【中文詞條】伊斯蘭歷法
【外文詞條】islamic calendar
中世紀伊斯蘭教國傢所使用的歷法﹐其中有兩種歷法最為有名﹐並且一直沿用直至如今。一種是以黑蚩拉(hijra)為紀元的回歷﹔另一種是以伊嗣侯(yazdegerd)為紀元的波斯歷。
回歷為太陰歷﹐黑蚩拉的意義是遷移﹐穆罕默德從麥加遷移到麥地那﹐選擇了與太陰歷的朔日相合的一天定為回歷紀元﹐所以回歷又叫穆罕默德歷。穆斯林又稱回歷紀元為至聖遷都元年。回歷元年1月1日相當儒略歷公元622年7月16日。回歷一年為日﹐分十二個月﹐大月三十日﹐小月二十九日﹐十二個月名是﹕
一月大 穆哈蘭姆(muharram) 30天
二月小 色法爾(saphar) 29天
三月大 賴比兒·敖外魯(rabia-al-awwel) 30天
四月小 賴比兒·阿赫爾(rabia-al-accher) 29天
五月大 主馬達·敖外魯(jomada-al-awwel) 30天
六月小 主馬達·阿赫爾(jomada-al-accher) 29天
七月大 賴哲卜(rajab) 30天
八月小 捨爾邦(shaaban) 29天
九月大 賴買丹(ramadan) 30天
十月小 閃瓦魯(shawwal) 29天
十一月大 都爾喀爾得(dulkaada) 30天
十二月小 都爾黑哲(dulheggia) 29天
平年354日﹐閏年於第十二月末加一日為355日。凡30年有11閏。
回歷推七曜法﹕設a 為回歷紀元年數﹐
a =a -1﹐a =10a+b ﹐m =月係數﹐d =日次﹐月係數表如下
﹐
右下角q表示取括弧內商數的整數部分。則
p +m +d -2-2(a -2b )≡w (mod7)﹐
上式意思是﹕用7去除其左邊的總和﹐得餘數w ﹐w 為七曜名。
七曜表如下﹕
波斯歷為太陽歷﹐伊嗣侯指波斯王伊嗣侯三世﹐他登王位之年(632年)改歷﹐故歷元從這年起。波斯歷伊嗣侯紀元元年1月1日相當公元632年6月16日。公元 840年左右的花拉子模所撰的歷數書(al-khwrizmi's zij)捲首記錄了波斯歷。其中寫道:“問﹕為什麽說從阿拉伯歷(按即回歷)年月日化為波斯歷時﹐即以所屬月份加30或29天連同已過年的日數﹐減去3﹐624﹐除以365而得﹖答﹕歷中所用波斯紀年﹐是從伊嗣侯王(三世)登位時開始﹐它同回嗖?﹐624天﹐所以你從回歷纍计日數減去這數﹐所餘的數即是從波斯歷紀年開始的日數。波斯歷以一年為365天﹐故除365﹐餘數是波斯紀年日數﹐商數是波斯紀年的年數。問﹕為什麽說﹐當你要知道波斯各年一月月首七曜﹐以波斯歷伊嗣侯紀年已過年數﹐加三﹐滿七除之﹐即得年首為何曜﹖答﹕理由是波斯紀年的第一年元旦是火曜日﹐從日曜日算起到這天凡三天﹐所以要加三。又每年為365天﹐滿七除之﹐餘一天﹐所以即以三加所過年數﹐滿七除之﹐命日曜日算上﹐即得一月月首的曜日。問﹕為什麽說﹐假如你要知道任何月月首七曜﹐即把年首七曜加二即得﹐但第八魯猢t答﹕理由是波斯紀年各月都是30天﹐以七除之餘二﹐第八月35天﹐七除適盡﹐故除外﹐”(the al-muthann's commentary on the astronomical tables of al-khwrizmi﹐bernard r.goldstein 譯本﹐1967。)
波斯歷十二個月的名稱如下﹐其中波斯文的譯名據貝琳《七政推步》。按《七政推步》紀元用回歷﹐但月名用波斯名。
婆羅鉢文(pahlavi) 波斯文
一月 法伐第諾 法而斡而丁
(fravardino) (farwardin)
二月 阿達伐希 阿而的必喜世
(ardavahist) (ardibihischt)
三月 荷伐達特 虎而達
(horvadad) (churdd)
四月 爾 提爾
(tr) (tr)
五月 阿姆洛達特 木而達
(amerdad) (murdd)
六月 沙脫伐洛 沙合列斡而
(shatvair) (schahriwr)
七月 密脫洛 列黑而
(mitr) (mihr)
八月 阿凡 阿班
(vn) (bn)
九月 阿脫洛 阿咱而
(ter) (dhr)
十月 臺諾 答亦
(dn) (dei)
十一月 縛呵曼 八哈慢
(vohman) (bahman)]
十二月 斯班達馬特 亦思番達而麻的
(spendarmad) (isfandarmadh)
波斯歷的每日日名也有專名﹐其中1月19日﹑2月3日﹑3月6日﹑4月13日﹑5月7日﹑6月4日﹑7月16日﹑8月10日﹑9月9日﹑10月24日﹑11月2日﹑12月5日則是以月名作為日名﹐即日月同名。在伊嗣侯紀元375年即公元1006年時﹐曾把每年多餘的五天放在十二月末。
波斯歷推七曜法﹕設a 為波斯歷伊嗣侯紀元年數﹐a =a -1﹐m =月係數﹐d =日次﹐則
a +m +d +2≡w (mod7)﹐
w 為七曜名。
the muslim era began in 622 with the hijrah, or emigration. muhammadand his small band of followers left makkah and traveled to medinah. this event was adopted as the beginning of the muslim era in the caliphate of 'umar ibn al-khattab, the second caliph after muhammad. the muslim calendar is lunar, its months being determined by the positions of the moon. each year consists of twelve months, each month being 29 or 30 days in length depending on the position of the moon.
