kǒng lóng > sān jiǎo lóng
mùlù
No. 1
  kǒng lóng xiǎo dàng 'àn
   dīng wén xué míng triceratops
   cháng 9 cháng
   zhòng 6 dūn
   shí xìng : zhí shí
   shēng cún nián dàiwǎn bái 'ě shì( 7000 wàn -6500 wàn nián qián
   fēn běi měi zhōu
   fēn lèi niǎo tún yuán tóu lóng lèi jiǎo lóng lèi jiǎo lóng kāi jiǎo lóng
   shì zài dīng wén zhōng: tri shì sān de keratos shì jiǎo de
  [a] sān jiǎo lóng shì zhǒng duǎn de jiǎo lóng lèi xíng qiáng 'ér yòu bǎo yuē 6-10 cháng, 2.9 gāo zhòng yuē 6 dūn shì shǔ xíng de jiǎo lóng lèi 'èr zhǐ 'é shàng de jiān jiǎo yuē bǎi líng 'èr gōng fēn cháng sān zhǐ cóng hòu shēn chū de jiǎo jiào wéi duǎn 'ér hòu zhòngjīhū kěn dìng de sān jiǎo lóng bèi hòu huì 12 dūn de zhòng chōng chūměi xiǎo shí shí gōng
   guǒ yào wèn huó dào zuì hòu de kǒng lóng shì shénme sān jiǎo lóng yīnggāi shì zhōng zhī 。 6500 wàn nián qiánsuǒ yòu de kǒng lóng rán miè jué sān jiǎo lóng méi néng xìng miǎn sān jiǎo lóng shì xíng jiǎo lóngkuān gāo 3 zhòng 12 dūngēn xiàn zài de liǎng tóu xiàng chàbù duō suǒ yòu de jiǎo lóng yàng de tóu wán quán shì duī jiēshí de jiázuǐ chéng jiǎo zhì de huì shàng yòu zhǐ duǎn jiǎoliǎng yǎn shàng fāng yòu zhǐ chāo guò 1 de méi jiǎonǎo hòu shì dùn pái yàng de zhì jǐng dùn
   sān jiǎo lóng
   kǒng lóng cháng: 9
   kǒng lóng zhòng: 5 dūn kǒng lóng
   shí cǎo shí
   shēng cún nián dàibái 'ě hòu
   biàn rèn yào juéèr zhǐ 'é shàng de jiān jiǎo cháng sān zhǐ cóng hòu shēn chū de jiǎo jiào wéi duǎn 'ér hòu zhòng lái de bào lóng zài tóng shí shēng cún xiàn jīn de běi měi céng jīng qiáng zhuàng jiēshí de jiān ruì de sān jiǎo bào lóng zhǎn kāi guò shù de jué dǒu
   jiǎn jiè sān jiǎo lóng bào lóng gòng cún tóng shí shì zhǒng duǎn de jiǎo lóng lèi de xíng qiáng 'ér yòu bǎo shì shǔ zuì xíng de jiǎo lóng lèi 'é shàng yòu liǎng zhǐ jiān jiǎo sān zhǐ cóng hòu shēn chū de jiǎo jiào wéi duǎn 'ér hòu zhòng sān jiǎo lóng wéi wēn xùn de jiǎo lóng lèidàn shì shòu dào hòu huì bèi hái chōng chū měi xiǎo shí sān shí qiān cān kǎo liàokǒng lóng táng chǐ liè shí xìng sān jiǎo lóng shì cǎo shí xìng dòng yīn wéi men de tóu 'ǎisuǒ men néng zhù yào gāo zhí bèi wéi shídàn men néng shǐ yòng tóu jiǎohuì zhuàng zuǐ shēn lái zhuàng dǎo jiào gāo de zhí bèi lái shí yòng。 [35] sān jiǎo lóng de 'è qián duān yòu zòng shēnxiá zhǎi de huì zhuàng zuǐbèi rèn wéi jiào shì zhuā chěér fēi yǎo 。 [36] sān jiǎo lóng de chǐ pái liè chéng chǐ ( toothbatteries), yóu 36 dào 40 chǐ qún suǒ gòu chéngshàng xià 'è liǎng yòu 3 dào 5 chǐ qún chǐ qún de chǐ shù liàng zhào dòng xíng 'ér gǎi biàn sān jiǎo lóng zǒng gòng yōng yòu 432 dào 800 chǐ zhōng zhǐ yòu shǎo fèn zhèng zài shǐ yòngér sān jiǎo lóng de chǐ shì duàn shēngzhǎng bìng dàizhè xiē chǐ chuí zhí huò jiē jìn chuí zhí de fāng xiàng lái qiē shí sān jiǎo lóng de zhòng duō chǐxiǎn shì men de yòu xiān wéi zhí wéi shí zhōng néng bāo hán zōng tiě, [37][38] ér rén yuán rèn wéi bāo hán cǎo yuán shàng de jué lèi。 [39] jiǎo tóu dùn guān sān jiǎo lóng tóu zhuāng shì de gōng néng qián yòu duō jiǎ shè zhōng liǎng zhù yào de lùn wéi zhàn dǒu qiú 'ǒu shí de zhǎn shì ér hòu zhě xiàn zài bèi rèn wéi néng shì zhù yào gōng néngzài zǎo shǐ zhōng, lull jiǎ shè zhè xiē tóu dùn shì zuò wéi 'è ròu fùzhuó diǎn shǐ yòng zēng jiā ròu de xiǎo liàng xié zhù jǔjué。 [40] zhè lùn bèi yán jiū rén yuán jiē shòu liǎo duàn shí jiāndàn hòu lái de yán jiū bìng méi yòu xiàn tóu dùn shàng yòu xíng ròu fùzhuó diǎn de zhèng 。 [41] cháng jiǔ lái sān jiǎo lóng bèi rèn wéi néng shǐ yòng jiǎo tóu dùn lèi bào lóng de lüè shí zhě zhàn dǒuzhè gòu niàn shǒu xiān yóu chá 'ěr · téng ( charleshazeliussternberg) zài 1917 nián suǒ chūér zài 70 nián hòu zài yóu luó · ( robertbakker) chū。 [42][43] yòu zhèng xiǎn shì céng yòu bào lóng sān jiǎo lóng wéi shí sān jiǎo lóng de pén shàng céng xiàn bào lóng de chǐ hén quán de xiàngxiǎn shì zhè shāng kǒu shì zài gāi dòng cún huó shí liú xià de。 [44] zài 2005 nián, bbc de diàn shì jié kǒng lóng xiōng miàn 》( thetruthaboutkillerdinosaurs) zhī zhōngjié dān wèi shì sān jiǎo lóng jiāng kàng xíng lüè shí zhě bào lóng de gōng wèile liáo jiě sān jiǎo lóng shì fǒu tóng xiàn dài niú bān chōng zhuàng rénjié dān wèi zhì zuò liǎo rén gōng de sān jiǎo lóng tóu bìng měi xiǎo shí 24 gōng de shí zhuàng xiàng de bào lóng sān jiǎo lóng de 'é jiǎo chuān de dàn shì 'é jiǎo huì zhuàng zuǐ chuānér qiě tóu de qián duàn duàn lièjié lùn shì sān jiǎo lóng yòng chōng zhuàng rén lái fáng wèi guǒ men zāo dào gōng shíyīnggāi huì cǎi jiān shǒu lüèdāng rén jiē jìn shíshǐ yòng men de jiǎo lái rénchú liǎo jiāng tóu jiǎo yòng kàng lüè shí zhě wài sān jiǎo lóng néng huì shǐ yòng tóu jiǎo xiāng pèng zhuàngyán jiū xiǎn shì zhè zhǒng xiāng pèng zhuàng de xíng wéi shì de xíng de, [45] dàn méi yòu zhèng xiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng yōng yòu zhè zhǒng xíng wéi sān jiǎo lóng jiǎo lóng de tóu shàng de chuāng kǒngdòng kǒngsǔn hài shāng kǒucháng bèi rèn wéi shì tóu jiǎo xiāng zhàn dǒu zào chéng de shāng hén zuì jìn de yán jiū rèn wéi méi yòu zhèng xiǎn shì zhè xiē shāng hén shì yīn wéi dǒu 'ér liú xià de méi yòu gǎn rǎn huò quán de zhèng ér zhì liú shīhuò míng de tóu bìngshì zhè xiē shāng hén de lái yuán。 [46] sān jiǎo lóng de xíng tóu dùn néng yòng lái zēng jiā shēn de biǎo miàn xié zhù tiáojié wēn。 [47] jiàn lóng de bǎn bèi tuī yōng yòu lèi de gōng néng, [48] dàn zhè lùn jiě shì jiǎo lóng tóng chéng yuán de tóu dùn xíng zhuàng biàn huà。 thisobservationishighlysuggestiveofwhatisnowbelievedtobetheprimaryfunction,display. tóu dùn jiǎo shì liǎng xìng xíng zhǐ de lùnshì yóu davitashvili zài 1961 nián shǒu chūbìng qiě zhú jiàn huò gèng duō rén de zhī chí。 [49][41] tóu dùn jiǎo zài qiú 'ǒu shè huì xíng wéi shàngbèi shì wéi zhòng yào de shì jué biàn rèn zhè lùn cóng tóng jiǎo lóng lèi kǒng lóng yōng yòu tóng de zhuāng shì 'ér dào zhèng shíér xiàn dài xiàn dài yōng yòu jiǎo zhuàng huò zhuāng shì de dòng jiāng men zuò wéi shì jué biàn shí shǐ yòng。 [50] zuì jìn duì zuì xiǎo xíng sān jiǎo lóng tóu de yán jiūquè dìng gāi tóu shǔ yòu nián bìng xiǎn shì tóu dùn jiǎo shì zài nián fēi cháng xiǎo de shí kāi shǐ zhǎnzǎo xìng yīn sān jiǎo lóng de tóu dùn jiǎo néng zuò wéi shì jué biàn rèn shǐ yòng。 [51] ér gāi yòu huà shí de xíng yǎn jīng jiào duǎn de tóu dùn jiǎo xiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng de qīn dài yòu qīn dài yǎng de xíng wéi。 1.lehmant.m.(1987)."latemaastrichtianpaleoenvironmentsanddinosaurbiogeographyinthewesterninteriorofnorthamerica".paleogeography,paleoacclimatologyandpaleoecology60:pp.189 217.2.^2.02.1lambert,d.( 1993) theultimatedinosaurbook. dorlingkindersley,newyork, pp.152 héng 167. isbn1-56458-304-x. 3.^3.03.13.23.33.43.53.6dodson,p.( 1996). thehorneddinosaurs. princetonuniversitypress,princeton,newjersey. isbn0-691-02882-6. 4. liddell&scott( 1980). greek-englishlexicon,abridgededition. oxforduniversitypress,oxford,uk. isbn0-19-910207-4. 5.↑ http://www.dinodictionary.com/dinos_tpg2.asp6.↑ http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/dino-directory/detail.dsml?genus=triceratops7.↑ alexander,r.m.(1985)."mechanicsofpostureandgaitofsomelargedinosaurs."zoologicaljournalofthelinneansociety,83,1╟ 25.8.↑ http://www.petergoransson.com/siders/dinofacts9.^9.09.19.29.39.49.59.69.79.8dodson,p.,forster,c.a,andsampson,s.d.(2004)ceratopsidae.in:weishampel,d.b.,dodson,p.,andosmólska,h.(eds.),thedinosauria(secondedition).universityofcaliforniapress:berkeley,pp.494╟ 513.isbn0-520-24209-2.10.↑ christiansen,p.,andpaul,g.s.(2001).limbbonescaling,limbproportions,andbonestrengthinneoceratopsiandinosaurs.gaia16:13╟ 29.11.↑ chapman,r.e.,snyder,r.a.,jabo,s.,andandersen,a.(2001).onanewpostureforthehorneddinosaurtriceratops.journalofvertebratepaleontology21(supplementtonumber3),abstractsofpapers,61stannualmeeting:39a╟ 40a.12.^12.012.112.2hatcher,j.b.,marsh,o.c.andlull,r.s.(1907)theceratopsia.governmentprintingoffice,washington,d.c.isbn0405127138.13.↑ lambe,l.m.(1915).oneoceratopscanadensis,gen.nov.,withremarksonothergeneraofcretaceoushorneddinosaurs.canadadepartmentofminesgeologicalsurveymuseumbulletin12:1╟ 49.14.^14.014.114.2lull,r.s.(1933)arevisionoftheceratopsiaorhorneddinosaurs.memoirsofthepeabodymuseumofnaturalhistory3(3):1╟ 175.15.^15.015.1sternberg,c.m.(1949).theedmontonfaunaanddescriptionofanewtriceratopsfromtheupperedmontonmember;phylogenyoftheceratopsidae.nationalmuseumofcanadabulletin113:33╟ 46.16.↑ ostrom,j.h.(1966).functionalmorphologyandevolutionoftheceratopsiandinosaurs.evolution20:220╟ 227.17.↑ norman,david( 1985). theillustratedencyclopaediaofdinosaurs. london: salamanderbooks. isbn0-517-468905. 18.^18.018.118.2lehman,t.m.(1990).theceratopsiansubfamilychasmosaurinae:sexualdimorphismandsystematics.in:carpenter,k.,andcurrie,p.j.(eds.).dinosaursystematics:perspectivesandapproaches,cambridgeuniversitypress,cambridge,pp.211╟ 229.isbn0-521-36672-0.19.↑ dodson,p.,andcurrie,p.j.(1990).neoceratopsia.593╟ 618.inweishampel,d.b.,dodson,p.,&osmólska,h.(eds.).thedinosauriauniversityofcaliforniapress:berkeley,pp.593╟ 618.isbn0-520-06727-4.20.↑ dodson,p.(1993).comparativecraniologyoftheceratopsia.in:americanjournalofscience293,pp.200╟ 234.21.↑ gauthier,j.a.(1986).saurischianmonophylyandtheoriginofbirds.theoriginofbirdsandtheevolutionofflight,k.padian(ed.),memoirsofthecaliforniaacademyofsciences8:1╟ 55.22.↑ sereno,p.c.(1998).arationaleforphylogeneticdefinitions,withapplicationtothehigher-leveltaxonomyofdinosauria.neuesjahrbuchfürgeologieundpaläontologie,abhandlungen210(1):41╟ 83.23.↑ dodson,p.(1996).thehorneddinosaurs.princetonuniversitypress:princeton,newjersey,p.244.isbn0-691-02882-6.24.^24.024.1carpenter,k.(2006)."bison"alticornisando.c.marsh'searlyviewsonceratopsians.in:carpenter,k.(ed.).hornsandbeaks:ceratopsianandornithopoddinosaursindianauniversitypress:bloomingtonandindianapolis,pp.349╟ 364.isbn0-253-34817-x.25.↑ marsh,o.c.(1887).noticeofnewfossilmammals.americanjournalofscience34:323╟ 331.26.↑ marsh,o.c.(1888).anewfamilyofhorneddinosauria,fromthecretaceous.americanjournalofscience36:477╟ 478.27.↑ marsh,o.c.(1889a).noticeofnewamericandinosauria.americanjournalofscience37:331╟ 336.28.↑ marsh,o.c.(1889b).noticeofgigantichorneddinosauriafromthecretaceous.americanjournalofscience38:173╟ 175.29.↑ ostrom,j.h.,andwellnhofer,p.(1986).themunichspecimenoftriceratopswitharevisionofthegenus.zitteliana14:111╟ 158.30.↑ forster,c.a.(1996).speciesresolutionintriceratops:cladisticandmorphometricapproaches.journalofvertebratepaleontology16(2):259╟ 270.31.↑ lehman,t.m.(1998).agiganticskullandskeletonofthehorneddinosaurpentaceratopssternbergifromnewmexico.journalofpaleontology72(5):894╟ 906.32.↑ erickson,b.r.(1966).mountedskeletonoftriceratopsprorsusinthesciencemuseum.scientificpublicationsofthesciencemuseum1:1╟ 16.33.↑ dodson,p.(1996).thehorneddinosaurs.princetonuniversitypress:princeton,newjersey,p.79.isbn0-691-02882-6.34.↑ bakker,r.t.(1986).thedinosaurheresies:newtheoriesunlockingthemysteryofthedinosaursandtheirextinctionwilliammorrow:newyork,p.438.isbn0140100555.35.↑ taitj.,andbrown,b.(1928).howtheceratopsiacarriedandusedtheirhead.transactionsoftheroyalsocietyofcanada.22:13╟ 23.36.↑ ostrom,j.h.(1966)."functionalmorphologyandevolutionoftheceratopsiandinosaurs".evolution20(3):pp.290╟ 308.37.↑ ostrom,j.h.(1964).afunctionalanalysisofjawmechanicsinthedinosaurtriceratops.postilla,yalepeabodymuseum88:1╟ 35.38.↑ weishampel,d.b.(1984).evolutionofjawmechanismsinornithopoddinosaurs.advancesinanatomy,embryology,andcellbiology87:1╟ 110.39.↑ coe,m.j.,dilcher,d.l.,farlow,j.o.,jarzen,d.m.,andrussell,d.a.(1987).dinosaursandlandplants.in:friis,e.m.,chaloner,w.g.,andcrane,p.r.(eds.)theoriginsofangiospermsandtheirbiologicalconsequencescambridgeuniversitypress,pp.225╟ 258.isbn0-521-32357-6.40.