn tōng shì
   gōng yuán qián  nián 'èr yuè xiōng bīng yàn
   gōng qián  nián liù yuè xiōng bīng zhì yàn mén shàng jùn hàn yuàn
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián sān yuè xiōng bīng zhì yàn mén
   gōng yuán qián  sān sān nián liù yuèhàn shǐ jiāng jūnbīng sān shí wànyòu xiōng gōng
   gōng yuán qián  'èr jiǔ nián xiōng shàng hàn shǐ wèi qīng děng jiāng jūn shuài wàn fēn dào chū qīng zhì lóng chéng zhǎn huòqiū xiōng hàn sàihán 'ān guó tún yáng xiōng shēng qín guǎng
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián qiū xiōng liáo yángyàn ménwèi qīng děng tuì zhī
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xiōng shàng yángwèi qīng tuì zhī nánzhú xiōng bái yáng wánglóu fán wáng nán shè shuò fāng jùnzhù shuò fāng chéngxiū qín shí suǒ zhù sài
   gōng yuán qián  'èr liù nián dōngjūn chén zhì xié nèi zhàntài chán chū jiàng hàn xiōng hàn dài jùnyòu yàn mén
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xià xiōng hàn dài jùndìng xiāngshàng jùn
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián chūn xiōng yòu xián wáng bīng lín hàn shuò fānghàn wèi qīng děng shí jiāng wǎng zhēngqiū xiōng hàn dài jùn
   gōng yuán qián  'èr sān nián 'èr yuèhàn wèi qīng tǒng liù jiāng jūn xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  'èr 'èr nián yuè xiōng shàng
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián sān yuèhuò bìng xiōng xià bìng zài xiōng xiōng dàiyàn ménqiū xiōng hún xié wáng shā xiū wángbìng zhòng jiàng hànhàn fēn xiōng qián hòu jiàng zhě lǒng běi shàng jùnshuò fāngyún zhōng děng jùn wài wéi shǔ guó
   gōng yuán qián  'èr líng nián qiū xiōng yòu běi píngdìng xiāng
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián chūnhàn gōng xiōng xiōng nán wáng tíng
   gōng yuán qián  nián hàn yuán hún xié wáng shè jiǔ quán jùnxiū wáng shè wēi jùn
   gōng yuán qián  nián xiōng zhì xié wéi
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián qiāng jié xiōng gōng hàn 'ān wéi bào hǎn xiōng yuán
   gōng yuán qián  nián hàn 'èr jiāng jūn shuài xiōng èr qiān gōng
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián shí yuèhàn běi xúndēng chányú táixiàng xiōng tiǎo zhàn xiōng chányú shā zhù zhāng jiē jiàn hàn shǐ zhě hàn shǐ
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián qiū xiōng shù rǎo hàn biān
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián wéi zhān shī chányú wèi xiōng wáng tíng běi xiōng jìng xuěguó zhōng 'ān
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián hàn zhù shòu jiàng chéng sài wài
   gōng yuán qián  líng sān nián hàn 'èr wàn qīn xiōng bèi jiānzhào bèi qín xiōng shuāng biān
   gōng yuán qián  líng 'èr nián zhān shī chányú wèihàn yuán sài wài shù bǎi zhì qiān zhù chéng zhàngqiū xiōng hàn dìng xiāngyún zhōngjiǔ quánzhāng děng jùn
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián hàn shǐ lóu lán wáng hóu xiōng dōng xiōng jìn guī xiàng suǒ hàn shǐshǐ rén pìn hàn
   gōng yuán qián  líng líng nián sān yuèhàn shǐ sòng xiōng shǐ zhī liú zài hàn zhě móu xiōng shì bèi qiě hóu wéi chányú
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ jiǔ nián yuèhàn xiōng tiān shānjūn háiwéi xiōng suǒ wéi bài líng bài jiàng xiōng hàn xiōng pàn wáng jiè wáng chéng miǎn jiānglóu lán bīng chē shīwéi xiōng jiù bīng suǒ bài
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián qiū xiōng yàn mén
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèhàn fēn xiōng gōng
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ liù nián qiě hóu chányú wèi
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián qiū xiōng shàng yuán
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ líng nián sān yuèhàn guǎng xiōng bài jiàng xiōng jiè wáng shuài liù guó bīng gōng chē shī zhì shū hàn yuē biān jiè
   gōng yuán qián  nián dōng xiōng shuò fāng
   gōng yuán qián  nián yǎn chányú wèi xiōng zhēng luàn
   gōng yuán qián  nián xiōng hàn shì guī
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián xiōng hàn biān bài
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián xiōng bèi hàn jìn gōngzhù shuǐ qiáo
   gōng yuán qián  nián huán xiōng xiān chányú xiōng huán zhàn
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián xiōng sūnhàn jiù zhī
   gōng yuán qián  nián yuèhàn gōng xiōng jūn dōng xiōng sūnxiōng jìng xuěběidōng lín guó jìn gōngshǔ guó jiě
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián yǎn quán wéi chányú xiōng tún bīng bèi hànqiū xiōng tóu shǔ zhī zhǒng zuǒ zhě bīng 'ōu tuō zhànbài 'ér jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián hàn zhèng chē shī wáng bēn xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián xiōng gōng chē shīzhèng bèi wéihàn chē shī guī xiōng
   gōng yuán qián  liù líng nián xiōng zhú wáng xiān xián dǎn jiāng zhòng jiàng hàn xiōng tóng wèi
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián xiōng chē shī xiōng shǐ rén fèng xiàn hàn hàn míng nián zhēngdàn
   gōng yuán qián  nián dīng líng lüè xiōng chányú shǐ cháo hàn xiōng tíng nèi zhēnghūhányè
   gōng yuán qián  nián yuè xiōng chányú zhēng zhì zhī wéi chányú
   gōng yuán qián  liù nián yuè xiōng yíng chányú yòu wáng xiāng zhēng bīng bàijiàng hànshí yuè xiōng zuǒ dàjiàng děng jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán qián  nián liù yuèhàn shè běi shǔ guó chù xiōng jiàng zhě
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuè xiōng chányú chēng chén hànshǐ yòu wáng shì hàn
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián zhēngyuè xiōng tíng nèi jiù jiàng hàn fǒu zhèng zhēng lùn hánzhì zhī qiǎn shì hàndōng xiōng chányú hàn zhēngdàn
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián dōnghūhányè qǐng míng nián cháo hàn
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuèhūhányè hàn cháohàn shòu shòuèr yuèhàn shǐ sòng zhī guī guóyǔn hàn guāng sài xià
   gōng yuán qián  líng nián dōng hánzhì zhī xiàn hàn
   gōng yuán qián  jiǔ nián zhēngyuè hán cháo hànèr yuè guī guó
   gōng yuán qián  nián hàn shǐ yún zhōng yuán shū jiù hūhányè kùn pín
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhì zhī shā hàn shǐ zhàng kāngqú
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián hūhányè běi guī tíng hàn méng shì
   gōng yuán qián  sān liù nián qiūhàn gān yán shòu bīng gōng kāngqúshā zhì zhī xiōng suí zhì zhī qiān zhě jìn
   gōng yuán qián  sān sān nián zhēngyuèhūhányè cháo hànhàn wáng qiáng jià zhīhūhányè wéi hàn bǎo sài
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián hūhányè diāo táo gāo wéi zhū lěi ruò chányú
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián xiōng chányú shǐ cháo hàn
   gōng yuán qián  èr nián zhēngyuèdiāo táo gāo cháo hàn
   gōng yuán qián  èr líng nián diāo táo gāo qiě jūn wéi sōu xié ruò chányúsōu xié shǐ shì
   gōng yuán qián  'èr nián sōu xié hànbìng hàn sài xià
   gōng yuán qián  shí nián qiě chē wéi chē ruò chányú
   gōng yuán qián  nián chē náng zhī wéi zhū liú ruò chányúhàn shǐ dān xiàn
   gōng yuán qián  sān nián xiōng chányú qǐng cháo hàn
   gōng yuán qián  nián zhēngyuè zhū liú cháo
   gōng yuán  èr nián hàn yào wáng qiáng shìchē shī hòu wáng hàn xiào wèiwáng xiōng chuò qiāng lái wáng shuài rén mín xiōng wáng mǎng xiōng yǔn tiáo jiànyào xiōng gǎi míng huán shā xiōng shǐ zhě jué shuì
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián wáng mǎng huàn dān shòu xīn zhāng
   gōng yuán  shí nián hàn gǎi xiōng chányú wéi xiōng bèi jiá shuài sān shí wàn gōng xiōng fēn wéi shí guó
   gōng yuán  shí nián wáng mǎng shǐ rén yòu hūhányè zhū zhū liú fēn gào zhū hàn sài chē shī jiàng xiōng
   gōng yuán  shí sān nián zhū liú chéng wéi lěi ruò chányú xiōng chányú gǎi zuǒ xián wáng wéi
   gōng yuán  shí nián xiōng qǐng
   gōng yuán  shí nián chūnhàn gǎi xiōng chányú wéi gōng shàn
   gōng yuán  shí liù nián hàn xiōng bīng tún biān
   gōng yuán  shí nián xián wéi 'ér shī dào gāo ruò chányúchányú qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiànhàn xiōng chén dāng zhì cháng 'ānbài wéi chányú xiōng hàn biān
   gōng yuán  shí jiǔ nián hànzhū yǒng xiōng
   gōng yuán  èr nián hàn zhuǎn dào biān jùnbèi xiōng
   gōng yuán  èr sān nián dōnggēngshǐ shǐ rén zhì xiōng chányú zài chēng chén
   gōng yuán  èr nián fāng chēng píng wángjié xiōng xiōng wéi hàn huáng
   gōng yuán  èr nián 'èr yuèhàn yáng tài shǒu péng chǒng wéi yàn wángjié xiōng
   gōng yuán  èr nián yuè xiōng zhù péng chǒng zhànbài
   gōng yuán  èr jiǔ nián shí yuèhàn yuán diǎn děng jié xiōng yíng fāng jiǔ yuán yuán děng jùn
   gōng yuán  sān líng nián shí 'èr yuèhàn féng fāng xiōng bīng xiōng qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiànhàn bào mìngtōng jiù hǎo
   gōng yuán  sān shí nián sān yuègōng sūn shù guī wéi shuò níng wángdōng fāng suǒ shè yún zhōngshuò fāng tài shǒu jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán  sān 'èr nián shí yuèlǒng děng jùn guī 'áo
   gōng yuán  sān sān nián hàn qiān yàn mén mín tài yuánliù yuè xiōng bài hàn bīnghàn bīng tún cháng shān bèi xiōng
   gōng yuán  sān nián zhēngyuèhàn hàn xiōng bīnghàn shěng dìng xiāng jùnqiān mín