it is considered a divine command to use a (hijra) calendar with 12 (purely) lunar months without intercalation, as evident from the following verses of the holy quran (translation: a. yusuf ali)
al-quran, chapter 2 al-baqara, verse 189
in the name of allah, the benevolent, the merciful
they ask thee concerning the new moons, say: they are but signs to mark fixed periods of time in (the affairs of) men and for pilgrimage.
the islamic year has twelve months that are based on a lunar cycle. allah says in the quran:
al-quran, chapter 9 at-tauba, verse 36
in the name of allah, the benevolent, the merciful
the number of months in the sight of allah is twelve (in a year) so ordained by him the day he created the heavens and the earth; of them four are sacred; that is the straight usage. so wrong not yourselves therein and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together. but know that allah is with those who restrain themselves.
~~~~~~~~
al-quran, chapter 10 yunus, verse 5
in the name of allah, the benevolent, the merciful
"it is he who made the sun to be a shining glory, and the moon to be a light of beauty, and measured out stages for it, that you might know the number of years and the count of time. allah did not create this except in truth and righteousness.and he explains his signs in detail, for those who understand"
in his final sermon before his death, the prophet muhammadsaid, among other things, "with allah the months are twelve; four of them are holy; three of these are successive and one occurs singly between the months of jumaada and sha'ban."
islamic months begin at sunset, on the day when the lunar crescent is visually sighted.the lunar year is approximately 354 days long, so the months rotate backward through the seasons and are not fixed to the gregorian calendar.the months of the islamic year are:
the islamic calendar is named hijri calendar and is a lunar calendar. it contains 12 months that are based on the motion of the moon, and because 12 lunar months is 12 x 29.53=354.36 days, the islamic calendar is consistently shorter (11 days) than a solar year, and therefore it shifts with respect to the gregorian calendar.
the islamic calendar is the official calendar in countries in the middle east and north africa , especially saudi arabia. but other muslim countries use the gregorian calendar for civil purposes and turn to the islamic calendar for religious purposes.
which months are there in an islamic year?
1. muharram 7. rajab
2. safar 8. sha'ban
3. rabi' al-awwal9. ramadan
4. rabi' al-thani10. shawwal
5. jumada al-awwal11. dhu al-qi'dah
6. jumada al-thani 12. dhu al-hijjah
what are the days called in an islamic week?
السَّبْت as-sabt - to rest الأحَد al-ahad - day onefrom the arabic 'one' - wahidالإثْنَيْن al- 'ithnayn - day twofrom the arabic 'two' - ithnayn
الثُّلاثَاءath-thulatha - day threefrom the arabic 'three' - thalathaالأرْبِعَاءal-'arba'aa - day fourfrom the arabic 'four' - arba'aaالْخَمِيسal-khamees - day fivefrom the arabic 'five' - khamsah
الْجُمْعَة al-jum'ah - day of gathering
current islamic month
dates in blue are from the gregorian calendar and the ones in red are hijri (islamic) dates.
current moon phase (live)
current moonmoon phase
how an islamic month develops
each month starts when the lunar crescent is first seen after a new moon.
although new moons may be calculated quite precisely, the actual visibility of the crescent is difficult to predict. it depends on factors such as weather, the optical properties of the atmosphere, and the location of the observer. therefore in some cases it may be difficult to give accurate information in advance about when a new month will start.
furthermore, in some areas muslims depend on a local sighting of the moon, whereas in other areas a universal sighting is accepted. (i.e. if a new crescent is seen anywhere in the world it is accepted for communities the world over). both are valid islamic practices, but they may lead to different starting days for the months.
how can we calculate the islamic era?
years are counted since the hijra, that is, prophet mohammed'smigration to medina, which is assumed to have taken place 16 july c.e. 622 (julian calendar). on that date ah 1 started (ah = anno hegirae = year of the hijra).
important islamic dates
importance date
hajj - pilgrimage to mecca 1st zul-hijjah
eid-ul-adha - feast of sacrifice 10th- zul-hijjah
hijri - islamic new year 1st muharram
a'ashoora - martyrdom of imam hussein - grandson of prophet mohammed10th muharram
birth date of prophet mohammed12th rabi-al-awwal
isra'a & mir'aj - prophet mohammedascension to heaven. 27th rajab
ramadan - first day of fasting 1st ramadan
lailatul qadr - night of power when qur'an was revealed. found in one of the following nights:23rd, 25th, 27th or 29th of ramadan
eid-ul-fitr - end of ramadan celebration 1st shawwal |
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