↑ lull,r.s.(1908).thecranialmusculatureandtheoriginofthefrillintheceratopsiandinosaurs.americanjournalofscience4(25):387╟ 399.41.^41.041.1forster,c.a.(1990).thecranialmorphologyandsystematicsoftriceratops,withapreliminaryanalysisofceratopsianphylogeny.ph.d.dissertation.universityofpennsylvania,philadelphia.227pp.42.↑ sternberg,c.h.(1917).huntingdinosaursinthebadlandsofthereddeerriver,alberta,canada.publishedbytheauthor,sandiego,california,261pp.43.↑ bakker,r.t.(1986).thedinosaurheresies:newtheoriesunlockingthemysteryofthedinosaursandtheirextinctionwilliammorrow:newyork.isbn0140100555.44.↑ fowler,d.w.,andsullivan,r.m.(2006).aceratopsidpelviswithtoothmarksfromtheuppercretaceouskirtlandformation,newmexico:evidenceoflatecampaniantyrannosauridfeedingbehavior.newmexicomuseumofnaturalhistoryandsciencebulletin35:127╟ 130.45.↑ farke,a.a.(2004).hornuseintriceratops(dinosauria:ceratopsidae):testingbehavioralhypothesesusingscalemodels.palaeo-electronica.46.↑ tanke,d.h,andfarke,a.a.(2006).boneresorption,bonelesions,andextracranialfenestraeinceratopsiddinosaurs:apreliminaryassessment.in:carpenter,k.(ed.).hornsandbeaks:ceratopsianandornithopoddinosaursindianauniversitypress:bloomington.pp.319╟ 347.isbn0-253-34817-x.47.↑ wheeler,p.e.(1978)."elaboratecnscoolingstructuresinlargedinosaurs".nature(275):441╟ 443.48.↑ farlow,j.o.,thompson,c.v.,androsner,d.e.(1976)."platesofthedinosaurstegosaurus:forcedconvectionheatlossfins?".science192:pp.1123╟ 1125.49.↑ davitashvilil( 1961). thetheoryofsexual_select_ion. izdatel'stvoakademianauksssr, p.538. 50.↑ farlow,j.o.,anddodson,p.(1975)."thebehavioralsignificanceoffrillandhornmorphologyinceratopsiandinosaurs".evolution29(2):pp.353╟ 361.51.↑ goodwin,m.b.,clemens,w.a.,horner,j.r.,andpadian,k.(2006)."thesmallestknowntriceratopsskull:newobservationsonceratopsidcranialanatomyandontogeny.".journalofvertebratepaleontology26(1):pp.103╟ 112.52.↑ geis,d.(1982).howandwhybookofdinosaurs.allanpublishers.isbn0-824150015.53.↑ watson,j.w.(1981).thegiantgoldenbookofdinosaurs.randomhousechildren'sbooks.isbn0-307137643.54.↑ pistoriusa.(1958)whatdinosaurisit?follettpub.co.,chicago.55.↑ wise,w.(1963)inthetimeofthedinosaurs.scholastic.isbn0-590323512.56.↑ stateofsouthdakota. signsandsymbolsofsouthdakota. 2007-01-20 zào fǎng. 57.↑ stateofwyoming. stateofwyoming-generalinformation. 2007-01-20 zào fǎng
No. 2
  kǒng lóng xiǎo dàng 'àn
   dīng wén xué míng triceratops
   cháng 9 cháng
   zhòng 6 dūn
   shí xìng : zhí shí
   shēng cún nián dàiwǎn bái 'ě shì( 7000 wàn -6500 wàn nián qián
   fēn běi měi zhōu
   fēn lèi niǎo tún yuán tóu lóng lèi jiǎo lóng lèi jiǎo lóng kāi jiǎo lóng
   shì zài dīng wén zhōng: tri shì sān de keratos shì jiǎo de
  [a] sān jiǎo lóng shì zhǒng duǎn de jiǎo lóng lèi xíng qiáng 'ér yòu bǎo yuē 6-10 cháng, 2.9 gāo zhòng yuē 6 dūn shì shǔ xíng de jiǎo lóng lèi 'èr zhǐ 'é shàng de jiān jiǎo yuē bǎi líng 'èr gōng fēn cháng sān zhǐ cóng hòu shēn chū de jiǎo jiào wéi duǎn 'ér hòu zhòngjīhū kěn dìng de sān jiǎo lóng bèi hòu huì 12 dūn de zhòng chōng chūměi xiǎo shí shí gōng
   guǒ yào wèn huó dào zuì hòu de kǒng lóng shì shénme sān jiǎo lóng yīnggāi shì zhōng zhī 。 6500 wàn nián qiánsuǒ yòu de kǒng lóng rán miè jué sān jiǎo lóng méi néng xìng miǎn sān jiǎo lóng shì xíng jiǎo lóngkuān gāo 3 zhòng 12 dūngēn xiàn zài de liǎng tóu xiàng chàbù duō suǒ yòu de jiǎo lóng yàng de tóu wán quán shì duī jiēshí de jiázuǐ chéng jiǎo zhì de huì shàng yòu zhǐ duǎn jiǎoliǎng yǎn shàng fāng yòu zhǐ chāo guò 1 de méi jiǎonǎo hòu shì dùn pái yàng de zhì jǐng dùn
   sān jiǎo lóng
   kǒng lóng cháng: 9
   kǒng lóng zhòng: 5 dūn kǒng lóng
   shí cǎo shí
   shēng cún nián dàibái 'ě hòu
   biàn rèn yào juéèr zhǐ 'é shàng de jiān jiǎo cháng sān zhǐ cóng hòu shēn chū de jiǎo jiào wéi duǎn 'ér hòu zhòng lái de bào lóng zài tóng shí shēng cún xiàn jīn de běi měi céng jīng qiáng zhuàng jiēshí de jiān ruì de sān jiǎo bào lóng zhǎn kāi guò shù de jué dǒu
   jiǎn jiè sān jiǎo lóng bào lóng gòng cún tóng shí shì zhǒng duǎn de jiǎo lóng lèi de xíng qiáng 'ér yòu bǎo shì shǔ zuì xíng de jiǎo lóng lèi 'é shàng yòu liǎng zhǐ jiān jiǎo sān zhǐ cóng hòu shēn chū de jiǎo jiào wéi duǎn 'ér hòu zhòng sān jiǎo lóng wéi wēn xùn de jiǎo lóng lèidàn shì shòu dào hòu huì bèi hái chōng chū měi xiǎo shí sān shí qiān cān kǎo liàokǒng lóng táng chǐ liè shí xìng sān jiǎo lóng shì cǎo shí xìng dòng yīn wéi men de tóu 'ǎisuǒ men néng zhù yào gāo zhí bèi wéi shídàn men néng shǐ yòng tóu jiǎohuì zhuàng zuǐ shēn lái zhuàng dǎo jiào gāo de zhí bèi lái shí yòng。 [35] sān jiǎo lóng de 'è qián duān yòu zòng shēnxiá zhǎi de huì zhuàng zuǐbèi rèn wéi jiào shì zhuā chěér fēi yǎo 。 [36] sān jiǎo lóng de chǐ pái liè chéng chǐ ( toothbatteries), yóu 36 dào 40 chǐ qún suǒ gòu chéngshàng xià 'è liǎng yòu 3 dào 5 chǐ qún chǐ qún de chǐ shù liàng zhào dòng xíng 'ér gǎi biàn sān jiǎo lóng zǒng gòng yōng yòu 432 dào 800 chǐ zhōng zhǐ yòu shǎo fèn zhèng zài shǐ yòngér sān jiǎo lóng de chǐ shì duàn shēngzhǎng bìng dàizhè xiē chǐ chuí zhí huò jiē jìn chuí zhí de fāng xiàng lái qiē shí sān jiǎo lóng de zhòng duō chǐxiǎn shì men de yòu xiān wéi zhí wéi shí zhōng néng bāo hán zōng tiě, [37][38] ér rén yuán rèn wéi bāo hán cǎo yuán shàng de jué lèi。 [39] jiǎo tóu dùn guān sān jiǎo lóng tóu zhuāng shì de gōng néng qián yòu duō jiǎ shè zhōng liǎng zhù yào de lùn wéi zhàn dǒu qiú 'ǒu shí de zhǎn shì ér hòu zhě xiàn zài bèi rèn wéi néng shì zhù yào gōng néngzài zǎo shǐ zhōng, lull jiǎ shè zhè xiē tóu dùn shì zuò wéi 'è ròu fùzhuó diǎn shǐ yòng zēng jiā ròu de xiǎo liàng xié zhù jǔjué。 [40] zhè lùn bèi yán jiū rén yuán jiē shòu liǎo duàn shí jiāndàn hòu lái de yán jiū bìng méi yòu xiàn tóu dùn shàng yòu xíng ròu fùzhuó diǎn de zhèng 。 [41] cháng jiǔ lái sān jiǎo lóng bèi rèn wéi néng shǐ yòng jiǎo tóu dùn lèi bào lóng de lüè shí zhě zhàn dǒuzhè gòu niàn shǒu xiān yóu chá 'ěr · téng ( charleshazeliussternberg) zài 1917 nián suǒ chūér zài 70 nián hòu zài yóu luó · ( robertbakker) chū。 [42][43] yòu zhèng xiǎn shì céng yòu bào lóng sān jiǎo lóng wéi shí sān jiǎo lóng de pén shàng céng xiàn bào lóng de chǐ hén quán de xiàngxiǎn shì zhè shāng kǒu shì zài gāi dòng cún huó shí liú xià de。 [44] zài 2005 nián, bbc de diàn shì jié kǒng lóng xiōng miàn 》( thetruthaboutkillerdinosaurs) zhī zhōngjié dān wèi shì sān jiǎo lóng jiāng kàng xíng lüè shí zhě bào lóng de gōng wèile liáo jiě sān jiǎo lóng shì fǒu tóng xiàn dài niú bān chōng zhuàng rénjié dān wèi zhì zuò liǎo rén gōng de sān jiǎo lóng tóu bìng měi xiǎo shí 24 gōng de shí zhuàng xiàng de bào lóng sān jiǎo lóng de 'é jiǎo chuān de dàn shì 'é jiǎo huì zhuàng zuǐ chuānér qiě tóu de qián duàn duàn lièjié lùn shì sān jiǎo lóng yòng chōng zhuàng rén lái fáng wèi guǒ men zāo dào gōng shíyīnggāi huì cǎi jiān shǒu lüèdāng rén jiē jìn shíshǐ yòng men de jiǎo lái rénchú liǎo jiāng tóu jiǎo yòng kàng lüè shí zhě wài sān jiǎo lóng néng huì shǐ yòng tóu jiǎo xiāng pèng zhuàngyán jiū xiǎn shì zhè zhǒng xiāng pèng zhuàng de xíng wéi shì de xíng de, [45] dàn méi yòu zhèng xiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng yōng yòu zhè zhǒng xíng wéi sān jiǎo lóng jiǎo lóng de tóu shàng de chuāng kǒngdòng kǒngsǔn hài shāng kǒucháng bèi rèn wéi shì tóu jiǎo xiāng zhàn dǒu zào chéng de shāng hén zuì jìn de yán jiū rèn wéi méi yòu zhèng xiǎn shì zhè xiē shāng hén shì yīn wéi dǒu 'ér liú xià de méi yòu gǎn rǎn huò quán de zhèng ér zhì liú shīhuò míng de tóu bìngshì zhè xiē shāng hén de lái yuán。 [46] sān jiǎo lóng de xíng tóu dùn néng yòng lái zēng jiā shēn de biǎo miàn xié zhù tiáojié wēn。 [47] jiàn lóng de bǎn bèi tuī yōng yòu lèi de gōng néng, [48] dàn zhè lùn jiě shì jiǎo lóng tóng chéng yuán de tóu dùn xíng zhuàng biàn huà。 thisobservationishighlysuggestiveofwhatisnowbelievedtobetheprimaryfunction,display. tóu dùn jiǎo shì liǎng xìng xíng zhǐ de lùnshì yóu davitashvili zài 1961 nián shǒu chūbìng qiě zhú jiàn huò gèng duō rén de zhī chí。 [49][41] tóu dùn jiǎo zài qiú 'ǒu shè huì xíng wéi shàngbèi shì wéi zhòng yào de shì jué biàn rèn zhè lùn cóng tóng jiǎo lóng lèi kǒng lóng yōng yòu tóng de zhuāng shì 'ér dào zhèng shíér xiàn dài xiàn dài yōng yòu jiǎo zhuàng huò zhuāng shì de dòng jiāng men zuò wéi shì jué biàn shí shǐ yòng。 [50] zuì jìn duì zuì xiǎo xíng sān jiǎo lóng tóu de yán jiūquè dìng gāi tóu shǔ yòu nián bìng xiǎn shì tóu dùn jiǎo shì zài nián fēi cháng xiǎo de shí kāi shǐ zhǎnzǎo xìng yīn sān jiǎo lóng de tóu dùn jiǎo néng zuò wéi shì jué biàn rèn shǐ yòng。 [51] ér gāi yòu huà shí de xíng yǎn jīng jiào duǎn de tóu dùn jiǎo xiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng de qīn dài yòu qīn dài yǎng de xíng wéi。 1.lehmant.m.(1987)."latemaastrichtianpaleoenvironmentsanddinosaurbiogeographyinthewesterninteriorofnorthamerica".paleogeography,paleoacclimatologyandpaleoecology60:pp.189╟ 217.2.^2.02.1lambert,d.( 1993). theultimatedinosaurbook. dorlingkindersley,newyork, pp.152 héng 167. isbn1-56458-304-x. 3.^3.03.13.23.33.43.53.6dodson,p.( 1996). thehorneddinosaurs. princetonuniversitypress,princeton,newjersey. isbn0-691-02882-6. 4.↑ liddell&scott( 1980). greek-englishlexicon,abridgededition. oxforduniversitypress,oxford,uk. isbn0-19-910207-4. 5.↑ http://www.dinodictionary.com/dinos_tpg2.asp6.↑ http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/dino-directory/detail.dsml?genus=triceratops7.↑ alexander,r.m.(1985)."mechanicsofpostureandgaitofsomelargedinosaurs."zoologicaljournalofthelinneansociety,83,1╟ 25.8.↑ http://www.petergoransson.com/siders/dinofacts9.^9.09.19.29.39.49.59.69.79.8dodson,p.,forster,c.a,andsampson,s.d.(2004)ceratopsidae.in:weishampel,d.b.,dodson,p.,andosmólska,h.(eds.),thedinosauria(secondedition).universityofcaliforniapress:berkeley,pp.494╟ 513.isbn0-520-24209-2.10.↑ christiansen,p.,andpaul,g.s.(2001).limbbonescaling,limbproportions,andbonestrengthinneoceratopsiandinosaurs.gaia16:13╟ 29.11.↑ chapman,r.e.,snyder,r.a.,jabo,s.,andandersen,a.(2001).onanewpostureforthehorneddinosaurtriceratops.journalofvertebratepaleontology21(supplementtonumber3),abstractsofpapers,61stannualmeeting:39a╟ 40a.12.^12.012.112.2hatcher,j.b.,marsh,o.c.andlull,r.s.(1907)theceratopsia.governmentprintingoffice,washington,d.c.isbn0405127138.13.↑ lambe,l.m.(1915).oneoceratopscanadensis,gen.nov.,withremarksonothergeneraofcretaceoushorneddinosaurs.canadadepartmentofminesgeologicalsurveymuseumbulletin12:1╟ 49.14.^14.014.114.2lull,r.s.(1933)arevisionoftheceratopsiaorhorneddinosaurs.memoirsofthepeabodymuseumofnaturalhistory3(3):1╟ 175.15.^15.015.1sternberg,c.m.(1949).theedmontonfaunaanddescriptionofanewtriceratopsfromtheupperedmontonmember;phylogenyoftheceratopsidae.nationalmuseumofcanadabulletin113:33╟ 46.16.↑ ostrom,j.h.(1966).functionalmorphologyandevolutionoftheceratopsiandinosaurs.evolution20:220╟ 227.17.↑ norman,david( 1985). theillustratedencyclopaediaofdinosaurs. london: salamanderbooks. isbn0-517-468905. 18.^18.018.118.2lehman,t.m.(1990).theceratopsiansubfamilychasmosaurinae:sexualdimorphismandsystematics.in:carpenter,k.,andcurrie,p.j.(eds.).dinosaursystematics:perspectivesandapproaches,cambridgeuniversitypress,cambridge,pp.211╟ 229.isbn0-521-36672-0.19.↑ dodson,p.,andcurrie,p.j.(1990).neoceratopsia.593╟ 618.inweishampel,d.b.,dodson,p.,&osmólska,h.(eds.).thedinosauriauniversityofcaliforniapress:berkeley,pp.593╟ 618.isbn0-520-06727-4.20.↑ dodson,p.(1993).comparativecraniologyoftheceratopsia.in:americanjournalofscience293,pp.200╟ 234.21.↑ gauthier,j.a.(1986).saurischianmonophylyandtheoriginofbirds.theoriginofbirdsandtheevolutionofflight,k.padian(ed.),memoirsofthecaliforniaacademyofsciences8:1╟ 55.22.↑ sereno,p.c.