品種名稱：大白熊犬
英文名稱：Great Pyrenees
體型分類：大型
犬種分類：工作犬
歷史：原産地法國，起源於公元前2000年。
大白熊犬，別名比利牛斯山地犬（Pyrenean Mauntain Dog）。其歷史可追溯到古羅馬時期，由古羅馬人帶到西班牙的犬種。在法國和西班牙交界的比利牛斯山脈，這一品種得到了很好的繁殖發展。是一種漂亮的和非常聰明的狗，曾被派做要塞的警衛哨兵，保護羊群不受野獸的侵害等，有時候一連幾天讓它們獨自工作。出於對其工作能力和美麗外貌等優良種性的欣賞，該品種幾個世紀一直是作為純種來培育和飼養，甚至在法國路易十六王朝宮廷還把它作為官方御用狗。1930年代大白熊跨越大西洋到達美國，從那時起這一優秀的品種，無論作為工作犬還是寵物犬，越來越受到人們的喜愛而廣泛流行。大白熊犬給人的印象是非常高雅、美麗，並融會巨大的體形和威嚴的氣質。聰明和善，具有王者之氣。總是顯得堅實和協調，明確地反映出培養這一品種的目的：在各種氣候條件下、在比利牛斯山陡峭的山坡上看守羊群。
外觀：大白熊犬身體為中型（不特別胖、也不特別瘦），在沒有觸摸其骨骼和肌肉時，容易被濃密的被毛所欺騙。與其體型及優雅的外貌相協調，充足的骨量和肌肉提供了平衡的身體結構。頭部不顯得過於沉重，外觀呈楔形，頂部略圓。表情文雅、聰明、沉靜。眼睛中等大小；杏仁形；略斜，顔色為豐富的深棕色；眼眶為黑色，眼瞼緊貼眼球。耳朵尺寸從小到中等，V字形、尖端略圓，耳根與眼睛齊平，正常情況下耳朵下垂，平坦，緊貼頭部。口吻長度與腦袋長度大致相等。腦袋的長度和寬度大致相等。口吻與腦袋的結合很平滑。面頰平坦。口吻在眼睛下方，豐滿。兩眼睛間有輕微的皺紋。眉骨稍微有點突出。鼻鏡和嘴唇為黑色。頸部肌肉發達，中等長度，贅肉相當少。背綫平直。胸部寬度適中，胸深達到肘部。背和腰寬闊，連接結實，且略有褶皺。臀部略嚮下傾斜，尾根位於背平面以下。尾巴有漂亮的羽狀飾毛。休息時，尾巴下垂，激動時，可能捲到後背（形成輪狀）。前肢有充足的骨量和肌肉，與平衡的身體結構相稱。前腳腕結實而靈活。兩條前肢各有一個狼爪。前足爪圓形，緊湊，腳墊厚實，腳趾圓拱。後肢直且相互平行。後肢有足夠的骨量和肌肉，與平衡的身體結構相稱。每條後腿都有兩個狼爪。後肢的腳尖略嚮外翻。足爪與前肢相同，圓形，緊湊，腳墊厚實，腳趾圓拱。大白熊犬的步態平穩而優雅，準確且保持直綫，顯示出力量和敏捷。
被毛是白色或以白色為主，夾雜了灰色、或不同深淺的茶色斑紋。被毛是由兩層毛組成的，披毛長、平坦、厚實，毛發粗硬，毛直或略呈波浪形；底毛濃密、纖細、棉絮狀。能抵禦任何氣候條件。雄性頸部和肩部的毛發尤其濃密，形成圍脖或鬃毛。尾巴上較長的毛發形成羽狀飾毛。飾毛還延伸到前肢後面和大腿後面，形成“褲子”的效果。臉部和耳朵的毛發短而質地好。顔色一般白色或白色帶有灰色、紅褐色或不同深淺的茶色斑紋。不同大小的斑紋可以出現在耳朵、頭部（包括面具）、尾巴、及身體（很少的污跡）。底毛可以是白色或深色。但披毛上的雜色斑紋不超過身體的三分之一。
體型：
身高 65-81釐米
體重 41-57公斤
性情：
在自然情況下，大白熊犬是自信、溫和及友善的。必要時會保護其領地、羊群或家庭，通常顯得從容、沉着，具有耐心且寬容。意志非常堅強，獨立且略有保留，責任心強，對其負責的人或動物都很關心。忠誠而且勇敢。
大白熊犬AKC標準及簡介
[大白熊犬簡介]
大白熊犬給人的印象是非常高雅、美麗，他結合了巨大的體形和威嚴的氣質。他的被毛是白色或以白色為主，夾雜了灰色、或不同深淺的茶色斑紋。他非常聰明而、和善、具有王者之氣。不論站立還是運動，都顯示出與衆不同的優雅，他總是顯得堅實和協調，明確地反映出培養這一品種的目的：在各種氣候條件下、在比利牛斯山陡峭的山坡上，看守羊群。
[大白熊犬體型]
大小：雄性大白熊犬肩高約27~32英寸、雌性大白熊犬肩高約25~29英寸。27英寸的雄性大白熊犬體重約100磅、25英寸的雌性大白熊犬體重約85磅。體重與身體的整體尺寸及體質相稱。比例：肩高比體長（從馬肩隆到大腿後部<臀部>的距離）略短一些，比例為矩形的、身體協調的狗。長度略大於高度、身體前後角度協調。體質：大白熊犬的身體為中型（不特別胖、也不特別瘦），在沒有觸摸其骨骼和肌肉時，容易被濃密的被毛所欺騙。與其體型及優雅的外貌相協調，充足的骨量和肌肉提供了平衡的身體結構。缺陷：大小-肩高小於下限或大於上限。體質-骨骼太重或太輕，影響身體結構的平衡。
[大白熊犬頭部]
大白熊犬正確的頭部和表情是這一品種的要點。對整體來說，頭部不顯得過於沉重。外觀呈楔形，頂部略圓。表情：表情文雅、聰明、沉默。眼睛：中等大小；杏仁形；略斜；顔色為豐富的深棕色；眼眶為黑色，眼瞼緊貼眼球。耳朵：尺寸從小到中等都可以，V字形、尖端略圓，耳根與眼睛齊平，正常情況下耳朵下垂，平坦，緊貼頭部。大白熊犬有一個典型的現象是臉上部和下部的毛發的會合位置，正好是從外眼角到耳根這一綫。腦袋和口吻：口吻長度與腦袋長度大致相等。腦袋的長度和寬度大致相等。口吻與腦袋的結合很平滑。面頰平坦。口吻在眼睛下方，豐滿。兩眼睛間有輕微的皺紋，沒有明顯的止部。眉骨稍微有點突出。上唇緊貼上顎並覆蓋下唇。下顎結實。鼻鏡和嘴唇為黑色。牙齒：剪狀咬和比較理想，鉗狀咬和也可以接受。下顎門牙不能嚮後。缺陷：過於沉重的頭部；腦袋太窄或太小；表情狡猾；有明顯的止部；眼瞼、嘴唇和鼻鏡缺少色素；眼睛圓、三角、眼瞼鬆懈、眼睛小；上顎突出式咬和或下顎突出式咬和；歪嘴。
[大白熊犬頸部、背綫、身軀]