   gōng yuán  sān nián hàn shěng shuò fāng bìng bìng zhōu
   gōng yuán  sān liù nián xiōng huán zhù fāng rǎo hàn biān
   gōng yuán  sān nián 'èr yuè fāng xiōng yuè xiōng hàn dōng
   gōng yuán  sān nián zhū guó xiōng zhòng liǎnqǐng hàn zhì
   gōng yuán  sān jiǔ nián 'èr yuè hàn gōng xiōng hàn qiān yàn méndàishàng mín yōngcháng shān guān dōng xiōng xiōng zuǒ zhuǎn sài nèishí 'èr yuè xiōng fāng gāo liǔ
   gōng yuán  líng nián shí 'èr yuè fāng jiàng hànbèi fēng dài wáng
   gōng yuán  nián xiōng huánxiān bēi lián bīng hàn sài
   gōng yuán  'èr nián yuè fāng yòu xiōng shí nián hòu
   gōng yuán  nián yuè xiōng lüè shàng dǎng děng shí 'èr yuè xiōng lüè tiān shuǐ děng hàn qiān yuán mín dōng
   gōng yuán  nián yuèān dìng shǔ guó qīng shāndōng xiōng shàng
   gōng yuán  liù nián xiōng qiú qīn xiōng wéi huán suǒ běi qiān shànchē shī jūn xiōng
   gōng yuán  liù nián 'ér shī xiōng lián nián huáng hàn
   gōng yuán  nián jiān zhú wáng shǐ rén fèng xiōng zhì xiàng hàn qiú nèi
   gōng yuán  nián zhēngyuè zhú wáng rén kòu hàn yuán sàiqǐng wéi hàn qiān biānhàn zhīshí yuè wéi chányúshì wéinánchányúcóng xiōng bèi fēn chēng wéi nánběi xiōng
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèhàn tóng xiān bēi gōng xiōng nán chányú xiàng hàn chēng fānsān yuèshǐ shì hàn
   gōng yuán  líng nián zhēngyuèhàn shòu nán chányú shòutīng yún zhōngshè shǐ xiōng zhōng láng jiāngxiànán chányú xià nèi hòngzuǒ xián wáng wéi chányúyuè dōngběi xiōng shǐ gōng nán chányúhàn shǐ nán chányú měi shǐ zhǎnglì bīng wèi zhīnán chányú bīng tún jùnwéi hàn zhēn hóu
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng zhì hàn wēiqǐng qīn
   gōng yuán  'èr nián běi xiōng shǐ rén xiàng hàn gòng qiúqǐng qīn
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiàn
   gōng yuán  liù nián wéi chén yóu láo chányú nián hòuhàn wéi chányú
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèhàn míng táng nán xiōng shì zhù hàn shì wéi tóng shī zhú hóu chányú
   gōng yuán  liù 'èr nián shí yuèběi xiōng rǎo yuánshí 'èr yuèrǎo yún zhōngnán chányú què zhīchányú shì wéi qiū chē lín chányúshù yuè
   gōng yuán  liù sān niánzhǎng wéi xié shī zhú hóu chányú
   gōng yuán  liù nián běi xiōng xiàng hàn qiú shì zhī
   gōng yuán  liù nián sān yuèhàn zhèng zhòng shǐ běi xiōng hái nánběi xiōng jiāo tōng zhuàngtún yíng yuán màn bǎi fáng zhīshí yuèběi xiōng rǎo zhū jùn
   gōng yuán  liù liù nián 'èr yuènán xiōng shǐ hàn xué
   gōng yuán  'èr nián shí 'èr yuèhàn gěng bǐngdòu děng tún liáng zhōubèi xiōng
   gōng yuán  sān nián 'èr yuèhàn běi xiōng dòu gōnghàn bān chāo shǐ shā běi xiōng shǐ zhějiǔ yuèběi xiōng yún zhōng
   gōng yuán  nián yuèhàn lìng zhū shǔ guó qiú rèn bīng jūn yíng
   gōng yuán  nián sān yuèběi xiōng chē shī hòu wángwéi jīn mǎn chéng yuèběi xiōng wéi gōng hàn gěng gōngshí yuèběi xiōng wéi liǔ zhōng chéngyòu gōng gěng gōng shū chéng
   gōng yuán  liù nián hàn biān jùn bīng nán chányúgòng gōng běi xiōng
   gōng yuán  nián sān yuèběi xiōng
   gōng yuán  sān nián liù yuèběi xiōng sān lóu qǐng jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng xiàng hàn qǐng shì zhī qiě niúyáng zhì guān shìwéi nán chányú chāo lüè 'ér
   gōng yuán  nián běi xiōng rén jiàng hàn zhě sān rén dīng língxiān bēi gòng gōng xiōng chányú yuǎn zǒudōngběi xiōng shēng yán huí nán chányúhàn shǐ nán chányú hái suǒ lüèchányú cháng xuān wéi chányú
   gōng yuán  nián yuèxiān bēi běi xiōng shā yóu liú chányúshí yuèběi xiōng luàn shí 'èr wàn kǒu jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán  nián yuèběi xiōng luànjiàng nán chányú zhě suì shù qiān rénnán chányú qǐng hàn bīng běi xiōng xuān tún wéi xiū lán shīzhú hóu chányú
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián liù yuèhàn dòu xiàn běi xiōng luò shān shí yàn ránběi dān xiàng hàn fèng xiàn
   gōng yuán  jiǔ líng nián 'èr yuèhàn shè shàng jùn shǔ guó wèi yuèdòu xiàn gōng běi xiōng jiǔ yuèběi dān xiàng hàn chēng chénshí yuènán chányú hàn bīng běi xiōng
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián 'èr yuèdòu xiàn běi xiōng jīn wēi shānchányú yuǎn zǒuběi xiōng chú jiān wéi chányúzhì lèi hǎikuǎn hàn sài qǐng jiàng
   gōng yuán  jiǔ 'èr nián zhēngyuèhàn shòu chú jiān chányú huǎntún bīng jiān zhī
   gōng yuán  jiǔ sān nián zhēngyuè chú jiān shuài zhòng běi guīběi xiōng cán xiān bēi xiōng zhǒng shí wàn luò chēng xiān bēitún ān guó wéi chányú
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián zhēngyuèān guó yùshī ān guó bèi shǔ xià shāshī wéi tíng shī zhú hóu chányúshí yuèběi xiōng xīn jiàng zhě shí 'èr shí wàn rén yōng féng hóu wéi dān 'ér shìhànxiān bēi gōng féng hóu
   gōng yuán  jiǔ liù nián yuènán xiōng yòu wēn wáng zhàn chū sài yuèhàn zhuī qiān zhòng 'ān dìngběi dōngféng hóu zuǒ wàn rén jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián shī tán wéi wàn shì shī zhú chányú
   gōng yuán  líng nián shí yuèběi xiōng chēng chényuàn qīnhàn
   gōng yuán  líng nián běi xiōng zhì dūn huáng gòng xiànqǐng hàn xiū yuēhàn
   gōng yuán  líng jiǔ nián jiǔ yuènán xiōng hóu xiān bēi rényàn mén huán lián bīng fàn yuánbài hàn bīngwéi měi shí yuèhàn bīng nán xiōng jiān zhú wáng
   gōng yuán  líng nián zhēngyuègěng kuíliáng jǐn bīng nán chányúèr yuènán xiōng gōng cháng shānsān yuènán chányú jiàng hànhái suǒ lüè hàn nán qiāng suǒ mài xiōng zhě
   gōng yuán  liù nián hàn nán chányú xiān líng qiāng líng zhōu
   gōng yuán  nián chūnféng hóu jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián běi xiōng shǔ zhū guó
   gōng yuán  'èr líng nián sān yuèběi xiōng jié chē shī hòu wángshā hàn shǐzhú chē shī qián wáng
   gōng yuán  'èr sān nián yuèběi xiōng shù rǎo hàn bān yǒng tún liǔ zhōng 'è zhīshí yuèxiān bēi gōng nán dān màn bǎi
   gōng yuán  'èr nián zhēngyuèbān yǒng bīng gōng běi xiōng wáng chē shī qián tíng yuènán xiōng rén 'ā dān zhēng diào fán lěiběi zǒuhàn zhuī zhīzhǎn huò dài jìntán bèi wéi nán chányú
   gōng yuán  'èr nián yuèbān yǒng zhǎn xiōng zài chē shī hòu tíng zhī shǐ zhě
   gōng yuán  'èr liù nián bān yǒng zhū guó bīng běi xiōng yǎn wáng yǎn wáng qiān shàngběi dān lái yuányǒng zhú zhīxiān bēi shù kòu nán xiōng qiú hàn zhàng sài
   gōng yuán  'èr nián zhēngyuèhàn nán xiōng xiān bēi zhì jiān
   gōng yuán  'èr nián xiū wéi ruò shī zhú jiù dān
   gōng yuán  sān sān nián sān yuèhàn nán xiōng xiān bēi
   gōng yuán  sān nián yuèchē shī hòu běi xiōng chāng lóng
   gōng yuán  sān nián chūnběi xiōng yǎn wáng gōng chē shī hòu
   gōng yuán  sān nián yuèhàn bīng gōng yǎn wáng
   gōng yuán  líng nián yuènán xiōng lóng rén chē niǔ děng gōng wéi měi rǎo shuò fāng yuèhàn zhīhàn zhōng láng jiāng chén guī shā nán chányújiǔ yuè chē niǔ wéi chányújié huánqiāng lüè bìng zhōuliángyōu děng hàn qiān shàng jùnshuò fāng nèi shí 'èr yuè chē niǔ chē niǔ jiàng
   gōng yuán  'èr nián lüè bìng zhōu
   gōng yuán  sān nián liù yuèhàn shǒu wáng dōu lóu chǔ wéi chányúshí yuèhàn zhōng láng jiāng 'àn shā
   gōng yuán  nián yuèhàn nán xiōng zuǒ
   gōng yuán  nián dōu lóu chǔ chē 'ér wéi líng shī zhú jiù chányú
   gōng yuán  nián yuè yǎn wáng rǎo
   gōng yuán  sān nián chē shī hòu wáng jìn xiōng
   gōng yuán  nián yuènán xiōng zuǒ jiān tái qiě děng gōng měi chéngdōng qiāng yìng zhīhàn zhāo yòu dōng qiāng tái yíng děng
   gōng yuán  liù nián yuèxiān bēi tán shí huái jìn yòu xiōng
   gōng yuán  nián shí 'èr yuènán xiōng zhū jié huánxiān bēi rǎo yán biān jiǔ jùnhàn yòu huán shā xiōng shuàiyǐn bīng nán chányú jiàng zhī
   gōng yuán  liù liù nián yuèxiān bēi jié nán xiōng rǎo jiǔ biānshí 'èr yuènán xiōng huán 'èr shí wàn kǒu jiàng hàn
   gōng yuán  nián shí 'èr yuèxiān bēi rǎo běi hàn jùn bīng bīng zhī
   gōng yuán  nián yuèhàn nán xiōng bīng xiān bēi bàichē 'ér
   gōng yuán  nián zhǐ wéi nán chányú
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián hàn zhōng láng jiāng shā zhǐ qiāng
   gōng yuán  nián shí 'èr yuè shì
   gōng yuán  nián sān yuè gōng shā bìng zhōu shǐ xiōng nèi hòng gōng shā qiāng luó wéi chí zhì shī zhú hóu dān zhě lìng hóu wéi chányújiǔ yuènán chányú luó bái huáng jīn gōng dōng
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián hóu nán chányú wèi lǎo wáng xíng guó shì
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián yuè luó dǒng zhuó
   gōng yuán  jiǔ 'èr nián jié luó lüècáo cāo zhī nèi huáng
   gōng yuán  jiǔ sān nián zhēngyuèhēi shān bié luó yuán shùtún fēng qiūliù yuècáo cāo bīng cháng shān gōng
   gōng yuán  jiǔ nián shí yuènán xiōng yòu xián wáng bēi wèi hàn xiàn tuì quèguō bīng luó chú quán wéi chányú
   gōng yuán  èr líng 'èr nián jiǔ yuècáo cāo jiàng nán chányú
   gōng yuán  èr liù nián yuè chú quán cháo jiàn wèicáo cāo liú zhīshǐ bēi jiān guófēn wéi guì rén wéi shuài hàn jiān zhī
   gōng yuán  èr 'èr líng nián wèi shòu chú quán wèi shòu
   gōng yuán 290 nián xiōng kāi shǐ zài 'ā lán guó zhōu wéi huó dòng
   gōng yuán 350 nián xiōng miè 'ā lán
   gōng yuán 374 niángōng niè dōng rén zhàn
   gōng yuán 375 niánmiè dōng
   gōng yuán 376 nián xiōng bài hòu zhě táo luó guó jìng nèi
   gōng yuán 408 nián dīng wáng shìào wáng cháo kāi shǐào chéng wéi guó wángchányú)。
