《秋夜》是鲁迅散文集《野草》中的一篇散文
《秋夜》是散文诗集《野草》的第一篇,发表于1924年12月。作者当时在北京,正和北洋军阀黑暗统治及封建势力进行着韧性的战斗。
枣树是全篇的主要形象,它的主要特征是:“最长最直的几枝(树干),却已默默地铁似的直刺着奇怪而高的天空,使天空闪闪地鬼〖目夹〗眼;直刺着天空中圆满的月亮,使月亮窘的发白”,“一意要制他(指天空)的死命,不管他各式各样的〖目夹〗着许多蛊惑的眼睛”。这是枣树形象特征的核心。
其次的特征是“欠伸的很舒服”,“有几枝还低亚着,护定他从打枣的竿梢所得的皮伤”。
再次的一个特征是“他知道小粉红花的梦,秋后要有春;他也知道落叶的梦,春后还是秋。”
意蕴枣树(形象)饱经沧桑,坚实挺拔,憎恶黑暗现实,顽强抗击黑暗势力,他善于战斗,也注意在战斗中保护自己,他坚韧不拔,不受反动势力任何蛊惑,(精神)不克厥敌,战则不止,表现出一种顽强抗击黑暗的韧性战斗精神。枣树就像一个历经战斗洗礼的老战士。这个形象既是作者对这样的战士的热情歌颂,也是鲁迅自己的人格、精神和战斗豪情的诗意写照。这就是枣树形象所包含的意蕴。
枣树“知道落叶的梦,春后还是秋”,既反映了鲁迅对斗争黑暗前景的曲折复杂长期性的清醒认识,也流露出他在当时尚未看清革命前途、尚未找到新的战友时的苦闷和孤独感。
2、天空、小粉红花、小青虫形象的各自特征及其象征意蕴。
天空最主要的特征是“将繁霜洒在我的圆里的野花草上”使得人间草木凋零,只剩下极细小的粉红花还开着。此外,它“奇怪而高”,“仿佛要离开人间而去”,它“闪闪地〖目夹〗着几十个星星的眼,冷眼。”“口角上现出微笑,似乎自以为大有深意。”在本篇中,由上面的一些特征可以看出它对人间是不友好的,是居心叵测、不怀好意的。天空是黑暗暴虐的统治势力的象征,它凶恶狡黠而残忍,但又色厉内荏,十分虚弱,这一形象传达出作者对黑暗暴虐的统治势力的憎恶和愤怒。这就是天空形象的象征意蕴。就特定时代背景而言,说天空是当时北洋军阀统治势力的象征,也是可以的。
小粉红花的特征一是小,二是在夜霜侵袭下瑟缩发抖,三是在做着春天的梦,梦见瘦小的诗人将眼泪擦在她最末的花瓣上,告诉她蜂蝶纷飞的春会到来。小粉红花是被社会黑暗势力摧残凌虐的弱小者,处境悲惨,她希求同情,她对未来抱有希望,现出微笑,作者在这一形象上寄寓了对被压迫被摧残的弱小者的深切同情。
小青虫的主要特征是顽强地追逐光,由室外而室内而玻璃罩而撞进去遇到火。它也很小,遍身苍翠的可爱、可怜。它是热忱追求
光明而不惜献出生命的幼小者(青年人)的象征,作者以“对着灯默默地敬奠着这些苍翠精微的英雄们”表达了对他们的赞美和敬意。
3、《秋夜》运用象征手法抒情的艺术特点。
《秋夜》以象征手法抒情,抒发了对黑暗暴虐的统治势力的憎恶和愤怒,对被压迫被摧残的弱小者的同情,对热忱追求光明的幼小者的赞美,特别是表现和赞颂了抗击黑暗,不克敌战不止的韧性战斗精神。
其特点是:
第一,抓住景物特征。这是象征意蕴得以实现的基础。
第二,抓住自然景物的特点,以拟人化手法描绘,把自然景物人格化,使得自然景物具有了现实生活的象征意味,自然景物成为人间社会性格、精神的象征体。
第三,这种拟人化描写都融进了作者的主观情思,寄寓着作者的爱憎,有不少地方还掺进了带有强烈感情色彩的幻觉印象。
一幅枣树和夜空的对峙图,就是既写实,又融进作者主观情思与幻觉的象征写意图。
象征手法的成功运用,加上文笔的冷隽峭拔,使作品具有情景交融、境界幽深、寓意深远、诗意浓郁的特点,启发读者作无限的联想。
英语译文:
杨宪益、戴乃迭1956年版
Autumn Night
Lu Xun
Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.
