【 zhōng wén cí tiáo】 yī sī lán lì fǎ
【 wài wén cí tiáo】 islamiccalendar
zhōng shì jì yī sī lán jiào guó jiā suǒ shǐ yòng de lì fǎ ﹐ qí zhōng yòu liǎng zhǒng lì fǎ zuì wéi yòu míng﹐ bìng qiě yī zhí yán yòng zhí zhì rú jīn。 yī zhǒng shì yǐ hēi chī lā (hijra) wéi jì yuán de huí lì ﹔ lìng yī zhǒng shì yǐ yī sì hóu (yazdegerd) wéi jì yuán de bō sī lì。
huí lì wéi tài yīn lì﹐ hēi chī lā de yì yì shì qiān yí﹐ mù hǎn mò dé cóng mài jiā qiān yí dào mài dì nà﹐ xuǎn zé liǎo yǔ tài yīn lì de shuò rì xiāng hé de yī tiān dìng wéi huí lì jì yuán﹐ suǒ yǐ huí lì yòu jiào mù hǎn mò dé lì。 mù sī lín yòu chēng huí lì jì yuán wéi zhì shèng qiān dū yuán nián。 huí lì yuán nián 1 yuè 1 rì xiāng dāng rú lüè lì gōng yuán 622 nián 7 yuè 16 rì。 huí lì yī nián wéi rì﹐ fēn shí 'èr gè yuè﹐ dà yuè sān shí rì﹐ xiǎo yuè 'èr shí jiǔ rì﹐ shí 'èr gè yuè míng shì ﹕
yī yuè dà mù hā lán mǔ (muharram)30 tiān
èr yuè xiǎo sè fǎ 'ěr (saphar)29 tiān
sān yuè dà lài bǐ 'ér · áo wài lǔ (rabia-al-awwel)30 tiān
sì yuè xiǎo lài bǐ 'ér · ā hè 'ěr (rabia-al-accher)29 tiān
wǔ yuè dà zhù mǎ dá · áo wài lǔ (jomada-al-awwel)30 tiān
liù yuè xiǎo zhù mǎ dá · ā hè 'ěr (jomada-al-accher)29 tiān
qī yuè dà lài zhé bǔ (rajab)30 tiān
bā yuè xiǎo shè 'ěr bāng (shaaban)29 tiān
jiǔ yuè dà lài mǎi dān (ramadan)30 tiān
shí yuè xiǎo shǎn wǎ lǔ (shawwal)29 tiān
shí yī yuè dà dū 'ěr kā 'ěr dé (dulkaada)30 tiān
shí 'èr yuè xiǎo dū 'ěr hēi zhé (dulheggia)29 tiān
píng nián 354 rì﹐ rùn nián yú dì shí 'èr yuè mò jiā yī rì wéi 355 rì。 fán 30 nián yòu 11 rùn。
huí lì tuī qī yào fǎ﹕ shè a wéi huí lì jì yuán nián shù﹐
a=a-1﹐ a=10a+b﹐ m= yuè xì shù﹐ d= rì cì﹐ yuè xì shù biǎo rú xià
﹐
yòu xià jiǎo q biǎo shì qǔ kuò hú nèi shāng shù de zhěng shù bù fēn。 zé
p+m+d-2-2(a-2b) ≡ w(mod7)﹐
shàng shì yì sī shì﹕ yòng 7 qù chú qí zuǒ biān de zǒng hé﹐ dé yú shù w﹐ w wéi qī yào míng。
qī yào biǎo rú xià﹕
bō sī lì wéi tài yáng lì﹐ yī sì hóu zhǐ bō sī wáng yī sì hóu sān shì﹐ tā dēng wáng wèi zhī nián (632 nián ) gǎi lì﹐ gù lì yuán cóng zhè nián qǐ。 bō sī lì yī sì hóu jì yuán yuán nián 1 yuè 1 rì xiāng dāng gōng yuán 632 nián 6 yuè 16 rì。 gōng yuán 840 nián zuǒ yòu de huā lā zǐ mó suǒ zhuàn de lìshǔ shū (al-khwrizmi'szij) juàn shǒu jì lù liǎo bō sī lì。 qí zhōng xiě dào : “ wèn﹕ wèishénme shuō cóng 'ā lā bó lì ( àn jí huí lì ) nián yuè rì huà wéi bō sī lì shí﹐ jí yǐ suǒ shǔ yuè fèn jiā 30 huò 29 tiān lián tóng yǐ guò nián de rì shù﹐ jiǎn qù 3﹐ 624﹐ chú yǐ 365 ér dé ﹖ dá﹕ lì zhōng suǒ yòng bō sī jì nián﹐ shì cóng yī sì hóu wáng ( sān shì ) dēng wèi shí kāi shǐ﹐ tā tóng huí sōu ?﹐ 624 tiān﹐ suǒ yǐ nǐ cóng huí lì lěi jì rì shù jiǎn qù zhè shù﹐ suǒ yú de shù jí shì cóng bō sī lì jì nián kāi shǐ de rì shù。 