   gōng yuán 434 nián léi 'ā gòng tóng chéng wèiguó wángchányú), gōng bài zhàn tínghòu zhě bèi kāi shǐ xiàng xiōng 700 huáng jīn nián gòng
   gōng yuán 445 nián léi shìā zhǎng quán
   gōng yuán 447 niángōng bài zhàn tínghòu zhě jiāng nián gòng zēng dào 2100 huáng jīn
   gōng yuán 451 niánshā lóng huì zhàn luó lián jūn shèng 'ā
   gōng yuán 452 nián xiōng rén bīng lín luó chéngjiào huáng 'ào shì chū chéng jiāng 'ā quàn shuō huí
   gōng yuán 453 niánā shì xiōng guó bēng kuì
   gōng yuán 468 niánā 'ér dòng duì bài zhàn tíng de zhàn zhēng zhàn bài
   cóng xiōng rén cóng shǐ shàng xiāo shī liǎohěn néng bèi tóng huà dào bǎo jiā rén zhōng zhì xiōng de zhā 'ěr rénshì néng xiōng rén yòu guān lián de
xiōng de guān zhí shè zhì
   xiōng de zhèng quán gòu gòng fēn sān fēn shì chányú tíng zhí xiá de zài xiōng zhōng èr shì zuǒ xián wáng tíng zhí xiá de zài xiōng dōng sān shì yòu xián wáng tíng zhí xiá de zài xiōng chányú zǒng lǎn jūn zhèng quánchányú zuǒ yòu xián wáng zài de xiá nèi zhì jūn duì bìng shí xíng tǒng zhìzuǒ yòu xián wáng shì xiōng zhèng quán dōng liǎng de zuì gāo xíng zhèng zhǎngguān xiōng rén zuǒ wéi shàngyīn chányú zhī xià zuǒ xián wáng wéi guìyīn quán wèi yào yòu xián wáng gāozuǒ yòu xián wáng zhī xià shì zuǒ yòu wángzuǒ yòu wáng jiàn guān liáo gòu suǒ xiá wáng zhī xià yòu zuǒ yòu dàjiàngzuǒ yòu wèizuǒ yòu dāng zuǒ yòu děng hòu děng 'èr shí cháng men bèi chēng wéiwàn ”, èr shí wàn zhī xià shè qiān chángqiān cháng)、 bǎi chángbǎi cháng)、 shí chángshí cháng), xiǎo wángxiāngfēng wèi děng guānzhè xiē wèidànghù děng shì dài bīng guān men quán yōu liè duì duō shǎo fēn gāo xià
mòdú chányú
  mòdú chányú (? qián 174), xiōng luò lián méng shǒu lǐngxìng luán shìzài wèi shí jiān yuē wéi qián 209 zhì qián 174 niánchū zhì yuè shì tóu màn chányú gōng yuè shìmòdú dào yuè shì shàn táo guītóu màn wéi yǒngmìng tǒng shuài wàn qián 209 nián shā wéi chányú shí zhèng zhí qín zhōng yuán lián nián zhàn luàn mòdú chányú zài dōng biān bài dōng biān gǎn zǒu yuè shì hòuchéng gōng zhàn nán ( jīn nèimēng tào )。 shí yòu kòng xián zhī shì sān shí wàn hòu yòu jiàng liǎo 'èr shí guóshù qīn rǎo hàn zhī biān jùnhàn gāo nián ( qián 200 nián ), gāo liú bāng tīng liú jìng ( lóu jìng ) de quàn gàomào rán jìn bīngbèi wéi bái dēng shān ( jīn shān tóng dōng běi ) yòng chén píng tuōhòu qīn zhī yuēhàn suì zèng xiōng hàn huì shímòdú céng zhì shū hòuyán xiè mànhàn guó gǎn jiào zōng shì wěi wéi gōng zhù chū jiàbìng zèng cái rán mòdú réng qīn rǎo jué
zhōng guó shǐ
  61891.htm> zhōng guó dài běi fāng yóu mín shǔ shàng dìng lùnzhù yào yòu 22570.htm> jué、 19558.htm> měnggǔ děng shuō wén zhàn guó cháng rǎo lüè qínzhàoyàn běi biānsān guó xiāng zhù cháng chéng zhīmòdú chányú zài wèiqián 209~ qián 174) shítǒng jiàn guó jiātǒng yòu nán běi guǎng lǎo shàng chányúyuē qián 174~ qián 160) shí xiōng shì dōng zhì liáo yuè cōng lǐngběi bèi jiā 'ěr nán cháng chéngchéng wéi shǐ shàng cǎo yuán yóu guóhàn chū xiōng duàn nán xià qīn lüègōng yuán qián 200 niánwéi hàn gāo liú bāng bái dēng shānjīn shān tóng dōng běi), suì hàn cháo shí xíng qīnqiě suì fèng gòng xiànbìng kāi guān shì zhī jiāo rán 'ér xiōng réng bèi yuē nán qīnchéng wéi hàn cháo biān huàn。 17163.htm> hàn shí guó qiáng shèngcéng 3 ( qián 127、 qián 121、 qián 119) chū bīng fǎn xiōng xiōng shì jiàn shuāihàn dài xiōng yóu tiān zāirén huò hàn jūn de shēng guò liǎng fēn liè shì gōng yuán qián 57 nián zuǒ yòu chū xiàn de chányú bìng miànjiēguǒ shì gōng yuán qián 53 nián hūhányè chányú guī hànyǐn zhòng nán yīn shān jìngōng yuán qián 36 niánhàn xiào wèi 10140.htm> chén tānɡ guó bīng yuǎn zhēng kāngqú shā hàn wéi de zhì zhī chányúxiāo miè liǎo xiōng zài de shì gōng yuán qián 33 niánhàn yuán gōng rén 208246.htm> wáng qiángzhāo jūnjià hūhányè chányúhuī liǎo qīnlìng shì 20658.htm> wáng mǎng cuàn hàn hòu xiōng de shì yòu suǒ zhǎndàn dào dōng hàn 109635.htm> guāng jiàn 'èr shí niángōng yuán 48 nián), xiōng zhú wáng bèi nán biān yōng wéi nán chányú yòng hūhányè chányú de chēng hàoqǐng qiú nèi dào dōng hàn yǔn xiōng yòu fēn lièchéng wéi nán běi 'èr nán xiōng tún shuò fāng yuányún zhōngzài jīn nèimēng zhì jìng nèiděng jùndōng hàn fēn wéi zhì jìnnán xiōng rén zài zhú zhuànxiàng dìng nóng gēng shēng huódàn chú liǎo shàng céng guì shēng huó guàn wén huà jiào yǎng shòu hàn wén huà yǐng xiǎng jiào shēn wài xiōng réng rán 'ér shè huì jié gòu biàn huà 。 304 nián xiōng liú yuān jiàn zhèng quánmín gòng tóng kāi shǐ jiězhú jiàn hàn huàchú liú zhào zhèng quán wàishí liù guó zhōng de xià lián shì běi liáng shì shì xiōng zhī jiàn degōng yuán 91 niánhàn jūn chū yán sài ( jīn nèimēng 'é dài ), wéi běi xiōng chányú jīn wēi shānjīn 'ā 'ěr tài shān)。 běi xiōng zhàn bài hòu fēn qiān zhòng hòu lái guī xīng de xiān bēiduō shù xué zhě rèn wéi qiān de běi xiōng jiù shì 'ōu zhōu shǐ shàng de xiōng rénzhōu cháo zhōu róng kāi shǐ wēi xié zhōng yuán wáng cháo, 120412.htm> zhōu yōu wáng fēng huǒ zhū hóu hòu, 33185.htm> quǎn róng luò gōng xiàn gǎo jīng shǐ píng wáng dōng qiānzhàn guó shí lín lóu fán duō qīn rǎo zhào guózhào líng wáng shè zhú lín lóu fánzài běi biān xīn kāipì de shè zhì liǎo yún zhōng děng xiànlín lóu fán běi qiān róng xīn jué de xiōng zhàn guó zhào jiāng céng bài xiōng qín cháo qián 3 shì xiōng tǒng zhì jié gòu fēn wéi zhōng yāng wáng tíngdōng de zuǒ xián wáng de yòu xián wángkòng zhì zhe cóng hǎi dào cháng chéng de guǎng bāo kuò jīn měnggǔ guóé luó de zhōng běi zhōng guó dōng běi děng qín shǐ huáng tǒng zhōng guó hòumìng 7372.htm> méng tián běi xiōng shōu tào,“ què xiōng bǎi rén gǎn nán xià 'ér ”(《 guò qín lùn》)。 hàn zhēn zhèng xiōng jìn xíng guī zhàn dǒu shì zài hàn cháohàn chū qián 201 niánhán wáng liú xìn tóu jiàng xiōng niánliú bāng qīn shuài jūn zhēng tǎozài bái dēngjīn shān tóng dōng běibèi xiōng mòdú chányú 30 wàn bīng wéi kùn zhòu hòu yòng táo tuōzhī hòu kāi shǐ xiōng qīn hòu de wénjǐng zhū shì yán yòng qīn zhèng xiū yǎng shēng dào hàn shíhàn cháo cóng zhàn lüè fáng zhuǎn wéi zhàn lüè jìn gōngyuán shuò 'èr nián ( qián 127 nián ) pài 14401.htm> wèi qīng zhàn lǐng tào qián 121 nián pài 3129.htm> huò bìng duó shù de zǒu lángqián 119 nián wèihuò fēn dōng liǎng jìn gōng běihuò bìng xiōng zhì jīn měnggǔ guó jìng nèi láng shānwèi qīng dōng sǎo píng xiōng wáng tíngyòu xián wáng shuài lǐng wàn rén tóu guī hàn cháochányú zuǒ xián wáng táo zǒuhàn cháo zài dōng lián huán qīnqián 105 niánhàn fēng jūn gōng zhù xià jià sūn guó wáng)、 tōng shāng de fāng shì lián zhū guó suō xiōng de kōng jiānqián 73 niánhàn sūn lián bīng 20 wàn jìn xíng jìn gōng xiōng zhí dǎo yòu wáng tíngqián 57 nián xiōng fēn lièzhì zhī chányú huò shèng běihūhányè chányú qián 51 nián nán xià tóu kào hàn cháohòu lái zhì zhī chányú shuài zhòng tuì zhì zhōng kāngqújīn 'ěr shí xián hǎi zhī jiān 'ā hàn bié tǎn tǎn dài), hūhányè chányú zhàn běi wáng tíngqián 36 niánwèile qīng chú xiōng zài de yǐng xiǎnggān yán shòuchén tānɡ yuǎn zhēng kāngqú de xiōng shā zhì zhī chányúqián 33 nián hūhányè chányú wáng zhāo jūn hàn xiū hǎo hàn shí de chányú yòu: 161002.htm> tóu màn chányú、 160982.htm> mòdú chányú、 187228.htm> lǎo shàng chányú、 187217.htm> jūn chén chányú、 187197.htm> zhì xié chányú、 187154.htm> wéi chányú、 187147.htm> ér chányú chányúqiě hóu chányú chányú yǎn chányú quán chányú yǎn xuàn chányú、 402182.htm> hūhányè chányúzhì zhī chányú dōng hàn 48 niándōng hàn chū nián xiōng fēn liè wéi liǎng hūhányè chányú zhī sūn zhú wáng bǐlǜ 4 wàn duō rén nán xià hàn chēng wéi nán xiōng bèi hàn cháo 'ān zhì zài tào liú běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng 。 89 nián dào 91 nián nán xiōng hàn lián jiā běi xiōng xiān hòu bài zhī běi 'ā 'ěr tài shān shǐ qiāncóng běi xiōng jiù cóng zhōng guó shū zhōng xiāo shī。 187 niándōng hàn nián 33325.htm> huáng jīn 、 2664.htm> dǒng zhuó zhuān quán zhī nán xiōng shēng nèi hòng。 195 niánnán xiōng cānyù liǎo zhōng yuán hùn zhàndōng hàn 31335.htm> cài yōng zhī 35811.htm> cài wén bèi lüè xiōng 。 202 niánnán xiōng shǒu lǐng guī hàn chéngxiàng 1719.htm> cáo cāocài wén guī hàncáo cāo jiāng nán xiōng fēn chéng hàn cháo zhī hòu nán xiōng nán xià hàn huà zhí zhù zài tào dàisān guó shí cáo cāo xiōng fēn chéng 。 4 shì chū xiōng de liú yuān zài chéng wáng 407609.htm> yíng shǒu xià wéi jiāngchéng jìn 26588.htm> wáng zhī luàn zhī hòu de hùn luàn shí , 25970.htm> liú yuān bīng zhàn lǐng liǎo běi zhōng guó de fēn chēng hàn wáng, 311 nián gōng zhàn luò yáng, 316 nián gōng zhàn cháng 'ānmiè jìnshǐ chēng qián zhào huò hàn zhào xiōng de zhī wèi xià de qún chēng wéi jié rénhàn zhào de dàjiàng jié rén shí jiàn zhào guóshǐ chēng shí zhào huò hòu zhàohòu bèi rén shì qián qín suǒ mièróng xiōng rén zhōng de yuè shì rénchēng wéi xiōng bié shuǐ zhōng jiā tuī hòu liáng hàn guān duàn wéi zhùzài xiàn gān jiàn běi liánghòu méng xùn shā duàn wéi běi liáng zhùhòu bèi xiān bēi rén tuò shì běi wèi suǒ miè xiōng xiān bēi de hùn xuè hòu dài chēng wéi tiě réntiě rén liú bèi xiān bēi tuò shì bài hòu tóubèn qiāng rén de hòu qínhòu rèn wèishì dài de xiōng wánggǎi xìng liánzài tào chuàng xià guóshǐ chēng xiàhòu bèi běi wèi suǒ miè xiōng róng kào jìn gāolí de xiān bēi de wén shì luòjìn cháo xiān bàn dǎohòu lái wén shì cuàn wèi jiàn de běi zhōu zhèng quánhòu bèi hàn wài yáng jiān suǒ cuànyáng jiān chuàng suí cháotǒng zhōng yuán shàng shì shí liù guó nán běi cháo shí xiōng zài zhōng guó shǐ tái shàng jìn xíng liǎo zuì hòu yīcháng yǎn chūzhī hòu xiōng zuò wéi de mín cóng zhōng guó shǐ zhōng xiāo shī xiē mín róng huá xià wéi zhù de hàn xiōng hòu hàn huà hòusuǒ gǎi hàn xìng yòu liú yánmòqí děnghěn duō shēng huó zài jīn tiān de shǎn shān děng xiōng zài dōng běi zhī wài de yǐng xiǎng běi xiōng yuǎn zǒu 'ōu zhōu fēn zài gāo jiā suǒ fēn zài zhōng 'ěr jiā jīn tiān de 'é luó zhì gòng guó), fēn zài xià duō nǎo jīn tiān de bǎo jiā ), fēn zài zhōng duō nǎo jīn tiān de xiōng )。 