(1998).arationaleforphylogeneticdefinitions,withapplicationtothehigher-leveltaxonomyofdinosauria.neuesjahrbuchfürgeologieundpaläontologie,abhandlungen210(1):41╟ 83.23.↑ dodson,p.(1996).thehorneddinosaurs.princetonuniversitypress:princeton,newjersey,p.244.isbn0-691-02882-6.24.^24.024.1carpenter,k.(2006)."bison"alticornisando.c.marsh'searlyviewsonceratopsians.in:carpenter,k.(ed.).hornsandbeaks:ceratopsianandornithopoddinosaursindianauniversitypress:bloomingtonandindianapolis,pp.349╟ 364.isbn0-253-34817-x.25.↑ marsh,o.c.(1887).noticeofnewfossilmammals.americanjournalofscience34:323╟ 331.26.↑ marsh,o.c.(1888).anewfamilyofhorneddinosauria,fromthecretaceous.americanjournalofscience36:477╟ 478.27.↑ marsh,o.c.(1889a).noticeofnewamericandinosauria.americanjournalofscience37:331╟ 336.28.↑ marsh,o.c.(1889b).noticeofgigantichorneddinosauriafromthecretaceous.americanjournalofscience38:173╟ 175.29.↑ ostrom,j.h.,andwellnhofer,p.(1986).themunichspecimenoftriceratopswitharevisionofthegenus.zitteliana14:111╟ 158.30.↑ forster,c.a.(1996).speciesresolutionintriceratops:cladisticandmorphometricapproaches.journalofvertebratepaleontology16(2):259╟ 270.31.↑ lehman,t.m.(1998).agiganticskullandskeletonofthehorneddinosaurpentaceratopssternbergifromnewmexico.journalofpaleontology72(5):894╟ 906.32.↑ erickson,b.r.(1966).mountedskeletonoftriceratopsprorsusinthesciencemuseum.scientificpublicationsofthesciencemuseum1:1╟ 16.33.↑ dodson,p.(1996).thehorneddinosaurs.princetonuniversitypress:princeton,newjersey,p.79.isbn0-691-02882-6.34.↑ bakker,r.t.(1986).thedinosaurheresies:newtheoriesunlockingthemysteryofthedinosaursandtheirextinctionwilliammorrow:newyork,p.438.isbn0140100555.35.↑ taitj.,andbrown,b.(1928).howtheceratopsiacarriedandusedtheirhead.transactionsoftheroyalsocietyofcanada.22:13╟ 23.36.↑ ostrom,j.h.(1966)."functionalmorphologyandevolutionoftheceratopsiandinosaurs".evolution20(3):pp.290╟ 308.37.↑ ostrom,j.h.(1964).afunctionalanalysisofjawmechanicsinthedinosaurtriceratops.postilla,yalepeabodymuseum88:1╟ 35.38.↑ weishampel,d.b.(1984).evolutionofjawmechanismsinornithopoddinosaurs.advancesinanatomy,embryology,andcellbiology87:1╟ 110.39.↑ coe,m.j.,dilcher,d.l.,farlow,j.o.,jarzen,d.m.,andrussell,d.a.(1987).dinosaursandlandplants.in:friis,e.m.,chaloner,w.g.,andcrane,p.r.(eds.)theoriginsofangiospermsandtheirbiologicalconsequencescambridgeuniversitypress,pp.225╟ 258.isbn0-521-32357-6.40.↑ lull,r.s.(1908).thecranialmusculatureandtheoriginofthefrillintheceratopsiandinosaurs.americanjournalofscience4(25):387╟ 399.41.^41.041.1forster,c.a.(1990).thecranialmorphologyandsystematicsoftriceratops,withapreliminaryanalysisofceratopsianphylogeny.ph.d.dissertation.universityofpennsylvania,philadelphia.227pp.42.↑ sternberg,c.h.(1917).huntingdinosaursinthebadlandsofthereddeerriver,alberta,canada.publishedbytheauthor,sandiego,california,261pp.43.↑ bakker,r.t.(1986).thedinosaurheresies:newtheoriesunlockingthemysteryofthedinosaursandtheirextinctionwilliammorrow:newyork.isbn0140100555.44.↑ fowler,d.w.,andsullivan,r.m.(2006).aceratopsidpelviswithtoothmarksfromtheuppercretaceouskirtlandformation,newmexico:evidenceoflatecampaniantyrannosauridfeedingbehavior.newmexicomuseumofnaturalhistoryandsciencebulletin35:127╟ 130.45.↑ farke,a.a.(2004).hornuseintriceratops(dinosauria:ceratopsidae):testingbehavioralhypothesesusingscalemodels.palaeo-electronica.46.↑ tanke,d.h,andfarke,a.a.(2006).boneresorption,bonelesions,andextracranialfenestraeinceratopsiddinosaurs:apreliminaryassessment.in:carpenter,k.(ed.).hornsandbeaks:ceratopsianandornithopoddinosaursindianauniversitypress:bloomington.pp.319╟ 347.isbn0-253-34817-x.47.↑ wheeler,p.e.(1978)."elaboratecnscoolingstructuresinlargedinosaurs".nature(275):441╟ 443.48.↑ farlow,j.o.,thompson,c.v.,androsner,d.e.(1976)."platesofthedinosaurstegosaurus:forcedconvectionheatlossfins?".science192:pp.1123╟ 1125.49.↑ davitashvilil( 1961). thetheoryofsexual_select_ion. izdatel'stvoakademianauksssr, p.538. 50.↑ 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sān jiǎo lóng
  huà shí shí wǎn bái 'ě
   wèi sài 'ěr shí huáng jiā rán xué yán jiū yuàn
   bǎo xiàn zhuàng
   miè jué ( huà shí )
   xué fēn lèi
   zhēn Eukarya
   jièdòng jiè Animalia
   mén suǒ dòng mén Chordata
   gāng xíng gāng Sauropsida
   zǒng kǒng lóng zǒng Dinosauria
   niǎo tún Ornithischia
   xià jiǎo lóng xià Ceratopia
   jiǎo lóng Ceratopsdae
   jiǎo lóng Ceratopsinae
   shǔ sān jiǎo lóng shǔ Triceratops
  Marsh,1889
   zhǒng
  * kǒng sān jiǎo lóng T.horridus( shì zhǒng )
  *T.prorsusMarsh,1890
   míng
   sān jiǎo lóng rén
  *SterrholophusMarsh,1891
  *? suì zuǐ lóng ClaorhynchusCope,1892
  * lòu lóng UgrosaurusCobabe&Fastovsky,1987
jiǎn jiè
   sān jiǎo lóng shǔ míng: Triceratops) niǎo tún jiǎo lóng xià jiǎo lóng de cǎo shí xìng kǒng lóng de shǔhuà shí xiàn běi měi zhōu de wǎn bái 'ě wǎn chuí jiē céngyuē 6800 wàn nián qián dào 6500 wàn nián qián sān jiǎo lóng shì zuì wǎn chū xiàn de kǒng lóng zhī jīng cháng bèi zuò wéi wǎn bái 'ě de dài biǎo huà shí
   sān jiǎo lóng shì zhǒng zhōng děng xiǎo de kǒng lóngquán cháng yuē yòu 7.9 dào 9 gōng chǐtún gāo wéi 2.9 dào 3 gōng chǐzhòng 6.1 dào 12 dūn men yòu fēi cháng de tóu dùn sān gēn jiǎo zhuàng lìng rén lián xiǎng xiàn dài niúsuī rán méi yòu xiàn guò sān jiǎo lóng de wán zhěng hái men réng yīn liàng cóng 1887 nián xiàn de liàng fèn hái biāo běn 'ér zhù míngcháng jiǔ láiguān men sān gēn jiǎo tóu dùn de gōng néng chǔyú zhēng lùn zhōngchuán tǒng shàngzhè xiē jié gòu bèi rèn wéi shì yòng lái kàng lüè shí zhě de dàn zuì jìn de lùn rèn wéi zhè xiē jié gòu néng yòng zài qiú 'ǒu zhǎn shì zhī pèi wèi tóng xiàn dài xùn shān yáng jiǎo xiān de jiǎo zhuàng
   shēng xué jiā men hái què dìng sān jiǎo lóng zài jiǎo lóng de zhèng què wèi zhì qián yòu liǎng yòu xiào zhǒngkǒng sān jiǎo lóng 、 T.prorsus, dàn hái yòu shǔ bèi mìng míng