bō sī lì yǐ yī nián wéi 365 tiān﹐ gù chú 365﹐ yú shù shì bō sī jì nián rì shù﹐ shāng shù shì bō sī jì nián de nián shù。 wèn﹕ wèishénme shuō﹐ dāng nǐ yào zhī dào bō sī gè nián yī yuè yuè shǒu qī yào﹐ yǐ bō sī lì yī sì hóu jì nián yǐ guò nián shù﹐ jiā sān﹐ mǎn qī chú zhī﹐ jí dé nián shǒu wèihé yào﹖ dá﹕ lǐ yóu shì bō sī jì nián de dì yī nián yuán dàn shì huǒ yào rì﹐ cóng rì yào rì suàn qǐ dào zhè tiān fán sān tiān﹐ suǒ yǐ yào jiā sān。 yòu měi nián wéi 365 tiān﹐ mǎn qī chú zhī﹐ yú yī tiān﹐ suǒ yǐ jí yǐ sān jiā suǒ guò nián shù﹐ mǎn qī chú zhī﹐ mìng rì yào rì suàn shàng﹐ jí dé yī yuè yuè shǒu de yào rì。 wèn﹕ wèishénme shuō﹐ jiǎ rú nǐ yào zhī dào rèn hé yuè yuè shǒu qī yào﹐ jí bǎ nián shǒu qī yào jiā 'èr jí dé﹐ dàn dì bā lǔ hú t dá﹕ lǐ yóu shì bō sī jì nián gè yuè dōushì 30 tiān﹐ yǐ qī chú zhī yú 'èr﹐ dì bā yuè 35 tiān﹐ qī chú shì jìn﹐ gù chú wài﹐ ” ( jù theal-muthann'scommentaryontheastronomicaltablesofal-khwrizmi﹐ bernardr.goldstein yì běn﹐ 1967。 )
bō sī lì shí 'èr gè yuè de míng chēng rú xià﹐ qí zhōng bō sī wén de yì míng jù bèi lín《 qī zhèng tuī bù》。 àn《 qī zhèng tuī bù》 jì yuán yòng huí lì﹐ dàn yuè míng yòng bō sī míng。
pó luó bō wén (pahlavi) bō sī wén
yī yuè fǎ fá dì nuò fǎ 'ér wò 'ér dīng
(fravardino)(farwardin)
èr yuè 'ā dá fá xī 'ā 'ér de bì xǐ shì
(ardavahist)(ardibihischt)
sān yuè hé fá dá tè hǔ 'ér dá
(horvadad)(churdd)
sì yuè 'ěr tí 'ěr
(tr)(tr)
wǔ yuè 'ā mǔ luò dá tè mù 'ér dá
(amerdad)(murdd)
liù yuè shā tuō fá luò shā hé liè wò 'ér
(shatvair)(schahriwr)
qī yuè mì tuō luò liè hēi 'ér
(mitr)(mihr)
bā yuè 'ā fán 'ā bān
(vn)(bn)
jiǔ yuè 'ā tuō luò 'ā zán 'ér
(ter)(dhr)
shí yuè tái nuò dá yì
(dn)(dei)
shí yī yuè fù hē màn bā hā màn
(vohman)(bahman)]
shí 'èr yuè sī bān dá mǎ tè yì sī fān dá 'ér má de
(spendarmad)(isfandarmadh)
bō sī lì de měi rì rì míng yě yòu zhuān míng﹐ qí zhōng 1 yuè 19 rì ﹑ 2 yuè 3 rì﹑ 3 yuè 6 rì﹑ 4 yuè 13 rì﹑ 5 yuè 7 rì﹑ 6 yuè 4 rì﹑ 7 yuè 16 rì﹑ 8 yuè 10 rì﹑ 9 yuè 9 rì﹑ 10 yuè 24 rì﹑ 11 yuè 2 rì﹑ 12 yuè 5 rì zé shì yǐ yuè míng zuò wéi rì míng﹐ jí rì yuè tóng míng。 zài yī sì hóu jì yuán 375 nián jí gōng yuán 1006 nián shí﹐ céng bǎ měi nián duō yú de wǔ tiān fàng zài shí 'èr yuè mò。
bō sī lì tuī qī yào fǎ﹕ shè a wéi bō sī lì yī sì hóu jì yuán nián shù﹐ a=a-1﹐ m= yuè xì shù﹐ d= rì cì﹐ zé
a+m+d+2≡ w(mod7)﹐
w wéi qī yào míng。
themuslimerabeganin622withthehijrah,oremigration.muhammadandhissmallbandoffollowersleftmakkahandtraveledtomedinah.thiseventwasadoptedasthebeginningofthemuslimerainthecaliphateof'umaribnal-khattab,thesecondcaliphaftermuhammad.themuslimcalendarislunar,itsmonthsbeingdeterminedbythepositionsofthemoon.eachyearconsistsoftwelvemonths,eachmonthbeing29or30daysinlengthdependingonthepositionofthemoon.