zhōng xiōng fēn lán mín róng zhōng liǎng ), fēn zài 'ā hàn shān fēn zài yìn bàng zhē bāngzài 3 shì zhè jīhū xiāo shī liǎo de mín rán yòu chū xiàn zài rén men de shì nèidōng zhēng tǎo jiàn liǎo páng de guó xiōng rén 350 nián zuǒ yòu jìn liǎo 'ōu zhōusuí hòu zài chēng wéi lán 'ěr wáng de lǐng dǎo xià kāi shǐ liǎo men de zhēng zhàn zhēng biāo biàn shì dāng shí chēng wéi 'ā lán de jué rén guó ā lán rén de miè wáng 350 niándāng shí de 'ā lán guó kān chēng qiáng guóā lán wáng qīng quán guó zhī bīng xiōng jūn zhàn dùn yán 'ànquè zāo cǎn bàiā lán wáng bèi shāā lán guó mièā lán zuì zhōng chén xiōng xiōng zài fāng shǐ shū chū xiàn bàn suí zhù 'ā lán guó de miè wángzhěng fāng shì jiè wéi zhī zhèn dòngmiè wáng 'ā lán guó hòu xiōng zài dùn liú jìn dòu liú liǎo niánrán hòu zài men nián mài de guó wáng lán 'ěr de dài lǐng xià kāi dòng men huǐ miè xìng de tiě xiàng fāngduì 'ěr màn mín de zhēng 374 nián shíwèi hēi hǎi běi 'àn 'ěr màn rén suǒ jiàn de dōng wáng guó shì chéng jiǔ de guó jiā liáo kuò de jiāng dōng zhì dùn 'ā lán rén jiē rǎng zhì niè rén wéi línnán hēi hǎi běi zhì niè de zhī liú pài zhǎo xiōng lián tóng bèi zhēng de 'ā lán rén jūn jìn dōng lǐng bèi céng bèi dōng rén zhēng de luò chéng zào fǎnnèi luàn zhì dōng rén zhàn bàizhōng 475 nián tóu jiàngdōng rén jiǎn guó hòu xiōng rén jiē zhù xiàng rén niè wéi xiǎn bīng fáng shǒushì xiōng jūn bàn xiōng jūn biān zài duì 'àn zuò shì yáng gōng què cóng shàng yóu chéng tōu zài huí gōngzhè biān rén zài 'àn gòu zhù gōng shì bèi zhàn zhèng hānquè liào bèi lán yāo dùn tòng shù shí wàn rén guò duō nǎo táo luó guó jìng nèibìng 378 nián zài 'ā bǎo bài luó huáng lún yóu dòng yáo liǎo luó de gēn luó zài méi kòng zhì guǎn xiá xià de zhū hóu lǐng xiōng rén zài zhēng běi fāng de zhū 'ěr màn luòduó liǎo xiōng píng yuányóu hēi hǎi zhì duō nǎo běi de piàn jìn xiōng rén zhī shǒuduì bài zhàn tíng léi shěng de jìn gōng 395 nián dōng xiōng rén gōng léi lüè 'ér fǎn。 400 nián xiōng rén zài gōng léi hòu duì léi lián nián qīn rǎo。 431 niándōng luó guó dāyìng měi nián xiàng xiōng jiāo shuìbìng yǔn men zài jìng nèi de chéng zhèn tóng jìn xíng shì。 435 nián zuǒ yòuā shā gòng tóng zhǎng zhèng de xiōng 'ér quán lǎn duì nán 'é luó guó dòng liǎo liè de jiǔ jiāng guāng tóu xiàng liǎo bài zhàn tíng shǐ dōng luó jiǎo gèng duō de gòng shuìbìng qiě chā shǒu luó guó de wài jiāo shì luó rán mǎn zhè nián nián gāo shēng de gòng shuì xiōng rén wéi jiè kǒu 441 nián xiàng bài zhàn tíng xuān zhàn jié 'ěr gān bàn dǎo, 442 nián cái bèi dōng luó de 'ā 'ěr jiāng jūn jié léi bèi hòu 。 443 nián xiōng gōng dào dōng luó shǒu jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo chéng wàidōng luó quán jūn fùmò qiān chéng xià zhī méng xiōng dìng yuēā de tǒng zhì shí shèng shí de xiōng guó yóu 448 nián zhì 450 nián xiōng guó de bǎn dào liǎo shèng de dōng xián hǎi zhì yáng hǎi 'ànnán duō nǎo běi zhì luó de hǎizhè guǎng de dài shǔ guódōuyòu de guó wáng luò qiú chángpíng xiàng 'ā chēng chén gòngzhàn shí chū bīng cān zhànduì luó de qīn lüè xiōng guó de jiě luó jūn duì zài jiào huáng liáng shì de shuài lǐng xià bài 'ā dài lǐng de xiōng rén。 451 niánzài běn qīn de xiōng rén bèi tuì。 450 niánā zhuǎn 'ér jìn gōng luó guó dài zhù yuē shí wàn míng zhàn shì guò liǎo lāi yīn zài xiàng qián tuī jìn de bǎi yīng nèi xiōng jūn tuán jié liǎo wèi xiàn jīn guó běi de fēn cūn zhuāngluó jiāng jūn 'ā niǔ zhì liǎo zhī gāo luó jūn tuán kàng zhèng zài wéi kùn 'ào 'ěr liáng chéng de 'ā zài chá lóng de jué zhàn zhōngā zhōng bèi bàijìn guǎn xiōng rén de zhàn méi yòu bèi wán quán huǐ mièzhè zhàn bèi rèn wéi shì shǐ shàng zuì jué dìng xìng de zhòng zhàn zhī zhǐ liǎo zhěng jiào de miè yóu mín kòng zhì 'ōu zhōu de yán zhòng hòu guǒ。 453 niánā zài yíng 'ěr màn gōng zhù de 'èr tiān bèi xiàn dòng mài lièzài shī liǎo qiáng yòu de lǐng dǎo rén zhī hòucéng jīng chēng xióng shí de xiōng guó miàn lín zhù bēng kuì de biān de fēn fēn lái fǎn kàng tóng de pài wèile zhēng duó tǒng zhì quán 'ér zhàn xiū xiōng guó zuì zhōng yóu wāng 'ěr luò děng xīn rén de qīn 'ér miè wángcóng shǐ de cháng zhōng xiāo shì jiàn liǎoyǐng xiǎng xiōng rén zài 'ōu zhōu jiàn liǎo páng de guódàn men de guó shì duǎn mìng de men de guó hěn kuài bèi jiě hòushèn zhì zhěng mín xiāo shī zài 'ōu zhōu de shǐ wén huà dāng zhōng xiōng rén chéng liǎo 'ōu zhōu shǐ de zhǎn men cóng lín de 'ěr màn rén tuī shàng liǎo shǐ táibìng hòu zhě cuī huǐ liǎo luó rén de shí dài guó de shǐ xiāo shī hòuduō yuán huà de fēng jiàn guó jiā zhèng zhì kāi shǐ liǎo jīhū yán zhì jīn de 'ōu zhōu guó jiā de zhù yào huàfēn xíng chéng liǎo xiōng hòu yòu xiē xué zhě rèn wéi xiōng 4 shì qiān dào liǎo 'ōu zhōu dōng bìng qīn 'ōu zhōu 4、 5 shì qīn 'ōu zhōu de xiōng rén yòu xuè yuán guān huò tóng mín xiōng rén zhú 'ěr màn rén děng mán mín shǐ mán qiān cóng 'ér miè wáng luó guócóng shǐ shū zhōng zhǎo dào liǎo xiōng rén běi xiōng de zhèng guān xiōng rén miè 'ā lán guóshì xiōng rén shǒu chū xiàn zài 'ōu zhōu shǐ diǎn zhōngdàn zhè zhàn zài zhōng guó diǎn zhōng yòu 。《 běi shǐzhōng shuō:“ guózài cōng lǐng zhī zhī yǎn cài míng wēn shā zài kāngqú běi dài wàn liù qiān xiān shì xiōng shā wáng 'ér yòu guózhì wáng sān shì dàn guó bìng shì yǎn cài zài kāngqú běi dài wàn liù qiān de tiáo jiànyǎn cài què guān yǎn cài,《 hòu hàn shūzhōng shuō:“ yǎn cài guógǎi míng 'ā lán liáo guó chéngshǔ kāngqú wēn duō zhēn sōngbái cǎomín kāngqú tóng。”。《 sān guó zhìwéi:“ yòu yòu yǎn cài guó míng 'ā lánjiē kāngqú tóng qín dōng nán kāngqú jiē guó duō míng diāoxùmù zhú shuǐ cǎolín shí shǔ kāngqújīn shǔ 。” zài zhōng guó shū zhōng,“ qín wéi luó guó。《 shǐ wéiyǎn cài zài kāngqú běi 'èr qiān xíng guó kāngqú tóng kòng xián zhě shí wànlín gài nǎi běi hǎi yún。”《 běi shǐzhōng duàn de shì gāi guó qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi xiōng miè guó de sān shì 75 niánér qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi wéi yuán 445 niánzhèng hǎo wéi yuán 370 nián zuǒ yòu 'ōu zhōu zhìlìng wàiyòu shǎo liàng de xiōng bāng chè xiāo shī zài guózài dōng luó guó jūn duì de xiōng jūn rén shǎo duō zhù zhā zài běi běi fēi zhōu nán yīng lán yòu xiōng bāng suí rén jìn guó bān yòu xiōng luò suí dōng rén jìn yòu rén rèn wéi jīn tiān de xiōng rén jiù shì xiōng de hòu zhè wèn xiàn zài réng shì wèn xiōng hòu hàn shūzhōng yòu shǒu xiōng 》, shǎo xué zhě yòng měnggǔ jué sài yán děng jìn xíng guò fēn jiě dōuméi yòu dào xiǎng de jiēguǒchú zhī wài xiōng de rén míng luò míng míng chēng hào dōukě yòng lái yán jiū xiōng :“ chēng chányú shuō zài xiōng yòutiān de zhōng dechēng ”( shàng hàn *thrangrii) chányú”( shàng hàn *darwa) fēn bié méng de tngri“ tiān daruγa“ jūn zhùxiāng guān xiōng de lái yuányóu liào jué hěn nán dào kěn dìng de jié lùnyòu xiē rèn wéi xiōng rén jiǎng méng ér rèn wéi men de yán shǔ sài
bǎi diǎn
  Xiongnu
   xiōng
     zhōng guó dài běi fāng yóu yòu chēng míng shǐ jiàn zhàn guó wén xiàn yuán mínghuò wéi zhōu dài diǎn zhōng suǒ jiàn yǔnxūn zhī hòu shǔ yán shǔ yòu měnggǔ jué lǎng zhū shuō jīn shàng dìng lùn xiōng rén méi yòu wén yán wéi yuē shù xiōng rén sān xíng tóng shì pái nèimēng chá yòu hòu 'èr lán gōu chū
     zhèng zhì zhì shè huì jīng   xiōng rén xùmù wéi zhùchù yòu yángniúluó luò tuó děng zuì shòu zhòng shìwéi zhàn dǒuyùn shūmào cháng shēng huó suǒ xùchǎn guī rén suǒ yòu luò wéi gāi luò mín suǒ gòng yòu xiōng rén zhù zhān zhàng yuē qióng ), shí ròuyǐn jiǔ guò zhe zhú shuǐ cǎo qiān de shēng huó xiōng guì zhù hàn shì gōng diànzhè xiē gōng diàn néng chéng hàn gōng jiàng zhī shǒu xiōng rén huì jiàn zào jūn yòng de lěichéng bǎo děngyòu chēchuánnéng zhù jià qiáo xiōng tóng néng zhù dāojiàn děng tiě zhì táo yòu dìng de guī
     xiōng de shè huì zhì luò lián méng wéi zhùlián méng de shǒu lǐng chēng wéichányú”。 gōng yuán qián 3 shì hòu , xiōng zhēng lín jìn tǒng měnggǔ gāo yuányóu de guó jiā zhèng quán gòu zhú xíng chéngchányú xiàgāo guān yòu zuǒyòu xián wángzuǒyòu wángzuǒyòu dàjiàngzuǒyòu wèizuǒyòu dāng děngzhù guǎn jūn zhèngjūn yóu chányú běn luò guì dān rènjiē shì wàiyòu zuǒyòu hóu děng zuǒ zhèng duàn tīng sòng bān yóu xìng guì dān rèn
     xiōng yóu duō luò gòu chéng , luò bāo hán ruò gān shì , zhù míng de luánshì yǎn shìlán shì shìqiū lín shìhán shìláng shì děngluánshì zuì guìchányú jiē chū huò huò xiōng zhōng yòu yǎnlán qiū lín guìshì chányú lián yīnfán fèi zhàn děng shìjūn yóu guì rén huì jué dìng