   sān jiǎo lóng shì zuì zhù míng de kǒng lóng zhī shì zài tōng wén huà zhōng fēi cháng shòu huān yíng de kǒng lóngsuī rán sān jiǎo lóng bào lóng zhù zài tóng shàngdàn què dìng men zhī jiān shì fǒu yòu guò diàn yǐng 'ér tóng suǒ miáo shù de dǒu
shù
   sān jiǎo lóng de shēn cháng bèi yòu 7.9 dào 9 gōng chǐ chánggāo wéi 2.9 dào 3 gōng chǐzhòng 6.1 dào 12 dūn sān jiǎo lóng zuì xiǎn zhù de zhēng shì men de xíng tóu shì suǒ yòu dòng zhōng zuì zhī men de tóu dùn cháng zhì chāo guò 2 gōng chǐ dào zhěng dòng shēn cháng de 1/3。 sān jiǎo lóng de kǒu kǒng shàng fāng yòu gēn jiǎo zhuàng duì wèi zài yǎn jīng shàng fāng de jiǎo zhuàng cháng 1 gōng chǐtóu hòu fāng shì xiāng duì duǎn de zhì tóu dùn duō shù yòu jiǎo dùn kǒng lóng de tóu dùn shàng yòu xíng dòng kǒngdàn sān jiǎo lóng de tóu dùn shì míng xiǎn jiān yìng
   sān jiǎo lóng zhǒng yòu jié shí de xíngqiáng zhuàng de zhīqián jiǎo zhǎng yòu duǎn zhuàng jiǎo zhǐhòu jiǎo zhǎng yòu duǎn zhuàng jiǎo zhǐsuī rán sān jiǎo lóng què dìng shì dòng men de shì cháng jiǔ lái chǔyú zhēng lùn zhōng sān jiǎo lóng de qián zhī chū bèi rèn wéi shì cóng xiōng wǎng liǎng shēn zhǎn zhù chéng dān tóu de zhòng liàngzhè zhǒng zhàn fāng shì jiàn chá 'ěr · nài ( CharlesR.Knight) dào · zhá lín ( RudolphF.Zallinger) de huì huà zhōngrán 'érjiǎo lóng lèi de huà shí zhèng jìn de hái chóngjiànxiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng zài zhèng cháng xíng zǒu shí bǎo chí zhě zhí shìdàn zhǒu shāo wēi wān wán quán zhí wán quán shēn zhǎnxiàn dài niúliǎng zhǒng shuō de zhōng jiāndàn zhè zhǒng jié lùn pái chú sān jiǎo lóng kàng huò jìn shí shí huì cǎi shēn zhǎn tài
fēn lèi
   sān jiǎo lóng de fēn sān jiǎo lóng shì jiǎo lóng zhōng zuì zhù míng de shǔjiǎo lóng shì qún xíng běi měi zhōu jiǎo lóng lèi kǒng lóngduō nián lái sān jiǎo lóng jiǎo lóng xià zhōng de wèi zhì chǔyú zhēng lùn zhōnghùn xiáo lái sān jiǎo lóng de duǎnjiān yìng tóu dùn lèi jiān jiǎo lóng ér cháng de 'é jiǎo lèi jiǎo lóng huò chēng kāi jiǎo lóng )。 zài duì jiǎo lóng lèi de yán jiū zhōng chá · shǐ wàng · 'ěr( RichardSwannLull) chū chū liǎng zhī wǎng sān jiǎo lóng zhǎn de zhī bāo kuò jiǎo lóngjiān jiǎo lónglìng zhī bāo kuò jiǎo lóngniú jiǎo lóngzhè jiǎ shè shǐ sān jiǎo lóng shǔ jiān jiǎo lóng jiào wǎn de yán jiū zhī chí zhè guān diǎnbìng jiāng zhè duǎn tóu dùn zhī zhèng shì mìng míng wéi jiān jiǎo lóng bāo hán sān jiǎo lóng ), lìng cháng tóu dùn zhī wéi kāi jiǎo lóng
   zài 1949 niánchá 'ěr · téng ( CharlesMortramSternberg) shǒu duì zhè jiǎ shè chū zhì bìng tóu jiǎo de zhēngér rèn wéi sān jiǎo lóng jiǎo lóngkāi jiǎo lóng guān jiào jìnshǐ sān jiǎo lóng shǔ wéi sān jiǎo lóng jiān jiǎo lóng )。 rán 'ér téng de fēn lèi yuē hàn · ào lún ( JohnOstrom)、 wèi · nuò màn( DavidNorman) jiāng sān jiǎo lóng zhì jiān jiǎo lóng tóng
   hòu lái de xiàn yán jiū zhī chí liǎo téng de guān diǎn, Lehman zài 1990 nián wéi liǎng dìng bìng shù xíng tài shàng de zhēngér jiāng sān jiǎo lóng guī jiǎo lóng shì shí shàngchú liǎo duǎn tóu dùn wài sān jiǎo lóng xiāng dāng jiǎo lóng de zhēng · sēn( PeterDodson) zài 1990 nián de qīn yuán fēn zhī fēn lèi yán jiū 1993 nián de xíng tài xué yán jiūjiā qiáng sān jiǎo lóng guī lèi wéi jiǎo lóng de lùn diǎn
zhǒng shēng xué
  zài zhǒng shēng xué de fēn lèi zhōng sān jiǎo lóng tōng cháng zuò wéi kǒng lóng dìng zhōng de cān kǎo diǎnkǒng lóng bèi dìng wéi sān jiǎo lóng xīn niǎo gāngxiàn dài niǎo lèi gòng tóng xiānde suǒ yòu hòu dàiér niǎo tún mùdì dìng wéisuǒ yòu qīn yuán guān sān jiǎo lóng jiē jìnér xiàn dài niǎo lèi jiào yuǎn de yōng yòu gòng tóng xiān zhī zhǒng
yuán
  hěn duō nián lái sān jiǎo lóng de yuán fēi cháng míng quèzài 1922 niánxīn xiàn de yuán jiǎo lóng bèi hēng · fèi 'ěr fèi 'ěr · ào běn( HenryFairfieldOsborn) rèn wéi shì sān jiǎo lóng de xiānrán 'érjìn nián lái xiàn shù zhǒng sān jiǎo lóng xiān yòu guān de zhǒng xiàn 90 nián dài wǎn de jiǎo lóngshì jiǎo lóng xià zhōng zhī zuì zǎo yòu 'é jiǎo de kǒng lóngér 2005 nián xiàn de yǐn lóngshì qián zhī wéi de zhū luó jiǎo lóng xià kǒng lóng
   zhè xiē xīn xiàn fēi cháng zhòng yàobìng miáo huì chū jiǎo lóng lèi kǒng lóng de yuán men yuán zhū luó de zhōuér zhēn zhèng yòu jiǎo de jiǎo lóng lèi chū xiàn zài wǎn bái 'ě zhī chū sān jiǎo lóng yuè lái yuè cháng bèi rèn wéi shì jiǎo lóng de chéng yuán sān jiǎo lóng de xiān néng wài biǎo lèi kāi jiǎo lóngkāi jiǎo lóng shēng cún shí jiān zǎo sān jiǎo lóng yuē 500 wàn nián
xiàn zhǒng
   bèi mìng míng wéi sān jiǎo lóng de biāo běnshì zài 1887 nián xiàn luó duō zhōu dān shì jìnyóu tóu dǐng fùzhuó zài shàng miàn de duì 'é jiǎo suǒ gòu chéngzhè biāo běn bèi jiāo gěi 'ào sài nèi 'ěr · chá · shí( OthnielCharlesMarsh), rèn wéi gāi huà shí de suǒ chù céng nián dài wéi shàng xīn shìér gāi huà shí shǔ zhǒng bié de běi měi niúyīn jiāng men mìng míng wéi cháng jiǎo běi měi niú( Bisonalticornis)。 'èr nián shí gēn xiē suì de huà shí xiàn liǎo yòu jiǎo kǒng lóng de cún zàiyīn jiàn liǎo jiǎo lóng shǔdàn réng rèn wéi cháng jiǎo běi měi niú shì zhǒng shàng xīn shì de lèizhí dào sān gèng wán zhěng de jiǎo lóng lèi tóu cái gǎi biàn de xiǎng zhè yóu yuē hàn · bèi 'ěr · hǎi chè 'ěr( JohnBellHatcher) zài 1888 nián huái 'é míng zhōu lán xiàn de biāo běn chū bèi shù chéng jiǎo lóng shǔ de lìng wài zhǒngdàn shí jīng guò shú zhī hòu jiāng zhè biāo běn mìng míng wéi sān jiǎo lóng ( Triceratops), bìng jiāng yuán běn de cháng jiǎo běi měi niú gǎi guī lèi jiǎo lóng de zhǒnghòu lái chéng wéi sān jiǎo lóng de zhǒng)。 sān jiǎo lóng de jiēshí tóu shǐ duō tóu bèi bǎo cún xià láiyǔn xué jiā men yán jiū tóng zhǒng jiān de biàn huàchú liǎo luó duō zhōu huái 'é míng zhōu zhī wàisuí hòu zài měi guó de méng zhōu nán zhōujiā de shěng wàn shěng xiàn liǎo sān jiǎo lóng de huà shí
   zhǒng
