Germany (pronounced /ˈdʒɜrməni/ (Speaker Icon.svg listen)), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (Speaker Icon.svg listen)), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 square kilometers (137,847 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 82 million inhabitants, it accounts for the largest population among the member states of the European Union and is home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
A region named Germania inhabited by several Germanic peoples has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire that lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, the country was first unified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. In 1949, after World War II, Germany was divided into two separate states—East Germany and West Germany—along the lines of Allied occupation. The two states were unified in 1990. West Germany was a founding member of the European Community (EC) in 1957, which became the European Union in 1993. It is part of the Schengen zone and adopted the European currency, the euro, in 1999.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states (Länder). The capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, G8 and the OECD. It is a major economic power with the world's fourth largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth largest in purchasing power parity. It is the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. In absolute terms, Germany allocates the second biggest annual budget of development aid in the world, while its military expenditure ranked sixth. The country has developed a high standard of living and established a comprehensive system of social security. It holds a key position in European affairs and maintains a multitude of close partnerships on a global level. Germany is recognised as a scientific and technological leader in several fields.
特奧多爾·豪斯 Theodor Heuss (1949.9~1959.9)
海因裏希·呂布剋 Heinrich Luebke (1959.9~1969.6.30)
古斯塔夫·海涅曼 Gustav Heinemann (1969.7.1~1974.6.30)
瓦爾特·謝爾 Walter Scheel (1974.7.1~1979.6.30)
卡爾·卡斯滕斯 Karl Carstens (1979.7.1~1984.6.30)
裏夏德·馮·魏茨澤剋 Richard von Weizsacker (1984.7.1~1994.6.30)
羅曼·赫爾佐剋 Roman Herzog (1994.7.1~1999.6.30)
約翰內斯·勞 Johannes Rau (1999.7.1~2004.7.1)
霍斯特·剋勒 Horst Koehler (2004.7.1~2009.5~ )
歷任德意志聯邦總理
康拉德·阿登納 Konrad Adenauer (1949.9~1963.10)
路德維希·艾哈德 Ludwig Erhard (1963.10~1966.11)
庫爾特·格奧爾格·基辛格 Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1966.12~1969.10)
維利·勃蘭特 Willy Brandt (1969.10~1974.5)
赫爾穆特·施密特 Helmut Schmidt (1974.5~1982.9)
赫爾穆特·科爾 Helmut Kohl (1982.10~1987.3~1991.1~1994.11~1998.9)
格哈德·施羅德 Gerhard Schroeder (1998.10~2002.10~2005.11)
安格拉·默剋爾(女)Angela Merkel (2005.11~2009.9~ )
百科辭典
Deyizhi Lianbang Gongheguo
德意志聯邦共和國 Federal Republic of Germany/Deutschland, Bundesrepublik
歐洲中部國傢。簡稱聯邦德國。北瀕北海和波羅的海,陸鄰德意志民主共和國、捷剋斯洛伐剋、奧地利、瑞士、法國、盧森堡、比利時、荷蘭和丹麥。地處歐洲陸上交通的十字路口,地理位置十分重要。面積24.8萬平方公裏。人口6108.9萬(1984)。全國劃分為10個州。首都波恩。
自然地理 南北介於南歐阿爾卑斯褶皺帶和北歐波羅的地盾之間,東西處於西歐溫帶海洋性氣候和東歐溫帶大陸性氣候之間,自然地理特徵有明顯的過渡性。
地形 地勢自南嚮北傾斜,可分為南德山地、中德高地和北德平原三大地形單元。
①南德山地。大體分佈在多瑙河以南,包括阿爾卑斯山地及其山前高原。境內的阿爾卑斯山地面積不大,大多在海拔1000米左右,衹有15座山峰海拔在2000米以上,位於聯邦德國和奧地利邊境上的楚格峰海拔2963米,為全國最高峰,山嶺受第四紀山地冰川刻蝕,頗為雄偉陡峭。群山環抱中有許多冰蝕湖,最大的是與瑞士、奧地利交界處的博登湖,面積538平方公裏,在聯邦德國境內有305平方公裏,是旅遊和療養勝地。山地有許多隘口及河𠔌,成為通往南歐的要道。山前高原是瑞士高原的延續,平均海拔500米,自南嚮北降低。高原宜林宜牧,河𠔌平原或盆地利於發展種植業。
②中德高地。介於多瑙河及北德平原之間。基底是海西褶皺,因受長期侵蝕而準平原化,阿爾卑斯造山運動時又發生扭麯、斷裂、擡升和岩漿活動,成為緩坡與陡崖、丘陵與盆地交織分佈的復雜地形。其中上萊茵河𠔌平原是兩個平行斷層間的地塹,海拔約100~200米,因受兩旁山地屏障,氣候溫暖晴朗,土壤肥沃,是理想的農耕區。聳立於平原兩側的黑林山、奧登林山等,森林茂密,萊茵片岩山地一般海拔400~800米,多林木。河𠔌階地氣候暖和,宜種葡萄。斯瓦本-弗蘭剋陡坡山及黑森高地是由石灰岩組成並受強烈切割的山地、高原、盆地相間的地區。山地走嚮西南—東北,面嚮西北一側多陡坡,老地層清晰可見。高原深受火山活動及斷層作用影響,比較破碎。盆地屬美因河和內卡河流域,是人口及經濟集中所在。波希米亞林山在德、捷邊境和多瑙河之間,花崗岩及片麻岩廣泛出露。山嶺間有盆地或河𠔌平原,成為經濟中心及交通要衝。
③北德平原。基底是加裏東、海西褶皺,經長期侵蝕,在更新世冰期前地面高差已不超過100~200米。受更新世大陸冰川覆蓋地面留下衆多的冰川地貌。玉木冰期覆蓋範圍局限於易北河以東,使東西兩部分地貌有明顯差異。易北河以西平原冰磧已被夷平,自南嚮北分成3帶:南部是黃土帶,包括科隆窪地、明斯特窪地和下薩剋森窪地,在冰磧土上堆積了肥沃的黃土,經長期合理輪種及施肥,成為富饒的農業區;中部是砂質平原帶,地勢低平,除稍高的砂崗外沼澤湖泊很多;北部是北海沿岸低地和海濱沙丘帶,高潮時易被水淹,現築堤排水闢為圩田,根據日照少、濕度大的氣候特點,種植多汁牧草,發展畜牧業。境內的易北河以東地區面積較小,自西嚮東依次為圩地、冰磧砂質平原及底磧溺𠔌帶。這裏冰磧排列宛如長崗,湖泊沼澤衆多,地面崎嶇不平,開發利用程度遠比易北河以西平原差。
境內煤炭、鉀????藴藏較豐富,其他礦藏貧乏。煤炭儲量大,品種全,分佈集中。硬煤探明儲量700億噸,主要藴藏於魯爾區及薩爾區。在海西褶皺邊緣凹陷的石炭係地層中,褐煤探明儲量約580億噸,其中95%集中在科隆—杜塞爾多夫—埃森之間的萊茵褐煤區。鉀????儲量居世界前列,分佈在易北河及威悉河之間的二疊係沉積岩中。石油和天然氣主要分佈在西