     xiōng yòu chéng wén dào qiè zhě méi cái chǎn zuì xiǎo zuì zhájiān jìn zuì cháng chū shí tiān guó de qiú fàn chāo guò shí rén
     xiōng rén cháo bài bài yuèyuè mǎn jìn jūnyuè quē tuì bīngzhàn chǎng shàng néng zhǎn shǒu de , jiǔ bēifán yòu lüè huò , jiē guī yòu wéi zhàng shí néng yùn huí zhě shī de zhě quán jiā cái xiōng jué fēn shì bīngnán shàozhuàng néng wǎn gōng zhě jūn zài biān nèi
     xiōng xíng wài hūn xiōng hòu bào guǎ sǎo xiōng rén zàng zhě tóu cháo dōngguì jiē shēn zàngguānduō sān zhòngchányú jīn yín qiú suí zàng zhī wàijìn xìng chén qiè cóng zhě duō shù shí bǎi rén
     xiōng měi nián zhēngyuèxiǎo huì chányú tíng yuè huì lóng chéngjīn měnggǔ 'è 'ěr hún shuò chái jìn), xiāntiān guǐ shénqiū féi huìlínjiǎn diǎn rén chùnán xiōng jiàng hàn hòuréng yòu sān lóng cháng zhēngyuè yuèjiǔ yuè tiān shén
     qín hàn chū shí   qín chū , xiōng fēn zài yīn shān nán běi qín shǐ huáng sān shí sān niánqián 214), shǐ méng tián shuài jūn sān shí wàn wǎng duó nán jīn nèimēng tào dài), zhòng zhì jiǔ yuán jùnzhì jīn nèimēng bāo tóu shì ), lián jiē qínzhàoyàn jiù cháng chéng bìng zhòng jiā xiū zhù lín táo ( jīn gān zhèn yuán nán ), dōng zhì jié shíjīn běi chāng běi)。 sān shí liù niányòu qiān sān wàn kěn zhí běi ( jīn nèimēng háng jǐn dài )、 zhōngjīn tào dōng ), fáng xiōng nán xià qīn
     qín 'èr shì yuán niánqián 209) , xiōng tóu màn chányú chéng zhōng yuán dòng dàng zhī , shōu nán zhì mòdú chányú(?~ qián 174) shā shí xiōng yòu kòng xián zhī shì sān shí wànsuì yuè shìdōng dōng , běi dīng líng , nán bìng lóu fánbái yángbìng chéng chǔ hàn xiāng zhēng zhī fàn yànjīn běi běi )、 dàijīn běi wèi xiàn dài)。
     hàn gāo niánqián 200), xiōng bīng wéi jīn shān shuò xiàn), nán rǎo tài yuánjīn shān tài yuán nán); hàn gāo liú bāng qīn shuài jūn sān shí wàn chū , zhì píng chéng bái dēng shānjīn shān tóng dōng běi) , bèi kùn shǐ liú jìng wǎng jié qīnzhī yuē gōng zhù jià chányúsuì fèng gòng xiànbìng kāi guān shì jiāo
     yuē qián 177 huò qián 176 nián xiōng jìnzài bài yuè shì shǐ yuè shì xiàng běi kuì tuì zhì liú jiē zhe yòu zhēng sūn jiē lóu lán děng pén zhōu zhū xiǎo guó zhú wáng zài běi dào yān
gài shù
   xiōng shì huò liǎng dài shēng huó zài 'ōu de yóu mín men zài měnggǔ zhōng xīn jiàn guó jiāgēn yán yán jiū fāng miàn de tuī lùnměnggǔ guó nèi yòu guān diǎn rèn wéi xiōng shì xiàn zài měnggǔ de zhí jiē xiān yòu rén rèn wéi zhè guān diǎn shì cuò deměnggǔ rén de zhí xiān yìng wéi shì wéishǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi:“ xiōng xiān xià hòu shì zhī miáo yuē chún wéixià jié dàotānɡ fàng zhú zhī míng tiáo nián 'ér xūn jié zhī zhòng qiè běi suí chù qiān qín shí rén jiàn zhòngzhōng yuán wèi zhī xiōng 。” xiōng de xiān shì xià hòu shì de miáo yuē chún wéi de shuōshì zhè yàng dexià cháo de zuì hòu wángjiù shì jiéwáng guó hòu de 'ér xūn liǎo lǎo jié de fēi rán hòu dài zhe men xiē rén wǎng běi fāng táo páosuí chù 'ér qiān shí jiù chēng men zhè xiē táo wáng de xià cháo hòu rén jié de 'ér wéixūn ”, chēnghūn ”、“ chún wéi”, shí zhǐ de jiù shì jié de 'ér dài wǎng běi fāng de xiē rénhòu lái jīng guò bǎi nián shàng qiān nián zhī hòujiù xíng chéng liǎo de mín héng héng xiōng 。《 shān hǎi jīng · huāng běi jīng chēngquǎn róng xià rén tóng jiē chū huáng dào liǎo hòu lái nèi qiān zhōng yuán de xiōng rén zài shí liù guó shí chéng fāng zhèng quán hàn zhàoběi liáng xià děng
   zhōng guó zhōng jiǎng shù de xiōng shì zài hàn cháo shí chēng xióng zhōng yuán běi de qiáng de yóu mín qián 215 nián bèi zhú chū huáng tào jīng dōng hàn shí fēn liènán xiōng jìn zhōng yuán nèi běi xiōng cóng běi qiānzhōng jiān jīng liǎo yuē sān bǎi nián xiōng yǐng xiǎng liǎo dāng shí de zhōng guó zhèng ,《 shǐ 》、《 hàn shūděng liú xià liǎo xiōng qíng kuàng de xiē jìzǎi
   xiàn dài zhōng wén shū yòu shí 4 shì qiān dào liǎo 'ōu zhōu dōng bìng qīn dōng luó guó de xiōng rén( Hun) wéi xiōng rén”。 ōu zhōu de wén xiàn duì mín zài 'ōu zhōu de shì yòu ruò gān shùdàn zhōng guó dài de xiōng 'ōu zhōu de xiōng rén xiōng shì fǒu yòu xuè yuán guān huò tóng mín shàng dìng lùnjìn nián lái shǐ yòng DNA děng shì shǒu duàn wèi néng huí zhè wèn rèn wéi zhè liǎng mín chū tóng yuán de zuì zhù yào zhèng shì běi xiōng qiān sān bǎi nián hòu zài 'ōu zhōu chū xiàn de xiōng rén shí jiān shàng de wěn liǎng xiōng de zhǒng zhì jīn réng wèi néng kǎo zhèngxiàn dài kǎo xué zhǐ tòu guò 'ōu cǎo yuán zhōng guó běi fāng chū de wén liǎo jiě huò 'èr mín de shǐ
xiōng shǐ
  1. yuán
   zhōng guó fēn shǐ jìzǎi xiōng rén shì xià cháo de mín。《 shǐ · xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi:“ xiōng xiān xià hòu shì zhī miáo yuē chún wéi。”。《 shān hǎi jīng · huāng běi jīngchēngquǎn róng xià rén tóng jiē chū huáng 。《 shǐ suǒ yǐnyǐn zhāng yàn de huà shuō:“ chún wéi yīn shí bēn běi biān。” xià de hòu chún wéizài shāng cháo shí táo dào běi biān sūn fán yǎn chéng liǎo xiōng hái yòu shuō rèn wéi běi de xià zhī hòu shì xià jié de 'ér xià jié liú fàng sān nián 'ér xūn dài zhe qīn liú xià de qiè běi suí chù shì zhōng guó suǒ chēng de xiōng
   fēn xué zhě gēn shǐ jìzǎi de hòu bàn duàn wén rèn wéi xiōng yuán shì shān róngxiǎn yǔnhūn wáng guó wéi zàiguǐ fāng kūn xiǎn yǔn kǎozhōng xiōng míng chēng de yǎn biàn zuò liǎo tǒng de gài kuòrèn wéi shāng cháo shí de guǐ fānghùn xūn zhōu cháo shí de xiǎn yǔnchūn qiū shí de róngzhàn guó shí de dōushì hòu shì suǒ wèi de xiōng hái yòu shuō guǐ róng yàn jīng lóu fán děng shǐ zhōng suǒ jiàn zhī mín tǒng chēng wéi xiōng
   hái yòu rén rèn wéi xiōng xiān qín shí de běi fāng shǎo shù mín hùn wéi tán xiōng yīngshì fāng cǎo yuán de yóu mín zhàn guó zhī qiánhái wèi yóu zhì zhōng guó běi
   shàng shù kàn zài jìn xiàn dài xué zhě zhōng bìng wèi tǒng yóu xiōng de yuán wèn néng jiě jué xiōng de shǔ xiōng de yědōu chéng wéi xuán 'àn
  2. zǎo xiōng
   zài xiōng jiàn guó qiándōng běi cǎo yuán bèi duō xiǎo tóng de shì luò zhe shí de luò lián méng de qíng kuàng shìshí shí xiǎobié sàn fēn ”; shì fēn sàn yòu jūn chángwǎng wǎng 'ér zhě bǎi yòu rán néng xiāng ”。 dāng shí fēn zài cǎo yuán dōng nán lún lǎo liú deshì dōng luò lián méngfēn zài bèi jiā 'ěr nán léng liú deshì dīng líng luò lián méngfēn zài yīn shān nán běi bāo kuò tào nán suǒ wèi nán”( è 'ěr duō cǎo yuán dài deshì xiōng luò lián méng wài hái yòu děng luò tuán fēn sàn zài cǎo yuán hòu lái de xiōng guójiù shì xiōng luò lián méng wéi chǔzhēng liǎo shàng shù zhū luò lián méng luò xiē xiǎo guó 'ér jiàn lái de
   zhōu róng kāi shǐ wēi xié zhōng yuán wáng cháozhōu yōu wáng fēng huǒ zhū hóu hòuquǎn róng luò gōng xiàn gǎo jīng shǐ píng wáng dōng qiānzhàn guó shí lín lóu fán duō qīn rǎo zhào guózhào líng wáng shè zhú lín lóu fánzài běi biān xīn kāipì de shè zhì liǎo yún zhōng děng xiànlín lóu fán běi qiān róng xīn jué de xiōng zài zhàn guó zhào guó dàjiàng céng bài xiōng
   qián 3 shì xiōng tǒng zhì jié gòu fēn wéi zhōng yāng wáng tíngdōng de zuǒ xián wáng de yòu xián wángkòng zhì zhe cóng hǎi dào cháng chéng de guǎng bāo kuò jīn měnggǔ guóé luó de zhōng běi zhōng guó dōng běi děng
   qín shǐ huáng tǒng zhōng guó hòuqián 214 niánmìng méng tián shuài lǐng 30 wàn qín jūn běi xiōng shōu tàotún bīng shàng jùnjīn shǎn shěng lín shì dōng nán)。“ què xiōng bǎi rén gǎn nán xià 'ér ”(《 guò qín lùn》)。 méng tián cóng zhōngjīn shǔ gān yán huáng zhì yīn shān gòu zhù chéng sàilián jiē qínzhàoyàn 5000 jiù cháng chéng yáng shānyīn shān zhī běiwēi 'ér běibìng xiū zhù běi jiǔ yuánnán zhì yún yáng de zhí dàogòu chéng liǎo běi fāng màn cháng de fáng xiànméng tián shǒu běi fáng shí nián xiōng shè wēi měng gǎn zài fàn
  3. xīng shí
   xiōng guó de quán shèng shí cóng qián 209 nián zhì qián 128 nián mòdúlǎo shàngjūn chén sān dān shí xiāng dāng zhōng yuán cóng qín 'èr shì yuán nián dào hàn yuán shuò yuán niánzài zhì xié chányú shí guó bèi hàn jūn yóu shèng zhuǎn shuāi
  ( 1) mòdú chányú wèi
   xiōng shǒu lǐng tóu màn chányúchǒng 'ài hòu 'ě shìshēng liǎo xiǎo 'ér tóu màn biàn xiǎng yòu wéi xià rèn chányújiù shè shā hài zhǎngzǐ mòdú pài mòdú dào yuè shìgān zhāng dāng zhì suí hòu pài bīng yuè shìxiǎng jiè yuè shì zhī shǒu shā mòdúmòdú yòu dǎn shíqiǎng liǎo yuè shì de zhàn zhī shēn rén táo huítóu màn méi yòu kǒu shí shā diào mòdúzhǐ zuò hòu mòdú zhī dào zhēn xiāng hòu duì qīn hòu chǎn shēng bào zhī xiān xùn liàn liǎo zhī jūn duìbìng yào qiú dāng xiǎng jiàn shè xiàng chù duì shè xiàng chù xiān hòu 'ài qiè de 'ài wéi biāojiāng wèi shè jiàn zhě chǔsǐ hòu děng shí chéng shú jiāng xiǎng jiàn shè xiàng tóu màn chányúshǐ duì shè tóu màn chányúmòdú bìng dòng zhèng biànshā hòu de jiāng jūn chénduó liǎo chányú zhī wèi
  ( 2) jué
   mòdú chányú wèi hòukāi shǐ duì wài kuò zhāngzài bài dōng wáng zhī hòusuí bìng tūn liǎo lóu fánbái yáng nán wáng xiōng bié tào nán), bìng shōu liǎo méng tián suǒ duó de xiōng hàn zhī cháo jīn níng xià yuán dōng nán)、 shījīn shǎn lín dōng nánděng jùn xiànbìng duì hàn zhī yàndài děng jìn xíng qīn lüèxiàng jìn yuè shìlǎo shàng chányú wèi hòu bài bìng shā liǎo yuè shì wáng shǐ yuè shì xiàng qiān běi fāng běi dài de dīng línghún shè kūnxīn děng xiān hòu chén xiōng