   zài sān jiǎo lóng bèi mìng míng de qián shí nián nèi xiàn liǎo tóng de tóu zhè xiē hái shí zuì chū mìng míng de kǒng sān jiǎo lóng ( T.horridus) tóu yòu huò duō huò shǎo de tóngkǒng sān jiǎo lóng de zhǒng míng horridus zài dīng zhōng shí wéi āo píng de zhǐ yuán xíng biāo běn de 'āo píng biǎo miàngāi biāo běn hòu lái bèi què rèn wéi lǎo nián zhè xiē tóu de chā guī lèi chū sān zhǒng tóng chǐ cùnzhè xiē chā lái tóng nián líng xìng bié de chā huà shí huà guò chéng zhōng de tóng chéng huò fāng xiàngzhè xiē tóng tóu bèi mìng míng wéi bié de zhǒng jiàn xià liè biǎo), bìng xíng chéng shù tǒng shēng xué yán jiū
   'ěr xiàn zhè xiē zhǒng fēn wéi liǎng shēng qúndàn bìng méi yòu shuō míng fēn biàn men zhōng qún yóu kǒng sān jiǎo lóng 、 T.prorsus、 duǎn jiǎo sān jiǎo lóng ( T.brevicornus) suǒ gòu chénglìng qún yóu T.elatus、 T.calicornis suǒ gòu chéng chǐ sān jiǎo lóng ( T.serratus) shàn xíng sān jiǎo lóng ( T.flabellatus) shǔ zhè liǎng shēng qúnzài 1933 nián 'ěr jiāng zhī qián hǎi chè 'ěr shí xiān hòu wán chéng de jiǎo lóng xià zhuān lùn wén chóngxīn chū bǎn wéi chí yuán běn de liǎng shēng qún liǎng wèi dìng zhǒng de fēn lèi bìng zēng jiā liǎo sān zhī yóu dùn tóu sān jiǎo lóng ( T.obtusus) hǎi shì sān jiǎo lóng ( T.hatcheri) suǒ gòu chéng zhēng shì fēi cháng xiǎo de jiǎokǒng sān jiǎo lóng 、 T.prorsus、 duǎn jiǎo sān jiǎo lóng suǒ gòu chéng de shēng qún shí bèi rèn wéi shì zuì chuán tǒng de zhī tóu jiào jiǎo jiào xiǎoér T.elatus、 T.calicornis suǒ gòu chéng de 'èr shēng qúnyòu xíng 'é jiǎo xiǎo xíng jiǎochá 'ěr · téng zuò liǎo xiē tiáozhěng jiāng kuān tóu sān jiǎo lóng ( T.eurycephalus) shì wéi 'èr sān shēng qún zhī jiān de lián jiéér fēi kǒng sān jiǎo lóng suǒ shǔ de shēng qúnzhè fēn lèi chí yòng dào 80 nián dài 90 nián dài
   tóng jiǎo lóng lèi de tóu dài biǎo zhě dān zhǒnghuò liǎng zhǒngzhī nèi de biàn huàzhè lùn diǎn zài jìn nián lái zhú jiàn zài 1986 niánào lún · 'ěr fèi 'ěr( PeterWellnhofer) gōng fèn yán jiū men xuān chēng sān jiǎo lóng shǔ zhǐ yòu zhǒngkǒng sān jiǎo lóng zhōng yóu shì zài zhōngtōng cháng zhǐ cún zài zhě dān huò liǎng xíng dòng qún xiàn dài fēi zhōu de fēi zhōu xiàng cháng jǐng 。 Lehman zài 'ěr téng de zhī yán jiū zhōngjiā jìn liǎng xìng xíng nián líng biàn huà rèn wéi yóu kǒng sān jiǎo lóng 、 T.prorsus、 duǎn jiǎo sān jiǎo lóng suǒ gòu chéng de shēng qún shì xìng ér T.elatus、 T.calicornis suǒ gòu chéng de 'èr shēng qún shì xióng xìng ér dùn tóu sān jiǎo lóng hǎi shì sān jiǎo lóng suǒ gòu chéng de sān shēng qún shì nián lǎo de xióng xìng de yóu shì xióng xìng de xíng jiào gāotóu jiǎo jiào zhítóu jiào ér xìng de tóu jiào xiǎotóu jiǎo jiào duǎn
   shù nián hòukǎi lín · ( CatherineForster) duì 'ào lún 'ěr fèi 'ěr de yán jiū chū zhì duì sān jiǎo lóng de huà shí cái liào zuò liǎo gèng guǎng fàn de yán jiūbìng rèn wéi sān jiǎo lóng zhǐ yòu liǎng zhǒngkǒng sān jiǎo lóng 、 T.prorsus; ér hǎi shì sān jiǎo lóng yīn yōng yòu tóu chéng xīn de shǔ qián gǎi wéi hǎi shì shuāng jiǎo lóng( Diceratopshatcheri)。 xiàn shù zhǒng shí shǔ kǒng sān jiǎo lóngér T.prorsus duǎn jiǎo sān jiǎo lóng shì tóng zhǒngyīn wéi yòu duō zhǒng bèi fēn lèi shēng qún chū qián liǎng shēng qún shí fēn bié dài biǎo kǒng sān jiǎo lóng T.prorsus。 dàn zài zhè xīn fēn lèi zhī xiàzhè liǎng zhǒng réng yòu néng shì liǎng xìng xíng de jiēguǒ
   què dìng zhǒng
  * kǒng sān jiǎo lóng ( T.horridus): ào 'ěr · shí 1889( shì zhǒng
  *T.prorsus: shí 1890
   zhǒng
  * sān jiǎo lóng ( T.albertensis): téng 1949
  * cháng jiǎo sān jiǎo lóng ( T.alticornis): shí 1887
  * kuān tóu sān jiǎo lóng ( T.eurycephalus): shī lài 'ěr 1935
  *T.galeus: shí 1889
  * shuò sān jiǎo lóng ( T.ingens): 'ěr 1915
  * sān jiǎo lóng ( T.maximus): lǎng 1933
  *T.sulcatus: shí 1890
   cuò guī lèi zhǒng
  * duǎn jiǎo sān jiǎo lóng ( T.brevicornis): hǎi chè 'ěr 1905( =T.prorsus)
  *T.calicornus: shí 1898( = kǒng sān jiǎo lóng
  *T.elatus: shí 1891( = kǒng sān jiǎo lóng
  * shàn xíng sān jiǎo lóng ( T.flabellatus): shí 1889( = kǒng sān jiǎo lóng
  * hǎi shì sān jiǎo lóng ( T.hatcheri): 'ěr 1907( = hǎi shì shuāng jiǎo lóng
  *T.mortuarius: ài huá · 1874( = shī lóng míng
  * dùn tóu sān jiǎo lóng ( T.obtusus): shí 1898( = kǒng sān jiǎo lóng
  * chǐ sān jiǎo lóng ( T.serratus): shí 1890( = kǒng sān jiǎo lóng
  * sēn lín sān jiǎo lóng ( T.sylvestris): 1872( = sēn lín lóng míng
shēng xué
  suī rán sān jiǎo lóng cháng bèi miáo shù chéng qún dòng dàn qián méi yòu zhí jiē zhèng xiǎn shì men wéi qún dòng dàn yòu xiē jiǎo lóng lèi kǒng lóng de xiàn diǎn cháng yòu shù shí huò shù bǎi míng xué guǎn de shēng xué jiā BruceErickson xuān chēng zài méng zhōu hǎi 'ěr xiàn liǎo 200 T.prorsus de biāo běn · láng( BarnumBrown) xuān chēng zài gāi chù xiàn liǎo chāo guò 500 tóu yīn wéi zài běi měi zhōu de lán wǎn chuí jiē, 6800 wàn nián qián dào 6500 wàn nián qián xiàn liǎo fēng de sān jiǎo lóng chǐjiǎo zhuàng suì piàntóu dùn suì piàn de suì tóu yīn sān jiǎo lóng bèi rèn wéi shì gāi shí dài de yōu shì cǎo shí xìng dòng zhī zài 1986 niánluó · ( RobertBakker) zài bái 'ě sān jiǎo lóng de shù liàng zhàn liǎo lán dòng qún de 5/6。 sān jiǎo lóng de tóu jiào cháng bèi xiànér fēi shēn fèn fēn dòng tóng
   sān jiǎo lóng shì bái 'ě - sān miè jué shì jiàn zhī qián zuì hòu chū xiàn de jiǎo lóng lèi zhī sān jiǎo lóng de jìn qīn shuāng jiǎo lóng niú jiǎo lóng yuǎn qīn xiān jiǎo lóng shēng cún zài tóng shí dàn men de huà shí jiào shǎo bèi xiàn
chǐ liè shí xìng
   sān jiǎo lóng shì cǎo shí xìng dòng yīn wéi men de tóu 'ǎisuǒ men néng zhù yào gāo zhí bèi wéi shídàn men néng shǐ yòng tóu jiǎohuì zhuàng zuǐ shēn lái zhuàng dǎo jiào gāo de zhí bèi lái shí yòng sān jiǎo lóng de 'è qián duān yòu chángxiá zhǎi de huì zhuàng zuǐbèi rèn wéi jiào shì zhuā chěér fēi yǎo