itisconsideredadivinecommandtousea(hijra)calendarwith12(purely)lunarmonthswithoutintercalation,asevidentfromthefollowingversesoftheholyquran(translation:a.yusufali)
al-quran,chapter2al-baqara,verse189
inthenameofallah,thebenevolent,themerciful
theyasktheeconcerningthenewmoons,say:theyarebutsignstomarkfixedperiodsoftimein(theaffairsof)menandforpilgrimage.
theislamicyearhastwelvemonthsthatarebasedonalunarcycle.allahsaysinthequran:
al-quran,chapter9at-tauba,verse36
inthenameofallah,thebenevolent,themerciful
thenumberofmonthsinthesightofallahistwelve(inayear)soordainedbyhimthedayhecreatedtheheavensandtheearth;ofthemfouraresacred;thatisthestraightusage.sowrongnotyourselvesthereinandfightthepagansalltogetherastheyfightyoualltogether.butknowthatallahiswiththosewhorestrainthemselves.
~~~~~~~~
al-quran,chapter10yunus,verse5
inthenameofallah,thebenevolent,themerciful
"itishewhomadethesuntobeashiningglory,andthemoontobealightofbeauty,andmeasuredoutstagesforit,thatyoumightknowthenumberofyearsandthecountoftime.allahdidnotcreatethisexceptintruthandrighteousness.andheexplainshissignsindetail,forthosewhounderstand"
inhisfinalsermonbeforehisdeath,theprophetmuhammadsaid,amongotherthings,"withallahthemonthsaretwelve;fourofthemareholy;threeofthesearesuccessiveandoneoccurssinglybetweenthemonthsofjumaadaandsha'ban."
islamicmonthsbeginatsunset,onthedaywhenthelunarcrescentisvisuallysighted.thelunaryearisapproximately354dayslong,sothemonthsrotatebackwardthroughtheseasonsandarenotfixedtothegregoriancalendar.themonthsoftheislamicyearare:
theislamiccalendarisnamedhijricalendarandisalunarcalendar.itcontains12monthsthatarebasedonthemotionofthemoon,andbecause12lunarmonthsis12x29.53=354.36days,theislamiccalendarisconsistentlyshorter(11days)thanasolaryear,andthereforeitshiftswithrespecttothegregoriancalendar.
theislamiccalendaristheofficialcalendarincountriesinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica,especiallysaudiarabia.butothermuslimcountriesusethegregoriancalendarforcivilpurposesandturntotheislamiccalendarforreligiouspurposes.
whichmonthsarethereinanislamicyear?
1.muharram7.rajab
2.safar8.sha'ban
3.rabi'al-awwal9.ramadan
4.rabi'al-thani10.shawwal
5.jumadaal-awwal11.dhual-qi'dah
6.jumadaal-thani12.dhual-hijjah
whatarethedayscalledinanislamicweek?
السَّبْتas-sabt-torestالأحَدal-ahad-dayonefromthearabic'one'-wahidالإثْنَيْنal-'ithnayn-daytwofromthearabic'two'-ithnayn
الثُّلاثَاءath-thulatha-daythreefromthearabic'three'-thalathaالأرْبِعَاءal-'arba'aa-dayfourfromthearabic'four'-arba'aaالْخَمِيسal-khamees-dayfivefromthearabic'five'-khamsah
الْجُمْعَةal-jum'ah-dayofgathering
currentislamicmonth
datesinbluearefromthegregoriancalendarandtheonesinredarehijri(islamic)dates.
currentmoonphase(live)
currentmoonmoonphase
howanislamicmonthdevelops
eachmonthstartswhenthelunarcrescentisfirstseenafteranewmoon.
althoughnewmoonsmaybecalculatedquiteprecisely,theactualvisibilityofthecrescentisdifficulttopredict.itdependsonfactorssuchasweather,theopticalpropertiesoftheatmosphere,andthelocationoftheobserver.thereforeinsomecasesitmaybedifficulttogiveaccurateinformationinadvanceaboutwhenanewmonthwillstart.
furthermore,insomeareasmuslimsdependonalocalsightingofthemoon,whereasinotherareasauniversalsightingisaccepted.(i.e.ifanewcrescentisseenanywhereintheworlditisacceptedforcommunitiestheworldover).botharevalidislamicpractices,buttheymayleadtodifferentstartingdaysforthemonths.
howcanwecalculatetheislamicera?
yearsarecountedsincethehijra,thatis,prophetmohammed'smigrationtomedina,whichisassumedtohavetakenplace16julyc.e.622(juliancalendar).onthatdateah1started(ah=annohegirae=yearofthehijra).
importantislamicdates
importancedate
hajj-pilgrimagetomecca1stzul-hijjah
eid-ul-adha-feastofsacrifice10th-zul-hijjah
hijri-islamicnewyear1stmuharram
a'ashoora-martyrdomofimamhussein-grandsonofprophetmohammed10thmuharram
birthdateofprophetmohammed12thrabi-al-awwal
isra'a&mir'aj-prophetmohammedascensiontoheaven.27thrajab
ramadan-firstdayoffasting1stramadan
lailatulqadr-nightofpowerwhenqur'anwasrevealed.foundinoneofthefollowingnights:23rd,25th,27thor29thoframadan
eid-ul-fitr-endoframadancelebration1stshawwal |
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