   hàn cháo xiōng jìn xíng guī zhàn dǒuhàn chū qián 201 niánhán wáng xìn bèi tóu jiàng xiōng niánhàn gāo liú bāng qīn shuài 32 wàn jūn zhēng tǎozài bái dēngjīn shān tóng dōng běibèi xiōng mòdú chányú 40 wàn bīng wéi kùn zhòu hòu yòng táo tuōzhī hòu hàn cháo cǎi liǎo liú jìng de jiàn duì xiōng shí xíng qīn zhèng ”, hàn shì zōng jià chányúbìng zèng sòng dìng shù liàng de cái kāi fàng guān shì zhǔn shuāng fāng rén mín jiāo hòu wénjǐng zhū shì yán yòng qīn zhèng xiū yǎng shēng rán 'ér xiōng réng mǎn shí chū bīng qīn rǎo biān jiè
  4. hàn xiōng zhàn shí
   dào hàn shí hàn jīng guò jìn 70 nián de xiū yǎng shēng jīng guó zēng qiángduì xiōng cóng zhàn lüè fáng zhuǎn wéi zhàn lüè jìn gōng dòng liǎo sān zhàn nán zhī zhàn jiào nán zhī zhàn)、 zhī zhàn běi zhī zhàn shí zhèng wéi zhì xié chányú zài wèi shí
   yuán shuò 'èr nián ( qián 127 nián ) pài wèi qīng zhàn lǐng tào qián 124 nián pài wèi qīng děng bài qīn de jiǔ wàn xiōng bīngqián 121 nián pài huò bìng duó shù de zǒu lánghàn jiàng jiāng zhào xìn quàn xiōng wáng tíng qiān dào běi miǎn shòu gōng de yōu shì dài láo bài hàn jūnqián 119 nián wèihuò fēn dōng liǎng jìn gōng běihuò bìng xiōng zhì jīn měnggǔ guó jìng nèi láng shānwèi qīng dōng sǎo píng xiōng wáng tíngyòu xián wáng shuài lǐng wàn rén tóu guī hàn cháohàn jūn gòng huò wàn duō rén zhì xié chányú zuǒ xián wáng dài shǎo shù rén táo zǒu
  5. zhōng shuāi shí
   xiōng guó de shuāi luò shí cóng zhì xié chányú zhì hūhányè chányújīng 18 rèn chányúcóng hàn yuán dǐng nián jiān dào hàn yuán jiàn zhāo sān niánqián 36 niánmiè zhì zhī chányú wéi zhǐ
  ( 1) xiōng tuì běi hàn yòng bīng
   zhì xié hòu wéi wéi zhān shī zhān shī zài zhè shí nián jiān xiōng běi xiū yǎng shēng ér hàn cháo yīn rén sǔn shī hěn wéi liǎo zhēng cháo xiān qiāng nán zàn shí tíng zhǐ duì xiōng de yòng bīng
   hàn cháo zài dōng lián huán pài zhāng qiān liǎng chū shǐ lián luò yuè shìdàyuān qīnqián 105 niánhàn fēng jūn gōng zhù xià jià sūn guó wáng)、 tōng shāng de fāng shì lián zhū guó suō xiōng de kōng jiānqián 87 niánhàn hàn cháo zàn shí tíng zhǐ duì xiōng de gōng
   hàn zhāo shí xiōng wéi huǎn hàn de duì guān kòu liú liǎo 19 nián de hàn shǐ shì fàng shì shàn dàn xiōng bīng réng rán duàn zài běi fāng biān jìng chū xiànqián 73 nián xiōng zhuǎn gōng de sūn suǒ yào gōng zhù hàn jià gěi sūn wáng de jiě yōu gōng zhù), sūn xiàng hàn qiú jiùhàn cháo zhì jūn shí wàn sūn lián bīng jìn gōng xiōng qián 71 nián zài lián bīng 20 wàn xiōng huò quán shèngzhí dǎo yòu wáng tíng
   tóng nián dōng xiōng chū dòng shù wàn bīng sūn bào yuànshì féng tiān jiàng xuěshēng hái zhě shí fēn zhī shì shí dīng líng běi gōng huán dōng sūn xiōng yuán shāngbèi xiàng qiān kào zài chéng wéi shuāng fāng zhēng duó zhòng diǎnshuāng fāng fǎn liè zhēng duó chē shī zhī qián 60 nián xiōng nèi yīn zhǎng guǎn shì de zhú wáng xiān xián dǎn xīn rèn chányú táng zhēng duó quán wèi shēng chōng zhú wáng jiàng hàn xiōng bèi fàng liǎo hàn wán quán kòng zhì liǎo xiōng shí jiǎn rǎo hàn
  ( 2) nèi luàn zhī shǐ
   xiōng yīn zhàn zhēngtiān zāilǐng rén kǒu de jiǎn xiǎochǔjìng kùn qúnnèi fēn zhēng kāi shǐ huà zhì xié chányú hòu xiōng chányú gēngdié pín fánqián 60 nián quán chányú zhuān 'ě shì lóng móu yòu xián wáng táng wéi chányú shàng rèn hòupái chú shā jìn qián chányú suǒ yòng jiù rénzhòng yòng de zhì shēng nèi hòngbīng bài shā hòu xiōng kāi shǐ zhēng duó chányú wáng wèi de nèi zhàn
  ( 3) chányú zhēng
   qián 58 nián xiōng dōng wáng děng rén gòng quán chányú hóu shān wéi hūhányè chányú bài yǎn chányú yǎn shā shēn wáng lóng děng rén gòng zhú wáng táng wéi chányú bài hūhányè shí jiē wáng wéi jiē chányúyòu 'ào wáng wéi chē chányú wèi wéi chányúshì wéi chányú zhēng shí chányú xiān hòu gōng chē chē jiē bài zǒu běi jiē bīng jiē jiē chányú chēng hàoyōng chē wéi chányúwéi suǒ bàihūhányè chéng jìn gōng bài shāchē shuài tóu jiàng
   jiǔhūhányè xiōng wéi zhì zhī chányú dōng biān cóng xiū xún wáng wéi rùn zhèn chányúqián 54 niánrùn zhèn shuài jūn dōng zhì zhībīng bài bèi shāzhì zhī chéng shèng hūhányè běi wáng tínghūhányè chányú nán xià tóu kào hàn cháohòu lái zhì zhī chányú shuài zhòng tuì zhì zhōng kāngqújīn 'ěr shí xián hǎi zhī jiān tǎn dài), hūhányè chányú zhàn běi wáng tíngqián 36 niánwèile qīng chú xiōng zài de yǐng xiǎnggān yán shòuchén tānɡ yuǎn zhēng kāngqú de xiōng shā zhì zhī chányú
  6. píng wěn shí
  ( 1) jìng xiāng 'ān
   qián 33 nián hūhányè chányú cháo hàn chū yuàn hàn qīn wáng zhāo jūn hàn xiū hǎohūhányè fēng wáng zhāo jūn wéi níng 'ě shì
   shí shuāng fāng xiāng 'ān shì shì 'ān dìngguó dào huī rén kǒu zēng jiāshǐ chēngchūběi biān xuān láishù shì jiàn yān huǒ zhī jǐngrén mín chì shèngniú ”。(《 hàn shū xiōng chuán》)
   hūhányè hòu hòu zūn cóng de zhǔ hàn cháo bǎo chí yǒu hǎo guān 30 duō niánzhí dào wáng mǎng zhuān zhèng wéi zhǐ
  ( 2) liǎng hàn zhī
   wáng mǎng jiàn xīn cháo hòu hàn xuān bān gěi hūhányè chányú de jīn zhì xiōng chányú suǒ huílìng gěi zhū liú chányúxīn xiōng chányú zhāng”, chányú de zhèng zhì wèijiāng xiōng chányúchēng hào gǎi wéigōng shàn ”, hòu gǎi wéijiàng ”; wáng mǎng yòng shù wēi xìnfēn xiōng wéi 15 qiáng hūhányè sūn shí rén wéi chányú xuē ruò xiōng de shì liǎo xiōng de mǎnlián nián qīn rǎo běi fāng biān sài zhū guó xiān hòu lún xiōng shì fàn wéi
   dōng hàn chū hàn guāng xiōng tōng hǎo duàn pài qiǎn shǐ zhě qián wǎng cái ér chányú jiāo hénghàn xiōng guān réng méi yòu gǎi shàndōng hàn jiàn nián( 29 nián), xiōng zhí fāng wéi hàn yuánshuò fāngyún zhōngdìng xiāngyàn mén děng jùn jiǔ yuán ( jīn nèimēng bāo tóu shì nán )。 hòu jiàng hànbèi fēng wéi dài wánghòu pànliú xiōng shí nián
  7. fēn liè shí
  ( 1) nán běi xiōng fēn
   zài dōng hàn chū nián xiōng jiù liàng jìn sài nèi。 46 nián qián hòu xiōng guó nèi shēng yán zhòng de rán zāi hàirén chù wáng bànér tǒng zhì jiē yīn zhēng quán duó shēng fēn liè。 48 nián xiōng rén gòng hūhányè chányú zhī sūn zhú wáng wéi chányú chányú fēn tíng kàng xiōng fēn liè wéi liǎng hòu zhú wáng bǐlǜ 4 wàn duō rén nán xià hàn chēng chén chēng wéi nán xiōng bèi hàn cháo 'ān zhì zài tào ér liú běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng
  ( 2) hàn běi xiōng zhēng duó
   liú běi de běi xiōng lián nián zāo shòu yán zhòng tiān zāiyòu shòu dào nán xiōng huánxiān bēi de gōng tuì běi hòu shè huì jīng wěi suō liàng xuē ruòduō qiǎn shǐ xiàng dōng hàn qǐng qiú qīn dōng hàn běi 'èr xiǎng tiǎo huài dōng hàn nán xiōng de guān sān xiǎng zài tái gāo shēng wàng xiǎng tōng guò qīn dōng hàn shì jiāo huàn suǒ dōng hàn zhèng méi yòu dāyìng qīnjǐn tóng shuāng fāng rén mín shìběi xiōng cóng 65 nián zhì 72 nián duàn qīn dōng hàn yáng zhì zǒu láng běi biān sàisuí zhe dōng hàn de zhèng zhì wěn dìng jīng dào huī zhǎnguó zēng qiángzài nán xiōng de zhī chí xiàkāi shǐ liǎo zhēng běi xiōng de zhàn zhēng
  73 nián 'èr yuè dōng hàn pài dòu děng jūn chū zhàn chéngjīn xīn jiāng )。 tóng niánpài bān chāo tōng nán shàn shàn guó, 75 nián zhì 76 nián hàn xiōng zhī jiān duì zhǎn kāi liǎo yīcháng zhēng duó zhàndòu gěng gōng bài yǎn wáng zuǒ wángzhàn chē shīzhēng duó jīn mǎn chéngyīn hàn míng zhōng yuán hànrén mín dān tài zhòngzàn shí bīng。 83 nián zhì 85 nián běi xiōng rén xiān hòu yòu shí sān nán xià hànjiā shàng nán xiōng gōng běi xiōng liàng xuē ruò。 87 nián xiān bēi cóng dōng měng gōng běi xiōng shā yōu liú chányú
  ( 3) hàn běi xiōng
   yōu liú chányú hòuběi xiōng luàn běi yòu shēng huáng zāirén mín jǐnnèi chōng duànběi xiōng nèi wēi lián liándōng hàn chéng shí 89 nián dào 91 nián nán xiōng lián jiā běi xiōng
  89 niándōng hàn yǒng yuán yuán niánxià liù yuè kāi shǐdòu xiàngěng bǐng shuài jūn nán xiōng jūn duì zài zhuō xié shān huì jīn měnggǔ guó mǎn jìn), běi dān zhàn luò shānjīn měnggǔ guó 'é gēn shān), běi dān bài táo zǒuhàn jūn zhuī shā wàn sān qiān rénběi xiōng xiān hòu yòu 'èr shí wàn rén guī dòu xiàngěng bǐng dēng yàn rán shānjīn měnggǔ guó háng 'ài shān shí gōng 'ér háimíng nián zài chū běi xiōng běi dān shòu shāng táo zǒu。 91 nián dōng hàn jūn yòu chū jīn wēi shānjīn 'ā 'ěr tài shān bài běi xiōng jūnběi dān shǐ qiānshuài cán táo sūn kāngqú
  94 niánnán xiōng chányú shī xīn jiàng de běi xiōng zhòng duì dān shī zài tóng niánshí 'èr shí wàn rén jiē pàn biànxié qián chányú tún zhī 'ào jiān zhú wáng féng hóu wéi chányú xiōng zài fēn lièdōng hàn pài jūn huánxiān bēi bīng gòng wàn rén bài féng hóuféng hóu suì shuài zhòng chū sàihàn jūn zhuī gǎn 。 107 niánféng hóu chèn dōng hàn fàng zhī kòng zhì xié zhū guó gòng tóng sāo rǎo dōng hàn biān jiāng shí nián。 118 niánféng hóu bèi xiān bēi bàishuài lǐng bǎi rén tóu kào dōng hàn
  ( 4) běi xiōng qiān
   zài 91 nián běi dān zhàn bài hòushuài cán táo zhì liú de sūn guózài hòuréng rán chū méi tiān shān nán běishí shī lüè duó。 119 niánběi xiōng gōng xiàn liǎo shā liǎo hàn jiāng suǒ bānwèile duì de běi xiōng dōng hàn cháo tíng rèn mìng bān yǒng wéi zhǎngshǐtún bīng liǔ zhōngbān yǒng 124 nián、 126 nián liǎng bài běi xiōng de shì kāi shǐ wěn dìngzài bān yǒng zhí hòuběi xiōng shì yòu chóngxīn tái tóuhàn jiāng fěi cén 137 nián shuài jūn běi xiōng yǎn wáng kūn, 151 niánhàn jiāng shuài hàn jūn chū lèi hǎi bài běi xiōng xīn de yǎn wáng yǎn wáng shuài běi xiōng yòu xiàng chè tuì