   sān jiǎo lóng de chǐ pái liè chéng chǐ ( Toothbatteries), měi liè yóu 36 dào 40 chǐ qún suǒ gòu chéngshàng xià 'è liǎng yòu 3 dào 5 liè chǐ qún chǐ qún de chǐ shù liàng zhào dòng xíng 'ér gǎi biàn sān jiǎo lóng zǒng gòng yōng yòu 432 dào 800 chǐ zhōng zhǐ yòu shǎo fèn zhèng zài shǐ yòngér sān jiǎo lóng de chǐ shì duàn shēngzhǎng bìng dàizhè xiē chǐ chuí zhí huò jiē jìn chuí zhí de fāng xiàng lái qiē shí sān jiǎo lóng de zhòng duō chǐxiǎn shì men de yòu xiān wéi zhí wéi shí zhōng néng bāo hán zōng tiěér rén yuán rèn wéi bāo hán cǎo yuán shàng de jué lèi
jiǎo tóu dùn
  guān sān jiǎo lóng tóu zhuāng shì de gōng néng qián yòu duō jiǎ shè zhōng liǎng zhù yào de lùn wéi zhàn dǒu qiú 'ǒu shí de zhǎn shì ér hòu zhě xiàn zài bèi rèn wéi néng shì zhù yào gōng néng
   zài zǎo shǐ zhōng 'ěr jiǎ shè zhè xiē tóu dùn shì zuò wéi 'è ròu fùzhuó diǎn shǐ yòng zēng jiā ròu de xiǎo liàng xié zhù jǔjuézhè lùn bèi yán jiū rén yuán jiē shòu liǎo duàn shí jiāndàn hòu lái de yán jiū bìng méi yòu xiàn tóu dùn shàng yòu xíng ròu fùzhuó diǎn de zhèng
   cháng jiǔ lái sān jiǎo lóng bèi rèn wéi néng shǐ yòng jiǎo tóu dùn lèi bào lóng de lüè shí zhě zhàn dǒuzhè gòu niàn shǒu xiān yóu chá 'ěr · téng zài 1917 nián suǒ chūér zài 70 nián hòu zài yóu luó · ( RobertBakker) chūyòu zhèng xiǎn shì céng yòu bào lóng sān jiǎo lóng wéi shí sān jiǎo lóng de pén shàng céng xiàn bào lóng de chǐ hén quán de xiàngxiǎn shì zhè shāng kǒu shì zài gāi dòng cún huó shí liú xià de
   zài 2005 nián, BBC de diàn shì jié kǒng lóng xiōng miàn 》( TheTruthAboutKillerDinosaurs) zhī zhōngjié dān wèi shì sān jiǎo lóng jiāng kàng xíng lüè shí zhě bào lóng de gōng wèile liǎo jiě sān jiǎo lóng shì fǒu tóng xiàn dài niú bān chōng zhuàng rénjié dān wèi zhì zuò liǎo rén gōng de sān jiǎo lóng tóu bìng měi xiǎo shí 24 gōng de shí zhuàng xiàng de bào lóng sān jiǎo lóng de 'é jiǎo chuān de dàn shì 'é jiǎo huì zhuàng zuǐ chuānér qiě tóu de qián duàn duàn lièjié lùn shì sān jiǎo lóng yòng chōng zhuàng rén lái fáng wèi guǒ men zāo dào gōng shíyīnggāi huì cǎi jiān shǒu lüèdāng rén jiē jìn shíshǐ yòng men de jiǎo lái rén
   chú liǎo jiāng tóu jiǎo yòng kàng lüè shí zhě wài sān jiǎo lóng néng huì shǐ yòng tóu jiǎo xiāng pèng zhuàngyán jiū xiǎn shì zhè zhǒng xiāng pèng zhuàng de xíng wéi shì de xíng dedàn méi yòu zhèng xiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng yōng yòu zhè zhǒng xíng wéi sān jiǎo lóng jiǎo lóng de tóu shàng de chuāng kǒngdòng kǒngsǔn hài shāng kǒucháng bèi rèn wéi shì tóu jiǎo xiāng zhàn dǒu zào chéng de shāng hén zuì jìn de yán jiū rèn wéi méi yòu zhèng xiǎn shì zhè xiē shāng hén shì yīn wéi dǒu 'ér liú xià de méi yòu gǎn rǎn huò quán de zhèng ér zhì liú shīhuò míng de tóu bìngshì zhè xiē shāng hén de lái yuán
   sān jiǎo lóng de xíng tóu dùn néng yòng lái zēng jiā shēn de biǎo miàn xié zhù tiáojié wēnjiàn lóng de bǎn bèi tuī yōng yòu lèi de gōng néngdàn zhè lùn jiě shì jiǎo lóng tóng chéng yuán de tóu dùn xíng zhuàng biàn huàyóu xiǎn shì zhè xiē tóu dùn néng yòu běn de qiú 'ǒu gōng néng
   tóu dùn jiǎo shì liǎng xìng xíng zhēng de lùnshì yóu Davitashvili zài 1961 nián shǒu chūbìng qiě zhú jiàn huò gèng duō rén de zhī chítóu dùn jiǎo zài qiú 'ǒu shè huì xíng wéi shàngbèi shì wéi zhòng yào de shì jué biàn rèn zhè lùn cóng tóng jiǎo lóng lèi kǒng lóng yōng yòu tóng de zhuāng shì 'ér dào zhèng shíér xiàn dài xiàn dài yōng yòu jiǎo zhuàng huò zhuāng shì de dòng jiāng men zuò wéi shì jué biàn shí shǐ yòngzuì jìn duì zuì xiǎo xíng sān jiǎo lóng tóu de yán jiūquè dìng gāi tóu shǔ yòu nián bìng xiǎn shì tóu dùn jiǎo shì zài nián fēi cháng xiǎo de shí kāi shǐ zhǎnzǎo xìng yīn sān jiǎo lóng de tóu dùn jiǎo néng zuò wéi shì jué biàn rèn shǐ yòngér gāi yòu huà shí de xíng yǎn jīng jiào duǎn de tóu dùn jiǎo xiǎn shì sān jiǎo lóng de qīn dài yòu qīn dài yǎng de xíng wéi
zhòng wén huà
   sān jiǎo lóng de wài xíngshǐ men jīng cháng chū xiàn zài diàn yǐngdiàn nǎo yóu diàn shì jié zhōngzài 1993 nián de diàn yǐngzhū luó gōng yuánzhōngchū xiàn liǎo zhǐ yīn wéi shì yìng xiàn dài zhí bèi 'ér shēng bìng de sān jiǎo lóngér zài 1933 nián de diàn yǐngjīn gāng zhī 》( SonofKong) zhōng zhǐ lèi sān jiǎo lóng de kǒng lóng zhuī gǎn zhě jìn cóng lín de rén lèigāi zhǐ sān jiǎo lóng xíng shì yóu zǎo de diàn yǐng xiào zhuān jiā WillisO'Brien suǒ cāo zuò sān jiǎo lóng chū xiàn zài sān kǒng lóng wéi zhù de diàn shì jié :《 kǒng lóng gòng 》( WalkingwithDinosaurs)、《 kǒng lóng xiōng miàn 》( TheTruthAboutKillerDinosaurs)、 shǐ qián gōng yuán》( PrehistoricPark)。
   sān jiǎo lóng yīn wéi men tóu de sān gēn xíng jiǎo 'ér zhù míng men cháng zài yīng wén zhōng bèi chēng wéi「 Three-horns」, dòng huà diàn yǐng xiǎn xiǎo kǒng lóng》( TheLandBeforeTime) men cháng zài 'ér tóng dòng huà jié zhōng bèi jiǎn chēng wéi「 Trike」, xiǎo kǒng lóng》。
   zài 'ér tóng zhōngjīng cháng chū xiàn sān jiǎo lóng bào lóng dǒu de chǎng jǐngyīn zhè liǎng zhǒng kǒng lóng biàn bèi rèn wéi shì tiān huò shì shǒudàn zài 1966 nián de diàn yǐnggōng yuán qián bǎi wàn nián》( OneMillionYearsBC) zhōng sān jiǎo lóng de dǒu duì xiàngcóng bào lóng huàn chéng jiǎo lóngdàn jiǎo lóng sān jiǎo lóng shí shēng cún tóng de shí
   sān jiǎo lóng chū xiàn zàizhū luó gōng yuánzhōu biān de diàn shì yóu huò shì lèi zhù de yóu 1997 nián de diàn nǎo yóu 《 JurassicPark:ChaosIsland》 kǒng lóng liè rén》( Turok:DinosaurHunter)、 2000 nián de diàn nǎo Playstation yóu kǒng lóng wēi 》( DinoCrisis2)。 sān jiǎo lóng chū xiàn zài rèn tiān táng de yóu zhōng jīn gāng sài chē》( DiddyKongRacing)、《 xīng zhàn huǒ mào xiǎn》( StarfoxAdventures)。 sān jiǎo lóng shì nán zhōu de guān fāng zhōu huà shí huái 'é míng zhōu de guān fāng zhōu kǒng lóng
yīngwénjièshì
  1. lat.:  Triceratops
bāo hán cí
sān jiǎo lóng wānshǐ sān jiǎo lóngsān jiǎo lóng shòu X
sān jiǎo lóng shǔzhòu sān jiǎo lóngsān jiǎo lóng shòu
jié sān jiǎo lóng sān jiǎo lóngjīng yīng sān jiǎo lóng
sān jiǎo lóng gōng gōng dùn tǒng sān jiǎo lóng gǎijīng yīng sān jiǎo lóng
sān jiǎo lóng shǔ de dòng huò huà shí niú sān jiǎo lóng zhí shēng fēi diāo sān jiǎo lóng wān rán bǎo
sān jiǎo lóng wān guó jiā sēn lín gōng yuán