頸部：堅硬的肌肉配合中等長度，贅肉相當少。背綫：背綫水平。身軀：胸部寬度適中，肋骨支撐良好，卵形，胸深達到肘部。背和腰寬闊，連接結實，且略有褶皺。臀部略嚮下傾斜，尾根位於背平面以下。尾巴：尾骨有足夠的長度，延伸到飛節，尾巴有漂亮的羽狀飾毛。休息時，尾巴下垂，激動時，可能捲到後背（形成輪狀）。在展示時，尾巴的飾毛能形成“牧羊犬麯綫”是非常重要的。行走時，尾巴可能捲到後背或下垂，這兩種情況都是允許的。缺陷：桶狀胸。
[大白熊犬前軀]
肩部：肩膀嚮後傾斜放置，肌肉發達，隱藏在身軀裏。前臂與肩胛連接處的角度約為90度，前臂從與肩胛骨的結合處嚮後延伸到肘部這一段，决不能垂直於地面。肩胛骨與前臂骨的長度大致相等。從地面到肘部的距離與從肘部到馬肩隆的距離大致相等。前肢：前肢有充足的骨量和肌肉，與平衡的身體結構相稱。不論站立時還是行走時，肘部都貼近身體且筆直嚮後。從側面觀察，前肢正好位於馬肩隆以下位置，直且垂直於地面。從前面觀察，從肩經過肘部到腳腕呈一直綫。前腳腕結實而靈活。兩條前肢各有一個狼爪。前足爪：圓形，緊湊，腳墊厚實，腳趾圓拱。
[大白熊犬後軀]
後軀的角度與前軀類似。大白熊犬大腿：第一節大腿肌肉堅實，與骨盆成直角。第一節大腿與第二節大腿長度一致，觀察輪廓可以發現第一節大腿與第二節大腿在後膝關節處成中等角度。後腳腕長度中等，當狗自然站立時，垂直於地面。從側面觀察，飛節角度適中。從後面觀察，後腿（從臀部到後腳腕）直且相互平行。後肢有足夠的骨量和肌肉，與平衡的身體結構相稱。每條後腿都有兩個狼爪。後足爪：後肢的腳尖略嚮外翻。這樣的後肢（牛肢）是這一品種所特有的，不是缺陷。足爪與前肢相同，圓形，緊湊，腳墊厚實，腳趾圓拱。缺陷：後肢有兩個狼爪。
[大白熊犬被毛]
能抵禦任何氣候條件的被毛是由兩層毛組成的，披毛長、平坦、厚實，毛發粗硬，毛直或略呈波浪形；底毛濃密、纖細、棉絮狀。雄性頸部和肩部的毛發尤其濃密，形成圍脖或鬃毛。尾巴上較長的毛發形成羽狀飾毛。飾毛還延伸到前肢後面和大腿後面，形成“褲子”的效果。臉部和耳朵的毛發短而質地好。正確的被毛比毛量更為重要。缺陷：捲麯的被毛；直立的被毛（象薩摩犬）。
[大白熊犬顔色]
白色或白色帶有灰色、紅褐色或不同深淺的茶色斑紋。不同大小的斑紋可以出現在耳朵、頭部（包括面具）、尾巴、及身體（很少的污跡）。底毛可以是白色或深色。上面描述的各種顔色和斑紋（位置）都是這一品種所特有的，沒有好壞之分。缺陷：披毛的斑紋超過身體的1/3。
[大白熊犬步態]
大白熊犬的步態平穩而優雅，準確且保持直綫，顯示出力量和敏捷。和諧的伸展和有力的驅動産生正確的步幅。速度增加時，足爪嚮身體中心綫靠攏。輕鬆而有效的動作比速度更重要。
[大白熊犬氣質]
大白熊犬的氣質和品格是非常重要的。在自然情況下，大白熊犬是自信、溫和及友善的。會在需要時保護他的領地、羊群或家庭，他通常顯得從容、沉着，具有耐心且寬容。他的意志非常堅強，獨立且略有保留，對他負責的人類或動物都很關心、忠誠，而且勇敢。
雖然，大白熊犬在比賽中有所保留，但明顯的羞怯、神經質、對人類有攻擊性都極不收歡迎，並屬於嚴重缺陷。
標準通過日期：1990年6月12 日
標準執行日期：1990年8月1日
大白熊犬(Great Pyrenees)AKC標準英文原版
Great Pyrenees Breed Standard
General Appearance
The Great Pyrenees dog conveys the distinct impression of elegance and unsurpassed beauty combined with great overall size and majesty. He has a white or principally white coat that may contain markings of badger, gray, or varying shades of tan. He possesses a keen intelligence and a kindly, while regal, expression. Exhibiting a unique elegance of bearing and movement, his soundness and coordination show unmistakably the purpose for which he has been bred, the strenuous work of guarding the flocks in all kinds of weather on the steep mountain slopes of the Pyrenees.
Size, Proportion, Substance