   'ěr shì zhōng de nèi liú jīng jīn tiān de bié děng guózhù xián hǎizài hàn shízhè shì kāngqú guóběi xiōng zài zāo dào hàn cháo de fǎn yuē zài 160 nián zuǒ yòuběi xiōng de fēn yòu kāi shǐ liǎo qiānlái dào liǎo 'ěr liú de kāngqú guózhì běi xiōng rén zài kāngqú de huó dòngyīn wéi quē shǐ liào jìzǎijiù 'ér zhī liǎo
  8. fān shǔ shí
  ( 1) nán xiōng dōng hàn
   hàn cháo de nán xiōng rénbèi hàn cháo 'ān zhì zài tào jiè zhe hàn cháo de jūn duō bài běi xiōng jiē liàng jiàng zhòngshì zēngdàn yīn chéngfèn nán jià kòng zhìzào chéng nèi yǐnshí yòu pàn luànduō wèi nán chányú bèi shāér hòu hàn cháo duì nán xiōng de guǎn yuè jiā yán zài dōng hàn zhōng hòu zài shēng nán chányú bèi hàn guān yuán gēnghuàn shèn zhì shā hài
  187 niándōng hàn nián huáng jīn dǒng zhuó zhuān quán zhī nán xiōng shēng nèi hòngguó rén shā chányú qiāng zuǒ xián wáng luó wèiér cānyù zhě kǒng bèi bào rèn xīn chányúlìng wèi chányú luó zhǐ qián wǎng hàn cháo shēn qiú zhùzhèng zhí hàn luànzhǐ hǎo liú zài dōng。 195 niánnán xiōng cānyù liǎo zhōng yuán hùn zhàndōng hàn cài yōng zhī cài wén bèi lüè xiōng 。 202 niánnán xiōng shǒu lǐng guī hàn chéngxiàng cáo cāocài wén guī hàn。 216 niáncáo cāo liú chú quán chányúér pài yòu xián wáng bēi jiān guóbìng jiāng nán xiōng fēn chéng ān zhì zài píng yáng jùn xiōng chányú wáng cháo zhōng jié
  ( 2) wèi jìn zhī
   hàn huà de nán xiōng zhí zhù zài tào dàisān guó shí cáo cāo xiōng fēn chéng zuǒyòunánběizhōngfēn bié 'ān zhì zài shǎn shān běi dài guì zhě wéi shuàihòu gǎi chēng wèi hàn rén wéi jiān luó liú bào wéi zuǒ shuài
   dōng hàn nián láizhōu biān mín fēn fēn yǒng zhōng yuán zhōng xiōng rén rén shù zuì duōshǐ chēngguān zhōng rén kǒu bǎi wànróng bànxiōng hàn ”。 ér jìn yīn jiǎ hòu luàn zhèngyǐn liǎo wáng zhī luànhùn zhàn yán cháng 16 nián zhī jiǔjǐyǔ liǎo xiōng rén jiè de huì
  9. zhōng yuán shí
  ( 1) hàn zhào xiàběi liáng
  4 shì chū luó zhī sūn xiōng de liú yuān zài chéng wáng yíng shǒu xià wéi jiāngchéng jìn wáng zhī luàn zhī hòu de hùn luàn shí liú yuān zài bìng zhōu shí bīng hàn guóchēng hàn wánghòu chēng zhàn lǐng liǎo běi zhōng guó de fēn 。 311 nián liú yuān liú cōng gōng zhàn luò yáng, 316 nián gōng zhàn cháng 'ānmiè jìn。 318 nián xiōng guì jìn zhǔn shā liú cōng liú càn jiā wéi hàn tiān wángliú cōng liú yào zài cháng 'ān chēng gǎi guó hào wéi zhàoxiāo miè liǎo jìn shìyīn bǎi xìng dān zhòngmín yuàn fèi téngyǐn guī fǎn kàng。 328 niánjié rén shí qín shā liú yào nián zài shàng guī shā tài liú jiàngxiàng gōng qīng děng sān qiān rénzhào wángshǐ chēng qián zhào huò hàn zhào
   xiōng huánxiān bēi de hùn xuè hòu dài chēng wéi tiě réntiě rén liú bèi xiān bēi tuò shì bài hòu tóubèn qiāng rén de hòu qínhòu rèn wèishì dài de xiōng wánggǎi xìng liánzài tào chuàng xià guóshǐ chēng xiàzhī hòu bài dōng jìn jūn duìduó xià liǎo guān zhōng cháng 'ān wéi 。 425 nián lián lián chāng wèi。 428 nián běi wèi lián chāng lián chāng lián dìng zài píng liáng chēng xià huáng 。 431 nián běi wèi lián dìngxià wángxià guó de guó tǒng wàn chéng shì zuò wéi yóu mín de xiōng zài dōng liú xià de wéi de
   róng xiōng rén zhōng de yuè shì rénchēng wéi xiōng bié shuǐ zhōng jiā tuī hòu liáng hàn guān duàn wéi zhùzài xiàn gān jiàn zhèng quánshǐ chēng běi liánghòu méng xùn shā duàn wéi běi liáng zhù。 433 nián méng xùn jiān wèi。 439 nián bèi xiān bēi rén tuò shì běi wèi suǒ miè jiān huì xíng zhì gāo chāngjiàn gāo chāng běi liáng。 460 niángāo chāng běi liáng wéi róu rán suǒ gōng miè
  ( 2) běi wèi hòu
   róng kào jìn gāo de wén xiān bēi luò de xiǎo zhī xiōng jìn liáo dōng bàn dǎohòu lái wén shì cuàn wèi jiàn de běi zhōu zhèng quánhòu bèi suí wén yáng jiān suǒ cuànyáng jiān chuàng suí cháotǒng zhōng yuán luàn huá nán běi cháo shí dài shì xiōng zài zhōng guó shǐ tái shàng jìn xíng liǎo zuì hòu yīcháng yǎn chū
xiōng chányú liè biǎo
   xiōng guó shí dài de xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù 1 tóu màn chányú tóu màn? - qián 209 nián
  2 mòdú chányú mòdú qián 209 nián - qián 174 nián 36 nián tóu màn 3 lǎo shàng chányú qián 174 nián - qián 161 nián 14 nián mòdú 4 jūn chén chányú jūn chén qián 161 nián - qián 126 nián 36 nián lǎo shàng 5 zhì xié chányú zhì xié qián 126 nián - qián 114 nián 13 nián jūn chén
   chányú ( )
   qián 119 nián 1 yuè yòu wáng 6 wéi chányú wéi qián 114 nián - qián 105 nián 10 nián zhì xié 7 ér chányú shī qián 104 nián - qián 102 nián 3 nián wéi 8 chányú qián 102 nián - qián 101 nián 2 nián 'ér chányú 9 qiě hóu chányú qiě hóu qián 101 nián - qián 96 nián 6 nián gǒu zhī 10 chányú qián 96 nián - qián 85 nián 12 nián qiě hóu zhī 11 yǎn chányú yǎn qián 85 nián - qián 68 nián 18 nián 12 quán chányú quán qián 68 nián - qián 60 nián 9 nián yǎn zhī 13 yǎn dān táng qián 60 nián - qián 58 nián 3 nián wéi chányú 'ěr sūn chányú bìng shí de xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù 14 hūhányè chányú hóu shān qián 58 nián - qián 31 nián 28 nián quán chányú
   chányú huò chēng xián chányú táng qián 58 nián - qián 56 nián 3 nián zhēng yǎn chányú cóng xiōng
   jiē chányú
   qián 57 nián 1 nián zhēng jiē wáng
   chē chányú
   qián 57 nián - qián 56 nián 2 nián zhēng yòu 'ào jiān wáng
   chányú
   qián 57 nián 1 nián zhēng wèi
   rùn zhèn chányú
   qián 56 nián - qián 54 nián 3 nián fāng zhēng shī cóng xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù  zhì zhī chányú qián 56 nián - qián 36 nián 21 nián dōng fāng hūhányè xiōng dōng xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù 14 hūhányè chányú hóu shān qián 58 nián - qián 31 nián 28 nián quán chányú
   chányú ( )
   qián 49 nián 1 nián shī chányú zài tǒng shí de xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù 15 zhū lěi ruò chányú gāo qián 31 nián - qián 20 nián 12 nián hūhányè chányú 16 sōu xié ruò chányú qiě qián 20 nián - qián 12 nián 9 nián zhū lěi chányú 17 chē ruò chányú qiě chē qián 12 nián - qián 8 nián 5 nián sōu xié chányú 18 zhū liú ruò chányú náng zhī hòu gǎi míng zhī qián 8 nián -13 nián 21 nián chē chányú 19 lěi ruò chányú xián 13 nián -18 nián 6 nián zhū liú chányú 20 'ér shī dào gāo ruò chányú 18 nián -46 nián 29 nián lěi chányú 21 hóu chányú hóu 46 nián 1 nián chányú 22 chányú 46 nián -?
   chányú
   běi xiōng chányú 23 hǎi luò shī zhú chányú ( ) 48 nián -56 nián 9 nián hóu shān chányú sūn zhū liú chányú
   nán xiōng chányú hòu xiōng fēn wéi nán běi 'èr wáng mǎng suǒ de xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù
   xiào chányú xián 11 nián 1 nián zhū liú chányú
   shùn chányú zhù 11 nián 1 nián lěi chányú
   shùn chányú dēng 11 nián -12 nián 2 nián shùn chányú zhù
   chányú dāng 18 nián -21 nián 4 nián yòu hóuwáng zhāo jūn yún zhī běi xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù 1 chányú 46 nián -?
   chányú 2 yōu liú chányú yōu liú? -87 nián
   chányú 3 běi dān ( zhī míng hào )
  88 nián -?
   yōu liú xiōng yòu xián wáng
   chú jiān chányú ( ) chú jiān 91 nián -93 nián 3 nián běi dān hòu běi chányú shì míng
   féng hóu chányú féng hóu 94 nián -118 nián 25 nián nán chányú tún nán xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù 1 hǎi luò shī zhú chányú 48 nián -56 nián 9 nián hóu shān chányú sūn zhū liú chányú
   jiān zuǒ xián wáng chányú ( )  50 nián 1 yuè běi dān jiān zuǒ xián wáng 2 qiū yóu chányú 56 nián -57 nián 2 nián chányú 3 chányú hàn 57 nián -59 nián 3 nián chányú 4 hǎi tóng shī zhú hóu chányú shì 59 nián -63 nián 5 nián chányú 5 qiū chú chē lín chányú 63 nián 1 nián chányú 6 xié shī zhú hóu chányú cháng 63 nián -85 nián 23 nián chányú shì 7 chányú xuān 85 nián -88 nián 4 nián chányú hàn 8 xiū lán shī zhú hóu chányú tún 88 nián -93 nián 6 nián chányú cháng 9 ān guó chányú 'ān guó 93 nián -94 nián 2 nián chányú xuān 10 tíng shī zhú hóu chányú shī 94 nián -98 nián 5 nián chányú shì 11 wàn shì shī zhú hóu chányú tán 98 nián -124 nián 27 nián chányú zhǎngzǐ 12 hóu shī zhú chányú 124 nián -128 nián 5 nián chányú tán 13 ruò shī zhú jiù chányú xiū 128 nián -140 nián 13 nián chányú xiū shānán tíng wèi (140 nián -143 nián )
   chē niǔ chányú ( ) chē niǔ 140 nián -143 nián 4 nián lóng wáng děng yōng 14 lán ruò shī zhú jiù chányú dōu lóu chǔ 143 nián -147 nián 5 nián shǒu wáng 15 líng shī zhú jiù chányú chē 'ér 147 nián -172 nián 26 nián
  16 ruò shī zhú jiù chányú  172 nián -178 nián 7 nián chányú chē 'ér 17 zhēng chányú zhēng 178 nián -179 nián 2 nián chányú 18 qiāng chányú qiāng 179 nián -188 nián 10 nián yòu xián wáng
   hóu chányú ( rén suǒ )
  188 nián -189 nián 2 nián rén yōng hòunán tíng wèi nián lǎo shì shǒu cháng quán xíng zhù chí nán tíng zhī shì 19 chí zhì shī zhú hóu chányú luó 188 nián -195 nián 8 nián chányú qiāng 20 chú quán chányú ( rèn ) chú quán 195 nián -216 nián 22 nián luó zhī bèi cáo cāo liú hòu nán xiōng chányú zhōng zhǐ
   zuǒ shuài liú bào
   luó
   běi dān ( hòu chēng dān ) liú yuān 304 nián
   liú bào jìn shí liù guó shí de xiōng chányú
   chányú hào xìng míng zài wèi shí jiān zài wèi nián shù zhù
   lài tóu chányú lài tóu? -357 nián??