The night sky above them is strange and high. I have never seen such a strange, high sky. It seems to want to leave this world of men, so that when folk look up they won't be able to see it. For the moment, though, it is singularly blue; and its scores of starry eyes are blinking coldly. A faint smile plays round its lips, a smile which it seems to think highly significant; and it dusts the wild plants in my courtyard with heavy frost.
I have no idea what these plants are called, what names they are commonly known by. One of them, I remember, has minute pink flowers, and its flowers are still lingering on, although more minute than ever. Shivering in the cold night air they dream of the coming of spring, of the coming of autumn, of the lean poet wiping his tears upon their last petals, who tells them autumn will come and winter will come, yet spring will follow when butterflies flit to and fro, and all the bees start humming songs of spring. Then the little pink flowers smile, though they have turned a mournful crimson with cold and are shivering still.
As for the date trees, they have lost absolutely all their leaves. Before, one or two boys still came to beat down the dates other people had missed. But now not one date is left, and the trees have lost all their leaves as well. They know the little pink flowers' dream of spring after autumn; and they know the dream of the fallen leaves of autumn after spring. They may have lost all their leaves and have only their branches left; but these, no longer weighed down with fruit and foliage, are stretching themselves luxuriously. A few boughs, though, are still drooping, nursing the wounds made in their bark by the sticks which beat down the dates; while, rigid as iron, the straightest and longest boughs silently pierce the strange, high sky, making it blink in dismay. They pierce even the full moon in the sky, making it pale and ill at ease.
Blinking in dismay, the sky becomes bluer and bluer, more and more uneasy, as if eager to escape from the world of men and avoid the date trees, leaving the moon behind. But the moon, too, is hiding itself in the east; while, silent still and as rigid as iron, the bare boughs pierce the strange, high sky, resolved to inflict on it a mortal wound, no matter in how many ways it winks all its bewitching eyes.
With a shriek, a fierce night-bird passes.
All of a sudden, I hear midnight laughter. The sound is muffled, as if not to wake those who sleep; yet all around the air resounds to this laughter. Midnight, and no one else is by. At once I realize it is I who am laughing, and at once I am driven by this laughter back to my room. At once I turn up the wick of my paraffin lamp.
A pit-a-pat sounds from the glass of the back window, where swarms of insects are recklessly dashing themselves against the pane. Presently some get in, no doubt through a hole in the window paper. Once in, they set up another pit-a-pat by dashing themselves against the chimney of the lamp. One hurls itself into the chimney from the top, falling into the flame, and I fancy the flame is real. On the paper shade two or three others rest, panting. The shade is a new one since last night. Its snow white paper is pleated in wave-like folds, and painted in one corner is a spray of blood-red gardenias.
When the blood-red gardenias blossom, the date trees, weighed down with bright foliage, will dream once more the dream of the little pink flowers and I shall hear the midnight laughter again. I hastily break off this train of thought to look at the small green insects still on the paper. Like sunflower seeds with their large heads and small tails, they are only half the size of a grain of wheat, the whole of them an adorable, pathetic green.
I yawn, light a cigarette, and puff out the smoke, paying silent homage before the lamp to these green and exquisite heroes.
September 15, 1924.