Size--The height at the withers ranges from 27 inches to 32 inches for dogs and from 25 inches to 29 inches for bitches. A 27 inch dog weighs about 100 pounds and a 25 inch bitch weighs about 85 pounds. Weight is in proportion to the overall size and structure. Proportion--The Great Pyrenees is a balanced dog with the height measured at the withers being somewhat less than the length of the body measured from the point of the shoulder to the rearmost projection of the upper thigh (buttocks). These proportions create a somewhat rectangular dog, slightly longer than it is tall. Front and rear angulation are balanced. Substance--The Great Pyrenees is a dog of medium substance whose coat deceives those who do not feel the bone and muscle. Commensurate with his size and impression of elegance there is sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. Faults--Size--Dogs and bitches under minimum size or over maximum size. Substance--Dogs too heavily boned or too lightly boned to be in balance with their frame.
Head
Correct head and expression are essential to the breed. The head is not heavy in proportion to the size of the dog. It is wedge shaped with a slightly rounded crown. Expression--The expression is elegant, intelligent and contemplative. Eyes--Medium sized, almond shaped, set slightly obliquely, rich dark brown. Eyelids are close fitting with black rims. Ears--Small to medium in size, V-shaped with rounded tips, set on at eye level, normally carried low, flat, and close to the head. There is a characteristic meeting of the hair of the upper and lower face which forms a line from the outer corner of the eye to the base of the ear. Skull and Muzzle--The muzzle is approximately equal in length to the back skull. The width and length of the skull are approximately equal. The muzzle blends smoothly with the skull. The cheeks are flat. There is sufficient fill under the eyes. A slight furrow exists between the eyes. There is no apparent stop. The boney eyebrow ridges are only slightly developed. Lips are tight fitting with the upper lip just covering the lower lip. There is a strong lower jaw. The nose and lips are black. Teeth--A scissor bite is preferred, but a level bite is acceptable. It is not unusual to see dropped (receding) lower central incisor teeth. Faults--Too heavy head (St. Bernard or Newfoundland-like). Too narrow or small skull. Foxy appearance. Presence of an apparent stop. Missing pigmentation on nose, eye rims, or lips. Eyelids round, triangular, loose or small. Overshot, undershot, wry mouth.
Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--Strongly muscled and of medium length, with minimal dewlap. Topline--The backline is level. Body--The chest is moderately broad. The rib cage is well sprung, oval in shape, and of sufficient depth to reach the elbows. Back and loin are broad and strongly coupled with some tuck-up. The croup is gently sloping with the tail set on just below the level of the back. Tail--The tailbones are of sufficient length to reach the hock. The tail is well plumed, carried low in repose and may be carried over the back, "making the wheel," when aroused. When present, a "shepherd's crook" at the end of the tail accentuates the plume. When gaiting, the tail may be carried either over the back or low. Both carriages are equally correct. Fault-- Barrel ribs.
Forequarters
Shoulders--The shoulders are well laid back, well muscled, and lie close to the body. The upper arm meets the shoulder blade at approximately a right angle. The upper arm angles backward from the point of the shoulder to the elbow and is never perpendicular to the ground. The length of the shoulder blade and the upper arm is approximately equal. The height from the ground to the elbow appears approximately equal to the height from the elbow to the withers. Forelegs--The legs are of sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. The elbows are close to the body and point directly to the rear when standing and gaiting. The forelegs, when viewed from the side, are located directly under the withers and are straight and vertical to the ground. The elbows, when viewed from the front, are set in a straight line from the point of shoulder to the wrist. Front pasterns are strong and flexible. Each foreleg carries a single dewclaw. Front Feet--Rounded, close-cupped, well padded, toes well arched.
Hindquarters
The angulation of the hindquarters is similar in degree to that of the forequarters. Thighs--Strongly muscular upper thighs extend from the pelvis at right angles. The upper thigh is the same length as the lower thigh, creating moderate stifle joint angulation when viewed in profile. The rear pastern (metatarsus) is of medium length and perpendicular to the ground as the dog stands naturally. This produces a moderate degree of angulation in the hock joint, when viewed from the side. The hindquarters from the hip to the rear pastern are straight and parallel, as viewed from the rear. The rear legs are of sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. Double dewclaws are located on each rear leg. Rear Feet--The rear feet have a structural tendency to toe out slightly. This breed characteristic is not to be confused with cow-hocks. The rear feet, like the forefeet, are rounded, close-cupped, well padded with toes well arched. Fault--Absence of double dewclaws on each rear leg.
Coat
The weather resistant double coat consists of a long, flat, thick, outer coat of coarse hair, straight or slightly undulating, and lying over a dense, fine, woolly undercoat. The coat is more profuse about the neck and shoulders where it forms a ruff or mane which is more pronounced in males. Longer hair on the tail forms a plume. There is feathering along the back of the front legs and along the back of the thighs, giving a "pantaloon" effect. The hair on the face and ears is shorter and of finer texture. Correctness of coat is more important than abundance of coat. Faults--Curly coat. Stand-off coat (Samoyed type).
Color
White or white with markings of gray, badger, reddish brown, or varying shades of tan. Markings of varying size may appear on the ears, head (including a full face mask), tail, and as a few body spots. The undercoat may be white or shaded. All of the above described colorings and locations are characteristic of the breed and equally correct. Fault--Outer coat markings covering more than one third of the body.
Gait
The Great Pyrenees moves smoothly and elegantly, true and straight ahead, exhibiting both power and agility. The stride is well balanced with good reach and strong drive. The legs tend to move toward the center line as speed increases. Ease and efficiency of movement are more important than speed.
Temperament
Character and temperament are of utmost importance. In nature, the Great Pyrenees is confident, gentle, and affectionate. While territorial and protective of his flock or family when necessary, his general demeanor is one of quiet composure, both patient and tolerant. He is strong willed, independent and somewhat reserved, yet attentive, fearless and loyal to his charges both human and animal.
Although the Great Pyrenees may appear reserved in the show ring, any sign of excessive shyness, nervousness, or aggression to humans is unacceptable and must be considered an extremely serious fault.
Approved June 12, 1990
Effective August 1, 1990 |