xiōng hòu dài
  1. chéng wéi zhōng guó mín
  1 shì héng 2 shì shí de nán xiōng nèi jiānzuò wéi de mín cóng zhōng guó shǐ zhōng zhú jiàn 'àn dàn
   xiōng hòu chéng wéi zhōng guó mín zhī hòuzhú jiàn gǎi wéi hàn xìngxià liè wéi xiē cháng jiàn xìng shì
   gōng sūn shìluán lián )、 yán yǎn )、 lán luò lán)、 qiū línqiáo)、 lóngwéi fànzhàochéngwánghǎogāo kūnhún)、 chóu qiě qiě )、 dǒngchéngxiānhándāng láng jièào jiānshī zhú lài lán)、 wénzhāngguōchén jìnféngcáo liántiě tiě )、 fèi liánfèi)、 liù hán luò hàn liù hànpān liù liù hànhán)、 mòqíjīnliáng liè lán)、 liú liú)、 yáohuángkuí suì yuè chéng shùzhìfēnglánpénggàigài lóu)、
   hòu duō shēng huó zài jīn tiān de shǎn shān shān dōng jiàn děng wèi jiāng zhōu de jīn shìwèi jiàn 'ān shì sài zhèn zhái cūn de jīn shìwèi nán shěng shì de lián shìwèi 'ān huī shěng wǎn nán dōng zhì xiàn nán zhài jīn shìgān shěng lán zhōu shì zhōng jīn zhèn jīn shìzhè jiāng shěng jiāng xiàn zhèng zhái zhèn hòu jīn cūn jīn shìshān dōng shěng wén dēng shì cóng shìchuán shuō jiē wéi xiōng jīn de hòu
  2. běi mín de guān
  2006 nián guó xiōng chuán xué zhě yòng 2300 nián qián de dài xiōng guì shī xiàn zài zài měnggǔ de měnggǔ rén qún rén qún xiàn dài 'ān tuō de 'ěr rén qún jìn xíng de Y rǎn xiàn cháng rǎn DNA fēn jiēguǒ biǎo míng dài xiōng dāng dài měnggǔ rén qún wéi yán shì ér xiàn dài 'ěr rén měnggǔ rén gèng duō de shì wén huà yán xué shàng de jiāo liú 'ér fēi yīn shàng de jiāo liú xiōng rén de rén méi yòu xuè yuán guān
xiōng zhèng zhì zhì
   xiōng de guān zhì,《 shǐ 》、《 hàn shū》、《 hòu hàn shūjūn yòu jìzǎi zhōnghàn shūquán chāoshǐ 》,《 hòu hàn shū jiā chōng nèi róngnèi róng xià
  “ rán zhì mòdú 'ér xiōng zuì qiáng jìn cóng běi ér nán zhōng guó wéi guó shì chuán guó guān hào nǎi 'ér yúnzhì zuǒ yòu xián wángzuǒ yòu wángzuǒ yòu dàjiàngzuǒ yòu wèizuǒ yòu dāng zuǒ yòu hóu xiōng wèi xián yuē ”, cháng tài wéi zuǒ wáng zuǒ yòu xián wáng xià zhì dànghù zhě wàn xiǎo zhě shù qiānfán 'èr shí cháng hào yuēwàn ”。 zhū chén jiē shì guān yǎn shìlán shì hòu yòu shì sān xìng guì zhǒng zhū zuǒ fāng wáng jiāng dōng fāngzhí shàng wǎng zhědōng jiē huì háocháo xiānyòu fāng wáng jiāng fāngzhí shàng jùn jiē yuè shìqiāngér chányú zhī tíng zhí dàiyún zhōng yòu fēn zhú shuǐ cǎo ér zuǒ yòu xián wángzuǒ yòu wáng zuì wéi guózuǒ yòu hóu zhèngzhū 'èr shí cháng zhì qiān chángbǎi chángshí cháng xiǎo wángxiāngfēng wèidànghùqiě zhī shǔ。” héngshǐ xiōng lièzhuàn
   chén guì zhě zuǒ xián wáng zuǒ wáng yòu xián wáng yòu wángwèi zhī jiǎo zuǒ yòu zhú wáng zuǒ yòu wēn wáng zuǒ yòu jiàn jiāng wángshì wéi liù jiǎojiē chányú dāng wéi chányú zhě xìng chén zuǒ yòu hóu zuǒ yòu shī zhú hóu zhúqiě dànghù zhū guān hào quán yōu liè zhòng duō shǎo wéi gāo xià yānchányú xìng lián xìng yòu yǎn shì shìqiū lín shìlán shì xìngwèiguó zhōng míng cháng chányú hūn yīn yǎn shì wéi zuǒlán shì shì wéi yòuzhù duàn tīng sòngdāng jué qīng zhòngkǒu bái chányú wén shū lǐng yānhénghòu hàn shūnán xiōng lièzhuàn
   chú liǎo zhè xiē wáng hào guān hàoshàng yòu kūn xié wángxiū wáng wángào jiān wáng hàn wángxiū xún wángōu tuō wáng wángyòu gāo lín wáng wáng zhì wáng děng děng wàihái yòu hàn jiàng rén wéi wáng zhě zhào xìn wéi wáng líng wéi yòu xiào wángshǐ jiàng wéi tiān wáng wǎn wéi dōng wánghóu de míng chēng yòu zuǒ 'ān hóuzuǒ hóu zhì zhī hóu děng děng
   zhè xiē wáng hóu wèi hěn qīng chǔdàn cóng wén xiàn jìzǎi lái kànhái zhī lüè
   zuǒ xián wáng zuǒ wáng wèi gāo zhū wángjǐn chányúshì chányú de chéng zhěcháng chányú tài dāng zhīdàn yòu wài zhū lěi ruò chányú hòu lián 5 rèn chányú jiē yóu dān rèn zuǒ xián wáng
   jué shìyīn yān zhī huò yān zhīhán yòu měi de chányú zhì bān zhū wáng jiē chēng wéi jué shì yòu duō chēng níng jué shìzhuān jué shì jué shì 'èr jué shì jué shì děng děngzài zhòng duō jué shì zhōng yòu gāo wèi zhī fēnshěn qīn hán wéi xiōng zhèng chēng jué shì”, sān shěng wéizhuān jué shìchányú zhī yuán fēi wéi jué shì”。
   jué shì suī jiàn shì huáng hòudàn chányú de jué shì zài xiōng de wèi què hěn zhòng yào jǐn zài nèi zhèngwài jiāo shàng yòu zhòng yào wèizài zhàn zhēng zhōng zuò yòng mòdú gōng wéi liú bāng shíjué shì suí jūn zài bàng
xiōng jīng shēng huó
   xiōng rén zhù yào shòu lièyóu xùmù wéi zhù kào de xùmù zhù yào yòu niúyáng sān zhǒng zhōng yòu zuì wéi zhòng yàozài yǐn shí dāng zhōngròu pǐn yóu wéi biànyòu shí huì shí yòng lèi shēng huó diǎn cháng suí zhe jié zhuǎn zhì fāng
   xiōng rén yòng chù zuò men hěn zǎo jiù zhì zuò cháng xuēcháng páojiān mào huò fēng mào lùn zài xíng zhòng huò bǎo nuǎn fāng miàndōuhěn shì yìng dāng de shēng huózhù de fāng jiào qióng shì zhān zhàng suǒ zhì de zhàng tiáo zuò zhù liángbìng shǐ yòng zhǒng táo jīn shǔ
   xiōng rén jǐn yòu gēng tián chǎn hái jiàn yòu cāng lái cáng chú zài běn gēngzhòng wàizài hái yòu tián
   xiōng rén shí fēn zhòng shì shāng jiāo huàn shēng chù huàn shē chǐ pǐncháng hàn rén shì jiāo bìng jiāng hàn rén pǐn zhuǎn mǎi yùn dào guó bìng bāo kuò luó guózài hàn duì tōng dào zhōng duàn zhī shí yóu wéi
rén kǒu
  gēn duì mòdú zòng jīng bīng 30 wàn wéi kùn liú bāng bái dēng tuī suàn kǒu chū jiè xiōng rén kǒu yīngdāng zài 150 wàn zhì 200 wàn zhī jiān
   hàn de nán xiōng zhòng wéi wàn rénzài chányú tún zài wèi shí dào kōng qián zhǎnzēng jiā dào kǒu 34000, rén kǒu 237300, bīng 50170。
   cáo wèi shífēn xiōng wéi zuǒyòunánběizhōng zuǒ shuài liú bào tǒng xiá wàn tài yuán jùn shìjīn shān lín fén); yòu 6 qiān xiànjīn shān xiàn); běi 4 qiān xīn xīng xiànjīn shān xīn xiàn); nán 3 qiān xiànjīn shān xiàn); zhōng 6 qiān líng xiànjīn shān wén shuǐ)。 gòng 3 wàn rén kǒu jìn 20 wàn
   liú yuān zài bìng zhōu bīng shíbìng zhōu xiōng zǒng rén kǒu yuē 35 wàn zuǒ yòu
jūn shì
   xiōng mín yòu wán shàn de jūn shì zhuāng bèiyōu liáng de zhàn jiáo jiàn de shìjiān de kuī jiájiā shàng fēng de bīng
   zài xiōng rén de shēng huó zhōng bàn yǎn zhe shuāngchóng juésèpíng shí shì zuò wéi jiāo tōng gōng zhàn shí chéng wéi zhàn cóng chū shí kàn xiōng shēn lüè 'ǎitóu piān yìng shǔ měnggǔ měnggǔ suī shí fēn gāo dàn néng chōng pèinài chí jiǔxíng dòng xùn fēi cháng shì yìng gāo yuán huán jìngzài pèi shàng gōng héng héng lóng tóu 'ān zēng qiáng xiōng jūn duì de zhàn 。《 shǐ xiōng lièzhuànjìzǎi xiōng bīngjìn wéi jiá ”、“ kòng xián zhī shì sān shí wàn”。
   xiōng bīng cháng bīng gōng shǐduǎn bīng dāo chán”, kǎo jué liào zhèng xiāng wěn xiōng jué qíng kuàng xiǎn shìbīng bān chū nán xìng zàng zhōng tóngtiě zhì wéi zhùzhù yào yòu gōngjiàn dāojiànmáoliú xīng chuí děng
   xiōng rén xiàng zhōng yuán shì bīng kào dùn pái bǎo ér dài zhī gèng shěng jìngèng jiān de kuī jiá lái zhuāng bèi shēnxíng chéngjìn wéi jiá ”、 dòng líng huó 'ér yòu qiáng de xiōng bīng
zōng jiào
   xiōng rén tiān bài yuèchóng xiānxìn guǐ shénzài men de shēng huó zhōng lùn shì píng shí hái shì zhàn shí zōng jiào shí yòu mìqiè de guān bìng qiě xiāng dāng xìn
   xiōng měi nián yòu guī dìng de xíng de měi nián sān huì de ,《 shǐ shuō shì zhēngyuè yuè qiū ,《 hòu hàn shūwéi zhēngyuè yuè jiǔ yuèliǎng zhě jiē wéi zhì zhì shàngzhēngyuè de huì shì xiǎo huìcān jiā de rén shì xiōng zhū cháng yuè de huì zuì zōng jiào cǎicān jiā de rén shù hěn duō xiàn zhū chángzhù yào shì wéi xiān tiān guǐ shénqiū de huì shì wéi qiū tiān shōu chéng 'ér gǎn xiè tiān shén de huì
   guān de diǎn zhì shàng shì zài chányú suǒ zài de fāng xíngsuī rán dōushì tiāntóng shí yòu shāng tǎo guó jiā qiū hòu gǎn xiè tiān shén děng rèn
   xiōng rén duì zōng de fén hěn wéi zhòng shì zhǐ xiāng xìn zōng hòu yòu shén líng rén hòu yòu shén líng jiàng xiōng xiāng xìn rén hòu yào xiǎng yòng jīn yín qiú rén
   zài zhàn zhēng shí xiōng rén hái xiāng xìn zhǒng shù
   xiōng hái yòu yǐn xuè wéi méng shì de fēng méng yuē de shì hěn yán shì zhǒng méng shì shì zhǒng zōng jiào shì
xiōng
  guān xiōng de lái yuányóu liào jué hěn nán dào kěn dìng de jié lùnyòu xiē rèn wéi xiōng rén jiǎng méng ér rèn wéi men de yán shǔ sài yòu xiē rèn wéi shì dōng měnggǔ de hùn
   xiōng néng běn shēn jiù yòu yán tǒngzài běn shēn zhǎn jiān néng duàn shōu liǎo zhǒng de yánbìng huò qiǎn huò shēn yǐng xiǎng dào mín de yánzài hàn dài xiōng wéi běi zhǒng shì zhōng zuì wéi tōng yòng de yánsuǒ zài zhāng qiān chū shǐ zhì guó shíhái dài liǎo táng shì zhào qián zuò wéi fān
   zhōng guó běi fāng zhū zhī chéng tōng měnggǔ jué sān bìng cún de miànshì shàng yán shēng tài róng 'ér chéng de jiào wéi jiǎn dān de biǎo xiàng xiōng zhī páng yán xuè yuán rán hùn shuō shì duō xuè yuán duō yán de luò lián ménghuò gèng wéi qiàdàngér yào liǎng qiān nián qián de zhěng zhōng guó běi fāng shuō chéng shì dān de xiōng huò zhě jué yuán de shì jiè jiù jǐn wéi fǎn liǎo shì shíér qiě wéi fǎn liǎo rén lèi zhǒng zhú jiǎn shǎo de shǐ
   xiōng hàn dōng jué měnggǔ 1 chēng tiān Tangri( jué )
  Tangri、 Tangere( měnggǔ )2 gute、 hute( dōng )3 chányú guǎng Cinkai( dōng )
  Cinkda( měnggǔ )4 mòdú shèng Bogda、 Bogdo( měnggǔ )5 ě shì Asi( dōng )
  izi( měnggǔ )6 tóu màn wàn Tuman( dōng juéměnggǔ )7 luò a. zhǒng
  b. zhǒng Dara( měnggǔ )
  Vtara( dōng juéměnggǔ )8 ōu tuō shì Saka( dōng )
  Ceke、 Sere( měnggǔ )
  Sagatex( jué )9 xián Voda、 vota( dōng juéměnggǔ )10 jìng dāo Uyngyrar( jué )11 kyz( jué )12 lián tiān kilem( dōng )13 ruò xiào sakati( dōng )
  suhutai( měnggǔ )14 zhì Psi、 pit( gāolí )
  Fesu( zhá )15 a. ruì shòu
  b. gōu Sabintu( dōng )
  votk( dōng juéměnggǔ )16 luò Falan( dōng )
  Balgha-sun( měnggǔ )
  Balik( jué )17 fǒu Butun( dōng )
  putung( měnggǔ )
yīngwénjièshì
  1. :  Xiongnu
  2. n.:  hun,  the Huns
fǎwénjièshì
  1. n.  les Xiongnu, les Huns
xiàngguāncí
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