赏析:
《秋夜》是鲁迅散文集《野草》的第一篇,发表于1924年12月。当时北京的政治环境正如鲁迅所说:“实在黑暗的可以!”鲁迅在北京与北洋军阀的黑暗统治及封建势力进行着韧性的战斗。他的内心是矛盾、痛苦又压抑的,但是他具有顽强不倦的战斗精神,决不向黑暗势力低头。《秋夜》正是作者与旧社会抗争到底的誓言。但受制于当时恶劣的环境,鲁迅只能采用一种隐晦的象征主义的表现方法,把自己强烈的思想感情藏匿在景物描写之中。
作品中“夜的天空,奇怪而高……闪闪地〖目夹〗着几十个星星的眼,冷眼……将繁霜洒在我的园里的野花草上。”这一段既是秋夜天空自然景色的真实写照,又巧妙她通过拟人的手法勾勒出夜空的丑恶神情,暗喻出北洋军阀统治的黑暗、残忍、冷酷。作者着意刻画的小粉红花是一弱小者的形象。小粉红花受着繁霜的打击折磨已经濒于绝境,然而却还在冷的夜气中“瑟缩地做梦”,梦想着温暖的春天会到来,梦想着“瘦的诗人”会为它洒下同情的热泪,并且告诉它“秋虽然来,冬虽然来,而此后接着还是春”,它从这一梦想中得到了安慰。在极其险恶的环境里,小粉红花就是靠着对未来的梦想支持着自己的生存。作者对于小粉红花的描绘,很符合当时许多青年知识分子的状况。他们面对强大的黑暗现实,既想反抗又缺乏勇气,既向往未来又感到前途渺茫,受着难忍的苦痛却又经常表现出软弱和动摇。作者对于小粉红花一样的广大青年是有所批判的,但更多的是同情,是肯定的,是支持。作品中小青虫的形象,是为追求光明而英勇献身的正面形象。尽管作者对它的幼稚、天真、鲁莽以及带来的所谓牺牲,是很不赞成的,但从散文诗的意境和作品的发展脉络来看,作者对小青虫总的来说还是赞赏的,因为现实需要的是“不问成败而要战斗着的人们”。鲁迅对于小青虫的描写十分细腻,饱含着深情,活着的表示敬意,死了的表示祭奠。他是多么地希望小青虫们也能象枣树那样成熟起来,进行更有力的战斗啊!鲁迅对于小青虫的态度同他当时对待有朝气的青年们的态度是一致的。
象征性形象,具有某种不确定性,因此不宜过于指实,以免牵强附会,或限止了形象的更广泛的意义。读者可在理解形象特征及形象之间的相互关系的基础上,深入体味作者所要表现的思想感情,充分发挥联想,把握作品的意义。
作品对枣树的赞美,是全篇的核心。枣树饱经沧桑,它虽然也受着夜空的摧残,但它毫不动摇,它不是靠幻想来支撑自己,而是执着于现实的战斗,“他知道小粉红花的梦,秋后要有春;他也知道落叶的梦,春后还是秋”,但它不管环境如何变化,只是“默默地铁似的直刺着奇怪而高的天空,使天空闪闪地鬼〖目夹〗眼;直刺着天空中圆满的月亮,使月亮窘得发白。”,而且“一意要制他的死命,不管他各式各样地〖目夹〗着许多蛊惑的眼睛。”这是一个清醒的战斗者的形象!作者在赞美枣树韧战精神的同时,在字里行间也流露了某些苦闷的心境,枣树是孤独的,而且带着“皮伤”,虽然不顾一切地在与夜空搏斗,但对于前途也看得不甚明白,这正符合1924年前后作者的思想状况。枣树的形象,既是作者对顽强抗击黑暗、不克厥敌战则不止的韧性战斗者的热情颂歌,也是鲁迅自己的人格、精神和战斗豪情的诗意写照。
《秋夜》大量运用了象征手法,创造了广阔而深邃的诗的意境。作品中创造了天空、枣树、小粉红花、小青虫等一组具有深刻意蕴的象征性形象。这些形象各具鲜明的特点,都具有特定的象征意义,寄寓着作者特定的情思和理想,表达着作者独特的生活感受。这些形象不是干巴巴的自然景物的堆积,而是经过了作者主观的改造,以能够唤起读者想象和联想的、具体可感的象征体形式体现出来。
《秋夜》巧妙地将哲理隐藏在充满诗意的抒发中。鲁迅笔下的天空、月亮、星星、恶鸟、枣树、小粉红花、小青虫等都是自然景物,又都不完全是自然界中的景物本身,而是人格化了的,无不闪烁着思想和哲理的光芒,或激起人们的憎恶,或唤起人们的同情,或启迪人们去思考。作者对这些具有象征意味形象的抒情,创造了一种隐含哲理思索的诗的意境。 《秋夜》在语言运用上也比较适应象征主义表现手法的需要。为了使语言更加符合人格化了的自然景物的特征,鲁迅特意选择了许多有动有静、有声有色的语言,能够构成画面,能够产生音响。读后掩卷,那〖目夹〗着冷眼、洒满繁霜的夜空;那窘得发白的圆满的月亮;那默默地铁似的直刺着奇怪而高的天空的枣树;那冻得红惨惨的瑟缩着作梦的小粉红花;那撞在玻璃灯罩上丁咚作响的小青虫……都还在眼前活动着,仿佛触手可得。 |